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sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/bluesky-cest-la-suisse-par-daniel-schneidermann-20241130_LLRAD5VEN5GVHCIB2PDNCJ7MII/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 bpLyqQ">Chronique «Médiatiques»</a><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/bluesky-cest-la-suisse-par-daniel-schneidermann-20241130_LLRAD5VEN5GVHCIB2PDNCJ7MII/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Bluesky, c’est la Suisse ! par Daniel Schneidermann"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 gDryWh font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom font_md-card-mae">Bluesky, c’est la Suisse ! par Daniel Schneidermann</h2></a><p class="description-text font_secondary">Nous voilà, pionniers aux pieds nus, dans cette étrange contrée, où un silence digne règne et où les règles du vivre ensemble semblent, a priori, respectées.</p><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk"></div><div><div translate="no" class='mailmunch-forms-widget-1128511'></div></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk"></div></div></div><div order="2" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 eYDfrr col-sm-12 col-md-xl-3 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/jo-2024-apres-la-parenthese-enchantee-des-desillusions-previsibles-20241130_VHHMORP6RRAFRPJT7NJ6QA2UZQ/" title="JO 2024 : après la «parenthèse enchantée», des désillusions prévisibles"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><div class="font_black font_xs decoration_underline font_tertiary padding-xs-bottom">TRIBUNE</div><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/jo-2024-apres-la-parenthese-enchantee-des-desillusions-previsibles-20241130_VHHMORP6RRAFRPJT7NJ6QA2UZQ/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU"></a><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/jo-2024-apres-la-parenthese-enchantee-des-desillusions-previsibles-20241130_VHHMORP6RRAFRPJT7NJ6QA2UZQ/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="JO 2024 : après la «parenthèse enchantée», des désillusions prévisibles"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">JO 2024 : après la «parenthèse enchantée», des désillusions prévisibles</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/michel-barnier-inspecteur-budget-par-mathieu-lindon-20241130_U4POUCDWTZFBFCXO6HROWAHIYE/" title="Michel Barnier, inspecteur Budget, par Mathieu Lindon"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/michel-barnier-inspecteur-budget-par-mathieu-lindon-20241130_U4POUCDWTZFBFCXO6HROWAHIYE/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Chronique «Si j'ai bien compris…»</a><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/michel-barnier-inspecteur-budget-par-mathieu-lindon-20241130_U4POUCDWTZFBFCXO6HROWAHIYE/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Michel Barnier, inspecteur Budget, par Mathieu Lindon"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Michel Barnier, inspecteur Budget, par Mathieu Lindon</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div order="3" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kZyvoj col-sm-12 col-md-xl-3 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/boualem-sansal-souffre-douleur-dun-regime-algerien-dictatorial-20241129_WA3NH7KQ4FDJFICEJGG7E75DYQ/" title="Boualem Sansal, souffre-douleur d’un régime algérien dictatorial"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/boualem-sansal-souffre-douleur-dun-regime-algerien-dictatorial-20241129_WA3NH7KQ4FDJFICEJGG7E75DYQ/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">L'édito d'Alexandra Schwartzbrod</a><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/boualem-sansal-souffre-douleur-dun-regime-algerien-dictatorial-20241129_WA3NH7KQ4FDJFICEJGG7E75DYQ/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Boualem Sansal, souffre-douleur d’un régime algérien dictatorial"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Boualem Sansal, souffre-douleur d’un régime algérien dictatorial</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" title="Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Entretien</a><a href="/economie/medias/adele-van-reeth-a-france-inter-nous-ne-sommes-pas-la-pour-flatter-ou-seduire-lauditeur-20241129_QJGJAPDGXBBFPH5CI65C7I6EFU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Adèle Van Reeth : «A France Inter, nous ne sommes pas là pour flatter ou séduire l’auditeur»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div><div><hr /></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div></div><div class="default__Main-sc-sezp2u-2 kxxFcP sc-gOPDNC eIRGAC"><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/les-salaries-sont-consideres-comme-autonomes-mais-ils-sont-sous-laisse-electronique-20241129_FOZJHJGRBVDX3JR3TQXM6LVFSM/" title="«Les salariés sont considérés comme autonomes, mais ils sont sous laisse électronique»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/idees-et-debats/les-salaries-sont-consideres-comme-autonomes-mais-ils-sont-sous-laisse-electronique-20241129_FOZJHJGRBVDX3JR3TQXM6LVFSM/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Entretien</a><a href="/idees-et-debats/les-salaries-sont-consideres-comme-autonomes-mais-ils-sont-sous-laisse-electronique-20241129_FOZJHJGRBVDX3JR3TQXM6LVFSM/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="«Les salariés sont considérés comme autonomes, mais ils sont sous laisse électronique»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">«Les salariés sont considérés comme autonomes, mais ils sont sous laisse électronique»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/pour-guillaume-kasbarian-les-femmes-fonctionnaires-sont-coupables-detre-femmes-malades-et-fonctionnaires-20241129_CRP2H33EVJDL5EQAOTFRWFRGHE/" title="Pour Guillaume Kasbarian, les femmes fonctionnaires sont coupables d’être femmes, malades et fonctionnaires !"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><div class="font_black font_xs decoration_underline font_tertiary padding-xs-bottom">TRIBUNE</div><a href="/idees-et-debats/pour-guillaume-kasbarian-les-femmes-fonctionnaires-sont-coupables-detre-femmes-malades-et-fonctionnaires-20241129_CRP2H33EVJDL5EQAOTFRWFRGHE/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU"></a><a href="/idees-et-debats/pour-guillaume-kasbarian-les-femmes-fonctionnaires-sont-coupables-detre-femmes-malades-et-fonctionnaires-20241129_CRP2H33EVJDL5EQAOTFRWFRGHE/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Pour Guillaume Kasbarian, les femmes fonctionnaires sont coupables d’être femmes, malades et fonctionnaires !"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Pour Guillaume Kasbarian, les femmes fonctionnaires sont coupables d’être femmes, malades et fonctionnaires !</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">29 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/reouverture-de-notre-dame-de-paris-emmanuel-macron-fait-son-seul-en-cene-20241128_CUYRNVDFBRBTPBHF3PRHIHHVUU/" title="Réouverture de Notre-Dame de Paris : Emmanuel Macron fait son seul en Cène"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/reouverture-de-notre-dame-de-paris-emmanuel-macron-fait-son-seul-en-cene-20241128_CUYRNVDFBRBTPBHF3PRHIHHVUU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">L'édito de Paul Quinio</a><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/reouverture-de-notre-dame-de-paris-emmanuel-macron-fait-son-seul-en-cene-20241128_CUYRNVDFBRBTPBHF3PRHIHHVUU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Réouverture de Notre-Dame de Paris : Emmanuel Macron fait son seul en Cène"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Réouverture de Notre-Dame de Paris : Emmanuel Macron fait son seul en Cène</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">28 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/politique/demission-de-macron-un-fantasme-legitime-plus-quune-solution-credible-20241128_HL6X4GU6WJA6RC42OMVUMVMLVU/" title="Démission de Macron : un fantasme légitime plus qu’une solution crédible"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/politique/demission-de-macron-un-fantasme-legitime-plus-quune-solution-credible-20241128_HL6X4GU6WJA6RC42OMVUMVMLVU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Le billet de Jonathan Bouchet-Petersen</a><a href="/politique/demission-de-macron-un-fantasme-legitime-plus-quune-solution-credible-20241128_HL6X4GU6WJA6RC42OMVUMVMLVU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Démission de Macron : un fantasme légitime plus qu’une solution crédible"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Démission de Macron : un fantasme légitime plus qu’une solution crédible</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">28 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/education-a-la-sexualite-le-militantisme-conservateur-na-pas-sa-place-dans-nos-ecoles-par-najat-vallaud-belkacem-20241128_3E7Q2QLIABBC5BL5U7WQQONFDY/" title="Education à la sexualité : le militantisme conservateur n’a pas sa place dans nos écoles, par Najat Vallaud-Belkacem"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><div class="font_black font_xs decoration_underline font_tertiary padding-xs-bottom">TRIBUNE</div><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/education-a-la-sexualite-le-militantisme-conservateur-na-pas-sa-place-dans-nos-ecoles-par-najat-vallaud-belkacem-20241128_3E7Q2QLIABBC5BL5U7WQQONFDY/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU"></a><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/education-a-la-sexualite-le-militantisme-conservateur-na-pas-sa-place-dans-nos-ecoles-par-najat-vallaud-belkacem-20241128_3E7Q2QLIABBC5BL5U7WQQONFDY/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Education à la sexualité : le militantisme conservateur n’a pas sa place dans nos écoles, par Najat Vallaud-Belkacem"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Education à la sexualité : le militantisme conservateur n’a pas sa place dans nos écoles, par Najat Vallaud-Belkacem</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">28 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/black-friday-2024-mais-ou-est-donc-passee-la-loi-anti-fast-fashion-20241128_7NSWDV3D4JHCRFGOEDEPEHOB6M/" title="Black Friday 2024 : mais où est donc passée la loi anti «fast-fashion» ?"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><div class="font_black font_xs decoration_underline font_tertiary padding-xs-bottom">TRIBUNE</div><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/black-friday-2024-mais-ou-est-donc-passee-la-loi-anti-fast-fashion-20241128_7NSWDV3D4JHCRFGOEDEPEHOB6M/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU"></a><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/black-friday-2024-mais-ou-est-donc-passee-la-loi-anti-fast-fashion-20241128_7NSWDV3D4JHCRFGOEDEPEHOB6M/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Black Friday 2024 : mais où est donc passée la loi anti «fast-fashion» ?"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Black Friday 2024 : mais où est donc passée la loi anti «fast-fashion» ?</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">28 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/economie/quand-le-paternalisme-liberal-rejoue-la-tragedie-grecque-pour-faire-peur-aux-francais-20241128_DNZCAOXOVNCCRJIQ2XCOKTWHVY/" title="Quand le paternalisme libéral rejoue la «tragédie grecque» pour faire peur aux Français" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le billet de Jean-Christophe Féraud</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Quand le paternalisme libéral rejoue la «tragédie grecque» pour faire peur aux Français</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/politique/cest-a-la-gauche-de-proposer-le-retour-dune-vraie-culture-parlementaire-20241128_4ISUP5UVHZGRDHP7RWFLBSVEME/" title="C’est à la gauche de proposer le retour d’une vraie culture parlementaire" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le billet de Thomas Legrand</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">C’est à la gauche de proposer le retour d’une vraie culture parlementaire</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/il-faut-respecter-les-limites-de-notre-planete-pour-sauver-nos-democraties-20241128_NWUAXYGJQ5GOTFHWBKTYBD3QHU/" title="Il faut respecter les limites de notre planète pour sauver nos démocraties" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Il faut respecter les limites de notre planète pour sauver nos démocraties</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/rythmes-scolaires-le-coup-de-grace-porte-a-lecole-publique-20241128_44LPVPDTJRARVJUXYGVNHJQUHQ/" title="Rythmes scolaires : le coup de grâce porté à l’Ecole publique" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Rythmes scolaires : le coup de grâce porté à l’Ecole publique</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/opinions/un-auteur-cest-comme-lair-ca-traverse-la-matiere-par-tania-de-montaigne-20241128_NBEM7AD45FG6PJG6E3BYKHFQVQ/" title="Un auteur, c’est comme l’air, ça traverse la matière, par Tania de Montaigne" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Chronique</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Un auteur, c’est comme l’air, ça traverse la matière, par Tania de Montaigne</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/france-nigeria-un-partenariat-degal-a-egal-au-service-de-notre-autonomie-strategique-par-emmanuel-macron-et-bola-ahmed-tinubu-20241128_CTEYWJYW3NF2NDDWAC357HVDS4/" title="France-Nigeria : un partenariat d’égal à égal au service de notre autonomie stratégique, par Emmanuel Macron et Bola Ahmed Tinubu" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">France-Nigeria : un partenariat d’égal à égal au service de notre autonomie stratégique, par Emmanuel Macron et Bola Ahmed Tinubu</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/cessez-le-feu-au-liban-le-soulagement-20241127_ADFSNDVUHRE6FDE5Q22YXX5SYE/" title="Cessez-le-feu au Liban : le soulagement" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">L'édito d'Alexandra Schwartzbrod</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Cessez-le-feu au Liban : le soulagement</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/union-europeenne-laccord-mercosur-doit-tomber-20241122_E5K32QJ5O5CXFBL7SMRL2PZ6GM/" title="Union européenne : l’accord Mercosur doit tomber" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Union européenne : l’accord Mercosur doit tomber</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/politique/michel-barnier-et-le-microcosme-parisien-un-refrain-populiste-mais-surtout-desespere-20241127_OGRJBM3BEZFS3M5C33SI75GIQY/" title="Michel Barnier et le «microcosme parisien», un refrain populiste mais surtout désespéré" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le billet de Jonathan Bouchet-Petersen</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Michel Barnier et le «microcosme parisien», un refrain populiste mais surtout désespéré</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/lafrofeminisme-americain-un-terreau-toujours-fertile-au-credac-20241124_B6TMRP4NEBEIJLOWOCHTWMVMPI/" title="L’afroféminisme américain, un terreau toujours fertile au Crédac" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Expo</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">L’afroféminisme américain, un terreau toujours fertile au Crédac</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/politique/anne-hidalgo-paris-reussi-20241127_7QYSDN7DPFGRZDTCXFD7MCFPAA/" title="Anne Hidalgo, Paris réussi" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le billet de Thomas Legrand</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Anne Hidalgo, Paris réussi</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/le-viol-en-france-integrer-le-consentement-dans-la-loi-pour-repondre-a-une-demande-societale-20241127_PUXQLSIGT5EZPIBKB4CHE5NJEU/" title="Le viol en France : intégrer le consentement dans la loi pour répondre à une demande sociétale" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Le viol en France : intégrer le consentement dans la loi pour répondre à une demande sociétale</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/la-defense-bientot-interdite-dans-les-tribunaux-20241127_J64YWX7HAZDVHKGDBTFLTGRN6I/" title="La défense, bientôt interdite dans les tribunaux ?" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">La défense, bientôt interdite dans les tribunaux ?</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/dans-sa-defense-contre-laccusation-de-la-cpi-benyamin-netanyahou-detourne-la-verite-du-proces-dreyfus-20241126_II45ZMV2JZDZ3PK2IZLE6RHTK4/" title="Dans sa défense contre l’accusation de la CPI, Benyamin Nétanyahou détourne la vérité du procès Dreyfus" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div 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href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/abroger-le-delit-dapologie-du-terrorisme-une-necessite-republicaine-20241126_DAIG3HKQBBGIHIYOK3IAT76NFE/" title="Abroger le délit d’apologie du terrorisme, une nécessité républicaine" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Abroger le délit d’apologie du terrorisme, une nécessité républicaine</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">26 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/madame-la-presidente-du-parlement-europeen-reprogrammez-la-conference-de-maboula-soumahoro-sur-lantiracisme-20241126_Y6PDI4UR7FGB3B3OD3QXAI5UJY/" title="Madame la présidente du Parlement européen, reprogrammez la conférence de Maboula Soumahoro sur l’antiracisme !" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Madame la présidente du Parlement européen, reprogrammez la conférence de Maboula Soumahoro sur l’antiracisme !</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div 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" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Marc Bloch au Panthéon : la commémoration, un écran de fumée ? </h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">26 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/politique/parler-danti-france-ca-nest-jamais-une-bonne-idee-20241126_ODTFMVLJVRGVVDALYYHPH7M3RY/" title="Parler 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href="/idees-et-debats/editorial/le-mercosur-lepouvantail-qui-tombe-a-pic-20241125_CLKR5UXTGFG6XBLXWEC525MVFQ/" title="Le Mercosur, l’épouvantail qui tombe à pic" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">L'édito</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Le Mercosur, l’épouvantail qui tombe à pic</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">25 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><div class="default__PaginationWrapper-sc-uxkk9j-0 ZcQhr"><div class="sc-hogtv hctwMl"><div class="sc-cYmoNK 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Les deux chefs d’Etats insistent sur l’importance de sécuriser le golfe de Guinée et d’éviter les influences étrangères dans leurs politiques respectives."},"display_date":"2024-11-28T06:00:00Z","headlines":{"basic":"France-Nigeria : un partenariat d’égal à égal au service de notre autonomie stratégique, par Emmanuel Macron et Bola Ahmed 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ne rater aucun billet de Jean-Christophe Féraud, inscrivez-vous aux </b></i><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\"><i><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"27P6S6H5PRFLBB3OCOQFKKYU3M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573723},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Y a-t-il des adultes dans la salle ?» </i>: on repense ces jours-ci au livre de Yánis Varoufákis (2017, Les liens qui libèrent) dans lequel l’ancien ministre grec de l’Economie du gouvernement d’Aléxis Tsípras racontait avec quelle arrogance l’ancienne patronne du FMI Christine Lagarde l’avait comparé à un enfant parce qu’il refusait, en l’état, le très brutal plan d’austérité imposé à son pays en 2015 par la «troïka» (Commission européenne, Banque centrale européenne et Fonds monétaire international) : âge de départ à la retraite reporté à 67 ans, baisse des salaires et des retraites des fonctionnaires, hausse de la TVA, etc. Cet épisode dit tout de la manière dont l’Europe libérale a tout fait à l’époque pour imposer son diktat financier à la démocratie la plus ancienne du monde."},{"level":2,"_id":"QTGQREIANFDL7NAJ4TK52YK3E4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810129665},"type":"header","content":"De bonne guerre"},{"_id":"X4Z5TBCJTRE2BP3WEKNVNYV5RI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573724},"type":"text","content":"Comment ne pas voir aujourd’hui le même paternalisme dans la façon dont le gouvernement Barnier et les tenants de l’orthodoxie libérale qui le soutiennent, menacent la France de vivre ce qui a été infligé à la Grèce il y a presque dix ans ? Le message à nos concitoyens est le suivant : la perte de souveraineté et l’austérité, la vraie, c’est ce qui arrivera si vos députés censurent Michel Barnier après le 49.3 qu’il devra dégainer pour faire passer en force son projet de loi de financement de la sécurité sociale (PLFSS). Opposée à ce PLFSS qui prévoit <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/de-la-non-indexation-des-retraites-a-la-taxation-des-hauts-revenus-le-budget-au-coeur-dun-grand-marchandage-20241119_TOZ3FH3X5VDY5CC2BFYOH3EMWE/\" target=\"_blank\">de nouvelles économies sur le dos des assurés sociaux</a>, la gauche pourrait effectivement faire tomber le Premier ministre si le RN vote la motion de censure qu’elle compte déposer. Ce qui aurait pour effet immédiat de rendre caduc <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/budget-2025-le-gouvernement-prevoit-un-effort-de-60-milliards-deuros-20241002_HJBHQ4HOYRAHVCWBJYKR2E2DLI/$/\" target=\"_blank\">le projet de budget à 60 milliards d’économies</a> péniblement préparé par le gouvernement pour ramener le déficit du pays de 6,1 à 5 % du PIB en 2025…"},{"_id":"EHU4EP576ZGFNLW2DVJMAGZNVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573725},"type":"text","content":"De quoi entraîner la France dans une sorte de <i>«tragédie grecque des temps modernes» </i>(l’expression est <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2019/11/05/adults-in-the-room-la-dette-sur-le-billot_1761778/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">de Costa-Gavras</a>, auteur du film <i>Adults in the room</i>) ? <i>«S’il y a une alliance dans les votes […] entre les voix de monsieur Mélenchon, de l’extrême gauche LFI et les voix de Mme Le Pen […] le gouvernement s’arrête, il n’y a plus de budget»,</i> <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/sur-tf1-michel-barnier-menace-predit-une-tempete-assez-grave-en-cas-de-censure-20241126_NPVCNGAR55F7HDA5STG3BJK5MA/\" target=\"_blank\">a prédit Michel Barnier mardi 26 novembre sur TF1</a> en agitant le spectre d’une <i>«tempête» </i>et de <i>«turbulences graves sur les marchés financiers». </i>Et de rappeler que la France emprunte déjà sur les marchés <i>«presqu’au niveau de la Grèce»</i>. Cette comparaison est fallacieuse. La France, deuxième économie de la zone euro, n’est pas devenue en quelques jours «l’homme malade de l’Europe» : la dette pèse 112 % du PIB chez nous, pas 160 % comme en Grèce. Et si les taux d’intérêt français et grecs à dix ans se sont rejoints ces derniers jours à 3 %, on est bien loin de l’usure des 36 % imposée à Athènes en pleine crise ! Autant dire Barnier dramatise sciemment pour tenter d’échapper la censure. On n’en fera pas le reproche à un vieux briscard à court de munitions : c’est de bonne guerre. Plus étonnant est d’entendre son ministre de l’Economie, Antoine Armand, faire la leçon aux élus comme il l’a fait ce jeudi matin au micro de BFMTV :<i> «Ce n’est pas parce qu’on n’est pas d’accord avec une politique qu’on met un pays dans le rouge […], qu’on plonge le pays dans l’inconnu budgétaire et financier.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"DGWNGBT22FBHJK7MRTNXFMT4MA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732794616891},"type":"header","content":"Démocratie ou «main invisible du marché» ?"},{"_id":"YWD4IRXFMFHKVGXTHOA52FSJHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573726},"type":"text","content":"Mais à qui revient la faute si la dette du pays s’est creusée de plus de 800 milliards d’euros depuis l’arrivée d’Emmanuel Macron à l’Elysée en 2017, a-t-on envie de demander à ce fidèle du Président qui a succédé à Bercy à un Bruno Le Maire qui n’est pas pour rien dans le dérapage budgétaire. L’objectif est bien de faire peur aux Français en les menaçant de la même punition que les Grecs il y a dix ans. C’est tout le sens de la dramatisation opérée par le gouvernement et dans son sillage par tous les «toutologues» de plateau et une partie de la presse libérale : c’est le journal patronal <i>les Echos </i>qui fait sa une ce jeudi sur le thème <i>«Taux : la France au même niveau que la Grèce»,</i> c’est <i>Le Figaro</i> titrant de concert <i>«Budget, retraites, censure : les marchés en état d’alerte», </i>et toutes les chaînes d’info en boucle sur le sujet…"},{"_id":"2NJBTYHJFJDJZBPOSTXCEPLDKE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732793573727},"type":"text","content":"Non décidément, cette comparaison avec la Grèce, paria de l’Europe il y a dix ans, n’a rien d’anodine. Surtout à la veille d’un verdict de l’agence Standard and Poor’s qui doit décider de dégrader ou non la note financière de la France, ce qui aurait pour effet de renchérir encore les taux d’intérêt de sa dette de 3 300 milliards d’euros. Mais au fait, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/et-si-on-notait-les-agences-de-notation-les-moodys-et-sp-ont-aussi-une-dette-a-notre-egard-20240425_4SEGG7XLTBAJPADQ3ZBSNDN4W4/\" target=\"_blank\">qui note les agences de notation</a>, d’où tirent-elles leur légitimité à décerner des bons ou des mauvais points à des Etats souverains ? Bonne question à laquelle les fanatiques de l’orthodoxie budgétaire ne répondront pas plus. On a juste envie de leur dire, arrêtez de chercher à nous faire peur ! Cela n’exclut pas des efforts budgétaires mais nous sommes toujours en mesure de financer la dette, reconnaissent tous les experts. <i>«La France ce n’est pas la Grèce»,</i> a d’ailleurs du rétropédaler Antoine Armand sur BFM. Le mieux dans cette histoire serait donc de laisser le Parlement décider seul s’il censure ou non le gouvernement. Car jusqu’à preuve du contraire, la démocratie n’est pas censée obéir à la «main invisible du marché»."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"A la veille d’un verdict de l’agence de notation Standard and Poor’s, le gouvernement et certains médias n’hésitent pas à comparer la situation de la France à celle de la Grèce en crise d’il y a dix ans. 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le paternalisme libéral rejoue la «tragédie grecque» pour faire peur aux Français"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/economie/quand-le-paternalisme-liberal-rejoue-la-tragedie-grecque-pour-faire-peur-aux-francais-20241128_DNZCAOXOVNCCRJIQ2XCOKTWHVY/","website_section":{"path":"/economie","parent":{"default":"/"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/","name":"Economie","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","_id":"/economie","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"accueil-tag-block":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité économique et financière en France et à l'international : conjoncture, économie numérique, médias, social, transports...","site_title":"Economie : toute l'actualité économique avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Economie"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/economie/","200001"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Economie","_id":"/economie","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"accueil-tag-block":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1006,"default":1009,"burgermenu":1013,"amp-menu":1007,"headernav":1010}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./economie","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-28T09:15:24.254Z","publish_date":"2024-11-28T16:32:27.348Z","_id":"DNZCAOXOVNCCRJIQ2XCOKTWHVY","website":"liberation","website_url":"/economie/quand-le-paternalisme-liberal-rejoue-la-tragedie-grecque-pour-faire-peur-aux-francais-20241128_DNZCAOXOVNCCRJIQ2XCOKTWHVY/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"QVCUFIZQCZCIBO7OD37XTCLBSU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732781831164},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Pour ne rater aucun billet de Thomas Legrand, inscrivez-vous aux </b></i><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\" target=\"_blank\"><i><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs politiques</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"NO747RN6EBEG5AHUUNCPI6QRHY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732797210481},"type":"text","content":"Que <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/gouvernement-barnier-menace-de-censure-a-gauche-cest-reparti-pour-le-ball-trap-des-pretendants-20241124_EBQQZVGLAVHHROUDJSZ7CBHBNY/\" target=\"_blank\">la gauche censure le gouvernement Barnier</a> serait dans la logique parlementaire de nos institutions et du déroulé des débats de ces dernières semaines. Lors de la discussion du budget, le Nouveau Front populaire (NFP) avait réussi à faire passer plusieurs amendements. La gauche avait fait son travail, certes avec un sens tactique développé sachant très bien que ses propositions, ne seraient pas retenues en bout de course. Mais puisque le gouvernement envisage de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/michel-barnier-utilisera-probablement-le-493-pour-ladoption-du-budget-20241114_VGKS6RPIIFHFPB2UHF7QJFEK4A/\" target=\"_blank\">faire passer son budget par 49.3</a>, effaçant grâce à cette ardoise magique le résultat du travail parlementaire, la censure s’impose. L’inconvénient de cette logique c’est que l’on peut (contrairement, par exemple, à ce qui se passe en Allemagne) renverser un gouvernement sans pour autant pouvoir proposer une majorité alternative. Alors, quoi après une censure gagnante ?"},{"level":2,"_id":"RBA26ADFTFHZHJGBDGC5GZTMZI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732809113040},"type":"header","content":"Changer de discours"},{"_id":"RA2YHOBVJJDTBPBMTLPPQBQT4U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732797210482},"type":"text","content":"Le NFP doit penser à la suite. Il peut présenter à nouveau <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/le-nouveau-front-populaire-ne-fait-plus-bloc-derriere-lucie-castets-20241127_J3XY5LW23NAP5GPFCVPAI6FYAM/\" target=\"_blank\">Lucie Castets</a>, mais afin que cette solution ait, ce coup-ci, une chance d’aboutir, c’est-à-dire pour qu’Emmanuel Macron soit contraint de la nommer à Matignon, il faudrait que l’économiste puisse démontrer qu’elle bénéficiera d’une majorité au Parlement. même relative mais bien au-delà du seul NFP. Pour qu’une telle possibilité, pour l’instant totalement inenvisageable, puisse devenir crédible alors il faudrait que le discours de Lucie Castets et de la gauche change. Qu’elles ne disent plus ce qu’elles disaient en septembre, en substance «nous partons du programme du NFP et nous négocierons chaque texte avec les parlementaires». Ça, c’est le droit d’amendement, ça ne suffit pas à faire une majorité. Non, il faut prendre des semaines pour négocier un autre programme, sur la base de celui du NFP, avec d’autres forces politiques, forcément venues du bloc central. LFI ne l’accepterait pas car les mélenchonistes n’attendent que cela pour lancer la candidature Mélenchon sur la «traîtrise» des socialistes. LFI est dans une logique personnaliste et présidentialiste à mille lieues du parlementarisme que Jean-Luc Mélenchon prône, de façon totalement hypocrite par ailleurs."},{"level":2,"_id":"GI7OAOZKFRFQJHJZM7ZJW3NXB4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732809113042},"type":"header","content":"Faire preuve d’imagination"},{"_id":"BSPPRPY3PBDGJLZN2BETFPNWQQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732797210483},"type":"text","content":"La solution est loin d’être évidente et ne peut pas venir d’une observation classique des forces en présence de l’Assemblée. Emmanuel Macron a bouleversé les frêles équilibres politiques et maintenant les fragiles «équilibres» budgétaires du pays. C’est au Parlement de rétablir la situation. Pour l’instant, chaque groupe parlementaire ou sous-groupe plus ou moins constitué se comporte comme autant d’écuries présidentielles. Mis devant le fait accompli d’une impasse politique et peut-être d’une catastrophe financière, il va bien falloir faire preuve d’imagination ou alors revenir au classique clivage gauche-droite. Dans l’état actuel de la composition de l’Assemblée (qui ne peut être modifié, en pratique, avant septembre prochain), il n’y a que deux possibilités : soit <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/budget-gerald-darmanin-appelle-michel-barnier-a-tendre-la-main-au-rassemblement-national-20241127_RWME5ZTYRVAWTCEE33CJJUSAW4/\" target=\"_blank\">une alliance RN-droite</a> soit une alliance d’une grande partie de tout ce qui aura constitué le front républicain, avec le programme du NFP comme base de négociation. Il n’y a pas, ni arithmétiquement ni politiquement, de regroupements cohérents possibles assez vastes pour créer une vraie majorité. Il faut donc en inventer une, pour huit mois, sur un programme minimum qui n’engage pas pour la présidentielle mais simplement destiné à passer le budget, la période qui nous sépare des prochaines législatives. Une élection présidentielle anticipée consécutive (au plus, quarante jours après) à la démission du Président, que veulent provoquer les morts de faim de la présidentielle qui estiment que leur chance pour l’Elysée viendrait du chaos politique, est une bien mauvaise idée. le ou la nouvelle présidente se retrouverait dans la même impasse, sans budget dûment voté, sans majorité au Parlement au moins jusqu’en septembre prochain. La seule solution, c’est l’imagination parlementaire. Et logiquement, pour des raisons historiques et philosophiques évidentes, c’est à la gauche de proposer le retour d’une vraie culture parlementaire…"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Si la gauche obtient la censure du gouvernement Barnier, il lui faudra construire un autre programme, sur la base de celui du Nouveau Front populaire mais négocié avec d’autres forces politiques, forcément venues du bloc central."},"description":{"basic":"Si la gauche obtient la censure du gouvernement Barnier, il lui faudra construire un autre programme, sur la base de celui du Nouveau Front populaire mais négocié avec d’autres forces politiques, forcément venues du bloc central."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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scientifiques et chercheur·ses en sciences environnementales, souhaitons réagir à la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/creer-un-conseil-ecologique-pour-que-nos-lois-soient-conformes-aux-neuf-limites-planetaires-la-proposition-de-camille-etienne-militante-ecologiste-20241115_QDII6FNWERARXJUUWTJ75S6RQA/\" target=\"_blank\">tribune</a> de Camille Etienne du 15 novembre 2024, appelant à la création d’un «Conseil écologique», et aux réponses qui lui ont été faites. Nous signons cette tribune en notre nom propre sans engager ni les institutions au sein desquelles nous travaillons ni celles finançant nos travaux de recherche."},{"_id":"XSNUKKHYTRBHXEANYXHGN2ALHY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114543},"type":"text","content":"Nous sommes convaincu·es que les enjeux environnementaux doivent entrer dans l’évaluation de l’ensemble des politiques publiques de manière systématique. Les travaux de recherche académique sur le fonctionnement du système Terre, et ses impacts sur l’habitabilité de la planète, doivent contribuer à nourrir le débat démocratique."},{"level":2,"_id":"6E5DGAK2BNBB3CGXLL6ZVKZA4U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689024},"type":"header","content":"Les pressions sur les ressources vitales accentuent les atteintes à la paix"},{"_id":"BTBAGMVVHVCXDJUN4S5GPQNJ4Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114544},"type":"text","content":"Dans nos travaux de recherches, nous sommes confronté.es à un rappel constant de la gravité des crises environnementales et sociales. La société civile a pris connaissance du changement climatique et de l’effondrement de la biodiversité, notamment grâce aux travaux du Giec et de l’IPBES. Au-delà de ces deux enjeux, l’urgence écologique trouve une représentation pertinente dans le cadre des limites planétaires."},{"_id":"YKXZ7KW4ENF3FLECALLJUP5DKA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689022},"type":"text","content":"Elles identifient neuf processus biophysiques (1) qui influencent les conditions d’habitabilité de la Terre. Pour chacun de ces processus, des limites planétaires ont été déterminées. En deça de ces limites, l’humanité peut vivre en toute sécurité. Au-delà de ces limites, nous augmentons le risque de faire basculer la Terre dans un nouvel état inconnu et, sans nul doute, néfaste pour l’espèce humaine et la plupart des espèces peuplant notre planète."},{"_id":"DPFN6OWYQ5AV3K6JCJSP7HAPQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114545},"type":"text","content":"L’état actuel des connaissances scientifiques nous apprend que, sur ces neuf limites planétaires, six sont dépassées et une septième menace d’être franchie. Or, les conséquences de leurs dégradations sont d’autant plus graves que celles-ci s’accélèrent. Chaque dégradation complémentaire augmente l’intensité et la fréquence de ce que nos sociétés modernes nomment «catastrophes naturelles». En plus des drames humains et des dégâts matériels liés à ces catastrophes, la santé humaine est tout particulièrement touchée par la dégradation des environnements de vie, avec l’explosion du nombre de cancers et une chute de la fertilité."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"UUITAGOVUFDADE3SA45GJIXM7Q","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"J2MIHAUZ2VENPIN7RGX5GAAEQM"},"title":"A lire aussi ","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"7BTA74XRBRATPM6MVXJWGQOGUY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"OW5OPLLIFZFFTPLYVFGC2ACHR4","type":"interstitial_link","content":"«Créer un “Conseil écologique” pour que nos lois soient conformes aux neuf limites planétaires» : la proposition de Camille Etienne, militante écologiste","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/creer-un-conseil-ecologique-pour-que-nos-lois-soient-conformes-aux-neuf-limites-planetaires-la-proposition-de-camille-etienne-militante-ecologiste-20241115_QDII6FNWERARXJUUWTJ75S6RQA/"}]},{"_id":"VCTD7CBD2VETNN3RHCY65ITPJ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689025},"type":"text","content":"Les pressions sur les ressources vitales sont croissantes. Elles menacent directement nos systèmes alimentaires, et, par conséquent, accentuent les atteintes à la paix et à la sécurité mondiales. Les conclusions scientifiques sont claires : il est urgent d’agir pour assurer la sécurité de nos sociétés. Afin de préserver les citoyens, il est donc du devoir des législateurs d’intégrer les neuf processus aux critères d’élaboration des politiques publiques."},{"_id":"LKNEIH7K4VCVBGN77TWAKNUD3E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114547},"type":"text","content":"Cette intégration ne peut pas se faire de manière isolée. En effet, chacun de ces neuf processus est en interaction avec les autres. Il est contre-productif de traiter la dégradation de l’un d’eux de manière isolée, sans étudier l’impact des actions envisagées sur les autres. Il est donc nécessaire d’élaborer et mettre en œuvre un cadre d’évaluation des politiques publiques qui prend en compte l’ensemble des enjeux environnementaux, ainsi que leurs interactions avec les sociétés humaines."},{"level":2,"_id":"6MTIFLVNKZEWNARFKCNJ24HXXU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114548},"type":"header","content":"Emparez-vous des connaissances disponibles"},{"_id":"6MTIFLVNKZEWNARFKCNJ24HXXU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114549},"type":"text","content":"Nous sommes convaincu·e·s de la nécessité d’amener les enjeux environnementaux de manière systématique dans le débat démocratique. De surcroît, la Convention citoyenne pour le climat (CCC) a montré l’engouement citoyen pour ces sujets, à travers leur proposition de création d’une «Haute Autorité aux limites planétaires». 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très longtemps, les mineurs qui descendaient dans les mines de charbon apportaient des canaris en cage chargés de leur donner l’alerte. Si le canari, soudain, cessait de chanter, c’était le signe qu’un gaz toxique était présent et qu’un coup de grisou était imminent, il fallait remonter à la surface au plus vite. C’est ce petit oiseau qui, par son instinct aiguisé, permettait de prendre la mesure du degré de toxicité des lieux. Lui seul sentait ce qu’on ne pouvait voir. Eh bien, ces derniers temps, j’ai l’impression que les écrivains sont comme les canaris des mines de charbon, ils sont des sentinelles précieuses et les regarder permet de comprendre l’état du monde, celui qui est, celui qui vient."},{"_id":"YG4L62ICBVG7TPJILE7ZZHJRX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732619160746},"type":"text","content":"Aux Etats-Unis, par exemple, le nombre d’auteurs ciblés par la censure a augmenté de 65 % (1) en deux ans. Durant l’année scolaire 2023-2024, on a comptabilisé 10 000 interdictions de livres dans les écoles primaires et secondaires du pays. On en comptait seulement 2 532 en 2021-2022, et 3 362 en 2022-2023. Ces interdictions, décidées aussi bien au niveau local que fédéral, ont majoritairement lieu dans les Etats conservateurs : Floride, Texas, Iowa, Utah. Les uns après les autres, les auteurs disparaissent des rayonnages des bibliothèques publiques sous couvert de respect des sensibilités, de protection de la jeunesse et de préservation des croyances. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2019/08/06/toni-morrison-dans-la-mort-qui-est-tout-sauf-l-oubli_1744060/\" target=\"_blank\">Toni Morrison</a> : inapproprié.<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/art-spiegelman-retour-a-la-case-breakdowns-20231208_OPJBVJYPCBFJFKVNMXOB55J6NU/\" target=\"_blank\"> Art Spiegelman</a> : pornographique. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/evenements-libe/2020/07/13/remettre-la-technologie-a-sa-place_1793231/\" target=\"_blank\">Aldous Huxley </a>: trop déprimant pour la jeunesse.<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/john-steinbeck-completement-a-lest-20230412_GFQPUNEZJZDMDNKDIAROIDDREI/\" target=\"_blank\"> John Steinbeck</a> : vulgaire et raciste. Les canaris tombent les uns après les autres, et, pourtant, nous restons dans la mine."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"AKYOIXAPNRAPJGP3A3JTL6GHDQ","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"KG7FSOS3TVF7HFUVHXSDNO4WZQ"},"title":"A lire aussi ","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"3EZIDOM35NBJLIERX3YWZZKI4I","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"XJ35XSHCRVBMTCQB5QLQRJ74NQ","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Disparition de Boualem Sansal : Jean-Christophe Rufin appelle l’Académie française à élire d’urgence l’écrivain","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/disparition-de-boualem-sansal-jean-christophe-rufin-appelle-lacademie-francaise-a-elire-durgence-lecrivain-20241122_IU4OXZRUORFYXLPTEW4AAYXU7E/"}]},{"_id":"YM3MJFAHAVFLFHMAGAX6QA5JME","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732629530272},"type":"text","content":"En Algérie, Boualem Sansal, lui, est en prison depuis une semaine. Si ça n’était pas la réalité, ça pourrait sonner comme un début de roman, une fiction brumeuse à propos d’un écrivain arrêté dans des conditions obscures sur le chemin d’un salon du livre. Mais il se trouve que c’est vrai. «On» a arrêté Boualem Sansal. «On» veut le juger. «On» veut le condamner. «On» l’accuse d’être un terroriste. «On» parle «d’atteinte à l’intégrité nationale», de franchissement d’une «ligne rouge». «On» distille les informations au compte-gouttes. Toujours ce «on» tyrannique, dictatorial qui dit sans dire, qui fait en voulant donner l’impression de ne pas faire. «On» aime l’ordre. «On» aime que chacun soit à sa place, l’écrivain en prison, la vérité sous clé. «On» aime que les choses et les gens soient bien rangés. «On» ne veut voir qu’une seule tête. «On» voudrait que l’écrivain se taise, et c’est précisément là que le bât blesse. Car vouloir réduire un écrivain au silence, c’est un peu comme vouloir empêcher la pluie d’être de l’eau."},{"_id":"WBCW6JDHCBF23NN7S4ZVZVSKQY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732702497152},"type":"text","content":"Un écrivain, c’est phréatique, rhizomique, ça mute, ça a tous les sexes, tous les visages, toutes les voix, tous les corps, tous les âges, tous les itinéraires, ça appartient à toutes les espèces. C’est une personne à histoires, l’écrivain, il aime en raconter, en exhumer, il cherche une vérité dans chaque silence, il raccommode de mots les trous de l’histoire. «On» peut toujours essayer de le mettre au pas, s’y employer de toutes ses forces gouvernementales. «On» peut mettre tous les gendarmes de la caserne sur le coup, tous les militaires de tous les régiments sur le sujet, toute la propagande de tous les ministères sur le dossier, mais, un écrivain, c’est comme l’air, même les plus hauts murs n’arrêtent pas sa pensée, ça traverse la matière. «On» voudrait le contenir, mais la littérature prendra toujours la tangente, elle se faufile, s’échappe et tous, lectrices et lecteurs, ici et ailleurs, s’en saisissent."},{"_id":"WNJO62DBFVC4NGBSRLMLH4BZPA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732619160750},"type":"text","content":"Un écrivain, ça se marronne, d’ailleurs les chemins de marronnage sont précisément sa seule et unique maison. L’échappée, son seul et unique sujet. Un écrivain, c’est comme du feu, ça crée des lueurs, des étincelles, des phrases qui tiennent chaud, qui crépitent, qui embrasent. Un écrivain, ça enflamme, même embastillé, même interdit, emprisonné, interné. Rappelant ces quelques lignes de Toni Morrison :<i> «Ne laissez personne, personne, vous persuader que le moment est ainsi fait et que par conséquent, c’est ainsi qu’il doit être.»</i> Les canaris continuent à chanter, saurons-nous entendre leurs voix avant le prochain coup de grisou ?"},{"_id":"W3VQN3MNZJCGZGAWY5EENK7KOE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628258361},"type":"text","content":"(1) Cf. l’association PEN America<a href=\"https://pen.org/\">-The Freedom to Write</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Aux Etats-Unis, le nombre de livres ciblés par la censure a explosé en quelques années. En Algérie, Boualem Sansal est en prison. Mais vouloir réduire un écrivain au silence, c’est un peu comme vouloir empêcher la pluie d’être de l’eau."},"description":{"basic":"Aux Etats-Unis, le nombre d’auteurs ciblés par la censure a augmenté de 65 % en deux ans. 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l’heure actuelle, les relations internationales sont souvent définies comme s’il n’y avait que deux options possibles pour les Etats : dominer ou être dominé, asservir ou être asservi. Les nations sont censées se rallier à telle ou telle puissance, à tel ou tel bloc. La leçon que nous tirons de notre expérience de chefs d’Etat de deux pays dont les relations bilatérales ne cessent de s’approfondir depuis vingt-cinq ans est tout autre."},{"_id":"SREOMW6E4ZEB3FYDN3XHX6X7U4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464896},"type":"text","content":"En ce qui nous concerne, nous pouvons dire assurément que notre relation prend la forme d’un partenariat d’égal à égal. Il est des moments dans l’histoire où les pays se laissent guider par des intérêts communs bien compris et reconnus par tous. La France et le Nigeria se trouvent aujourd’hui à ce moment crucial."},{"_id":"WWWLBESMVNB7FABADSGIDHCLH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464897},"type":"text","content":"Avoir des intérêts en commun nous incite à travailler ensemble. 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Cette confiance n’a pas de prix. Elle écarte les contraintes et les pressions. Elle n’implique pas l’alignement systématique. Elle permet de s’affranchir des dépendances excessives. Elle nous incite à respecter la vision que chacun de nos deux pays a de son autonomie stratégique."},{"_id":"VAVEOS7PBVFJTCELUM5OEU4EFY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464900},"type":"text","content":"Nous définissons l’autonomie stratégique comme la capacité d’un Etat à défendre ses propres intérêts sans dépendre exagérément d’un autre Etat, notamment sous l’angle de la sécurité nationale et de la politique étrangère. Cette expression est relativement récente, mais le principe d’autonomie stratégique est profondément ancré dans l’histoire de la France et du Nigeria. Il bénéficie en outre du large soutien des citoyens de nos deux pays."},{"_id":"2CGUN7L5CVERNFD7QDCDOTGGCE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464901},"type":"text","content":"Aujourd’hui, nous voulons réaffirmer notre ferme volonté de défendre ce principe non seulement pour nos deux pays, mais plus largement pour nos deux continents, l’Afrique et l’Europe."},{"level":2,"_id":"2QKRYJXLXNBVXNVMA53ODTJQJI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464902},"type":"header","content":"Renouveler la gouvernance mondiale"},{"_id":"DWJ7MKI655DKTA357YL3DNX4TU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464903},"type":"text","content":"Nous ne relèverons pas les défis du monde d’aujourd’hui en créant des blocs. 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Pour y parvenir, nous avons besoin d’une gouvernance mondiale qui soit plus inclusive et, même si des progrès ont déjà été accomplis, il faut faire davantage encore pour que la population du monde entier, en particulier celle du continent africain, se sente vraiment représentée dans toutes les enceintes."},{"_id":"LNASZ6Y7PBFHZCSULCQ2A5Z5RA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464904},"type":"text","content":"Nous avons besoin de cette gouvernance mondiale renouvelée et réformée pour protéger les acquis des générations antérieures, notamment le corpus du droit international humanitaire qui existe aujourd’hui et doit être appliqué de la même manière à Gaza, au Soudan ou en Ukraine. Nous ne pouvons pas pratiquer de double standard. Nous en avons besoin afin de redoubler d’efforts pour mettre en place des systèmes de santé plus robustes, l’éducation pour tous, ainsi que des routes migratoires durables et légales. Nous en avons besoin pour renforcer notre résilience face aux changements climatiques et pour mieux protéger la biodiversité au-delà de nos juridictions nationales."},{"_id":"MX53NASZ2ZFLBN563TBEC2ATIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464905},"type":"text","content":"A l’heure où nous nous tournons vers l’avenir, rappelons-nous que l’autonomie stratégique permet aux nations de façonner leur destin, mais que la coopération internationale demeure la clé pour relever ensemble les défis communs. Le Nigeria et la France, pleinement conscients de leurs intérêts communs et de leurs perspectives partagées, sont fiers de réaffirmer aujourd’hui leur détermination à travailler ensemble pour atteindre ces objectifs et réunir tous les acteurs concernés."},{"level":6,"_id":"BTAPPZ65R5BW5PVA2RZAN7PQGI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732703464906},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans Libération ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le président de la République reçoit son homologue nigérian en visite d’Etat ce jeudi 28 novembre. 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reportage A Sarradin","user":"Sophie MARECHAL","email":"s.marechal@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1676993867487},"type":"text","content":"On ne peut que se réjouir qu’après deux mois de guerre ouverte entre Israël et le Hezbollah le bruit des armes s’arrête enfin, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/un-jour-pour-lhistoire-dans-le-sud-liban-les-deplaces-de-guerre-reviennent-par-milliers-20241127_LPYRFP4D7ZFZ5CYA236ODVAY2E/\" target=\"_blank\">au grand soulagement des Libanais</a>. Les forces et les structures militaires de la milice pro-iranienne ont été sérieusement affaiblies, ce qu’on ne peut pas condamner, mais à quel prix ? Alors que le Liban se remettait difficilement d’une crise économique et politique gravissime, l’armée israélienne a bombardé ses cibles au grand mépris des vies innocentes aux alentours, dont celles de médecins et de secouristes, poussant un grand nombre de familles à fuir, et opérant des destructions importantes dans un pays déjà à genou. Deux mois qui ont réveillé le spectre de la guerre civile et ému la communauté internationale."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"JZCLYDJXBJDK3ENH6A7XT62EYI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"JAZCXYYTMRE3JFWODTSUIPOSVM"},"title":"Reportage","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"MHP36TXJV5AJTHWUVKPWHNXVXE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"54VLXH64SNGZ5FSGBV62J3UBTU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Cessez-le-feu au Liban : dans le nord d’Israël, «ce n’est pas la dernière guerre»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/cessez-le-feu-au-liban-dans-le-nord-disrael-ce-nest-pas-la-derniere-guerre-20241127_FMN2LVCUBBBS3GUJAWU3HMKB3U/?redirected=1"}]},{"_id":"XKQQDYRSURFU5MDYGWKDHF66IM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-27T18:18:49.826Z","start":1111,"end":1176,"text":"lien itw Levallois","user":"Sophie MARECHAL","email":"s.marechal@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732732223683},"type":"text","content":"Ceci expliquant cela, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/base-legale-garanties-incertitudes-ce-que-lon-sait-de-laccord-de-cessez-le-feu-entre-israel-et-le-hezbollah-20241127_SXU54CLNCZGYZMWR56Y5DIHNGQ/\" target=\"_blank\">les pressions ont été intenses pour obtenir un cessez-le-feu</a>. Et, pour tout dire, celui-ci arrange tout le monde. Joe Biden, qui a mis tout son poids dans la balance, voit là un moyen de terminer son mandat avec éclat. Emmanuel Macron, qui a lui aussi œuvré à mettre un terme à cette guerre, redore son blason terni par le chaos politique en France. L’armée israélienne souffle un peu et le Hezbollah compte ce qui lui reste de combattants. Quant à Benyamin Nétanyahou, il voit soudain la France estimer qu’<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/cpi-limmunite-ou-limpunite-dun-chef-detat-en-exercice-nest-aujourdhui-plus-taboue-20241121_7U2LGHETMNFW7HU4YWTFSMU7SQ/\" target=\"_blank\">il bénéficie d’une <i>«immunité»</i></a><i> </i>face aux accusations de crimes de guerre lancées par la CPI, quel incroyable hasard ! Les plus grandes incertitudes demeurent néanmoins. Comment les autorités libanaises vont-elles pouvoir, sans président et avec un gouvernement de transition‚ garantir cet accord ? L’armée libanaise a-t-elle les moyens de surveiller le sud du Liban ? Pourquoi la force de l’ONU serait-elle plus efficace dans le maintien de ce cessez-le-feu qu’elle ne l’était avant la guerre ? Et puis… il ne manquerait pas quelque chose d’important dans ce début d’accord de paix ? Les Palestiniens, une fois de plus, sont les lésés de l’histoire. Car pendant ce temps à Gaza, l’arrivée du froid et de la pluie rend les conditions de vie plus inhumaines encore."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Ni combats ni bombardements, les Libanais ont connu mercredi 27 novembre leur première journée d’accalmie après deux mois de guerre ouverte entre le Hezbollah et Israël. La trêve tiendra-t-elle ? "},"description":{"basic":"Ni combats ni bombardements, les Libanais ont connu mercredi 27 novembre leur première journée d’accalmie après deux mois de guerre ouverte entre le Hezbollah et Israël. 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Les clauses visant à promouvoir les Droits de l’homme, les droits sociaux et la préservation de l’environnement, elles, demeureraient non contraignantes."},{"level":2,"_id":"45CVPAZORVCX7LJJ36CTRCKADY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732270723808},"type":"header","content":"Contresens historique"},{"_id":"W4MQXXVPZJHZDF7HYNBLZRCLJM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-22T10:54:58.371Z","start":488,"end":493,"text":"aucun accent svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732260700141},"type":"text","content":"La ratification du texte poserait encore un problème de légitimité démocratique. Le mandat de négociation donné à la Commission par les Etats membres porte sur un accord d’association politique global, dont les aspects commerciaux ne sont qu’une partie. Un tel accord d’association – dit mixte – requiert l’unanimité des Etats européens, au contraire d’un pur accord commercial qui peut être adopté à la majorité qualifiée, après accord du Parlement européen. Pour contourner un probable veto, la Commission entreprendrait donc de «saucissonner» l’accord et d’en faire adopter immédiatement les dispositions commerciales. Cette tactique déjà employée va à l’encontre du mandat donné par les Etats, et réaffirmé en 2018, indiquant que l’accord avec le Mercosur doit rester global."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"ERN77WW4K5FGHAB7JMNGSQSR4I","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"HFWKKQQ3OJA2FCUIQUMC45WJHA"},"title":"Décryptage","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"RKQ5XMHICZF25CTBBN72QWQXNA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"YV35UT2AWVBRZAUNP6SG5YHWCI","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Mercosur : en Europe, quels sont les pays pour ou contre cet accord commercial à l’origine de la colère des agriculteurs français ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/mercosur-en-europe-quels-sont-les-pays-pour-ou-contre-cet-accord-commercial-a-lorigine-de-la-colere-des-agriculteurs-francais-20241121_XFBTSGMECRFIRHLOMW3MA6K7QI/"}]},{"_id":"MFAZHZKRDJEYDJWHGZXOOUTHXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700143},"type":"text","content":"Alors que les Etats du monde entier protègent leurs agriculteurs contre la concurrence déloyale et le <i>dumping,</i> conscients de leur rôle stratégique ; alors que nous demandons aux nôtres des efforts inédits sans moyens supplémentaires ; alors que l’Union reste seule convaincue par des règles obsolètes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et pallie son immobilisme par une fuite en avant bilatérale, l’accord avec le Mercosur serait un contresens historique."},{"_id":"EDBJWE3LJVECTA7Q7JFXQQKZ6Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700145},"type":"text","content":"La Commission doit enfin réaliser que ce type d’arrangements appartient à une époque révolue, celle où il s’agissait de construire un grand marché mondial libéré des Etats. Le mandat de négociation qui lui a été donné en 1999 n’est pas adapté à la réalité de 2024. L’Union européenne ne peut plus se présenter à la table des négociations avec comme seuls leviers la possibilité de brader son agriculture et ses marchés publics."},{"level":2,"_id":"RKSZVRJUAJGZXFNG2FH5UFSZYY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732264748704},"type":"header","content":"Un continent de consommateurs"},{"_id":"7S2U4LN3TJCXFLZL4XEKHNMP2Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700147},"type":"text","content":"Le culte du libre-échange a transformé l’Europe en continent de consommateurs, dépendant de ses concurrents, rivaux ou adversaires pour ses productions stratégiques. Il a produit une casse sociale d’ampleur dans nos régions et a contribué à la montée de l’extrême droite partout en Europe. Les institutions européennes en prennent lentement conscience, comme le montrent les<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/leurope-est-la-seule-a-vouloir-faire-de-la-rigueur-alors-quamericains-et-chinois-depensent-a-tout-va-20240417_J5MJFOXSURDFLJ7HX55XNPO65E/\" target=\"_blank\"> rapports Draghi, Letta</a>, Strohschneider ou Niinistö, ou le programme de la présidente de la Commission sur la défense commerciale et la sécurité économique. Acter ce changement suppose d’enterrer les vieux restes de l’idéologie dominante des années 1990-2000 comme le Mercosur. Notre politique commerciale doit enfin être considérée pour ce qu’elle est : un outil au service de nos intérêts stratégiques, au premier rang desquelles nos politiques industrielle, alimentaire, environnementale et climatique."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"B4QBCLKVVVCE5JWRJENGOGCGJ4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"CDHUYU574VGXDIKC3JXBRZRWNM"},"title":"","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"I3UTJC7ZZJDUFN4MQSFOHFKWDQ","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"IA3NV43XJVC33GAXIACEQ3PXKY","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Les agriculteurs contre le Mercosur : l’histoire d’une longue lutte existentielle et d’une absence de choix","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/les-agriculteurs-contre-le-mercosur-lhistoire-dune-longue-lutte-existentielle-et-dune-absence-de-choix-20241117_5B22RAXRO5HJHGBZOINUOZBO7Y/"}]},{"_id":"RHV7YL4ICVC2ND3YZCC3OOZQMA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700149},"type":"text","content":"Dans ce contexte, nous demandons que nos accords bilatéraux évoluent pour devenir de réels partenariats économiques et politiques, fondés sur une ambition partagée pour les objectifs de développement durable de l’ONU et la transformation écologique et sociale. Au-delà d’assurer la compétitivité de nos entreprises, ils devront garantir nos approvisionnements stratégiques, en encadrant par exemple les échanges de produits de base. Ils devront promouvoir les normes de l’Union européenne par l’intégration de clauses miroirs, qui imposeront le respect de nos standards sociaux et environnementaux à tous les produits importés. Ils apporteront un accompagnement technique et financier à nos partenaires afin qu’ils soient compris, acceptés et appliqués. Nous devrons diriger nos investissements étrangers pour favoriser le développement et aider nos partenaires à créer de la valeur ajoutée sur leur territoire. Enfin, dans ces accords, tout manquement aux conditionnalités sociales et environnementales sera sanctionné au même titre que les violations des règles commerciales."},{"_id":"VRLDZAZQ5RH5BBV5H2BJNLW6GI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700151},"type":"text","content":"Des intérêts puissants poussent aujourd’hui à conclure rapidement un accord hérité d’une période que nous sommes en train de refermer. Parfois, le courage et le réalisme ensemble exigent de sacrifier des années de négociations et de travail pour repartir sur des bases saines. L’accord avec le Mercosur doit tomber."},{"_id":"PGT4KEDT6ZFIDGGJCMKMITNKLM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700153},"type":"text","content":"<b>Signataires :</b> <b>Raphaël Glucksmann </b>Député européen, coprésident de la délégation française au groupe Socialistes et Démocrates <b>Nora Mebarek</b> Députée européenne, coprésidente de la délégation française au groupe Socialistes et Démocrates <b>Boris Vallaud</b> Député, président du groupe Socialistes et Apparentés <b>Patrick Kanner </b>Sénateur, président du groupe Socialiste, Ecologiste et Républicain…"},{"_id":"LDLLDYSCWFAUHK3KHET5MHZW24","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732281763549},"type":"text","content":"La liste complète des signataires est <a href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/eyz0vk7z7ah1sn208q2b7/Liste-des-signataires-de-la-tribune-sur-le-Mercosur.docx?rlkey=nup7x6jy2gegmunf9nq0bug95&st=rfoc3f1d&dl=0\" target=\"_blank\">ici</a>."},{"level":6,"_id":"JIPWMDPXPRDVDPNKEBUIHXIV44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700156},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans <i>Libération</i> ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Raphaël Glucksmann et près de 140 parlementaires estiment que l‘accord de libre-échange entre l’UE et l’Amérique du Sud est un «contresens historique». 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ne rater aucun billet de Jonathan Bouchet-Petersen, inscrivez-vous aux </b></i><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\" target=\"_blank\"><i><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs politiques</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"WP2MEFQLY5CWLFWBYWNAJE2MN4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732714468295},"type":"text","content":"Faire tomber le gouvernement Barnier et priver la France de budget, ce serait plonger le pays dans une crise sans précédent dont les Français n’ont même pas idée. Voilà l’argument massue brandi par l’équipe en place alors que l’éventualité du vote <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/le-rassemblement-national-agite-la-menace-dune-motion-de-censure-20241118_F4BCQB6Q7RFHHKVRMSYZGG4M7A/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">d’une motion de censure par la gauche et le RN </a>en cas de recours – plus que probable <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/budget-2025-michel-barnier-envisage-le-recours-au-493-pour-eviter-un-blocage-20241020_BCGLHY26XVCMNJWFVAAWOATYPI/\" target=\"_blank\">au 49.3 pour faire adopter un budget</a> concocté dans un grand contournement de l’Assemblée nationale – apparaît de moins en moins comme une simple hypothèse et de plus en plus comme une perspective de court terme. Il y a là une dramatisation excessive qui cache mal la fébrilité d’un pouvoir sans légitimité politique digne de ce nom, adossé à un «socle commun» plus friable qu’espéré par le locataire de Matignon."},{"_id":"K5PHFSSHC5FATKH4P5T577XCUQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732717093551},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/sur-tf1-michel-barnier-menace-predit-une-tempete-assez-grave-en-cas-de-censure-20241126_NPVCNGAR55F7HDA5STG3BJK5MA/\" target=\"_blank\">Mardi 26 novembre au soir sur TF1</a>, le Premier ministre a tenté une autre carte, fustigeant ce <i>«microcosme parisien»</i> qui ne penserait qu’à son propre intérêt (électoral), au détriment de celui de la France et de son peuple. Manière quelque peu grossière de prendre l’opinion à témoin avec une dialectique pas étrangère au populisme. «Microcosme», le terme est désuet, on lui préfère aujourd’hui celui d’«élites» ou de «système», mais on voit bien l’idée. Michel Barnier serait, lui, un homme d’Etat ancré dans le «pays réel», dont l’action ne serait guidée que par la gravité de la situation, quand ceux qui ne le soutiennent pas assez ou qui veulent tout bonnement faire tomber son gouvernement ne seraient que des irresponsables pas à la hauteur du moment. Tout n’est pas faux dans ce diagnostic mais la ficelle est un peu grosse."},{"level":2,"_id":"JVP33P4QM5HTPGCACSLMZUSDNA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726186273},"type":"header","content":"Moment de vérité"},{"_id":"FXL32PTMDVFNZFVAXCDKYJBJEU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732717093552},"type":"text","content":"Ce qui est certain, c’est que Michel Barnier apparaît dans l’impasse et que d’une certaine manière le ver était dans le fruit depuis sa nomination, tant celle-ci ne répondait en rien au message des urnes ou à la composition de l’Assemblée nationale post-dissolution. Ce n’est pas uniquement de sa faute. Mais penser gouverner le pays en s’appuyant sur un tout petit noyau de députés LR et les troupes remuantes et divisées de l’ancienne majorité présidentielle, le tout en comptant sur la mansuétude (forcément provisoire) du Rassemblement national, voilà une équation qui était vouée à l’échec. On savait que la discussion budgétaire serait le moment de vérité, on y est et ça n’a pas loupé."},{"_id":"CSK4VN5BJBE73ILU4MADKY3PEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732717093553},"type":"text","content":"Fustiger un peu grossièrement la classe politique en s’adressant directement aux Français, cela peut fonctionner quand on est président de la République, beaucoup plus difficilement quand on est un Premier ministre de circonstance et qu’on dégaine des mesures d’austérité qui n’ont jamais été sur la table au moment des élections législatives et qui n’ont donc jamais reçu la moindre validation électorale. Encore une fois, il serait injuste de faire de Michel Barnier le seul responsable du blocage parlementaire auquel il est confronté. Il a hérité d’une situation budgétaire <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/budget-les-deputes-macronistes-draguent-lourdement-les-senateurs-20241106_AX7NGSXCFVHXLC47W7FTLF53EA/\" target=\"_blank\">dont les macronistes</a> – qui ne manquent pas de toupet dans la période actuelle – sont les seuls responsables. Et les deux blocs sortis en tête des dernières législatives (le Nouveau front populaire et le Rassemblement national rallié par Eric Ciotti) n’ont jamais eu l’intention de lui faciliter la tâche. Avec une obsession pour la prochaine présidentielle qui a rendu compliqué, pour ne pas dire impossible, un basculement vers le parlementarisme."},{"level":2,"_id":"76H2I5ACRVF47DEGDG6LKWNS3U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726186276},"type":"header","content":"Moi ou le chaos"},{"_id":"JWGRD5W3CNBMTAQSW22NTOBQPU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732717093554},"type":"text","content":"Ce qu’on peut reprocher au Premier ministre, qui avait parlé de<i> «compromis dynamique»</i> et de coproduction avec le Parlement et les territoires <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/declaration-de-politique-generale-de-michel-barnier-la-gauche-denonce-le-discours-dun-premier-ministre-illegitime-20241001_3QFQ6TGVFJH65GUIWNYSVIPLQM/\" target=\"_blank\">lors de sa déclaration de politique générale</a>, c’est de ne pas avoir su, de ne pas avoir pu ou de ne pas avoir voulu construire un contrat de gouvernement au-delà de ses soutiens plus ou moins naturels. Il y a là un vice originel qui rendait inéluctable le cul-de-sac actuel. Et il apparaît un peu court, une fois dos au mur, de dire : c’est moi ou le chaos. Car au fond, au-delà du cas Barnier qui pourrait être soldé dans les jours ou les semaines qui viennent sans que son image en ressorte écornée, le vrai sujet posé est bien celui de la suite du mandat d’Emmanuel Macron, même s’il semble aventureux de l’imaginer abréger son deuxième quinquennat par sens des responsabilités. Plus qu’une crise financière, dont personne ne sait vraiment si elle est un risque réel ou un chiffon rouge, c’est là bien davantage une crise de régime qui pointe le bout de son nez."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"S’il a tenté de fustiger grossièrement la classe politique mardi 26 novembre, le Premier ministre apparaît cependant dans l’impasse. Penser gouverner le pays en s’appuyant seulement sur ses soutiens naturels était une équation vouée à l’échec."},"description":{"basic":"S’il a tenté de fustiger grossièrement la classe politique le 26 novembre, le Premier ministre apparaît cependant dans l’impasse. 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L’autrice de <i>l’Œil le plus bleu </i>incite alors son amie, la militante des Black Panthers, à écrire son autobiographie. Et lorsque sort en 1973 le deuxième roman de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/1998/06/05/toni-morrison-rebelle-nobel_240554/\" target=\"_blank\">Toni Morrison,</a> <i>Sula</i>, c’est la poétesse <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/audre-lorde-contrechant-de-batailles-20230529_LAJT375D35HKFLKNCAH4UXG6OI/\" target=\"_blank\">Audre Lorde</a> qui lui adresse une lettre de remerciements. C’est aux liens intellectuels, d’amitié ou de simple estime unissant ces figures que s’intéresse une exposition du Centre d’art contemporain d’Ivry-sur-Seine (le Crédac)."},{"_id":"5MRLGAFL6NGPXNYZIY5N4KTUAM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877183},"type":"text","content":"L’une des commissaires, Elvan Zabunyan, s’est immergée dans les archives des correspondances des trois afroféministes. Aux échanges entre elles, mais aussi avec leurs éditeurs, leurs admirateurs (même minots, dans le cas d’Angela Davis), leurs amies, leurs mères. Décaler le regard de leurs œuvres permet, pour la spécialiste, qui vient de publier<i> Réunir les bouts du monde. Art, histoire, esclavage en mémoire</i> (éditions B42, octobre 2024) et avait écrit en 2004 un essai qui avait fait date, <i>Black Is A Color (Dis voir),</i> de mieux révéler l’ancrage social de leurs engagements. Et de remettre en mouvement, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, un héritage collectif et dynamique."},{"_id":"QIQQGBKRAVAIBCWGKG6UMLVDQA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732280793650},"type":"text","content":"Avec son architecture américaine du début du XXe siècle, l’ancienne manufacture des œillets, presque entièrement vitrée, était l’écrin parfait pour faire dialoguer le passé états-unien et le présent français. A côté de photographies, vidéos et documents consacrés aux trois écrivaines, des œuvres contemporaines répondent au travail que des collégiens d’Ivry ont réalisé sur celles qui enseignaient également. Le tout s’entremêlant sans réelle hiérarchie. <i>«C’est une expo montée à l’envers, et totalement woke !» </i>assume l’autre commissaire et directrice du Crédac, Claire Le Restif."},{"level":2,"_id":"G25OTMGFLNEY5E654RG362P2OA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877185},"type":"header","content":"Une lettre à «toutes les femmes du quotidien»"},{"_id":"WYTRSF4HU5G4LD7QUG5GYCLOO4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877186},"type":"text","content":"Pendant plusieurs semaines, ces élèves de 4e se sont plongés dans les œuvres d’Audre Lorde, de Toni Morrison et d’Angela Davis, qui était déjà une icône pour beaucoup de ces jeunes résidents d’une ville communiste. <i>«A travers les questions de race, de classe, de genre, d’homosexualité, la résonance de ce qu’ont porté ces figures avec ce que vivent ces ados, les jeunes filles notamment, est apparue immédiatement», </i>s’étonne encore Claire Le Restif."},{"_id":"KWNKE2Z45BA55M4D5GMEIFLV2Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732280793651},"type":"text","content":"D’une salle à l’autre, on chemine avec les collégiens, qui ont commencé par mettre en mots les trois militantes sur des Post-it : «forte», «liberté», «résistance»… Avant de s’atteler à des collages et des pochoirs, de se tatouer temporairement des citations d’Angela Davis, ou d’adresser, sur une grande toile peinte, en plusieurs langues, une lettre à «<i>toutes les femmes du quotidien</i>», quelles que soient leur couleur et leur situation. A côté, un extrait du film<i> </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2014/10/17/bande-de-filles-une-jeunesse-francaise_1124323/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Bande de filles</i> de Céline Sciamma.</a> Dès la première salle, l’ode à la sororité imprègne l’herbier de Paula Valero Comin inspiré de celui, résistant, de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/rosa-luxemburg-revolutionnaire-en-herbes-20231208_UU4X2KUP5RAZTOEAQPLBKV2H4U/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosa Luxemburg</a> qu’elle avait réalisé avec les mauvaises herbes de sa prison."},{"_id":"354RKFJ4XFFDVCD7VGLDX7CNE4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877188},"type":"text","content":"L’artiste espagnole fait revivre le rhizome afroféministe de l’époque, en associant, sur de grands panneaux verticaux, le dessin d’une plante au regard profond de plusieurs de ces femmes parfois oubliées : l’ortie pour Angela Davis, le lamier pourpre pour l’essayiste et poète June Jordan (un temps la compagne d’Angela Davis), le cirse des champs pour Audre Lorde, la roquette pour Alice Walker, l’autrice de <i>la Couleur pourpre</i>…"},{"level":2,"_id":"DC3O3J7SOVB63EZFRFLNVAMCUA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877189},"type":"header","content":"Faire de cet héritage une matière toujours vivante"},{"_id":"BAOHAJB7FBCNNDOBK7YHJ5MM2E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732310877190},"type":"text","content":"Non loin, une installation d’Annouchka de Andrade et Mathieu Kleyebe Abonnenc entremêle calebasses, filets de pêche et coquillages dans une évocation de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2015/09/20/la-traite-transatlantique-des-esclaves-en-2-minutes_1816987/\" target=\"_blank\">l’histoire de la traite transatlantique</a> et de l’esclavage. Capturées à la volée et diffusées par extraits en vidéo, les correspondances au cœur de l’exposition sont consultables dans un catalogue sur place, lourd pavé qu’on espère voir un jour publié. S’y succèdent entre autres d’émouvants dessins d’enfants figurant Angela Davis derrière les barreaux, des cartes postales datant de son passage à Biarritz ou d’autres exprimant l’admiration d’anonymes pour les poèmes d’Audre Lorde."},{"_id":"5J43A3VTYRHDXKFTVLZJQPYFEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732280793652},"type":"text","content":"Par la métaphore végétale qui file l’exposition, celle-ci réussit le pari de transmettre l’espoir qui animait le mouvement afroféministe d’alors. En témoigne cette photo de Toni Morrison prise par Angela Davis dans le salon de son amie. Bouquet à la main, son visage d’âge mûr fendu d’un large sourire, la première prix Nobel de littérature afro-américaine nous regarde. Nous, ainsi que les 80 groupes de visiteurs scolaires prévus pour cette exposition, un chiffre hors norme pour le Crédac, qui espère faire de cette exposition un outil pour aujourd’hui, et de cet héritage une matière toujours vivante."},{"level":6,"_id":"HBFRFFF755FNPGRDVZPM5Z2IIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732280793653},"type":"header","content":"<i>Correspondances. 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Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Idées et Débats"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/idees-et-debats","18"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Idées et Débats","_id":"/idees-et-debats","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1002,"default":1001,"burgermenu":1009,"amp-menu":1005,"headernav":1004}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./idees-et-debats","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-22T11:37:13.559Z","publish_date":"2024-11-28T17:24:28.063Z","_id":"B6TMRP4NEBEIJLOWOCHTWMVMPI","website":"liberation","website_url":"/idees-et-debats/lafrofeminisme-americain-un-terreau-toujours-fertile-au-credac-20241124_B6TMRP4NEBEIJLOWOCHTWMVMPI/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"QVCUFIZQCZCIBO7OD37XTCLBSU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732696026086},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Pour ne rater aucun billet de Thomas Legrand, inscrivez-vous aux </b></i><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\" target=\"_blank\"><i><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs politiques</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"2FN46URJ7ZFD5D6WACQSPTF67U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732701272672},"type":"text","content":"Etre à la fois une excellente politique et une exécrable politicienne, une grande stratège pour sa ville et une piètre tacticienne pour sa majorité, une courageuse réformatrice et une cheffe d’équipe psychorigide et rancunière… C’est le mystère Hidalgo. A vrai dire, pour les Parisiens ou les banlieusards qui pratiquent la capitale, le caractère de la maire de Paris et ses sautes d’humeurs auprès de ses équipes importent peu. Ce qui compte c’est ce que devient la capitale sous son empire. Et là, à n’en pas douter, le bilan d’Anne Hidalgo est impressionnant."},{"_id":"G3M2ZHCBXBDL5IAKIOJWG6TVL4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732714416712},"type":"text","content":"La ville de Paris est transformée, plus attractive et plus vivante, internationalement saluée et citée en exemple. Seul bémol, de taille, mais inhérent à sa condition de capitale prestigieuse, le foncier chasse dramatiquement les classes moyennes, ou du moins empêche de nouveaux habitants non fortunés de s’installer. La politique municipale volontariste et méritoire d’encadrement des loyers et de construction de logement sociaux ne <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/logement/encadrement-des-loyers-une-legere-amelioration-partout-sauf-a-paris-selon-la-fondation-abbe-pierre-20240912_AEOM7R2TWJF2HBU3UOQEIOLPCY/\" target=\"_blank\">parvient pas à limiter la gentrification</a> des quartiers les plus populaires. Mais Paris est une petite ville en termes de superficie. L’agglomération est vaste et permet encore un brassage social important. La seule ville de Paris devient le centre d’une mégalopole."},{"level":2,"_id":"FZFR6PZOR5H5FHY6GQQEOZQB2A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732718717703},"type":"header","content":"Transition en cours"},{"_id":"TF2KVUGX7JDC5BPJTYKWRZO2EQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705610222},"type":"text","content":"Le bilan le plus impressionnant concerne les transports. Il reste bien sûr d’énormes progrès à faire en matière de maillage des transports publics pour relier Paris aux villes qui composent l’agglomération. Progrès indispensables, car la richesse de la capitale vient aussi des centaines de milliers de Franciliens qui tous les jours y travaillent, y consomment, s’y divertissent. Mais dans Paris, comme dans les communes directement limitrophes, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/transports/paris-interdiction-de-traverser-les-quatre-premiers-arrondissements-en-voiture-a-partir-de-lundi-20241031_B74SDKILX5DNFB67SNX3X5XWSE/\" target=\"_blank\">la politique de réduction drastique de la voiture</a> est en passe de devenir un succès. Le réaménagement de la chaussée, la tentative de faire toute sa place au vélo a abouti à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/a-paris-le-velo-detrone-la-voiture-vive-la-velorution-20240410_5KU2374P2BDUBMKRUCBEJRJ2AI/\" target=\"_blank\">l’explosion de l’utilisation de ce mode de transport</a>. Tous ceux qui veulent et peuvent se déplacer à vélo, pour l’ensemble de leurs trajets, s’agissant des Parisiens et des proches banlieusards, ou pour partie de leurs trajets, s’agissant des banlieusards plus éloignés qui peuvent pratiquer ce que le jargon urbanistique appelle le transport «multimodal», ont désormais la faculté de s’y adonner. Les Franciliens qui ne veulent ou ne peuvent pas se mettre à pédaler (même avec un vélo électrique) doivent pouvoir trouver (ce n’est pas encore assez le cas) des transports publics plus agiles. C’est la logique de la transition en cours. Elle est vraiment en cours."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"TW4XAU7LNJGJVBGY2IUJNI5M3M","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"5GLVOWBISRBNTEZUFHIL2AG3YU"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"DWH2FRQLNRBQ5EOQDH4RBA5KUA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"YZK4SGFYIZE3HEDBQVRHYMWNSU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Mairie de Paris : entre Anne Hidalgo et son dauphin déchu Emmanuel Grégoire, l’histoire d’une rupture","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/mairie-de-paris-entre-anne-hidalgo-et-son-dauphin-dechu-emmanuel-gregoire-lhistoire-dune-rupture-20241126_NAIR7K7RHZEW5KSVEPMICZZEQQ/"}]},{"_id":"A7J762WAEFGNDFQDQHSKRWZY5Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713497792},"type":"text","content":"Décourager l’utilisation de la voiture et encourager le vélo c’est moins d’embouteillages (en tout cas des embouteillages pour moins de monde), des taxis et des bus dotés de plus de voies dédiées, donc plus rapides. La cohabitation de tous ces modes de transports n’est, pour l’instant, pas aisée, mais là aussi ça progresse, quoi qu’en disent tous ceux qui avaient l’habitude de parcourir Paris tout seul dans leur voiture et qui ne supportent pas de renoncer à ce confort ou cette facilité. Confort et facilité devenus impossibles dans une agglomération de plus de douze millions d’habitants à qui l’on demande d’être toujours plus mobiles et qui, eux, demandent de pouvoir être livrés à domicile, à tous moments, de tout et n’importe quoi. Le dernier psychodrame en date s’agissant des transports fut la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/paris-lensemble-du-peripherique-passe-a-50-kmh-ce-jeudi-les-radars-pourraient-commencer-a-flasher-20241009_2O763Z2TINDZZNN26ZKG7FIYBQ/\" target=\"_blank\">limitation de la vitesse sur le périphérique à 50 km/h</a>. La mairie a tenu bon face à l’Etat qui ne voulait pas. Résultat, le passage de 70 à 50 km/h est globalement respecté et les effets de «circulation en accordéon» ont diminué pour une plus grande fluidité. Les logiques de la mécanique des flux automobiles sont souvent contre-intuitives pour le grand public, il faut donc une certaine constance et une autorité solide pour les imposer. Anne Hidalgo en est pourvue."},{"level":2,"_id":"KBH3BIC6CVE6HJAZ75JHYPCM6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732718717707},"type":"header","content":"Pas de retour en arrière"},{"_id":"A3UJA5XLGJCWLMGH4RB3HDA2HU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705610223},"type":"text","content":"Aucun des aigris et des nostalgiques de l’époque où le parvis de Notre-Dame et la place de la Concorde étaient des parkings, où les voies sur berges étaient des voies rapides et où la pierre de meulière dont sont faits les immeubles parisiens noircissait de crasse carbonée en dix ans, aucun d’eux n’accepterait aujourd’hui que l’on revienne en arrière. D’ailleurs, depuis l’élection de Bertrand Delanoë en 2001, aucun des candidats de droite successifs à la mairie n’a proposé de tels retours. La voiture particulière carbonée va disparaître de gré ou de force de toutes les grandes villes dans les années qui viennent. Anne Hidalgo et ses adjoints écologistes ont eu le courage de prendre les mesures pour hâter, en le maîtrisant, ce mouvement inéluctable."},{"_id":"L67VWO72TNAWPNMZY4ICNQ6FX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732714416716},"type":"text","content":"La maire de Paris a subi insultes en ligne, hashtags calomnieux, moqueries beaufs de la part de tous les <i>haters</i>, principalement des beaux quartiers de l’ouest parisien, qui refusaient la mixité sociale et de ne plus pouvoir traverser Paris en voiture sur les quais. Anne Hidalgo, par ses maladresses de management, par ses décisions parfois solitaires, a souvent tendu le bâton pour se faire battre par ses adversaires politiques et une partie de la presse… Mais il y a fort à parier qu’aucun de ses successeurs (de droite ou de gauche) ne remettra en cause la politique audacieuse de transition du mode de transport dans la capitale. Précisons que l’auteur de ce billet est un proche banlieusard."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Malgré ses maladresses et des échecs, la maire de Paris, qui a annoncé mardi 26 novembre qu’elle ne se représentera pas lors des municipales de 2026, a amélioré la qualité de vie dans la capitale. Son bilan impressionnant résistera aux quolibets."},"description":{"basic":"Malgré ses maladresses et des échecs, la maire de Paris, qui a annoncé le 26 novembre qu’elle ne se représentera pas aux municipales de 2026, a amélioré la qualité de vie dans la capitale. Son bilan impressionnant résistera aux quolibets."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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l’empreinte profonde d’ores et déjà laissée par l’affaire <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/droits-des-femmes/proces-des-viols-de-mazan-la-peine-maximale-de-20-ans-requise-contre-dominique-pelicot-20241125_2KG7TB4VKJGJVCNFD47UHZWRKM/\" target=\"_blank\">Dominique Pelicot</a>, dont le procès est sur le point de s’achever, c’est l’affaire <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/juge-pour-agressions-sexuelles-nicolas-bedos-ne-veut-etre-quun-lourdingue-20240927_JMZXYJABN5CJDKZEYWCID2O2BE/\" target=\"_blank\">Nicolas Bedos</a> qui a récemment placé les violences faites aux femmes au centre du débat. Cependant, contrairement à la première, dont la cruauté a légitimement suscité un soutien unanime à la plaignante, la seconde affaire révèle, au contraire, une France qui semble coupée en deux : d’une part s’exprime une volonté sociétale d’évolution judiciaire face aux trop nombreuses violences faites aux femmes, et d’autre part s’affirment les inquiétudes d’une fragilisation de la présomption d’innocence."},{"_id":"NBXNBLNBZJCAZJY2TLCF4ZOQMA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732644982592},"type":"text","content":"Inquiétudes légitimes, mais trop souvent instrumentalisées pour interdire tout débat public sur l’existence de charges, <i>a fortiori</i> lorsque les mis en cause disposent d’une certaine notoriété. Et qui, de façon systématique, adoptent une stratégie de déni du non-consentement des plaignant∙es."},{"_id":"WAZGTZJBP5B5THPGI4T6OKKVBI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012374},"type":"text","content":"Pourtant, un constat s’impose aujourd’hui à une majorité : celui d’une évolution rendue urgente par le débordement de la parole des victimes hors des tribunaux, dépassés par cette vague qui les submerge et s’étend jusque dans les médias, les livres, les films."},{"_id":"DW5G5XB3M5E4PPODK4DBULDK44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012375},"type":"text","content":"Dans les faits, 94 % des plaintes pour viol sont toujours classées sans suite en 2021, constituant dix points de plus qu’en 2012, alors même que les autres atteintes à la personne sont restées stables, à 85 % sur la même période (1)."},{"_id":"XQIDSHIFIZHABI2KJZL72AQA4Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012376},"type":"text","content":"Ces chiffres montrent la difficulté du droit à appréhender ce crime, qui n’a pas fait l’objet d’une réforme majeure en France depuis plus de quarante ans, alors même que les mentalités ont évolué de manière spectaculaire, notamment après le passage des vagues <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/tags/me-too/\" target=\"_blank\">#MeToo</a>."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"QP6MAHMLARH27CH52KUWGKQDWY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"KQ2ZH6LQ4VDLVH23V6UYTAGR5E"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"J6TSQKX6ZBEPXGDRXOEZ6GE3EA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"VNSHGES3PNDNVHYK7T6C6BGY5E","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Introduire le consentement dans la définition pénale du viol n’est pas une «solution miracle»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/le-viol-en-france-integrer-le-consentement-dans-la-loi-pour-repondre-a-une-demande-societale-20241127_PUXQLSIGT5EZPIBKB4CHE5NJEU/"}]},{"level":2,"_id":"ASZVW2U7TZGUZERZTWM4FBIYF4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012377},"type":"header","content":"Une jurisprudence figée"},{"_id":"ZHPSED54SFHGXHXFKET2GH2KPY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012378},"type":"text","content":"Les tribunaux ont ainsi œuvré pour tenter de figer une jurisprudence définissant le viol au travers du quatuor légal<i> «violence, contrainte, menace ou surprise (2)»,</i> mais sans vraiment y parvenir."},{"_id":"BGY4YKEF6JDQLFO5JSGZPPR7PU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012379},"type":"text","content":"Dans le contexte de cette insécurité judiciaire, la Cour de cassation a pris un virage ces cinq dernières années en choisissant de caractériser comme «viols» ceux dont la forme est aujourd’hui la plus courante dans les plaintes : le mis en cause, un proche, pense que la victime consent à un rapport sexuel (par exemple car elle l’invite chez elle le soir) alors que ce n’est pas le cas ou qu’elle s’est rétractée, avant de lui imposer en silence une pénétration, celle-ci se laissant faire passivement dans un état de sidération et de tétanie, en développement d’un instinct de survie."},{"_id":"KWRPVNLFENCTXPSBPSUBJYK4ZM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012380},"type":"text","content":"La Cour de cassation a ainsi usé dans des arrêts, rendus en 2021 et 2024, de la malléabilité des notions de contrainte et de surprise en censurant la juridiction qui avait écarté la qualification de viol. Dans la première affaire, la cour considère que la juridiction n’a pas vérifié le défaut de consentement, alors que la plaignante avait dit «non» pendant la relation sexuelle et, dans la seconde affaire, elle estime que la juridiction ne s’est pas expliquée sur la déclaration du prévenu qui reconnaissait ne pas avoir fait part de ses intentions au plaignant avant de le <i>«sodomiser sans préservatif par surprise».</i>"},{"_id":"FM5HNFYJQRH4FKUYJXNZYQHNEA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012381},"type":"text","content":"Le symbole de cette évolution jurisprudentielle est fort : un silence ne constitue pas un «oui», et le consentement peut être retiré à tout moment. Demander le consentement avant l’acte sexuel est donc indispensable."},{"level":2,"_id":"4LICYEMZGJCFPD3PFC4XUXIAXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012382},"type":"header","content":"La défiance de la société face à l’institution judiciaire"},{"_id":"B6DDPNE7IVAMZOAUVYTZ5DIUHU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012383},"type":"text","content":"Persister à refuser d’envisager le consentement dans la loi revient alors à mettre des œillères sur l’évolution de la position de la Cour de cassation et à nier l’existence de la demande sociétale de justice contre les violences faites aux femmes. Cela renforce aussi la défiance de la société face à l’institution judiciaire et entretient la perte du lien de confiance entre elle et les justiciables."},{"_id":"JULRUMQBYVADZHKE376SFX2KSI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012384},"type":"text","content":"S’obstiner à tenir une posture rigide face à l’évolution sociétale indéniable pose question. Si l’histoire nous enseigne que toute grande révolution citoyenne s’accompagne parfois d’excès et d’attitudes opportunistes, ces comportements sont regrettables en ce qu’ils exploitent de manière cynique la défense des mis en cause pour disqualifier la parole des plaignant∙es."},{"_id":"SDP5M57RXZFBFFDGF6W2P4LJCY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012385},"type":"text","content":"On ne peut nier qu’ils constituent également une entrave à toute évolution juridique, alors même que la France accuse dix ans de retard sur d’autres législations occidentales centrées sur le consentement, comme l’Espagne et le Canada."},{"_id":"BSF65YZXE5EZ7G3NWIVZBR5UFA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012386},"type":"text","content":"Ce retard représente toutefois aujourd’hui une aubaine en ce qu’il confère un recul suffisant pour analyser tant l’efficacité de ces mesures que le respect des droits de la défense."},{"_id":"BOJGR6GQUVEX5OL3QHBWADUBHY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012387},"type":"text","content":"En Suède, par exemple, le viol est défini depuis 2018 comme tout <i>«acte sexuel réalisé sur une personne qui n’y participait pas volontairement»</i> et une infraction distincte de<i> «viol par négligence» </i>est caractérisée dès lors que le mis en cause n’a pas vérifié le consentement de la victime."},{"_id":"METLJ3B2KBBWBMASPQXRGFJX5Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012388},"type":"text","content":"Le mis en cause devra donc prouver que le ou la plaignante a clairement dit «oui» et une personne ne sera jamais considérée comme ayant consenti si elle était inconsciente, endormie, sous l’emprise d’alcool, de drogue ou dans une position de dépendance à l’égard de l’auteur présumé."},{"_id":"BZYAB74J7FBDRJO2M5LHXBOPRY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012389},"type":"text","content":"Le résultat de cette nouvelle législation est sans appel : les condamnations pour viol ont bondi de 75 % (3)."},{"_id":"VUIDPPO3E5GZ3JOXMIHSHAIIMA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012390},"type":"text","content":"En France, nous nous réjouissons du fait que les députés se soient enfin saisi du sujet dans le cadre d’une proposition de loi discutée à partir de ce jeudi 28 novembre, qui vise à ajouter la notion de consentement dans le code pénal. Et, bien qu’elle ne puisse seule répondre à toutes les attentes, espérons qu’elle ouvre la voie à une prise en compte réelle et efficace du crime de viol et de toutes les violences sexistes et sexuelles."},{"level":6,"_id":"C3KGSU5FMFDODO6H73YYI5PQFM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012391},"type":"header","content":"(1) Note de l’Institut des politiques publiques (IPP) numéro 107 d’avril 2024 dirigée par Maëlle Stricot (ISSN 1959-0199)."},{"level":6,"_id":"KHP3P464O5DVPM5KYO3IIY4YXA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012392},"type":"header","content":"(2) Article 222-23 du code pénal : <i>«Tout acte de pénétration sexuelle, de quelque nature qu’il soit, ou tout acte bucco-génital commis sur la personne d’autrui ou sur la personne de l’auteur par violence, contrainte, menace ou surprise est un viol. Le viol est puni de quinze ans de réclusion criminelle.»</i>"},{"level":6,"_id":"KGGGABILWND3VC5HQWWMZQJMUQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012393},"type":"header","content":"(3) <i>Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, </i>2020 : «The New Consent Law in Practice, an Updated Review of the Changes in 2018 to the Legal Rules Concerning Rape»."},{"level":6,"_id":"7WSREDIC4RAXHEPRBOTZXNM7BU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732628012394},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans Libération ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Les parlementaires examinent ce jeudi une proposition de loi visant à intégrer le consentement dans la définition du viol. Pour les avocats William Bourdon, Vincent Brengarth et Lily Ravon, il faut rattraper notre retard par rapport à d’autres pays."},"description":{"basic":"Refuser d’envisager le consentement dans la loi sur le viol revient à nier l’existence de la demande sociétale de justice contre les violences faites aux femmes. Il faut maintenant rattraper notre retard par rapport aux autres pays."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","parent_id":"/idees-et-debats","name":"Tribunes","description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","default":"/idees-et-debats","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/idees-et-debats","amp-menu":"/idees-et-debats"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","site_title":"Tribunes - 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parole est à la défense» :</i> cette formule sacramentelle a-t-elle vocation à disparaître ? L’on peut légitimement, et avec une certaine inquiétude, se poser la question tant l’actualité nous renvoie tous les jours des exemples de défense interdite."},{"_id":"ZRPLTHPJTNHOXOW2EIXH6QCGPM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768891},"type":"text","content":"Il y eut les listes d’avocats à éliminer, lors de la dernière campagne législative. Il y eut les listes d’avocats à moquer, à l’ouverture de procès médiatiques, parce que leur parole ne s’insérait pas dans une tradition classique. Si nous sommes les premiers à dénoncer une tendance égotique à la communication chez certains de nos confrères, il n’en demeure pas moins que le baroque des prises de parole ne doit pas effacer leur bien-fondé."},{"_id":"NFOOGF6QOBDU7GWR2RQJXW5TVQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768892},"type":"text","content":"Il y a maintenant les listes d’avocats assignés. Assigné à un client, donc à un crime. Nous voyons se multiplier les mises en cause de confrères, sans cesse renvoyés à leurs dossiers. «Avocat de violeur», «avocat de terroriste», «avocat de voyou», le choix du défenseur est non seulement commenté, analysé mais révélerait un élément de culpabilité supplémentaire. La parole est discréditée avant même d’être prononcée, défense interdite."},{"_id":"B3HRPHO46FGR5G4Q3M3GYBLRUY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768893},"type":"text","content":"Nous avons notre part de responsabilité dans cet état de fait, et n’avons rien à gagner à nous invectiver par interviews et tweets interposés comme cela devient la norme. Mais il est délétère que des meutes d’anonymes, des associations de victimes, voire des éditorialistes s’en prennent aux défenseurs comme si l’accomplissement de leur mission était une agression. Prétendre que l’exercice de la défense constituerait une violence insoutenable pour les plaignants est en effet non seulement faux mais dangereux."},{"_id":"CKC2NMTTURG3NMQ72E3X772ZOM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768894},"type":"text","content":"Tous les jours, des avocats expliquent, aux parties civiles qu’ils assistent, que la parole libre de la défense est indispensable à un système judiciaire s’accrochant à ce qui lui reste d’idéal démocratique. Leurs clients le comprennent et l’acceptent parfaitement. Ils savent qu’il en va de décisions d’autant plus fondées qu’elles auront été rendues après un débat contradictoire n’ayant rien cédé à la tentation d’une autocensure décidée <i>ex-abrupto.</i> Il n’est qu’à se souvenir de ce qu’on a pu lire de la part de victimes après <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/13-novembre-un-proces-a-la-hauteur-de-leurs-histoires-20220628_YG6RY3CMQJH5HLTLNQFVJLA6VE/\" target=\"_blank\">le procès V13.</a>"},{"_id":"VY4LB4TGJJFODC2QJLXQU63RJQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768896},"type":"text","content":"Bien sûr, la défense n’est pas encore interdite devant les tribunaux, même si l’on s’en rapproche dangereusement, à écouter notamment certains magistrats devant la Commission de lutte contre le narcotrafic plaider pour un rétrécissement des droits de la défense, en interdisant purement et simplement la soutenance de certains arguments (nous avons découvert avec sidération, le concept prôné de <i>«défense constructive»,</i> c’est-à-dire une défense qui n’aurait pas l’outrecuidance de s’opposer à l’accusation)."},{"level":2,"_id":"F5EDJ5L4DJGSTJQZDYZPEKBM34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732629459716},"type":"header","content":"De l’absence de débat"},{"_id":"JOSBJKQCPBGJ3GGFXTE2ZEHV5A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768897},"type":"text","content":"La défense interdite pollue, en revanche, largement le débat public, qu’il se tienne dans les médias ou sur les réseaux sociaux. Aujourd’hui, et c’est une tendance que nous dénonçons depuis plusieurs années, les procès se tiennent très en amont et parfois bien loin des prétoires, dans des émissions de divertissement plus que d’actualité ou sur les écrans de nos téléphones, où tout un chacun peut revêtir la robe rouge sang de l’accusateur public. Or, ce n’est pas tant un débat tronqué qui s’y tient qu’une absence totale de débat. En effet, la défense n’est désormais audible que si elle est… muette !"},{"_id":"YJ55WKJ7DZBKZD3NWIUYY2BBEU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768898},"type":"text","content":"Notre société est tellement cristallisée sur la souffrance des victimes, à se demander si elle ne soigne pas un complexe de culpabilité pour ses carences passées, qu’elle ne supporte désormais plus la notion de défense. Discuter, contester, nuancer une accusation est désormais perçu comme une violence nouvelle faite aux victimes. Rappelons qu’une victime n’est qu’un plaignant tant qu’une juridiction n’a pas tranché après un examen rigoureux des faits et des versions. Un plaignant doit voir sa parole discutée, quelle que soit la nature de l’affaire. Ce qui semblait acquis depuis les Lumières et les codes du début du XIXe siècle est sacrifié sur l’autel du victimisme contemporain."},{"_id":"CV63UAW2NZBM7A4SBMDRIHWSGM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768899},"type":"text","content":"Force est de constater que les avocats deviennent le réceptacle d’une haine qui infuse dans toutes les strates de la Cité, du comptoir du café du commerce – fut-il numérique – jusqu’aux propos de chercheurs, de politiques et de journalistes. Nous, avocats, savons bien qu’accepter une défense, c’est accepter qu’une partie de l’opinion publique nous assimile à notre client. Nous nous y plions, rappelant encore et encore que défendre un accusé de viol n’est pas défendre le viol ; que défendre un accusé de terrorisme n’est pas défendre le terrorisme."},{"_id":"ENWUZPJEDJBY3NV4RLADCNACPQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732647362037},"type":"text","content":"C’est d’ailleurs là une première erreur de la <i>vox populi,</i> l’effacement de la présomption d’innocence. <i>«Mais comment faites-vous pour défendre un coupable ? !»</i> nous demande le quidam ahuri, sans comprendre qu’au moment où nous nous chargeons de sa défense, il n’est encore coupable de rien. C’est d’autant plus dangereux que si chacun, derrière son écran, peut se croire à l’abri d’une plainte ou d’une dénonciation, la judiciarisation galopante de notre époque devrait inciter à une certaine prudence."},{"_id":"4Z5LQNAVCJDCFO4RSMJFVKSCHU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768900},"type":"text","content":"On voit naître ici et là, et jusque dans nos rangs, l’idée d’une défense qui n’aurait le droit d’être exercée que tant qu’elle resterait dans les clous d’une conformité préalablement et théoriquement déterminée. Sans avoir besoin de rappeler que les avocats sont liés par leur serment et les principes essentiels, dont celui de délicatesse, qu’ils ont juré de respecter, s’exposant à d’éventuelles sanctions en cas de non-respect, l’idée même d’une défense que l’on musellerait par les bons sentiments nous paraît infiniment risquée : le débat judiciaire ne peut pas se résumer à l’adoption d’un protocole compassionnel. Il peut être brutal et douloureux, nous n’en disconvenons pas, mais cette violence ne naît pas de la défense."},{"_id":"WD4HBURUUJC75EDOIHKSTLDGPM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768901},"type":"text","content":"Dire cela n’est pas défendre certains mais nous défendre tous. Les défendre tous, revendiquait <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/04/27/la-dure-loi-des-avocats-du-diable_1449064/\" target=\"_blank\">Albert Naud.</a> Envers et contre tous, rajouterons-nous."},{"level":6,"_id":"JXMTXGXSYRDLBGDI7VYACVLIIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732627768902},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans Libération ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"La société supporte-t-elle encore la notion de défense ? Discuter, contester, nuancer une accusation est perçu comme une violence nouvelle faite aux victimes, dénoncent les avocats pénalistes Romain Boulet et Karine Bourdié."},"description":{"basic":"La société supporte-t-elle encore la notion de défense ? 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décision de la CPI mettant en accusation Benyamin Nétanyahou et son ancien ministre de la Défense, et appelant à leur arrestation en vue d’un procès, serait paradoxalement une bonne nouvelle pour les Israéliens. 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Alors que l’Etat hébreu est dénoncé par de multiples voix militantes comme menant un génocide contre les Palestiniens par ses actions militaires à Gaza et en Cisjordanie, la CPI écarte cette incrimination au profit de celles de <i>«crime de guerre»</i> et de <i>«crime contre l’humanité». </i>Beaucoup d’observateurs s’accordent à penser qu’elles sont fondées."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"KH5EN53K7ZG7VBTLGAMRU3DGGI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"K3MMELM42JHZ5N7VRV3ACQV2A4"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"EW2YZFJFEBBW3O6WQCXOGUJ4R4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"QWXZT6SPWBGULHNKBHU2ZCUYXM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Cour pénale internationale : pour Benyamin Nétanyahou, le coup d’arrêt","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/cour-penale-internationale-pour-benyamin-netanyahou-le-coup-darret-20241121_JVPA54N6PZGTJP2QCLHR4XCCHY/"}]},{"_id":"SLMOJIOKSRBEDMBXOQ5E52F43Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766161},"type":"text","content":"Le mandat délivré simultanément contre un dirigeant du Hamas atteste de la reconnaissance par la CPI du crime contre l’humanité perpétré par l’attaque du 7 octobre. Face à un gouvernement et à son chef, Benyamin Nétanyahou, qui estiment n’avoir de compte à rendre à personne, être autorisés à toute action violente et bénéficier d’une totale impunité, l’opposition israélienne libérale trouve là un soutien de poids : la démocratie ne peut s’affranchir des contre-pouvoirs, du droit et de la proportionnalité comme de la conformité des ripostes à une agression de nature terroriste. De plus, les tribunaux israéliens sont en droit de se saisir de la procédure de la CPI, conformément à ses statuts. La justice est de retour !"},{"_id":"HX4WQEGKLZFSNEV52F2FBQWR5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766162},"type":"text","content":"Rappelons aussi que la mise en accusation par la CPI n’est pas un verdict de culpabilité, mais ouvre sur la tenue d’un procès contradictoire où les faits, les preuves, les caractérisations juridiques seront confrontées, examinées et débattues. Que l’innocence de Benyamin Nétanyahou soit <i>in fine </i>reconnue par la CPI est de l’ordre du possible, et lui-même argumente déjà, dans un communiqué émanant de son bureau, contre les accusations. Il invoque <i>«les millions»</i> de messages d’avertissements aux populations pour les écarter des zones d’opération ou bien les 700 000 tonnes de vivres envoyées à Gaza, ce qui, selon lui, annule le fondement des accusations."},{"_id":"LANDM6XUQFHU3CIQZ3XYRNUW4E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-26T17:16:47.634Z","start":237,"end":251,"text":"bonne orthogr.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732609766163},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/face-aux-mandats-darret-visant-netanyahou-et-gallant-les-israeliens-serrent-les-rangs-20241121_USBY77FBVREUNAN63XUU75TCLE/\" target=\"_blank\">Pour Nétanyahou</a>, ces précisions aggravent au contraire la culpabilité du Hamas dans sa responsabilité pour les pertes civiles et l’état de famine de la population. C’est vrai que le blocus de Gaza n’est pas total, comme l’a été celui du Haut-Karabakh arménien par l’Etat azerbaïdjanais en 2023 avant de procéder à un nettoyage ethnique complet. Si la justice a la fonction première de réprimer, elle ne peut le faire toutefois qu’à condition d’établir la connaissance la plus exacte des faits incriminés et de procéder à leur qualification juridiques. Pour trancher, il conviendrait de connaître exactement la situation, ce qu’Israël refuse en interdisant l’accès de Gaza aux experts et en provoquant la mort des rares journalistes sur le terrain. La CPI s’est fondée pour ses accusations sur des dossiers, semble-t-il, très incriminants, mais dont la teneur n’a pas été révélée afin de protéger les sources et les témoins."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"UF4MAVCKGNG5TD2FVQME7VYAYM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"GKCWQ4QKGFA3PJYKHQPE5J7TPE"},"title":"Décryptage","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"NBO63BBMEJA6FPKAA66YE4PVCA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"AI6TZ5NR2BAOTOBIGO5VWY47DU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"L’Union européenne se divise sur les mandats d’arrêt émis par la CPI visant Nétanyahou et Gallant","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/lunion-europeenne-se-divise-sur-les-mandats-darret-emis-par-la-cpi-visant-netanyahou-et-gallant-20241122_44RK6YXMIJGUXNQUX6BU6OR3PU/"}]},{"_id":"7UGPLQDLSJHADMCGXHJAIXFH3Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-26T17:20:52.834Z","start":1024,"end":1033,"text":"Aucune cap à \"affaire Dreyfus\", à Libé.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732609766165},"type":"text","content":"Israël, né d’une décision des Nations unies, pourrait enfin se féliciter que l’ordre juridique international qui est le garant de cette décision, se maintienne. En effet, la création de la CPI en 2002 n’a été possible qu’au regard de cet ordre juridique et de la nécessité impérieuse de répondre à la faillite des Nations unies devant les crimes humanitaires en ex-Yougoslavie et le génocide contre les Tutsis au Rwanda. Réagissant à la décision de la CPI, Josep Borrell, à la tête de la diplomatie européenne, a demandé qu’elle soit «<i>respectée et appliquée</i>». Le Quai d’Orsay a indiqué que la France respecterait elle aussi la décision. Joe Biden, pour les Etats-Unis, a jugé pour sa part «<i>scandaleux</i>» les mandats d’arrêt, et Benyamin Nétanyahou a comparé <i>«la décision antisémite de la cour»</i> à un <i>«procès Dreyfus moderne qui se terminera de la même façon». </i>A savoir, si l’on suit le Premier ministre israélien, par la proclamation de son innocence complète, sa réhabilitation et une nouvelle ère du sionisme né largement de l’affaire. Son théoricien, Theodor Herzl, assista en effet, le 5 janvier 1895, à la dégradation du capitaine Dreyfus et aux cris de <i>«A mort les Juifs !».</i>"},{"_id":"UOCEQR372BAGBIKDNTO6ZCOLNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766166},"type":"text","content":"Compte tenu de ce qui a été exposé plus haut sur le sérieux de la procédure, il n’est guère concevable d’attribuer la décision de la Cour à l’antisémitisme. Ni d’en faire la répétition d’un nouveau procès Dreyfus qui s’est caractérisé par un procès de raison d’Etat et une assignation du justiciable à la «race juive», celle du «traître». Une autre allégation portée contre la CPI ne tient pas non plus puisque Nétanyahou rejette les accusations de génocide qui sont pourtant absentes des mandats d’arrêt. En ciblant, dans son association avec l’affaire Dreyfus, l’un des juges français de la CPI qui agit en professionnel du droit pénal international, il révèle ses conceptions de raison d’Etat autorisant tous les abus en matière de vérité historique."},{"level":1,"_id":"OHFV4LV6CRHWBKARHIR5HZIY7U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766167},"type":"header","content":"Benyamin Nétanyahou détourne le symbole de Dreyfus"},{"_id":"HXSCJS6DKFDTDHMP7CJSXRIZ34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-26T17:22:40.794Z","start":439,"end":453,"text":"Selon la une de \"L'Aurore\". ","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732609766168},"type":"text","content":"Par l’invocation de l’affaire Dreyfus, Nétanyahou mobilise une référence universelle : celle d’un citoyen juif persécuté par l’antisémitisme moderne jusque dans l’Etat qu’il sert comme brillant officier d’artillerie, innocent de tout crime de trahison, victime d’une conspiration politico-militaire aboutissant à une arrestation secrète et sans fondement, le 15 octobre 1894. Puis condamné, le 22 décembre, comme l’a écrit Emile Zola dans «J’accuse… !» à la suite d’un «<i>crime juridique</i>» qui désigne la complète perversion d’un conseil de guerre jugeant en toute illégalité, sur la base de preuves fabriquées et sous l’empire de la raison d’Etat. Puis Dreyfus frappé des peines les plus cruelles, mais elles aussi illégales, empêché de se défendre à l’île du Diable en Guyane, comme ses défenseurs menacés et traqués en métropole, dont Emile Zola."},{"_id":"H6GBEN7Y7JGHVABZLVMAMJNTZQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766169},"type":"text","content":"Alfred Dreyfus a ensuite été à nouveau condamné par un conseil de guerre à Rennes en septembre 1899, puis réhabilité le 12 juillet 1906 par les juges de la Cour de cassation, avec son courage et son intelligence, avec l’engagement de sa femme et de sa famille, avec le combat déterminé d’un Jaurès, d’un Anatole France et d’une Sarah Bernhardt."},{"_id":"J47RPSNGKJF7LGLWPAAW2UW2UQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766170},"type":"text","content":"Alfred Dreyfus était donc un éminemment patriote, convaincu du destin démocratique et universel de la France par la révolution morale qui mena tant de Françaises et de Français à défendre la cause de la justice et de la vérité. Si les cendres d’Alfred Dreyfus et de sa femme Lucie n’ont pas été portées au Panthéon en 2006 – et nous le regrettons vivement –, le président Jacques Chirac déclara au moins le 12 juillet de cette même année, lors d’un discours de très haute tenue, que les valeurs du capitaine et des dreyfusards étaient celles de la France et de la République."},{"_id":"WNN3B4OKBFBEZPAOXLRR6GNJ6I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766171},"type":"text","content":"Benyamin Nétanyahou s’oppose donc à la vérité du procès Dreyfus. Il prend un risque certain, celui d’être désavoué par l’histoire et d’être questionné dans son rapport à la justice, y compris dans son propre pays. Si l’une et l’autre sont très attaquées aujourd’hui, l’histoire et la justice n’en demeurent pas moins des fondements pour les sociétés démocratiques."},{"level":6,"_id":"NNSBOAUZVVA53GWQ5FJ6IM4IJA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609766172},"type":"header","content":"Vincent Duclert a récemment édité, avec Philippe Oriol :<i> Alfred Dreyfus. Œuvres complètes (1894-1936), </i>aux éditions des Belles Lettres."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le Premier ministre israélien, accusé par la Cour pénale internationale de crimes de guerre et contre l’humanité, a parlé d’un «procès Dreyfus moderne». Pour l’historien Vincent Duclert, spécialiste de cette affaire, c’est une erreur qui révèle une conception problématique de la justice et de la vérité historique."},"description":{"basic":"Le Premier ministre israélien, accusé par la CPI de crimes de guerre et contre l’humanité, a parlé d’un «procès Dreyfus moderne». Pour l’historien Vincent Duclert, cela révèle une conception problématique de la justice."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","parent_id":"/idees-et-debats","name":"Tribunes","description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","default":"/idees-et-debats","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/idees-et-debats","amp-menu":"/idees-et-debats"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","site_title":"Tribunes - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Tribunes"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/idees-et-debats/tribunes","200051"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Tribunes","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"default":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/idees-et-debats"],"amp-menu":["/","/idees-et-debats"]},"order":{"footer2":2004,"burgermenu":2003,"amp-menu":2003}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","parent_id":"/idees-et-debats","name":"Tribunes","description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","default":"/idees-et-debats","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/idees-et-debats","amp-menu":"/idees-et-debats"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","site_title":"Tribunes - 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lendemain des <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/droits-des-femmes/a-la-marche-contre-les-violences-faites-aux-femmes-le-proces-des-viols-de-mazan-dans-tous-les-esprits-on-est-a-un-moment-de-bascule-20241123_AHUQYG2LN5CSPAFJQ77A7XH5NQ/\" target=\"_blank\">mobilisations des 23</a> et 25 novembre contre les violences faites aux femmes et aux minorités de genre qui ont rassemblé plus de 100 000 personnes partout en France et alors que le PLF 2025 est en cours de discussions au Sénat, une mobilisation collective des personnes concernées et de leurs allié·es est indispensable pour faire évoluer la situation. D’autant que nous faisons face à la montée de l’extrême droite et de ses idées hostiles aux droits des femmes, des personnes LGBTQIA + et des personnes racisées."},{"_id":"VSRGQKKIO5CVVFLXL43ZFDU7FQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652374},"type":"text","content":"Les VSS et les LGBTQIA + phobies sont présentes partout dans l’ESR. Elles ne relèvent pas de faits isolés, mais traduisent un système patriarcal oppressif, ancré dans une culture du viol persistante. Selon le Baromètre national 2023 de l’Observatoire des VSS dans l’Enseignement supérieur, six étudiant·es sur dix déclarent avoir été victimes et/ou témoins d’au moins une violence sexiste, sexuelle ou LGBTQIA + phobies. Une femme scientifique sur deux a déjà été confrontée à une situation de harcèlement sexuel au travail (<a href=\"https://www.fondationloreal.com/fr/nos-programmes-pour-les-femmes-et-la-science/contre-les-violences-sexistes-et-sexuelles\" target=\"_blank\">sondage Ipsos 2023 </a>pour la fondation L’Oréal)."},{"_id":"CKG5227GYRF3RMJYHOOOTFCFEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652375},"type":"text","content":"Les conséquences de ces violences sont traumatisantes : 32 % des victimes de viol ont eu peur d’aller en cours ou de participer à la vie étudiante et ont eu des difficultés à s’impliquer dans leurs études. Par ailleurs, la santé de plus de la moitié des victimes de viol a été impactée (sommeil, stress post-traumatique, dépression…). Chez les personnels, les conséquences sur la santé sont similaires, ce qui engendre des stratégies d’évitement (absentéisme, arrêts de travail, départ du poste…) néfastes pour leur carrière déjà tellement mises à mal."},{"level":2,"_id":"D3I72GCTYJGQPFNTPCTFEW3GNY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652377},"type":"header","content":"Des personnels des missions Egalité épuisés"},{"_id":"ULQPWC5A2FFBHHFGE5PINJZ77I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652378},"type":"text","content":"Lorsque des cellules de signalement et de traitement des VSS existent dans les établissements (1), elles reposent principalement sur des écoutant‧es bénévoles et de très rares personnels récemment <a href=\"http://xn--recrut-gva.es/\" target=\"_blank\">recruté.es</a> au sein des missions Egalité, dont plus de un sur deux est en contrat précaire (2). Selon<a href=\"https://ondes.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/actualites/actualites-details/evenement-presentation-des-resultats-de-lenquete-remede\" target=\"_blank\"> l’enquête Remede</a>, ces écoutant‧es représentent environ 2,1 équivalent temps plein par établissement universitaire pour des dizaines de milliers d’étudiant‧es."},{"_id":"64R3PNRZXJDGRM76ISUGCQPAKI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652379},"type":"text","content":"Les signalements des agent·es et des étudiant·es en détresse augmentent de façon exponentielle à mesure que les actions de prévention se multiplient. Le manque criant de personnels dédiés a des conséquences lourdes : les agent·es des missions Egalité sont épuisé·es et empêché·es de faire correctement leur travail."},{"_id":"CO2NZESX25C3ZP5Z62SE5KE47I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652380},"type":"text","content":"Alors que les missions des référent·es VSS parmi les représentant·es du personnel au sein de la F3SCT (3) ont été précisées dans le cadre des orientations stratégiques ministérielles, trop peu d’établissements en ont nommé, les ont formés et doté de moyens pour agir. Pourtant iels peuvent être des relais essentiels pour les personnels des missions Égalité."},{"level":2,"_id":"OFAZXAGEVJAHJKQ4LQYM6OMB3A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652381},"type":"header","content":"Où sont passés les 14 millions ?"},{"_id":"EXDGAYSN3VH6JPMEH3OEYT7YXY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652382},"type":"text","content":"Alors que le ministère revendique un budget total de 14 millions d’euros pour le plan 2021-2025, l’analyse des dépenses réelles suggère plutôt un <a href=\"https://observatoire-vss.com/nos-communiques-de-presse\" target=\"_blank\">montant de sept millions</a>. Cette gestion budgétaire questionne quant aux ressources réellement consacrées à la lutte contre les VSS, et jette un doute sur la sincérité des engagements affichés, alors même que le budget annoncé ne représentait déjà que <a href=\"https://personnelsnonenseignantsmissionsgaliteesr.wordpress.com/2024/07/01/lettre-ouverte-des-personnels-non-enseignants-des-mission-egalite-diversite-des-etablissements-de-lenseignement-superieur-et-de-la-recherche-esr-a-sylvie-retailleau-et-aurore-berge-2%20/\" target=\"_blank\">0,014 % du budget </a>annuel du ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche."},{"_id":"SEB4NSEGFBACZODM4O6OU6GNYQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652383},"type":"text","content":"En outre, l’utilisation des fonds manque de clarté. Bien que le plan initial prévoyait de soutenir les établissements directement, une part significative du budget a été déployée sous forme d’appels à projets uniquement à destination des associations, puis de manière éparse et opaque dans une poignée d’établissements, et enfin utilisée pour financer des postes dans les rectorats académiques, dont les missions dépassent souvent la seule lutte contre les VSS. Cette réaffectation compromet la mise en place de dispositifs de prévention et de soutien dans les établissements eux-mêmes, pourtant en première ligne pour accueillir et accompagner les victimes."},{"_id":"XJKGVSYTLFF6DN4XNC7ZTISPWE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652385},"type":"text","content":"Face à ce constat, nous exigeons un bilan détaillé et transparent du plan 2021-2025 afin de mettre en lumière les actions effectivement financées et mises en œuvre."},{"_id":"SBVQZTSURZDDXINKVLJZYH3IZY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652386},"type":"text","content":"Nous demandons un nouveau plan ambitieux et pérenne, élaboré en concertation avec les associations de lutte contre les VSS, les syndicats étudiants et les personnels des missions Egalité. Ce plan doit inclure des moyens humains et financiers suffisants pour que chaque établissement puisse mettre en place des actions efficaces, appuyées par des outils et stratégies de suivi rigoureux. La pérennisation des postes des personnels en charge de ces politiques, avec des contrats stables, la création d’équipes permanentes disposant de soutien psychologique et l’obligation d’une vice-présidence Egalité réellement déchargée dans chaque établissement sont essentielles pour marquer l’engagement politique dans la lutte contre les VSS, le racisme, la haine anti-LGBTQIA + et toutes les formes de discrimination."},{"_id":"FR3HX2DXERGNFFL6RN7R3OZNSE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652387},"type":"text","content":"Le plan doit également prévoir des formations obligatoires et régulières pour tous·tes les étudiant·es, enseignant·es et personnels, afin de bâtir une culture de prévention et du consentement. Chaque établissement doit disposer de dispositifs d’accompagnement et de protection des victimes, comprenant des cellules de veille et d’écoute adaptées et fonctionnelles et dont les bilans sont présentés aux représentant·es des usager·es et des personnels."},{"_id":"IQ6Z57WNIVC3PMQAQ5DJJAYQQM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652388},"type":"text","content":"Les demandes de reconnaissance en accident de service ou de travail ainsi que d’attribution de la protection fonctionnelle aux agent·es victimes qui signalent doivent aboutir."},{"_id":"BJCIHDPXAZEE7G6NSNAURTJ3UE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652389},"type":"text","content":"Enfin, une réforme de la procédure disciplinaire est indispensable pour garantir une prise en charge des violences plus juste et protectrice, en renforçant les droits des victimes et en assurant des sanctions dissuasives. L’inaction n’est plus une option. La sécurité et la dignité des étudiant·es et des personnels exigent un engagement fort et immédiat de l’Etat pour faire reculer définitivement les violences sexistes et sexuelles et les discriminations dans l’enseignement supérieur."},{"level":3,"_id":"KQDIG6AV5ZAYXCJECRNRJESG7Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652391},"type":"header","content":"Signataires :"},{"_id":"RNXISF7HYBHYTFORA262UTVK3M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652392},"type":"text","content":"<b>Observatoire des violences sexistes et sexuelles dans l’Enseignement supérieur, Collectif des personnels non enseignants des missions Egalité de l’ESR, Anef, Clasches, Consentis, Fage, Ferc Sup CGT de l’ENS Lyon, Fédération nationale des CIDFF, Nous Toutes, Unef, Unef RS, Union étudiante, Sexe et Consentement, Solidaires Etudiant·es, Sud Recherche.</b>"},{"_id":"LFMNZGQKJFHDXEY73WLFQNYL6M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652393},"type":"text","content":"(1) Depuis 2020, il est obligatoire pour chaque établissement public d’avoir un dispositif de signalement des actes de violence, de discrimination, de harcèlement et d’agissements sexistes. Or, à ce jour, tous les établissements ne l’ont pas mis en place et certains dysfonctionnent par manque de moyens."},{"_id":"M6OR7MZDXFCAFPK2X77UBLLIYA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652394},"type":"text","content":"(2) Sondage réalisé par <a href=\"https://personnelsnonenseignantsmissionsgaliteesr.wordpress.com/\">le collectif des personnels non enseignants des missions égalité dans l’ESR</a> en juin dernier auprès de 39 homologues."},{"_id":"JF5N5KV3IJCFPJQ47TO3S54TKE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732631652395},"type":"text","content":"(3) Formation spécialisée en santé, sécurité et des conditions de travail."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Alors que le projet de loi de finances, comprenant le budget de l’Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, est en cours d’examen, associations, collectifs, syndicats et personnels experts de la lutte contre les violences sexistes, sexuelles de l’ESR réclament des moyens humains et financiers à la hauteur des enjeux."},"description":{"basic":"Alors que le PLF, comprenant le budget de l’Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, est en cours d’examen, associations, collectifs, syndicats, experts de la lutte contre les violences sexistes réclament des moyens financiers."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats/opinions","parent_id":"/idees-et-debats","name":"Opinions","description":"Consultez les différentes opinions sur les nombreux enjeux de l'actualité avec Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats/opinions","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","default":"/idees-et-debats","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/idees-et-debats","amp-menu":"/idees-et-debats"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Consultez les différentes opinions sur les nombreux enjeux de l'actualité avec Libération.","site_title":"Opinions : actualités et informations - 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proposition de loi portée par le député<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/la-france-insoumise-sous-le-feu-des-critiques-apres-avoir-propose-dabroger-le-delit-dapologie-du-terrorisme-20241124_FJUUTLQYPRGYBNRD427HKQYAGU/\" target=\"_blank\"> Ugo Bernalicis (LFI)</a> d’abroger le délit d’apologie du terrorisme, pour se limiter au régime de la loi de 1881 sur la liberté de la presse, a suscité des commentaires outrés de responsables politiques ou associatifs qui semblent ignorer la tradition républicaine. Les anathèmes comme les erreurs de droit ont fusé rapidement : la proposition serait <i>«ignoble» </i>pour le ministre de l’Intérieur Bruno Retailleau, <i>«une tache indélébile»</i> pour Gabriel Attal, voire une <i>«insulte à la mémoire des victimes de tous les attentats»</i> pour le Crif."},{"_id":"AHI43OVOXNE47F53AKCQLSSRJI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":616,"comment":"ou "}],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982608},"type":"text","content":"Ces critiques radicales ne sont pas à la hauteur du débat que nous devons avoir sur la répression des abus de parole. La société française est aujourd’hui trop fracturée pour qu’on vilipende ainsi une proposition fidèle à la tradition républicaine. Les questions posées ici sont pourtant capitales dans une démocratie attachée à la liberté d’expression de toutes les opinions, même les plus choquantes : quels propos doivent être punis, et selon quelles modalités ? Faut-il recourir à la garde à vue, à la comparution immédiate, à l’emprisonnement pour lutter contre des discours exprimant un soutien au terrorisme, qu’ils soient racistes ou antisémites ? Se demander si la prison permet à celui qui est radicalisé ou raciste d’abandonner ses convictions nauséabondes ou de cesser de les exprimer est une question importante. Elle est pourtant escamotée par les réactions outragées à une proposition, pourtant modeste, d’abrogation du seul délit d’apologie du terrorisme."},{"level":2,"_id":"FYF7DFILLBG4JNKYKW6UJY6SMQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982609},"type":"header","content":"Poursuites abusives"},{"_id":"PGDBGBK2VFCZJM4FSCUJVZSYTE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982610},"type":"text","content":"Le régime juridique de la liberté d’expression a été fixé par la grande loi de 1881 sur la liberté de la presse. On sait que la jeune IIIe République a souhaité supprimer la censure préalable, mais aussi limiter et encadrer les poursuites contre les journalistes, les écrivains et tous ceux qui faisaient le choix de s’exprimer dans l’espace public. Limiter et encadrer n’est pas synonyme d’impunité : la grande loi républicaine de 1881 a donc instauré un fragile, mais précieux équilibre pour protéger la liberté tout en en réprimant certains abus. L’un de ces grands principes républicains est que les délits de presse et d’opinion ne doivent pas être jugés selon la procédure du flagrant délit, nos actuelles comparutions immédiates. Et en effet : être jugé à la va-vite, selon une procédure largement dénoncée par ailleurs comme faisant honte à notre système judiciaire, ne permet pas un débat serein sur ce qui est le plus précieux en démocratie : la capacité des citoyens de parler et d’écrire."},{"_id":"OAECPLKMLNCHTLCT2O4QRGEJVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982612},"type":"text","content":"C’est à cette tradition républicaine que s’est attaquée la loi du 13 novembre 2014, portée alors par le ministre Bernard Cazeneuve, qui a eu pour effet d’extraire de la loi sur la presse l’apologie du terrorisme pour l’insérer dans le code pénal, et de permettre ainsi que ses auteurs présumés soient jugés en comparution immédiate. Ce choix est un bouleversement à l’échelle de notre histoire juridique et on a rapidement pu en mesurer les effets après les attentats de janvier 2015. De nombreuses personnes qui avaient tenu des propos choquants, souvent sous l’effet de l’alcool ou d’une interaction difficile avec les forces de l’ordre, ont été jugées selon la nouvelle procédure et ont pu se retrouver en prison."},{"_id":"J5TAESUNQJCC5CMCM52FOIM53I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732618162477},"type":"text","content":"Parfois, c’est l’ignorance de services de police qui a pu conduire à arrêter et poursuivre en justice l’auteur d’une manifestation publique d’appartenance à la religion musulmane, <a href=\"https://lesjours.fr/obsessions/entreprise-terroriste/ep21-apologie-drapeau/\" target=\"_blank\">heureusement relaxé en appel</a>. Amnesty International et Human Rights Watch s’étaient alors émues de l’atteinte que ces procédures portaient à la liberté d’expression. Ces poursuites, emprisonnements ou condamnations n’ont eu aucun effet sur la lutte contre le terrorisme, mais n’ont pu que contribuer à nourrir le ressentiment de certains de nos concitoyens à l’endroit des institutions."},{"level":2,"_id":"BIFAUOVH4JB4BIQ5ICQY32ZJPU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982613},"type":"header","content":"De l’appel à l’apologie"},{"_id":"FVRXZZF3HNA6HJ5LMUEZKE6BHQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982614},"type":"text","content":"Ce n’est pas que sur la procédure et la manière de poursuivre que la tradition républicaine nous met en garde, mais également sur le fond. En 1881, les députés se sont interrogés pour savoir s’il fallait ou non punir l’apologie – on ne parlait pas encore, dans le droit, de «terrorisme». La réponse a été négative et le délit d’«apologie de faits qualifiés crimes ou délits par la loi» a été abrogé, considérant qu’il était au nombre des «délits d’opinion, de doctrine, de tendance». Le rapporteur de la loi, Eugène Lisbonne, ajoutait que l’apologie, <i>«c’est la chasse à la pensée […], ce ne sont que des appréciations, des discussions sous une forme plus ou moins vive, plus ou moins agressive, plus ou moins blâmable en soi».</i> Le choix a alors été fait de ne punir que les provocations, c’est-à-dire les propos ou écrits qui incitent effectivement à commettre un crime. Cela est légitime : les appels au crime – dès lors qu’ils placent effectivement le destinataire dans un état d’esprit propice à l’infraction – sont punis."},{"_id":"KTCCMPPWRZFRFBKXM4JK2MPP7Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982615},"type":"text","content":"La distinction entre apologie et provocation est importante, et semble avoir été oubliée par Olivier Faure qui s’est opposé à la proposition de loi d’Ugo Bernalicis en soulignant qu’il est impératif <i>«de protéger les Français du fanatisme et des appels à la violence et la haine».</i> Qu’il soit rassuré : la provocation aux crimes, c’est-à-dire l’appel à la violence, reste sanctionnée par la loi de 1881 et la proposition de loi ne revient pas dessus."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"COFMNSAKJND4NCTEQ5XX6C4UUY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"HR5CVX6WHZHZPL3CRRZZFF7L4Y"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"UQ3OSKDZK5H2ZNH7VNKGIQ7UI4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"LOG6X6T6FRGXFNGDVPD2CB2BBA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Délit d’apologie du terrorisme, le gâchis de LFI, par Thomas Legrand","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/delit-dapologie-du-terrorisme-le-gachis-de-lfi-20241124_7WBQG7D245CGFCG6PRBKXUTVLM/"}]},{"_id":"K73UTNU5SBDWBF2LUPGN5LHLIU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-26T10:34:42.005Z","start":141,"end":155,"text":"2 cap div.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732609982616},"type":"text","content":"L’apologie de certains crimes est arrivée dans notre droit avec la loi du 12 décembre 1893, adoptée trois jours après un attentat au sein du Palais-Bourbon. Le gouvernement a trouvé là le moyen de faire adopter un texte liberticide qui réprimait des opinions anarchistes et permettait l’arrestation préventive, c’est-à-dire avant jugement, normalement interdite en matière de presse et d’opinion. Le procédé a ému dans les rangs des républicains et la loi est passée à la postérité sous le nom de loi scélérate. Léon Blum y a alors consacré dans<i> la Revue Blanche </i>un article important qui montre ce que peut être l’attachement d’un juriste aux libertés : <i>«dirigées contre les anarchistes, [les lois scélérates] ont eu pour résultat de mettre en péril les libertés élémentaires de tous les citoyens. Elles permettent au premier “gouvernement fort” qui surviendra de tenir pour nulle la loi de 1881».</i>"},{"_id":"5WRC2T3IH5EFPGBN2QLORVI43Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732609982617},"type":"text","content":"Le délit d’apologie du terrorisme devient aujourd’hui un outil pour le gouvernement et les autorités de poursuite, de décider de ce qui peut être légitimement dit ou non. L’abroger est donc fidèle à la tradition républicaine : le texte n’a aucun effet sur la lutte contre le terrorisme, mais peut conduire à des mécanismes d’autocensure de citoyens qui aimeraient pouvoir s’exprimer dans l’espace public. La diversité des opinions est l’un des biens les plus précieux de la démocratie, et ce délit nuit à la vitalité du débat. Qu’on soit rassuré : les abus de la liberté d’expression, appels à la violence, à la haine, au racisme, à l’islamophobie ou à l’antisémitisme, restent punis par la grande loi républicaine de 1881."},{"level":6,"_id":"VD4K2LUSYBGNDLOA6F4HVPVJ64","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"Raphaël Kempf est auteur de <i>Ennemis d’Etat. Les lois scélérates, des anarchistes aux terroristes, </i>la Fabrique, 2019"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Retirer ce délit du code pénal et revenir à la loi républicaine de 1881, comme le propose LFI à l’Assemblée nationale, n’empêcherait pas de punir les appels à la violence ou au racisme, rappellent les avocats Raphaël Kempf et Romain Ruiz. 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la présidente du Parlement européen,"},{"_id":"KDXS4JNE3RCLRAMRNN3OZWIX44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147439},"type":"text","content":"C’est avec consternation et effroi que nous avons appris le report d’une table ronde organisée par la direction générale du personnel du Parlement européen consacrée à la lutte contre le racisme, à laquelle était invitée l’universitaire française <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/06/10/l-heure-d-une-non-negociation-sur-le-racisme-a-sonne_1790866/\" target=\"_blank\">Maboula Soumahoro</a>. Dans un contexte mondial de progression des idées de haine et du rejet de l’autre, cette table ronde proposée au personnel du Parlement européen incarnait une démarche de dialogue et de compréhension mutuelle. Or, sous la pression de groupes d’extrême droite siégeant au Parlement européen, cette rencontre a été différée et risque d’être annulée. L’extrême droite disposerait-elle désormais d’un droit de censure au sein du Parlement européen empêchant la tenue de discussions libres et ouvertes à tous ses membres ?"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"7OZ36ZDALVCCRNNYDTM5UQ6ONY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"GJLEDSCKWJGBHKSQRC6Y7Y6BBM"},"title":"A lire aussi ","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"XA76G2FFN5HZTMBDROPTJCBDGE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"VHHZM46UN5GUTKECBZVG2N3AHI","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Maboula Soumahoro : «C’est aux Etats-Unis que je suis enfin devenue noire»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/02/21/maboula-soumahoro-c-est-aux-etats-unis-que-je-suis-enfin-devenue-noire_1779204/"}]},{"_id":"LATP4QIHT5HZVI4DCDSZUOI7XM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147440},"type":"text","content":"On pourrait le croire, et s’en émouvoir légitimement. En moins de vingt-quatre heures, ces groupes ont obtenu gain de cause sous le prétexte d’être dorénavant – et ce, à rebours de leur histoire – les garants de la lutte antiraciste, de la promotion de l’égalité et de l’inclusion au travail au sein du Parlement européen. Or, nous ne ferons à personne l’affront de rappeler que ces partis d’extrême droite sont les héritiers de ce qui s’est fait de pire en termes de racisme sur le continent européen et qu’ils alimentent, aujourd’hui encore, des idéologies identitaires périlleuses. Plus qu’une inversion accusatoire, il s’agit d’un piétinement des valeurs sur lesquelles se sont reconstruites les nations d’Europe après la Seconde Guerre mondiale."},{"level":2,"_id":"TEHGXPOOV5D33ERX4ZR5EBOW3A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732552672541},"type":"header","content":"Un supposé racisme anti-blanc qui ne repose sur aucun fait"},{"_id":"FXF46UKT6ZBLJPTAKMQMMIYUHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147441},"type":"text","content":"Les arguments qui sont avancés pour disqualifier Maboula Soumahoro, à savoir le soupçon d’antisémitisme adossé à un supposé racisme anti-blanc ne reposent sur aucun fait tangible. Le journal <a href=\"https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/211124/le-parlement-europeen-cede-marion-marechal-et-annule-la-venue-de-l-universitaire-antiraciste-maboul\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Mediapart</i></a> a démonté ces allégations fallacieuses. Notons que ces calomnies s’inscrivent dans la stratégie d’inversion accusatoire pratiquée partout par l’extrême droite. Enseignante et chercheuse, Maboula Soumahoro est une spécialiste reconnue internationalement des questions liées au racisme et aux discriminations, raison pour laquelle elle a été invitée. Depuis le report de cette conférence, elle subit une campagne de harcèlement en ligne et un déchaînement de haine et de menaces portant atteinte à sa sécurité physique."},{"_id":"3YCFHAOJJVBDPAGXND3VS65Q54","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147442},"type":"text","content":"Nous sommes intimement convaincues qu’au-delà de la figure de Maboula Soumahoro, sont plus largement visés les chercheur·es et les intellectuel·les travaillant sur les questions raciales et de discriminations, surtout lorsqu’ils.elles sont <a href=\"http://issu.es/\" target=\"_blank\">issu·es</a> des minorités."},{"_id":"XXWJAIPCQBEMVBYQUZULT32NAU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147443},"type":"text","content":"En tant que citoyennes françaises et européennes, nous attendons du Parlement européen qu’il soit un rempart contre les fantasmes et la désinformation diffusés par les voix extrêmes. Nous ne pouvons accepter que l’Europe où nous vivons et travaillons devienne le symbole d’une nouvelle démission intellectuelle, humaine et morale, aux conséquences mortifères."},{"_id":"TMDNDZXDNRF4VPDYYUQYRU3UKM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147444},"type":"text","content":"Le Parlement européen est pour nous l’enceinte sacrée de la vérité et doit garantir des conditions de débats véritablement démocratiques permettant d’améliorer l’avenir des peuples européens."},{"_id":"STPFJYM2GVEZLPSQS3IPXVGW4Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147445},"type":"text","content":"Pour ces raisons, nous vous appelons, madame la présidente, à soutenir avec force les initiatives consacrées aux luttes contre le racisme, l’antisémitisme et les discriminations, et à reprogrammer la conférence de madame Maboula Soumahoro qui a toute sa place au sein de cette institution commune."},{"_id":"JOWNK4CUOJA45A2WGHCW6APRVA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732543147447},"type":"text","content":"<b>Premiers signataires : Jeanne Added</b> Musicienne <b>Adèle Haenel </b>Actrice et militante féministe <b>Hortense Archambault </b>Directrice de Scène nationale <b>Pénélope Bagieu</b> Autrice de BD <b>Etienne Balibar </b>Universitaire <b>Aya Cissoko</b> Sportive et écrivaine <b>Alice Coffin</b> Journaliste et militante <b>Virginie Despentes </b>Ecrivaine <b>Mati Diop</b> Cinéaste <b>Caroline Guiela Nguyen</b> Metteuse en scène, autrice et directrice de Théâtre National <b>Annie Ernaux</b> Ecrivaine, prix Nobel de littérature <b>Eric Fassin</b> Sociologue <b>Camille Froidevaux Metterie </b>Philosophe <b>Faïza Guène</b> Romancière et scénariste <b>Hélène Frappat </b>Ecrivaine <b>François Héran </b>Sociologue <b>Chowra Makaremi</b> Anthropologue <b>Aïssa Maïga </b>Actrice et réalisatrice <b>Guillaume Meurice </b>Humoriste <b>Stanislas Nordey</b> Comédien et metteur en scène <b>Alain Policar</b> Sociologue <b>Paul B. Preciado</b> Philosophe et chroniqueur à <i>Libération </i><b>Céline Sciamma</b> Scénariste et réalisatrice <b>Jean-Pascal Zadi</b> Réalisateur, acteur, producteur de cinéma et rappeur…"},{"_id":"YNGHWYEZURDXVOVYPQL72H74NU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548258113},"type":"text","content":"La liste complète des signataires est à retrouver <a href=\"https://app.box.com/s/6p491l5t4f3yxv7x603hjz0w26bfx13o\" target=\"_blank\">ici</a>."},{"_id":"ZE3UKM5A55ANPKHYW26CPG5UF4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555736297},"type":"text","content":"Signez <a href=\"https://speakout.lemouvement.ong/campaigns/ne-capitulez-pas-devant-l-ed\" target=\"_blank\">ici </a>la pétition."},{"_id":"GEEBEMTK2JCNBMONK5CKLJX25E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555017009},"type":"text","content":"<br/>"},{"_id":"Y7KRDPXS5NEDBCVK43YS4AWOB4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555017010},"type":"text","content":"<br/>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Dans une lettre ouverte à Roberta Metsola, plusieurs centaines d’intellectuels et de personnalités, dont Virginie Despentes, Rokhaya Diallo, Aïssa Maïga et Eric Fassin dénoncent le report, sous la pression de Marion Maréchal et d’élus d’extrême droite, d’une intervention de la chercheuse Maboula Soumahoro."},"description":{"basic":"Dans une lettre ouverte à Roberta Metsola, plusieurs centaines d’intellectuels et de personnalités dénoncent le report, sous la pression d’élus d’extrême droite, d’une intervention de la chercheuse Maboula 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les applaudissements, Emmanuel Macron vient donc d’annoncer l’entrée de Marc Bloch au Panthéon. Révoqué de l’université en raison de sa judéité en 1943, assassiné l’année suivante par la Gestapo, l’historien résistant sera donc la cinquième personnalité à être ainsi honorée depuis 2017. Et même la septième, si on compte les conjoints de <a href=\"https://enseignants.lumni.fr/fiche-media/00000001946/l-entree-au-pantheon-de-simone-veil.html\" target=\"_blank\">Simone Veil</a> et de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/manouchian-au-pantheon-entrez-aussi-les-resistants-communistes-20240219_2Z6MTLPRGJD6FHGCGJJFIS5RYE/\" target=\"_blank\">Missak Manouchian.</a>"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"2SXSPDZ3SNEJNGCVQ6AHB5PFOE","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"62ZNREBX7JGGHFUTMS7JIYWUYE"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"YJ6I5YNYEZBGZBH546RYXLFYRY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"5I2ZNNEPYFEZ5DEE4UGJHSVEV4","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Patrick Boucheron : «L’entrée au Panthéon d’un historien comme Marc Bloch parle d’avenir»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/patrick-boucheron-lentree-au-pantheon-dun-historien-comme-marc-bloch-parle-davenir-20241124_HQMKVBAPQBHUJEAGZQWMISKOQM/"}]},{"_id":"SBIUTZ4PUJBLDLQVYBSLUCQA34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116028},"type":"text","content":"Solennel, Emmanuel Macron a également montré qu’il plaçait toute sa confiance dans l’effet vertueux de cette cérémonie. Pour le Président, il s’agit de lancer un message <i>«pour les générations à venir» : </i>que cette <i>«volonté française émoussée par le conservatisme, endormie par le conformisme, amollie par la bureaucratie»</i> ne cède jamais à la tentation du désespoir."},{"_id":"65MKHCN4ZJG2TIKRHTY2KQNAGQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116029},"type":"text","content":"Il s’agit là d’une tradition : depuis longtemps, les commémorations et autres usages officiels de l’histoire sont considérés comme autant d’outils capables de façonner le «vivre ensemble», de promouvoir la tolérance et d’apaiser les tensions qui, périodiquement, nous opposent. Les premières réactions semblent donner raison à Emmanuel Macron : hier plus isolé que jamais, le Président a inspiré une vague de satisfecit unanimes. Le précieux héritage de Marc Bloch, comme citoyen et comme historien n’y est, de toute évidence, pas étranger."},{"_id":"HW66DHMAURC6JJNLTB4DHADTLY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116030},"type":"text","content":"Est-il possible d’applaudir à l’hommage tout en mettant en garde contre les usages politiques de ces politiques mémorielles ? De fait, en la matière, Emmanuel Macron bat des records : depuis Napoléon Ier, jamais un chef de l’Etat français n’aura autant recouru au temple des Grands Hommes. Plus encore : depuis la qualification de la colonisation de <i>«crime contre l’humanité» </i>(2017) jusqu’à la ribambelle de commémorations liées à la Première (2018-2019) puis à la Seconde (2024) Guerre mondiale, en passant, notamment, par le bicentenaire de la mort de Napoléon Ier (2021), le Président fait un usage exceptionnellement intensif de la mémoire. Comme si le passé pouvait, comme par magie, faire passer les obstacles de la vie politique. Comme si l’histoire sereine de la cité résiliente suffisait à effacer les troubles du présent."},{"level":2,"_id":"RUFGBN7ZKJCDHIOMBAZNOWHAXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116031},"type":"header","content":"Les politiques de la mémoire : une efficacité plus que douteuse"},{"_id":"RUFGBN7ZKJCDHIOMBAZNOWHAXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116032},"type":"text","content":"Il y a quelques mois à peine, le Rassemblement national manquait de peu son arrivée au pouvoir. La dramaturgie historique optimiste et inclusive que la cérémonie d’ouverture des Jeux olympiques a donnée au monde ainsi qu’à nous-mêmes a autant provoqué l’enthousiasme qu’elle a été de courte durée. C’est le propre de ce genre de recours à l’histoire. <i>A quoi servent les politiques de mémoire ?</i> se demandent Sarah Gensburger et Sandrine Lefranc dans leur ouvrage du même nom, publié en 2017, année de l’élection d’Emmanuel Macron."},{"_id":"SVVBNDQ42FEEJJ66RJKPNQXECI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732551251032},"type":"text","content":"Contrairement aux autres politiques publiques, celles-ci ne sont jamais mesurées, ni évaluées. A vrai dire, leur efficacité est plus que douteuse : parce qu’il est impossible de tirer des leçons du passé, le «plus jamais ça» n’a aucun pouvoir magique au-delà des effets induits, difficiles à établir, sur les liens collectifs et au-delà du lien symbolique qu’il tisse entre le maître de cérémonie et son public."},{"_id":"PQ2A3C76NBGU7BCH2MMFII6MAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116033},"type":"text","content":"Les politiques symboliques du passé ne remplacent pas plus les politiques de la cohésion sociale qu’elles ne réparent les plaies de la démocratie. Elles peuvent, en revanche, être utilisées comme autant d’outils de communication et d’écrans de fumée qui, une fois le moment passé, nous laissent aussi oublieux des raisons de la colère que démunis devant les liens à retisser collectivement, non dans la cité des morts, mais dans celle des vivants."},{"_id":"2M6KHO72DJGJBELEEV5WWSW3RI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732551251034},"type":"text","content":"Les figures du passé ne se laissent jamais attraper si facilement : emblème de l’universalisme républicain, Marc Bloch est aussi celui qui, dans <i>l’Etrange Défaite,</i> pointait la responsabilité morale des élites politiques de la IIIe République dans la débâcle démocratique de 1940, laissant, pour l’avenir, un héritage qui devrait inciter à s’intéresser aux citoyennes et aux citoyens ordinaires du présent plus qu’aux grands hommes du passé."},{"level":6,"_id":"HYAPSITBZNCUVHLTYFJQFL6ZS4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732548116034},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans Libération ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Depuis 2017, l’historien résistant est la cinquième personnalité à être honorée par Emmanuel Macron. Un record. Mais les initiatives mémorielles ne sauraient remplacer les politiques de cohésion sociale ni réparer les plaies de la démocratie, estime l’historien Guillaume Mazeau."},"description":{"basic":"Depuis 2017, Marc Bloch est la cinquième personnalité à être honorée par Emmanuel Macron. Un record. 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"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes/marc-bloch-au-pantheon-la-commemoration-un-ecran-de-fumee-20241126_224JRO5BSZAB5CV5KUWX3OXUHQ/","website_section":{"path":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","parent":{"default":"/idees-et-debats"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/idees-et-debats","name":"Tribunes","description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","default":"/idees-et-debats","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/idees-et-debats","amp-menu":"/idees-et-debats"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Accédez à toutes les tribunes publiés dans Libération sur de nombreux sujets d'actualité et de société.","site_title":"Tribunes - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Tribunes"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/idees-et-debats/tribunes","200051"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Tribunes","_id":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"default":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/idees-et-debats"],"amp-menu":["/","/idees-et-debats"]},"order":{"footer2":2004,"burgermenu":2003,"amp-menu":2003}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./idees-et-debats/tribunes","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-25T13:56:47.547Z","publish_date":"2024-11-27T18:28:50.661Z","_id":"224JRO5BSZAB5CV5KUWX3OXUHQ","website":"liberation","website_url":"/idees-et-debats/tribunes/marc-bloch-au-pantheon-la-commemoration-un-ecran-de-fumee-20241126_224JRO5BSZAB5CV5KUWX3OXUHQ/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"QVCUFIZQCZCIBO7OD37XTCLBSU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732540346428},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pour ne rater aucun billet de Thomas Legrand, inscrivez-vous aux </b><a href=\"https://offre.liberation.fr/chroniqueurs-de-libe\" target=\"_blank\"><b>newsletters de nos chroniqueurs politiques</b></a><b>.</b>"},{"_id":"XQBCCZTSANBPRKB43QGIPQON74","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544947126},"type":"text","content":"Soyons miséricordieux, suggérons l’inculture. Des signes nous montrent d’ailleurs que l’ancienne porte-parole du gouvernement Attal n’a pas de sympathie particulière pour le régime de Vichy. Pourtant, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/medaille-dor-de-lanti-france-pour-lfi-la-macronie-reprend-encore-les-mots-de-lextreme-droite-20240812_V4ONQ7HCCRAV7JT4UVAUOQSZXE/\" target=\"_blank\">Prisca Thevenot avait qualifié, en août lors des Jeux olympiques, les responsables LFI <i>«d’anti-France»</i></a><i>.</i> La jeune ministre fustigeait ainsi ceux qui critiquaient la décision des autorités sportives françaises d’interdire aux athlètes tricolores musulmanes de porter le voile. Cette histoire a ressurgi ces derniers jours : à l’occasion de la proposition des insoumis d’abroger une partie de la loi de 2014 sur l’apologie du terrorisme, Prisca Thevenot a accusé LFI de ne pas aimer la France. Et LFI a ressorti l’expression de la ministre du mois d’août."},{"_id":"IOZA63PKSJHH5MGNQ5RLREGFSE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544947127},"type":"text","content":"Il nous faut donc faire un petit cours d’histoire politique à nombre de macronistes, Prisca Thevenot en particulier mais, visiblement aussi, à Emmanuel Macron, qui a opposé à plusieurs reprises le <i>«pays réel»</i> au <i>«pays légal».</i> Emmanuel Macron savait bien qu’il citait Maurras (ni facho ni inculte, provoc ?) Benjamin Griveaux, qui fut porte-parole d’un exécutif de l’ère Macron (gouvernement Edouard Philippe II) avait repris cette opposition maurassienne mais, plus tard, pour se justifier, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/11/15/marc-bloch-ou-maurras-le-mea-culpa-de-griveaux_1692218/\" target=\"_blank\">avait expliqué qu’il pensait avoir cité le grand résistant Marc Bloch</a>…"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"G77STEMT7REQ7PPEIKUHMFA7Q4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"OEUUL6HEENG47NJPVRW5OE4V4Q"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"Q4LG2PEOSNANZFTHSJTMBNWNSA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"GNGYGHGANBDRXOEQNSQX5BG2TU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Patrick Boucheron : «L’entrée au Panthéon d’un historien comme Marc Bloch parle d’avenir»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/patrick-boucheron-lentree-au-pantheon-dun-historien-comme-marc-bloch-parle-davenir-20241124_HQMKVBAPQBHUJEAGZQWMISKOQM/"}]},{"_id":"XJJXRQWFF5GULJ44PTT32RODLE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555219426},"type":"text","content":"Il est parfois un peu spécieux de dénoncer les politiques d’une tendance parce qu’ils utilisent le vocabulaire d’un autre camp, soit <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/triangulation-le-pen-et-bardella-tentent-le-coup-du-rateau-20240315_S77KYOCYD5CH7PQISO7AG2R4XA/\" target=\"_blank\">par pure triangulation</a>, ou pour chasser sur les terres d’un concurrent. Les mots, dans le débat politique, sont des véhicules, et chaque camp se bat pour en contrôler la cargaison, l’acception. Il peut être légitime de tenter de s’approprier le sens d’un mot dans le cadre de la bataille culturelle. Par exemple l’utilisation du mot «peuple» est disputée à droite et à gauche, et cette concurrence est à la fois logique et nécessaire."},{"_id":"AURNDBNOY5HOLGGULFF5UFQWOE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544947129},"type":"text","content":"Il n’en va pas de même avec certains vocables historiquement et idéologiques marqués qu’il est impossible – et même coupable – de tenter de s’approprier. Ces néologismes sont trop puissamment chargés et ancrés dans l’inconscient collectif. Vouloir les adopter équivaut simplement à réintroduire leur signification dans le débat public. Prisca Thevenot affirmait ainsi, en réponse à la dénonciation par LFI de l’interdiction du port du voile par les athlètes tricolores, que <i>«la France est un pays laïc [et] qu’il est important de le respecter en ces termes» </i>et que les insoumis tiendraient <i>«un discours anti-France en permanence sur tout, sur les forces de l’ordre, sur la justice, sur le rapport aux médias [et] sur la laïcité».</i> Dans ce cas précis de la laïcité, l’utilisation du terme «anti-France» est particulièrement déplacé."},{"_id":"AQKXTHUTMBHGBDXVX4XME6R5W4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555219428},"type":"text","content":"Il se trouve que ce terme est né à la fin du XIXe siècle dans les écrits et discours de l’extrême droite antirépublicaine et anti-laïque. On le retrouve ainsi sous la plume de Léon Daudet, écrivain antidreyfusard : <i>«Il faut qu’on le dise : l’affaire du traître Dreyfus a eu comme premier résultat une première invasion, la formation chez nous d’une anti-France.»</i> Pendant l’Occupation, le régime de Vichy gratifiait aussi les trois <i>«ennemis»</i> du pays, les Juifs, les francs-maçons et les communistes, de ce vocable d’<i>«anti-France».</i> Ce terme n’est pas recyclable. Citons enfin Rachida Dati qui, pour défendre Bruno Retailleau lors de sa nomination au ministère de l’Intérieur, clamait fièrement : <i>«Nous sommes le parti de l’ordre !»</i> Savait-elle qu’elle reprenait texto le slogan de la droite antirépublicaine de 1848 ?"},{"_id":"NE7LFAZ4GZBM5CPSIOKS7RGORI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732547228286},"type":"text","content":"Alors voici quelques petits conseils gratuits, version «fachos pour les nuls», à destination des responsables macronistes en déficit de culture politique (ces conseils peuvent servir aussi au député insoumis Sébastien Delogu, qui avoue ne rien savoir de Pétain). Dans vos commentaires à propos <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-blocages-operations-escargot-a-quoi-sattendre-cette-semaine-en-france-20241125_GNH4QXZX55B3PDB42XZOKZZ3E4/\" target=\"_blank\">de la crise des agriculteurs</a>, ne dites pas : <i>«La terre ne ment pas»</i> (Pétain). Si vous commenter le phénomène des fake news, ne vous lamentez pas sur <i>«ces mensonges qui nous ont fait tant de mal»</i> (idem). Et surtout si vous envisagez de vous présenter à la prochaine présidentielle, dernier petit conseil important, ne dites pas : <i>«Je fais à la France le don de ma personne»</i> (toujours le même)."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"La peu glorieuse reprise de la formule maurrassienne par la macroniste Prisca Thevenot, en août, vient de refaire surface. L’occasion de rappeler que certains mots historiquement et idéologiques marqués ne peuvent être réappropriés ou détournés."},"description":{"basic":"La peu glorieuse reprise de la formule maurrassienne par la macroniste Prisca Thevenot, en août, refait surface. L’occasion de rappeler que certains mots historiquement et idéologiques marqués ne peuvent être réappropriés ou détournés."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/politique","parent_id":"/","name":"Politique","description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","_id":"/politique","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/idees-et-debats","footer-nav-bar":null,"default":"/","footer":null,"Test":null,"accueil-tag-block":"/","burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"L'info politique à suivre avec Libération : actualités des partis, la gestion du gouvernement, les élections, les réformes, l'activité à l'Assemblée nationale et au Sénat...","site_title":"Toute l'actualité Politique en continu avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Politique"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/politique","100666"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Politique","_id":"/politique","ancestors":{"footer2":["/idees-et-debats"],"footer-nav-bar":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"Test":[],"accueil-tag-block":["/"],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":1003,"accueil-tag-block":1001,"burgermenu":1004,"amp-menu":1003,"headernav":1001}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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Dans le camp d’en face, des poids lourds comme l’Allemagne, qui veut vendre plus de voitures en Amérique du Sud, ou l’Espagne et le Portugal, dont les échanges sont historiquement tournés vers ce continent."},{"_id":"HOHIG54DBVHPNNOX25XRNVPSRI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732555106329},"type":"text","content":"Cette union nationale en France n’est évidemment pas dénuée chez certains d’hypocrisie, d’opportunisme électoral voire de démagogie à dénoncer un traité de libre-échange qui constitue leur habituel fonds de commerce, chef de l’Etat en tête. 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