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</button> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_enterprise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_enterprise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Business enterprise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_enterprise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Weapons research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extermination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extermination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Extermination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extermination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inmates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inmates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inmates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inmates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inmates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inmates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_children_in_Mauthausen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_children_in_Mauthausen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Women and children in Mauthausen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_children_in_Mauthausen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_inmates_and_methodology_of_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_inmates_and_methodology_of_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Treatment of inmates and methodology of crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_inmates_and_methodology_of_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Death toll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_and_postwar_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_and_postwar_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liberation and postwar heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_and_postwar_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries,_films_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries,_films_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Documentaries, films and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries,_films_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mauthausen concentration camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="معسكر اعتقال ماوتهاوزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر اعتقال ماوتهاوزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthauzen_h%C9%99bs_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Mauthauzen həbs düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mauthauzen həbs düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Маутхаузен (концлагер) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маутхаузен (концлагер)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Mauthausen" title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp-bac%27h_Mauthausen" title="Kamp-bac'h Mauthausen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kamp-bac'h Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Mauthausen-Gusen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Mauthausen" title="Koncentrační tábor Mauthausen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koncentrační tábor Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_koncentrationslejr" title="Mauthausen-Gusen koncentrationslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen koncentrationslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Mauthausen" title="KZ Mauthausen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KZ Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BD-%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Μαουτχάουζεν-Γκούζεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Μαουτχάουζεν-Γκούζεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Campo de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentrejo_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Koncentrejo Mauthausen-Gusen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koncentrejo Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_kontzentrazio-esparrua" title="Mauthausen-Gusen kontzentrazio-esparrua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen kontzentrazio-esparrua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="اردوگاه کار اجباری ماوتهاوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه کار اجباری ماوتهاوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentration_de_Mauthausen" title="Camp de concentration de Mauthausen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de concentration de Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(konsintraasjekamp)" title="Mauthausen (konsintraasjekamp) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mauthausen (konsintraasjekamp)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Campo de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campo de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80)" title="Մաուտհաուզեն (համակենտրոնացման ճամբար) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաուտհաուզեն (համակենտրոնացման ճամբար)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Mauthausen" title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_konsentrasi_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Kamp konsentrasi Mauthausen-Gusen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp konsentrasi Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento_di_Mauthausen" title="Campo di concentramento di Mauthausen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di concentramento di Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="מאוטהאוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאוטהאוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მაუტჰაუზენის საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაუტჰაუზენის საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Маутхаузен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маутхаузен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Маутхаузен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маутхаузен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthauzenes_koncentr%C4%81cijas_nometne" title="Mauthauzenes koncentrācijas nometne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mauthauzenes koncentrācijas nometne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthauseni_koncentr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_t%C3%A1bor" title="Mauthauseni koncentrációs tábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mauthauseni koncentrációs tábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Маутхаузен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маутхаузен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(concentratiekamp)" title="Mauthausen (concentratiekamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mauthausen (concentratiekamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="マウトハウゼン強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マウトハウゼン強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_konsentrasjonsleir" title="Mauthausen-Gusen konsentrasjonsleir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen konsentrasjonsleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(KL)" title="Mauthausen (KL) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mauthausen (KL)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen" title="Mauthausen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_concentrare_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Lagărul de concentrare Mauthausen-Gusen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de concentrare Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Маутхаузен (концентрационный лагерь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маутхаузен (концентрационный лагерь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_i_p%C3%ABrq%C3%ABndrimit_Mauthausen" title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Mauthausen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mauthausen concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Koncentračný tábor Mauthausen-Gusen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koncentračný tábor Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijsko_tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De_Mauthausen" title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Mauthausen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Концентрациони логор Маутхаузен-Гусен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Концентрациони логор Маутхаузен-Гусен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Mauthausen" title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Mauthausen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen" title="Mauthausen-Gusen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_(koncentrationsl%C3%A4ger)" title="Mauthausen (koncentrationsläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mauthausen (koncentrationsläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ค่ายกักกันเมาเทาเซิน-กูเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายกักกันเมาเทาเซิน-กูเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_toplama_kamp%C4%B1" title="Mauthausen-Gusen toplama kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mauthausen-Gusen toplama kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80)" title="Маутгаузен (концентраційний табір) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маутгаузен (концентраційний табір)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="מאטהויזן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטהויזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%89%B9%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE-%E5%8F%A4%E6%A3%AE%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%87%9F" title="毛特豪森-古森集中營 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛特豪森-古森集中營" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160139#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Mauthausen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several men standing in front of a brick wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg/225px-New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg/338px-New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg/450px-New_arrivals_to_Mauthausen_standing_against_a_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">New arrivals after a weeklong trip in open railway cars<hr /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen_concentration_camp,_exterior_view_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Mauthausen_concentration_camp%2C_exterior_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="803" /></a></span><br />Exterior view of the main camp's entrance</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen,_Upper_Austria" title="Mauthausen, Upper Austria">Mauthausen, Upper Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauer" title="Albert Sauer">Albert Sauer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ziereis" title="Franz Ziereis">Franz Ziereis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">1938 – May 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Political prisoners, Jews, Soviet POWs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">190,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">More than 90,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, 3–6 May 1945</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kzmauthappell110812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kzmauthappell110812.jpg/220px-Kzmauthappell110812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kzmauthappell110812.jpg/330px-Kzmauthappell110812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kzmauthappell110812.jpg/440px-Kzmauthappell110812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3567" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption><i>Appellplatz</i> at the Mauthausen main camp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg/220px-Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg/330px-Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg/440px-Wiener_Graben_quarry_by_Stefanie_J_Steindl_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Wiener Graben quarry in 2016, "Stairs of Death" towards the right</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mauthausen</b> was a German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> on a hill above the <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen,_Upper_Austria" title="Mauthausen, Upper Austria">Mauthausen</a> (roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>. It was the main camp of a group with <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">nearly 100</a> further <a href="/wiki/Subcamp_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcamp (SS)">subcamps</a> located throughout Austria and southern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen concentration camps</a> in and around the village of <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_an_der_Gusen" title="Sankt Georgen an der Gusen">St. Georgen/Gusen</a>, just a few kilometres from Mauthausen, held a significant proportion of prisoners within the camp complex, at times exceeding the number of prisoners at the Mauthausen main camp. </p><p>The Mauthausen main camp operated from 8 August 1938, several months after the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">German annexation of Austria</a>, to 5 May 1945, when it was liberated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. Starting with the camp at Mauthausen, the number of subcamps expanded over time. In January 1945, the camps contained roughly 85,000 inmates. </p><p>As at other Nazi concentration camps, the inmates at Mauthausen and its subcamps were forced to work as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">slave labour</a>, under conditions that caused many deaths. Mauthausen and its subcamps included quarries, <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> factories, mines, arms factories and plants assembling <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Me 262</a> fighter aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalden2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalden2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditions at Mauthausen were even more severe than at most other Nazi concentration camps. Half of the 190,000 inmates died at Mauthausen or its subcamps. </p><p>Mauthausen was one of the first massive concentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany, and the last to be liberated by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a>. The Mauthausen main camp is now a museum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_the_main_camp">Establishment of the main camp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment of the main camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308,_KZ-Mauthausen,_Himmlervisite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of Nazi officers, including Heinrich Himmler, Franz Ziereis, Karl Wolff and August Eigruber shown walking and talking through the camp, with one of the huts in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-308%2C_KZ-Mauthausen%2C_Himmlervisite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> visiting Mauthausen in June 1941. Himmler is talking to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ziereis" title="Franz Ziereis">Franz Ziereis</a>, camp commandant, with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> on the left and <a href="/wiki/August_Eigruber" title="August Eigruber">August Eigruber</a> on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 August 1938, prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> were sent to the town of Mauthausen in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, to begin building a new slave labour camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was chosen because of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> quarry and its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the camp was controlled by the German state from the beginning, it was founded by a private company as an economic enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The owner of the Wiener-Graben quarry (the Marbacher-Bruch and Bettelberg quarries) was a <a href="/wiki/DEST" class="mw-redirect" title="DEST">DEST</a> Company: an acronym for <i>Deutsche Erd– und Steinwerke GmbH</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200089_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200089-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was led by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a>, who was a high-ranking official of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rented the quarries from the City of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1938 and started the construction of the Mauthausen camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the company ordered the construction of the first camp at <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen</a>. </p><p>The granite mined in the quarries had previously been used to pave the streets of Vienna, but Nazi authorities envisioned a complete reconstruction of major German towns in accordance with the plans of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> and other proponents of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer1970367–368_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1970367–368-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which large quantities of granite were needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The money to fund the construction of the Mauthausen camp was gathered from a variety of sources, including commercial loans from <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Bank" title="Dresdner Bank">Dresdner Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>-based <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hmische_Escompte-Bank" title="Böhmische Escompte-Bank">Böhmische Escompte-Bank</a>; the so-called <a href="/wiki/Reinhardt%27s_fund" title="Reinhardt's fund">Reinhardt's fund</a> (meaning money stolen from the inmates of the concentration camps themselves); and from the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mauthausen initially served as a strictly-run <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">prison camp</a> for common criminals, prostitutes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŻeromski19836–12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŻeromski19836–12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other categories of "Incorrigible Law Offenders".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 May 1939 it was converted to a <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camp</a> for political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaršálek199569_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaršálek199569-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gusen">Gusen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gusen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen concentration camp</a></div> <div class="floatleft"> <div style="width:250px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; ;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png/250px-Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png/375px-Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png/500px-Mauthausen_and_Gusen_Open_Street_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 77%; left: 95%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mauthausen main camp"><img alt="Mauthausen main camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Mauthausen main camp</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 87%; left: 52.5%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gusen I"><img alt="Gusen I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -0.15em; left: -3em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Gusen I</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 77%; left: 41%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gusen II"><img alt="Gusen II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Gusen II</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 6%; left: 65%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gusen III"><img alt="Gusen III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -0.15em; left: -3em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Gusen III</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 48%; left: 19%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bergkristall"><img alt="Bergkristall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Bergkristall</span></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <p>The three Gusen concentration camps held a significant proportion of prisoners within the Mauthausen-Gusen complex. For most of its history, this exceeded the number of prisoners at the Mauthausen main camp itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201658_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201658-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DEST began purchasing land at <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_an_der_Gusen" title="Sankt Georgen an der Gusen">Sankt Georgen an der Gusen</a> in May 1938. During 1938 and 1939, inmates of the nearby Mauthausen makeshift camp marched daily to the granite quarries at St Georgen/Gusen, which were more productive and more important for DEST than the Wienergraben Quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, the as-yet unfinished Mauthausen camp became overcrowded with prisoners. The number of inmates rose from 1,080 in late 1938 to over 3,000 a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713,_47_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713,_47-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about that time, the construction of a new camp "for the Poles" began in <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen (Langenstein)</a> about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) away after an order by the SS (Schutzstaffel) in December 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new camp (later named <b>Gusen I</b>) became operational in May 1940. The first inmates were put in the first two huts (No. 7 and 8) on 17 April 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197714_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197714-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first transport of prisoners – mostly from the camps in Dachau and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> – arrived just over a month later, on 25 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977198_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977198-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205,_KZ_Mauthausen,_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-205%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a> at Gusen, October 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Like nearby Mauthausen, the Gusen camps also rented inmates out to various local businesses as slave labour. In October 1941, several huts were separated from the Gusen subcamp by <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> and turned into a separate <i>Prisoner of War Labour Camp</i> (German: <i lang="de">Kriegsgefangenenarbeitslager</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197725,_196–197_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197725,_196–197-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This camp had many <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197725_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197725-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1942 the production capacity of Mauthausen and the Gusen camps had reached its peak. The <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen</a> site was expanded to include the central depot of the SS, where various goods seized from occupied territories were sorted and then dispatched to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200026_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200026-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local quarries and businesses were in constant need of a new source of labour as more and more Austrians were drafted into the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977240_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977240-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1944, the former SS depot was converted to a new subcamp named <b>Gusen II</b>, which served as an improvised concentration camp until the end of the war. Gusen II contained 12,000 to 17,000 inmates, deprived of even the most basic facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1944, <b>Gusen III</b> was opened in nearby <a href="/wiki/Lungitz" title="Lungitz">Lungitz</a>. Here, parts of a factory infrastructure were converted into the third Gusen camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing number of subcamps could not keep up with the rising number of inmates, which led to overcrowding of the huts in Mauthausen and its subcamps. From late 1940 to 1944, the number of inmates per bed rose from two to four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subcamps">Subcamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subcamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">List of subcamps of Mauthausen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite map of modern Austria, with location of some of the subcamps marked with red dots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png/220px-Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png/330px-Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png/440px-Austria_Mauthausen_sub-camps.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption> Map showing location of some of the most notable <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mauthausen_sub-camps" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mauthausen sub-camps">subcamps of Mauthausen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As production in Mauthausen and its subcamps constantly increased, so too did the number of detainees and subcamps. Initially the camps at Gusen and Mauthausen mostly served the local quarries, from 1942 onwards they began to be included in the German war machine. To accommodate the ever-growing number of slave workers, additional subcamps (German: <i lang="de">Außenlager</i>) of Mauthausen were built. </p><p>By the end of the war, the list included 101 camps (including 49 major subcamps)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaller20023–5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller20023–5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covered most of modern Austria, from <a href="/wiki/Mittersill" title="Mittersill">Mittersill</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Schwechat" title="Schwechat">Schwechat</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> on the prewar Austro-German border to the <a href="/wiki/Loibl_Pass" title="Loibl Pass">Loibl Pass</a> on the border with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The subcamps were divided into several categories, depending on their main function: <i>Produktionslager</i> for factory workers, <i>Baulager</i> for construction, <i>Aufräumlager</i> for cleaning the rubble in Allied-bombed towns, and <i>Kleinlager</i> (small camps) where the inmates worked specifically for the SS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forced labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_enterprise">Business enterprise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business enterprise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg/220px-Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg/330px-Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg/440px-Prisoners_hauling_earth_for_the_construction_of_the_%22Russian_camp%22_at_Mauthausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners hauling earth for the construction of the "Russian camp" at Mauthausen</figcaption></figure> <p>The production output of Mauthausen and its subcamps exceeded that of each of the five other large slave labour centres: <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof" class="mw-redirect" title="Natzweiler-Struthof">Natzweiler-Struthof</a>, in terms of both production quota and profits.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoriales_históricos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoriales_históricos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of companies using slave labour from Mauthausen and its subcamps was long, and included both national corporations and small, local firms and communities. Some parts of the quarries were converted into a <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">machine pistol</a> assembly plant. </p><p>In 1943, an underground factory for the <a href="/wiki/Steyr-Daimler-Puch" title="Steyr-Daimler-Puch">Steyr-Daimler-Puch</a> company was built in <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen</a>. Altogether, 45 larger companies took part in making Mauthausen and its subcamps one of the most profitable concentration camps of Nazi Germany, with more than 11,000,000  <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> in profits in 1944 alone (EUR 86.7 million in 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies using slave labourers from Mauthausen included:<sup id="cite_ref-Memoriales_históricos_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoriales_históricos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEST" class="mw-redirect" title="DEST">DEST</a> cartel (producing bricks and quarrying stone for German state construction projects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accumulatoren-Fabrik_AFA" title="Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA">Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA</a> (the main producer of batteries for German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> (the main German producer of medicines and medications)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bergwerks-_und_H%C3%BCttenbau" title="Deutsche Bergwerks- und Hüttenbau">Deutsche Bergwerks- und Hüttenbau</a> (constructing mines and quarries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Eisenwerke_Oberdonau" title="Eisenwerke Oberdonau">Eisenwerke Oberdonau</a> (the largest World War II steel supplier for the German <a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a> tanks)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugmotorenwerke_Ostmark" title="Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark">Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark</a> (aeroplane engine manufacturer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenwerk" title="Nibelungenwerk">Nibelungenwerk</a> (the largest tank factory in Nazi Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eberhard_Patronenfabrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Eberhard Patronenfabrik">Otto Eberhard Patronenfabrik</a> (munitions works)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna_International_Airport" title="Vienna International Airport"><i>Heinkel-Sud</i></a> facilities in <a href="/wiki/Floridsdorf" title="Floridsdorf">Floridsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_International_Airport" title="Vienna International Airport">Vienna-Schwechat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zw%C3%B6lfaxing" title="Zwölfaxing">Zwölfaxing</a>, and other aeroplane factories, also a <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> factory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Sauerwerks" class="mw-redirect" title="Österreichische Sauerwerks">Österreichische Sauerwerks</a> (arms producer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rax-Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Rax-Werke">Rax-Werke</a> (machinery and V-2 rockets)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steyr-Daimler-Puch" title="Steyr-Daimler-Puch">Steyr-Daimler-Puch</a> (arms and vehicles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochtief" title="Hochtief">Hochtief</a> (construction of tunnels in the <a href="/wiki/Loibl_Pass" title="Loibl Pass">Loibl Pass</a>)</li></ul> <p>Prisoners were also rented out as slave labour to work on local farms, road construction, reinforcing and repairing the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, constructing large residential areas in Sankt Georgen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and excavating archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Spielberg,_Styria" title="Spielberg, Styria">Spielberg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A partially collapsed intersection of two tunnels in the Bergkristall complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-005%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Stolleneing%C3%A4nge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Bergkristall</i> tunnel system at <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen</a> was built to protect <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Me 262</a> production from air raids.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Allied <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing campaign</a> started to target the German war industry, German planners decided to move production to underground facilities that were impenetrable to enemy aerial bombardment. In Gusen I, the prisoners were ordered to build several large tunnels beneath the hills surrounding the camp (code-named <i>Kellerbau</i>). By the end of World War II the prisoners had dug 29,400 square metres (316,000 sq ft) to house a small-arms factory. </p><p>In January 1944, similar tunnels were also built beneath the village of Sankt Georgen by the inmates of Gusen II subcamp (code-named <i>Bergkristall</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200098_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200098-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dug roughly 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) so the Messerschmitt company could build an assembly plant to produce the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz198037–38_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz198037–38-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to planes, some 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft) of Gusen II tunnels served as factories for various war materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedFaeth19971325_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedFaeth19971325-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1944, roughly 11,000 of the Gusen I and II inmates were working in underground facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000194_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 6,500 worked on expanding the underground network of tunnels and halls. </p><p>In 1945, the Me 262 works was already finished and the Germans were able to assemble 1,250 planes a month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the second largest plane factory in Germany after the <a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp</a>, which was also underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000194_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_research">Weapons research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Weapons research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2015, a "panel of archaeologists, historians and other experts" ruled out the earlier claims of an Austrian filmmaker that a bunker underneath the camp was connected to the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapon_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapon project">German nuclear weapon project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Local;_27_January_2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Local;_27_January_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel indicated that stairs uncovered during an excavation prompted by the allegations led to an SS <a href="/wiki/Shooting_range" title="Shooting range">shooting range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Local;_27_January_2015_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Local;_27_January_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extermination">Extermination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extermination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of some 25 naked, severely malnutritioned Soviet prisoners of war standing in three rows against a wooden wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet POWs</a> standing before one of the huts in Mauthausen</figcaption></figure> <p>The political function of the camp continued in parallel with its economic role. Until at least 1942, it was used for the imprisonment and murder of the Nazis' political and ideological enemies, real and imagined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1995162–164_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1995162–164-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the camp did not have a <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a> of its own and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmänner</a>, or prisoners who were too sick to work, after being maltreated, under-nourished or exhausted, were then transferred to other concentration camps for extermination (mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Hartheim_Euthanasia_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartheim Euthanasia Centre">Hartheim Euthanasia Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrance1999142_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrance1999142-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was 40.7 kilometres or 25.3 miles away), or killed by lethal injection and cremated in the local <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a>. The growing number of prisoners made this system too expensive and from 1940, Mauthausen was one of the few camps in the West to use a gas chamber on a regular basis. In the beginning, an improvised <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">mobile gas chamber</a> – a van with the exhaust pipe connected to the inside – shuttled between <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen,_Upper_Austria" title="Mauthausen, Upper Austria">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_(Langenstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen (Langenstein)">Gusen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977343_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977343-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was capable of killing about 120 prisoners at a time when it was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShermerGrobman2002168–175_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShermerGrobman2002168–175-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inmates">Inmates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inmates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mauthausen_and_Gusen_inmates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mauthausen and Gusen inmates">List of Mauthausen and Gusen inmates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207,_KZ_Mauthausen,_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group several hundred naked men is crowded in an enclosed courtyard, with garage doors visible on three sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-207%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_bei_der_Desinfektion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>New prisoners awaiting disinfection in the garage yard of Mauthausen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line of half-naked prisoners performing "leap frog", under supervision of one of the Kapos. In the background the main gate to Mauthausen as well as two wooden barracks are visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-048%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Jugendliche_H%C3%A4ftlinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Grueling and pointless physical exercise was one of the methods of "wearing the inmates down".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here a group of prisoners are forced to play "<a href="/wiki/Leap_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap frog">leap frog</a>".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png/300px-KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png/450px-KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png/600px-KZ_Mauthausen_main_camp_-_execution_cellar_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan of the "execution cellar", located beneath the Arrest Block and the Infirmary Block: E– lounge and washroom for prisoners; F– SS duty room; H– dissecting room; I– mortuaries; J– execution room; K– gas chamber; 1– cremation oven no. 1; 2 – dissecting table; 3– gallows; 4,5– neck shooting installations; 6– cremation oven no. 2; 8– cremation oven no. 3.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until early 1940, the largest group of inmates consisted of German, Austrian and Czechoslovak <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a>, homosexuals, anarchists and people of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other groups of people to be persecuted solely on religious grounds were the <i>Sectarians</i>, as they were dubbed by the Nazi regime, meaning <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>, or as they are called today, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">reason for their imprisonment</a> was their rejection of giving the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Oath" title="Hitler Oath">loyalty oath to Hitler</a> and their refusal to participate in any kind of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaršálek199569_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaršálek199569-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1940, many Poles were transferred to the Mauthausen–Gusen complex. The first groups were mostly composed of artists, scientists, <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Harcerstwa_Polskiego" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego">Boy Scouts</a>, teachers, and university professors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENogaj194564_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENogaj194564-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were arrested during <i>Intelligenzaktion</i> and the course of the <a href="/wiki/AB_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="AB Action">AB Action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski199825_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowski199825-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camp Gusen II was called by Germans <i>Vernichtungslager für die polnische Intelligenz</i> ("Extermination camp for the Polish intelligentsia").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunert2009104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunert2009104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the war, new arrivals were from every category of the "unwanted", but educated people and so-called political prisoners constituted the largest part of all inmates until the end of the war. During World War II, large groups of <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish Republicans</a> were also transferred to Mauthausen and its subcamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013516_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013516-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were former Republican soldiers or activists who had fled to France after <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s victory and then were captured by German forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">defeat of France</a> in 1940 or handed over to the Germans by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> authorities. The largest of these groups arrived at Gusen in January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWnuk1972100–105_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWnuk1972100–105-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 August 1940, a cattle train from <a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a> with 927 Spanish refugees onboard arrived at Mauthausen. The group believed that they were being taken to Vichy. Of the 490 males, those over the age of 13 were separated from their families and taken to the extermination camp nearby. 357 of the 490 would die in the camp. The remaining women and children were then sent back to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013516_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013516-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1941, almost all the Poles and Spaniards, except for a small group of specialists working in the quarry's stone mill, were transferred from Mauthausen to Gusen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet-German War</a> in 1941, the camps started to receive a large number of Soviet POWs. Most of them were kept in huts separated from the rest of the camp. The Soviet prisoners of war were a major part of the first groups to be gassed in the newly built gas chamber in early 1942. In 1944, a large group of Hungarian and Dutch Jews, about 8,000 people altogether, was also transferred to the camp. Much like all the other large groups of prisoners that were transferred to Mauthausen and its subcamps, most of them either died as a result of the hard labour and poor conditions, or were deliberately killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> in April 1941 and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">partisan resistance</a> in summer of the same year, many people suspected of aiding the Yugoslav resistance were sent to the Mauthausen camp, mostly from areas under direct German occupation, namely northern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a>. An estimated 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> died in Mauthausen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESTA,_mm2012"Že_pred_današnjo…"_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESTA,_mm2012"Že_pred_današnjo…"-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-249%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Hinrichtung_Bonarewitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Hans Bonarewitz being taken to his execution after escaping and being recaptured 7 July 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the years of World War II, the Mauthausen and its subcamps received new prisoners in smaller transports daily, mostly from other concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. Most of the prisoners at the subcamps of Mauthausen had been kept in a number of different detention sites before they arrived. The most notable of such centres for Mauthausen and its subcamps were the camps at Dachau and Auschwitz. The first transports from Auschwitz arrived in February 1942. The second transport in June of that year was much larger and numbered some 1,200 prisoners. Similar groups were sent from Auschwitz to Gusen and Mauthausen in April and November 1943, and then in January and February 1944. Finally, after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> visited Mauthausen in May of that year, Mauthausen received the first group of roughly 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jews">Hungarian Jews</a> from Auschwitz; the first group to be evacuated from that camp before the Soviet advance. Initially, the groups evacuated from Auschwitz consisted of qualified workers for the ever-growing industry of Mauthausen and its subcamps, but as the evacuation proceeded other categories of people were also transported to Mauthausen, Gusen, Vienna or <a href="/wiki/Melk" title="Melk">Melk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em; margin-top:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Subcamp<br /> inmate counts<br />Late 1944 – early 1945<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> I, II, III</td> <td>26,311 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ebensee_concentration_camp" title="Ebensee concentration camp">Ebensee</a></td> <td>18,437 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunskirchen</td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melk</td> <td>10,314 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linz</td> <td>6,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amstetten</td> <td>2,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wiener-Neudorf</td> <td>2,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schwechat</td> <td>2,568 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steyr-Münichholz</td> <td>1,971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schlier-Redl-Zipf</td> <td>1,488 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over time, Auschwitz had to almost stop accepting new prisoners and most were directed to Mauthausen instead. The last group – roughly 10,000 prisoners – was evacuated in the last wave in January 1945, only a few weeks before the Soviet liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipkowski2005_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipkowski2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was a large group of civilians arrested by the Germans after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirchmayer1978576_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirchmayer1978576-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000193-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the liberation not more than 500 of them were still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, during the final months of the war, 23,364 prisoners from other <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> arrived at the camp complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more perished from exhaustion during <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death marches</a>, or in railway wagons, where the prisoners were confined at sub-zero temperatures for several days before their arrival, without adequate food or water. Prisoner transports were considered less important than other important services, and could be kept on sidings for days as other trains passed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many of those who survived the journey died before they could be registered, whilst others were given the camp numbers of prisoners who had already been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000365–367-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were then accommodated in the camps or in the newly established tent camp (German: <i lang="de">Zeltlager</i>) just outside the Mauthausen subcamp, where roughly 2,000 people were forced into tents intended for not more than 800 inmates, and then starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in all other Nazi concentration camps, not all the prisoners were equal. Their treatment depended largely on the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">category assigned to each inmate</a>, as well as their nationality and rank within the system. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(Arbeitslager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (Arbeitslager)">kapos</a>, or prisoners who had been recruited by their captors to police their fellow prisoners, were given more food and higher pay in the form of concentration camp coupons which could be exchanged for cigarettes in the canteen, as well as a separate room inside most barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000204_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000204-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Himmler's order of June 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> was opened in the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000205_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000205-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kapos formed the main part of the so-called <i>Prominents</i> (German: <i lang="de">Prominenz</i>), or prisoners who were given a much better treatment than the average inmate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000108_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000108-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright 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cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b> "If there is a God, he will have to beg my forgiveness."</b> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Unknown victim of the Holocaust, carved into the wall of a Mauthausen cell<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_children_in_Mauthausen">Women and children in Mauthausen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Women and children in Mauthausen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg/220px-Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg/330px-Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg/440px-Women%27s_camp_at_Mauthausen_after_liberation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Women's camp at Mauthausen after liberation</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Mauthausen camp complex was mostly a labour camp for men, a women's camp was opened in Mauthausen, in September 1944, with the first transport of female prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. Eventually, more women and children came to Mauthausen from <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a>, Gross-Rosen, and <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>. Along with the female prisoners came some female guards; 20 are known to have served in the Mauthausen camp, and 60 in the whole camp complex. </p><p>Female guards also staffed the Mauthausen subcamps at <a href="/wiki/Hirtenberg" title="Hirtenberg">Hirtenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenzing" title="Lenzing">Lenzing</a> (the main women's subcamp in Austria), and <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Lambrecht" title="Sankt Lambrecht">Sankt Lambrecht</a>. The Chief Overseers at Mauthausen were firstly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Freinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Freinberger (page does not exist)">Margarete Freinberger</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bernigau" title="Jane Bernigau">Jane Bernigau</a>. Almost all the female Overseers who served in Mauthausen were recruited from Austrian cities and towns between September and November 1944. In early April 1945, at least 2,500 more female prisoners came from the female subcamps at <a href="/wiki/Amstetten_(Lower_Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amstetten (Lower Austria)">Amstetten</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lambrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lambrecht">St. Lambrecht</a>, Hirtenberg, and the Flossenbürg subcamp at <a href="/wiki/Freiberg" title="Freiberg">Freiberg</a>. According to Daniel Patrick Brown, <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a> also served at Mauthausen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2002288_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2002288-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The available Mauthausen inmate statistics from the spring of 1943, shows that there were 2,400 prisoners below the age of 20, which was 12.8% of the 18,655 population. By late March 1945, the number of juvenile prisoners in Mauthausen increased to 15,048, which was 19.1% of the 78,547 Mauthausen inmates. The number of imprisoned children increased 6.2 times, whereas the total number of adult prisoners during the same period multiplied by a factor of only four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander198133–69_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander198133–69-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These numbers reflected the increasing use of Polish, Czech, Soviet, and Balkan teenagers as slave labour as the war continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyczkowski194631_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyczkowski194631-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics showing the composition of juvenile inmates shortly before their liberation reveal the following major child/prisoner sub-groups: 5,809 foreign civilian labourers, 5,055 political prisoners, 3,654 Jews, and 330 Russian POWs. There were also 23 Romani children, 20 so-called "anti-social elements", six Spaniards, and three Jehovah's Witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander198133–69_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander198133–69-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_inmates_and_methodology_of_crime">Treatment of inmates and methodology of crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment of inmates and methodology of crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauthausen was one of the most brutal and severe of the Nazi concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxham2003210_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2003210-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh1997210–211_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh1997210–211-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inmates suffered not only from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, overcrowded huts and constant abuse and beatings by the guards and kapos,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also from exceptionally hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269,_KZ_Mauthausen,_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-269%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_im_Steinbruch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>"Stairs of Death": prisoners forced to carry a granite block up 186 steps to the top of the quarry</figcaption></figure> <p>The work in the quarries – often in unbearable heat or in temperatures as low as −30 °C (−22 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – led to exceptionally high mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh1997210–211_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh1997210–211-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food rations were limited, and during the 1940–1942 period, an average inmate weighed 40 kilograms (88 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike200097_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike200097-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the average energy content of food rations dropped from about 1,750 calories (7,300 kJ) a day during the 1940–1942 period, to between 1,150 and 1,460 calories (4,800 and 6,100 kJ) a day during the next period. In 1945 the energy content was even lower and did not exceed 600 to 1,000 calories (2,500 to 4,200 kJ) a day – less than a third of the energy needed by an average worker in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduced rations led to the starvation of thousands of inmates. </p><p>The rock quarry in Mauthausen was at the base of the "Stairs of Death". Prisoners were forced to carry roughly-hewn blocks of stone – often weighing as much as 50 kilograms (110 lb) – up the 186 stairs, one prisoner behind the other. As a result, many exhausted prisoners collapsed in front of the other prisoners in the line, and then fell on top of the other prisoners, creating a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a>; the first prisoner falling onto the next, and so on, all the way down the stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissman20042–3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissman20042–3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the quarry, prisoners were forced to carry the boulders from morning until night, whipped by Nazi guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2015PT144_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2015PT144-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inmates of Mauthausen, Gusen I, and Gusen II had access to a separate part of the camp for the sick – the so-called <i>Krankenlager</i>. Despite the fact that (roughly) 100 medics from among the inmates were working there,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrukowski1966292–297_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrukowski1966292–297-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were not given any medication and could offer only basic first aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrukowski1966292–297_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrukowski1966292–297-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the <i>hospital camp</i> – as it was called by the German authorities – was, in fact, a "hospital" only in name. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Mosberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Edward_Mosberg.png/170px-Edward_Mosberg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Edward_Mosberg.png/255px-Edward_Mosberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Edward_Mosberg.png/340px-Edward_Mosberg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mosberg" title="Edward Mosberg">Edward Mosberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Such brutality was not accidental. Former prisoner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mosberg" title="Edward Mosberg">Edward Mosberg</a> said: "If you stopped for a moment, the SS either shot you or pushed you off the cliff to your death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2015PT144_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2015PT144-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SS guards would often force prisoners – exhausted from hours of hard labour without sufficient food and water – to race up the stairs carrying blocks of stone. Those who survived the ordeal would often be placed in a line-up at the edge of a cliff known as "The Parachutists Wall" (German: <i lang="de">Fallschirmspringerwand</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At gunpoint, each prisoner would have the option of being shot or pushing the prisoner in front of him off the cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaller20023–5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller20023–5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common methods of extermination of prisoners who were either sick, unfit for further labour or as a means of <a href="/wiki/Collective_responsibility" title="Collective responsibility">collective responsibility</a> or after escape attempts included beating the prisoners to death by the SS guards and Kapos, starving to death in bunkers, hangings and mass shootings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaida"The_systematic_and_deliberate_extermination_by_hunger,_..."_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaida"The_systematic_and_deliberate_extermination_by_hunger,_..."-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At times the guards or Kapos would either deliberately throw the prisoners on the 380-<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> electric barbed wire fence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaida"The_systematic_and_deliberate_extermination_by_hunger,_..."_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaida"The_systematic_and_deliberate_extermination_by_hunger,_..."-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or force them outside the boundaries of the camp and then shoot them on the pretence that they were attempting to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005146–148_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005146–148-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method of extermination were icy showers – some 3,000 inmates died of <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> after having been forced to take an icy cold shower and then left outside in cold weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWnuk196120–22_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWnuk196120–22-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of inmates were drowned in barrels of water at Gusen II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz200012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977102,_276_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977102,_276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis also performed <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">pseudo-scientific experiments on the prisoners</a>. Among the doctors to organise them were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigbert_Ramsauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigbert Ramsauer (page does not exist)">Sigbert Ramsauer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Josef_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Josef Gross (page does not exist)">Karl Josef Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Krebsbach" title="Eduard Krebsbach">Eduard Krebsbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aribert_Heim" title="Aribert Heim">Aribert Heim</a>. Heim was dubbed "Doctor Death" by the inmates; he was in Gusen for seven weeks, which was enough to carry out his experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuchs2005_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2005-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidtLoehrer2008146_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidtLoehrer2008146-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/220px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/330px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/440px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> Mauthausen concentration camp, memorial plaques behind the Prison Block marking the spot where the ashes of the executed <i><a href="/wiki/Englandspiel" title="Englandspiel">Englandspiel</a></i> SOE agents are buried</figcaption></figure> <p>Hans Maršálek estimated that an average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of newly arrived prisoners in Gusen varied from six months between 1940 and 1942, to less than three months in early 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically, with the growth of forced labour industry in various subcamps of Mauthausen, the situation of some of the prisoners improved significantly. While the food rations were increasingly limited every month, the heavy industry necessitated skilled specialists rather than unqualified workers and the brutality of the camp's SS and Kapos was limited. While the prisoners were still beaten on a daily basis and the Muselmänner were still exterminated, from early 1943 on some of the factory workers were allowed to receive food parcels from their families (mostly Poles and Frenchmen). This allowed many of them not only to evade the risk of starvation, but also to help other prisoners who had no relatives outside the camps – or who were not allowed to receive parcels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985252–255_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985252–255-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1945, the camp was the site of the Nazi war crime <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlviertler_Hasenjagd" title="Mühlviertler Hasenjagd">Mühlviertler Hasenjagd</a> ("hare hunt") where around 500 escaped prisoners (mostly Soviet officers) were mercilessly hunted down and murdered by SS, local law enforcement and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemeritt1999_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemeritt1999-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death toll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg/220px-Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg/330px-Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg/440px-Fourteen_Czech_intellectuals_shot_by_the_SS_in_Mauthausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fourteen Czech intellectuals shot by the SS in Mauthausen, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans destroyed much of the camp's files and evidence and often allocated newly arrived prisoners the camp numbers of those who had already been killed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbzug1987106–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the exact death toll of Mauthausen and its subcamps is impossible to calculate. The matter is further complicated due to some of the inmates of Gusen being murdered in Mauthausen, and at least 3,423 were sent to Hartheim Castle, 40.7 km (25.3 mi) away. Overall, more than 90,000 of the 190,000 people deported to Mauthausen died there or in one of its subcamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staff">Staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauer" title="Albert Sauer">Albert Sauer</a> presided over the initial establishment of the camp on 1 August 1938 and remained camp commandant until 17 February 1939. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ziereis" title="Franz Ziereis">Franz Ziereis</a> assumed control as commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp from 1939 until the camp was liberated by the American forces in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infamous Death's- Head Unit or <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> charged with guarding the camp perimeter in addition to work detachments was headed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bachmayer" title="Georg Bachmayer">Georg Bachmayer</a>, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>. Further records of camp leadership were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> officials in effort to cover up war atrocities and those involved. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Frontkjemper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontkjemper">Norwegian Waffen SS volunteers</a> worked as guards or as instructors for prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, according to senior researcher Terje Emberland at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Center_for_Studies_of_Holocaust_and_Religious_Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities">Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation_and_postwar_heritage">Liberation and postwar heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liberation and postwar heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg/220px-Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg/330px-Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg/440px-Mauthausen_survivors_cheer_the_soldiers_of_the_Eleventh_Armored_Division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/M8_Greyhound" title="M8 Greyhound">M8 Greyhound</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored car</a> of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="11th Armored Division (United States)">US Army's 11th Armored Division</a> entering the Mauthausen concentration camp. The banner in the background (in Spanish) reads as "Anti-fascist Spaniards salute the forces of liberation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2000256_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2000256-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg/220px-Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg/330px-Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg/440px-Naked_survivors_at_Mauthausen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Naked survivors at Mauthausen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg/220px-Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg/330px-Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg/440px-Mauthausen_Ausweis_from_WWII_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4901" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>Temporary identity papers produced for Mauthausen detainee after camp liberation</figcaption></figure> <p>During the final months before liberation, the camp's commander <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ziereis" title="Franz Ziereis">Franz Ziereis</a> prepared for its defence against a possible Soviet offensive. The remaining prisoners were rushed to build a line of granite anti-tank obstacles to the east of Mauthausen. The inmates unable to cope with the hard labour and malnutrition were exterminated in large numbers to free space for newly arrived evacuation transports from other camps, including most of the subcamps of Mauthausen located in eastern Austria. In the final months of the war, the main source of dietary energy, the parcels of food sent through the International Red Cross, stopped and food rations became catastrophically low. The prisoners transferred to the "Hospital Subcamp" received one piece of bread per 20 inmates and roughly half a litre of weed soup a day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977374–375_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977374–375-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made some of the prisoners, previously engaged in various types of resistance activity, begin to prepare plans to defend the camp in case of an SS attempt to exterminate all the remaining inmates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977374–375_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977374–375-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 May the SS and other guards started to prepare for evacuation of the camp. The following day, the guards of Mauthausen were replaced with unarmed <i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i> soldiers and an improvised unit formed of elderly police officers and firefighters evacuated from Vienna. The police officer in charge of the unit accepted the "inmate self-government" as the camp's highest authority and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gerken" title="Martin Gerken">Martin Gerken</a>, until then the highest-ranking kapo prisoner in the Gusen's administration (in the rank of <i>Lagerälteste</i>, or the <i>Camp's Elder</i>), became the new <i>de facto</i> commander. He attempted to create an International Prisoner Committee that would become a provisional governing body of the camp until it was liberated by one of the approaching armies, but he was openly accused of co-operation with the SS and the plan failed. </p><p>All work in the subcamps of Mauthausen stopped and the inmates focused on preparations for their liberation – or defence of the camps against a possible assault by the SS divisions concentrated in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977382–388_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977382–388-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of several German divisions indeed assaulted the Mauthausen subcamp, but were repelled by the prisoners who took over the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŻeromski19836–12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŻeromski19836–12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the main subcamps of Mauthausen, only Gusen III was to be evacuated. On 1 May the inmates were rushed on a <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death march</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_an_der_Gusen" title="Sankt Georgen an der Gusen">Sankt Georgen</a>, but were ordered to return to the camp after several hours. The operation was repeated the following day, but called off soon afterwards. The following day, the SS guards deserted the camp, leaving the prisoners to their fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977382–388_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977382–388-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 May 1945 the camp at Mauthausen was approached by a squad of US Army soldiers of the 41st Reconnaissance Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/US_11th_Armored_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="US 11th Armored Division">US 11th Armored Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd US Army">3rd US Army</a>. The reconnaissance squad was led by Staff Sergeant Albert J. Kosiek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2000233–234_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2000233–234-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadd2020_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadd2020-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His troop disarmed the policemen and left the camp. By the time of its liberation, most of the guards in Mauthausen had fled; around 30 of those who remained were killed by the prisoners. A number of SS men had their heads impaled with stakes, while others were beheaded with their own knives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977395–397_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977395–397-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar number were killed in Gusen II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977395–397_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977395–397-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 6 May all the remaining subcamps of Mauthausen, with the exception of the two camps in the Loibl Pass, were also liberated by American forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among the inmates liberated from the camp was Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hendrick_Taylor" title="Jack Hendrick Taylor">Jack Taylor</a>, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2000237_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2000237-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had managed to survive with the help of several prisoners and was later a key witness at the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_camp_trials" title="Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials">Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau International Military Tribunal">Dachau International Military Tribunal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2003_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of the camp's survivors was <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a>, an engineer who spent the rest of his life hunting <a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi war criminal">Nazi war criminals</a>. Future <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Rubin" title="Tibor Rubin">Tibor "Ted" Rubin</a> was imprisoned there as a young teenager; a Hungarian Jew, he vowed to join the US Army upon his liberation and later did just that, distinguishing himself in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as a corporal in the <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="8th Cavalry Regiment">8th Cavalry Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Boix" title="Francisco Boix">Francesc Boix</a>, a photographer and veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, was imprisoned at the camp for four years. During his time working in the photography lab of the camp, he smuggled 3,000 negatives out of the camp and later used this photographic evidence to testify at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the capitulation of Germany, Mauthausen fell within the <a href="/wiki/Allied-administered_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied-administered Austria">Soviet sector of occupation of Austria</a>. Initially, the Soviet authorities used parts of the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps as <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. At the same time, the underground factories were being dismantled and sent to the USSR as a war reparations. After that, between 1946 and 1947, the camps were unguarded and many furnishings and facilities of the camp were dismantled, both by the Red Army and by the local population. In the early summer of 1947, the Soviet forces had blown up the tunnels and were then withdrawn from the area, while the camp was turned over to Austrian civilian authorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG/220px-French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG/330px-French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG/440px-French_monument_Mauthausen_1243.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>French monument at Mauthausen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp,_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_Mauthausen_Concentration_Camp%2C_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Mauthausen Concentration Camp, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Mauthausen was declared a national memorial site in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a>, officially opened the Mauthausen Museum on 3 May 1975, 30 years after the camp's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visitor centre was inaugurated in 2003, designed by the architects <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwig_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwig Mayer (page does not exist)">Herwig Mayer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Schwarz_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Schwarz (architect) (page does not exist)">Christoph Schwarz</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Peyrer-Heimst%C3%A4tt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Peyrer-Heimstätt (page does not exist)">Karl Peyrer-Heimstätt</a>, covering an area of 2,845 square metres (30,620 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Uffelen2010150–153_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Uffelen2010150–153-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mauthausen site remains largely intact, but much of what constituted the subcamps of Gusen I, II, and III is now covered by residential areas built after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrance1999138–139_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrance1999138–139-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial to Mauthausen stands amongst the various memorials to concentration camps in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Trilogy" title="Mauthausen Trilogy">Mauthausen Trilogy</a>", also known as "The Ballad of Mauthausen" is a cycle of four arias with lyrics based on poems written by Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanellis" title="Iakovos Kambanellis">Iakovos Kambanellis</a>, a Mauthausen concentration camp survivor, and music written by Greek composer <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries,_films_and_music"><span id="Documentaries.2C_films_and_music"></span>Documentaries, films and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Documentaries, films and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Trilogy" title="Mauthausen Trilogy">Mauthausen Trilogy</a></i> (1965). Cycle of four <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a> with lyrics based on poems written by Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanellis" title="Iakovos Kambanellis">Iakovos Kambanellis</a>, a Mauthausen concentration camp survivor, and music written by Greek composer <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quality_of_Mercy_(film)" title="The Quality of Mercy (film)">The Quality of Mercy</a></i> (1994). Austrian film written, directed and produced by Andreas Gruber.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Zawinul" title="Joe Zawinul">Joe Zawinul</a>, <i>Mauthausen - Vom großen Sterben hören</i> (2000). Memorial music.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mauthausen–Gusen: La memòria</i>] (2008) (in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>) by <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Brines_i_Sirerol" class="extiw" title="ca:Rosa Brines i Sirerol">Rosa Brines</a> and Daniel Rodríguez.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 18-minute documentary about the republican Spaniards deported to Mauthausen and Gusen. It includes testimonies from survivors.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Photographer_of_Mauthausen" title="The Photographer of Mauthausen">The Photographer of Mauthausen</a></i> (2018). Based on real events, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Boix" title="Francisco Boix">Francisco Boix</a> is the Spanish photographer and inmate of Mauthausen who saved thousands of pieces of photographic evidence of the horrors committed inside the Austrian concentration camp's walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntón2017_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntón2017-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Resistance at Mauthausen</i> (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 51-minute documentary by Barbara Necek about the resistance by republican Spanish prisoners, focusing particularly on <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Boix" title="Francisco Boix">Francisco Boix</a> who preserved thousands of photographs of conditions inside the camp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kugel" title="Aktion Kugel">Aktion Kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amicale_de_Mauthausen" title="Amicale de Mauthausen">Amicale de Mauthausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_concentration_d%27Argel%C3%A8s-sur-Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer">Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenwerke_Oberdonau" title="Eisenwerke Oberdonau">Eisenwerke Oberdonau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugmotorenwerke_Ostmark" title="Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark">Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granitwerke_Mauthausen" title="Granitwerke Mauthausen">Granitwerke Mauthausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Trilogy" title="Mauthausen Trilogy">Mauthausen Trilogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlviertler_Hasenjagd" title="Mühlviertler Hasenjagd">Mühlviertler Hasenjagd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steyr-M%C3%BCnichholz_subcamp" title="Steyr-Münichholz subcamp">Steyr-Münichholz subcamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loibl_Pass#Loibl_Tunnel" title="Loibl Pass">Ljubelj subcamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="List of Nazi concentration camps">List of Nazi concentration camps</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a>, apart from being a high-ranking SS member, owner of DEST and several other companies, and chief of administration and treasurer of various Nazi organizations, was also the managing director of the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a>. In 1938, he transferred 8,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmarks</a> from member fees to one of the accounts of the SS (SS-Spargemeinschaft e. V.), which in turn donated all the money to DEST in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As stated in <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>'s memo of 1 January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197712_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197712-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> was equivalent to roughly 4,403,000 US dollars or almost one million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> by 1939 exchange rates;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerela2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerela2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, 4,403,000 1939 dollars are roughly equivalent to 560,370,000 modern US dollars using the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relative_share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relative share (page does not exist)">relative share</a> of GDP as the main factor of comparison, or 96.4 million using the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In reality the actual production never reached such levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzesiuk1985392-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The subcamp inmate counts refer to the situation in late 1944 and early 1945, before the major reorganization of the camp's system and before the arrival of a large number of evacuation trains and <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is often mentioned that the mortality rate reached 58% in 1941, as compared with 36% at Dachau, and 19% at Buchenwald over the same period. Dobosiewicz – who made the most extensive study – compared various factors: his estimations were based on the number of prisoners to arrive in a year as compared to the number of that were murdered during a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreundKranebitter201656_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreundKranebitter2016">Freund & Kranebitter (2016)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz2000191–202_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobosiewicz2000">Dobosiewicz (2000)</a>, pp. 191–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBischofPelinka1996185–190_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBischofPelinka1996">Bischof & Pelinka (1996)</a>, pp. 185–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008172–175_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008">Haunschmied, Mills & Witzany-Durda (2008)</a>, pp. 172–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalden2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalden2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalden2000">Walden (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz197713_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobosiewicz1977">Dobosiewicz (1977)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobosiewicz1977449_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobosiewicz1977">Dobosiewicz (1977)</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda200845–48-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CLPB+Rights&rft.atitle=Resistance+at+Mauthausen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclpbrights.com%2Fen%2Fdocumentaires%2Fmauthausen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbzug1987" class="citation book cs1">Abzug, Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfGlx3jDLIC&q=Mauthausen&pg=PA107"><i>Inside the Vicious Heart</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 106–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504236-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504236-0"><bdi>0-19-504236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Vicious+Heart&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=106-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-504236-0&rft.aulast=Abzug&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMfGlx3jDLIC%26q%3DMauthausen%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntón2017" class="citation news cs1">Antón, Jacinto (23 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/cultura/2017/11/23/actualidad/1511459290_411761.html">"La vida del fotógrafo que sufrió el horror nazi se convierte en película"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Prisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisa">Prisa</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+vida+del+fot%C3%B3grafo+que+sufri%C3%B3+el+horror+nazi+se+convierte+en+pel%C3%ADcula&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft.aulast=Ant%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jacinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2017%2F11%2F23%2Factualidad%2F1511459290_411761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischofPelinka1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Bischof" title="Günter Bischof">Bischof, Günter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pelinka" title="Anton Pelinka">Pelinka, Anton</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75l45XlpXTsC&q=Mauthausen&pg=PA185"><i>Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 185–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-902-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-902-0"><bdi>1-56000-902-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+Historical+Memory+and+National+Identity&rft.pages=185-190&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56000-902-0&rft.aulast=Bischof&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Pelinka%2C+Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75l45XlpXTsC%26q%3DMauthausen%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ab4ZL8h5dFMC&q=extermination+through+labour&pg=PA210"><i>Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925904-6"><bdi>0-19-925904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+on+Trial%3A+War+Crimes+Trials+and+the+Formation+of+Holocaust+History+and+Memory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-925904-6&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dab4ZL8h5dFMC%26q%3Dextermination%2Bthrough%2Blabour%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel Patrick (2002). <i>The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System</i>. <a href="/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Publishing</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1444-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-1444-0"><bdi>0-7643-1444-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camp+Women%3A+The+Female+Auxiliaries+Who+Assisted+the+SS+in+Running+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camp+System&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7643-1444-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Burleigh, Michael</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-tbb8Yx3ooC&q=extermination+through+labour&pg=RA1-PA211"><i>Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 210–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58816-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58816-2"><bdi>0-521-58816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Extermination%3A+Reflections+on+Nazi+Genocide&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-58816-2&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-tbb8Yx3ooC%26q%3Dextermination%2Bthrough%2Blabour%26pg%3DRA1-PA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeritt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Demeritt, Linda C. (1999). "Representations of History: The "Mühlviertler Hasenjagd" as Word and Image". <i>Modern Austrian Literature</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24648890">24648890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Austrian+Literature&rft.atitle=Representations+of+History%3A+The+%22M%C3%BChlviertler+Hasenjagd%22+as+Word+and+Image&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=135-145&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24648890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Demeritt&rft.aufirst=Linda+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerela2005" class="citation web cs1">Derela, Michał Derela (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201134611/http://derela.republika.pl/prices.htm">"The prices of Polish armament before 1939"</a>. <i>The PIBWL military site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derela.republika.pl/prices.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Warsaw: Ministry of National Defence Press. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-06368-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-06368-0"><bdi>83-11-06368-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauthausen%2FGusen%3B+ob%C3%B3z+zag%C5%82ady&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Ministry+of+National+Defence+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=83-11-06368-0&rft.aulast=Dobosiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobosiewicz1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dobosiewicz" title="Stanisław Dobosiewicz">Dobosiewicz, Stanisław</a> (1980). <i>Mauthausen/Gusen; Samoobrona i konspiracja</i> [<i>Mauthausen/Gusen: self-defence and underground</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa MON. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-06497-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-06497-0"><bdi>83-11-06497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauthausen%2FGusen%3B+Samoobrona+i+konspiracja&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+MON&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=83-11-06497-0&rft.aulast=Dobosiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobosiewicz2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dobosiewicz" title="Stanisław Dobosiewicz">Dobosiewicz, Stanisław</a> (2000). <i>Mauthausen–Gusen; w obronie życia i ludzkiej godności</i> [<i>Mauthausen–Gusen; in defence of life and human dignity</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Bellona_Publishing_House" title="Bellona Publishing House">Bellona</a>. pp. 191–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-11-09048-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-11-09048-3"><bdi>83-11-09048-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen%3B+w+obronie+%C5%BCycia+i+ludzkiej+godno%C5%9Bci&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=191-202&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=83-11-09048-3&rft.aulast=Dobosiewicz&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipkowski2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filipkowski, Piotr (13 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109063300/http://www.reporter.edu.pl/europa_wg_auschwitz/kronika_reportaz/konferencja_historia_mowiona_a_kronika_reportaz/auschwitz_w_drodze_do_mauthausen">"Auschwitz w drodze do Mauthausen"</a> [Auschwitz, en route to Mauthausen]. <i>Europe According to Auschwitz</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reporter.edu.pl/europa_wg_auschwitz/kronika_reportaz/konferencja_historia_mowiona_a_kronika_reportaz/auschwitz_w_drodze_do_matchausen">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europe+According+to+Auschwitz&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+w+drodze+do+Mauthausen&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.aulast=Filipkowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reporter.edu.pl%2Feuropa_wg_auschwitz%2Fkronika_reportaz%2Fkonferencja_historia_mowiona_a_kronika_reportaz%2Fauschwitz_w_drodze_do_matchausen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreundKranebitter2016" class="citation book cs1">Freund, Florian; Kranebitter, Andreas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305687729">"On the Quantitative Dimension of Mass Murder at the Mauthausen Concentration Camp and its Subcamps"</a>. <i>Memorial Book for the Dead of the Mauthausen Concentration Camp: Commentaries and Biographies</i>. Vienna: New Academic Press. pp. 56–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1975-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1975-7"><bdi>978-3-7003-1975-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Quantitative+Dimension+of+Mass+Murder+at+the+Mauthausen+Concentration+Camp+and+its+Subcamps&rft.btitle=Memorial+Book+for+the+Dead+of+the+Mauthausen+Concentration+Camp%3A+Commentaries+and+Biographies&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=56-67&rft.pub=New+Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-1975-7&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Kranebitter%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F305687729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFriedlander1981" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Friedlander" title="Henry Friedlander">Friedlander, Henry</a>. "The Nazi Concentration Camps". In <a href="#CITEREFRyan1981">Ryan (1981)</a>, pp. 33–69.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2005" class="citation web cs1">Fuchs, Dale (17 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1593885,00.html">"Nazi war criminal escapes Costa Brava police search"</a>. <i>Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Nazi+war+criminal+escapes+Costa+Brava+police+search&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsecondworldwar%2Fstory%2F0%2C14058%2C1593885%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzesiuk1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Grzesiuk" title="Stanisław Grzesiuk">Grzesiuk, Stanisław</a> (1985). <i>Pięć lat kacetu</i> [<i>Five Years of KZ</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 252–255, 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-05-11108-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-05-11108-3"><bdi>83-05-11108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pi%C4%99%C4%87+lat+kacetu&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=252-255%2C+392&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=83-05-11108-3&rft.aulast=Grzesiuk&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaunschmiedFaeth1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_A._Haunschmied" title="Rudolf A. Haunschmied">Haunschmied, Rudolf</a>; Faeth, Harald (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614103134/http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/1325/berg.htm">"B8 "BERGKRISTALL" (KL Gusen II)"</a>. <i>Tunnel and Shelter Researching</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/1325/berg.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tunnel+and+Shelter+Researching&rft.atitle=B8+%22BERGKRISTALL%22+%28KL+Gusen+II%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Haunschmied&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Faeth%2C+Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FCapeCanaveral%2F1325%2Fberg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaunschmiedMillsWitzany-Durda2008" class="citation book cs1">Haunschmied, Rudolf A.; Mills, Jan-Ruth; Witzany-Durda, Siegi (2008). <i>St. Georgen-Gusen-Mauthausen – Concentration Camp Mauthausen Reconsidered</i>. Norderstedt: Books on Demand. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-7610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-7610-5"><bdi>978-3-8334-7610-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300552112">300552112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Georgen-Gusen-Mauthausen+%E2%80%93+Concentration+Camp+Mauthausen+Reconsidered&rft.place=Norderstedt&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300552112&rft.isbn=978-3-8334-7610-5&rft.aulast=Haunschmied&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+A.&rft.au=Mills%2C+Jan-Ruth&rft.au=Witzany-Durda%2C+Siegi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuNJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT144"><i>After Hitler: The Last Ten Days of World War II in Europe</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698407817" title="Special:BookSources/9780698407817"><bdi>9780698407817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Hitler%3A+The+Last+Ten+Days+of+World+War+II+in+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780698407817&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuNJBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchmayer1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kirchmayer" title="Jerzy Kirchmayer">Kirchmayer, Jerzy</a> (1978). <i>Powstanie warszawskie</i> [<i>Warsaw Uprising</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-05-11080-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-05-11080-X"><bdi>83-05-11080-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powstanie+warszawskie&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=83-05-11080-X&rft.aulast=Kirchmayer&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrukowski1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krukowski, Stefan (1966). "Pamięci lekarzy" [In memoriam of the doctors]. <i>Nad pięknym modrym Dunajem; Mauthausen 1940–1945</i> [<i>Mauthausen 1940–1945: At The Blue Danube</i>] (in Polish). Tadeusz Żeromski (foreword). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 292–297. PB 9330/66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pami%C4%99ci+lekarzy&rft.btitle=Nad+pi%C4%99knym+modrym+Dunajem%3B+Mauthausen+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=292-297&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Krukowski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunert2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunert, Andrzej (2009). <i>Człowiek człowiekowi… Niszczenie polskiej inteligencji w latach 1939–1945 KL Mauthausen/Gusen</i> [<i>Man to Man…; The destruction of Polish intelligentsia 1939–1945 in the camps of Mauthausen/Gusen</i>] (in Polish). Various authors. Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Protection_of_Struggle_and_Martyrdom_Sites" title="Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites">Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa</a>. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cz%C5%82owiek+cz%C5%82owiekowi%E2%80%A6+Niszczenie+polskiej+inteligencji+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931945+KL+Mauthausen%2FGusen&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Rada+Ochrony+Pami%C4%99ci+Walk+i+M%C4%99cze%C5%84stwa&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kunert&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaida" class="citation web cs1">Maida, Bruno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060605111726/http://www.deportati.it/english_mauthausen_maida.html">"The gas chamber of Mauthausen – History and testimonies of the Italian deportees; A Brief history of the camp"</a>. <i>Biblioteca archivio Pina e Aldo Ravelli</i>. ANED - Associazione nazionale ex deportati politici nei campi nazisti. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deportati.it/english_mauthausen_maida.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+archivio+Pina+e+Aldo+Ravelli&rft.atitle=The+gas+chamber+of+Mauthausen+%E2%80%93+History+and+testimonies+of+the+Italian+deportees%3B+A+Brief+history+of+the+camp&rft.aulast=Maida&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deportati.it%2Fenglish_mauthausen_maida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaršálek1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mar%C5%A1%C3%A1lek" title="Hans Maršálek">Maršálek, Hans</a> (1968). <i>Konzentrazionslager Gusen: kurze dokumentarische Geschichte eines Nebenlagers des KZ Mauthausen</i> [<i>Gusen concentration camp: short documentary history of a subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp</i>] (in German). Wien: Österreichische Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/947175024">947175024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konzentrazionslager+Gusen%3A+kurze+dokumentarische+Geschichte+eines+Nebenlagers+des+KZ+Mauthausen&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichische+Lagergemeinschaft+Mauthausen&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947175024&rft.aulast=Mar%C5%A1%C3%A1lek&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaršálek1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mar%C5%A1%C3%A1lek" title="Hans Maršálek">Maršálek, Hans</a> (1995). <i>Die Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen</i> [<i>History of Mauthausen Concentration Camp</i>] (in German). Wien-Linz: Österreichischen Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen u. Mauthausen-Aktiv Oberösterreich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+des+Konzentrationslagers+Mauthausen&rft.place=Wien-Linz&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichischen+Lagergemeinschaft+Mauthausen+u.+Mauthausen-Aktiv+Ober%C3%B6sterreich&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mar%C5%A1%C3%A1lek&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyczkowski1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Myczkowski, Adam (1946). <i>Poprzez Dachau do Mauthausen–Gusen</i> [<i>Through Dachau to Mauthausen–Gusen</i>] (in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Stefana Kamińskiego. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poprzez+Dachau+do+Mauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Stefana+Kami%C5%84skiego&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Myczkowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNogaj1945" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Nogaj" title="Stanisław Nogaj">Nogaj, Stanisław</a> (1945). <i>Gusen; Pamiętnik dziennikarza</i> [<i>Gusen; Memoir of a Journalist</i>] (in Polish). Katowice-Chorzów: Komitet byłych więźniów obozu koncentracyjnego Gusen. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gusen%3B+Pami%C4%99tnik+dziennikarza&rft.place=Katowice-Chorz%C3%B3w&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Komitet+by%C5%82ych+wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w+obozu+koncentracyjnego+Gusen&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Nogaj&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsuchowski1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Osuchowski, Jerzy, ed. (1961). <i>Oskarżamy! Materiały do historii obozu koncentracyjnego Mauthausen–Gusen</i> [<i>We Accuse! Materials on the History of Mauthausen–Gusen Concentration Camp</i>] (in Polish). Katowice: Klub Mauthausen–Gusen ZBoWiD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oskar%C5%BCamy%21+Materia%C5%82y+do+historii+obozu+koncentracyjnego+Mauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen&rft.place=Katowice&rft.pub=Klub+Mauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen+ZBoWiD&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2000" class="citation book cs1">Pike, David Wingeate (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9uRoGlfSM8C&q=Mauthausen–Gusen&pg=PA97"><i>Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22780-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22780-1"><bdi>0-415-22780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaniards+in+the+Holocaust%3A+Mauthausen%2C+Horror+on+the+Danube&rft.place=London&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-22780-1&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=David+Wingeate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9uRoGlfSM8C%26q%3DMauthausen%E2%80%93Gusen%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a> (1998). <i>Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</i>. McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+holocaust%3A+ethnic+strife%2C+collaboration+with+occupying+forces+and+genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2013" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2013). <i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393345912" title="Special:BookSources/0393345912"><bdi>0393345912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+Inquisition+and+Extermination+in+Twentieth-Century+Spain&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=0393345912&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadd2020" class="citation web cs1">Radd, Maggie (6 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/blog/75th-anniversary-of-the-liberation-of-mauthausen/">"75th Anniversary Of The Liberation Of Mauthausen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119045646/https://mjhnyc.org/blog/75th-anniversary-of-the-liberation-of-mauthausen/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage&rft.atitle=75th+Anniversary+Of+The+Liberation+Of+Mauthausen&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft.aulast=Radd&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjhnyc.org%2Fblog%2F75th-anniversary-of-the-liberation-of-mauthausen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1995" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Elizabeth C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8iBCkpR1MqMC&pg=PA162">"United States vs. Leprich"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/administrativela0000rich/page/162"><i>Administrative Law and Procedure</i></a>. Thomson Delmar Learning. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/administrativela0000rich/page/162">162–164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8273-7468-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8273-7468-2"><bdi>0-8273-7468-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States+vs.+Leprich&rft.btitle=Administrative+Law+and+Procedure&rft.pages=162-164&rft.pub=Thomson+Delmar+Learning&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8273-7468-2&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8iBCkpR1MqMC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1981" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Michael D., ed. (1981). <i>Human Responses to the Holocaust Perpetrators and Victims, Bystanders and Resisters</i>. various authors. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-901-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-901-6"><bdi>0-88946-901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Responses+to+the+Holocaust+Perpetrators+and+Victims%2C+Bystanders+and+Resisters&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-88946-901-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtLoehrer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Amy; Loehrer, Gudrun, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/ref-info-papers/rip115.pdf">"The Mauthausen Concentration Camp Complex: World War II and Postwar Records"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reference Information Paper</i>. <b>115</b>. various authors. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>: 145–148<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Boston University: 146–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fphl.2005.0013">10.1353/phl.2005.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0013">0190-0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201741314">201741314</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Universal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-839-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-839-8"><bdi>1-58112-839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps%3A+A+Traveler%27s+Guide+to+World+War+II+Sites&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-58112-839-8&rft.aulast=Terrance&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTNt9IVBVeNQC%26q%3DMauthausen%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Uffelen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_van_Uffelen" title="Chris van Uffelen">van Uffelen, Chris</a> (2010). <i>Contemporary Museums – Architecture, History, Collections</i>. Braun Publishing. pp. 150–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783037680674" title="Special:BookSources/9783037680674"><bdi>9783037680674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Museums+%E2%80%93+Architecture%2C+History%2C+Collections&rft.pages=150-153&rft.pub=Braun+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783037680674&rft.aulast=van+Uffelen&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2000" class="citation web cs1">Walden, Geoffrey R. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514868-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514868-1"><bdi>0-19-514868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Evil%3A+How+Ordinary+People+Commit+Genocide+and+Mass+Killing&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-514868-1&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHBB4TJpcx0C%26q%3DMauthausen%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2004" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Gary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXO9wXvYuAQC&q=Mauthausen&pg=PA3"><i>Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience the Holocaust</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4253-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4253-2"><bdi>0-8014-4253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasies+of+Witnessing%3A+Postwar+Efforts+to+Experience+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-4253-2&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXO9wXvYuAQC%26q%3DMauthausen%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Samuel H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/">"Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present"</a>. <i>MeasuringWorth</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=Seven+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.S.+Dollar+Amount%2C+1774+to+present&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fuscompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWnuk1961" class="citation">Wnuk, Włodzimierz. "Śmiertelne kąpiele [Deadly Baths]". In <a href="#CITEREFOsuchowski1961">Osuchowski (1961)</a>, pp. 20–22.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWnuk1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wnuk, Włodzimierz (1972). "Z Hiszpanami w jednym szeregu" [With the Spaniards in One Line]. <i>Byłem z wami</i> [<i>I Was With You</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX</a>. pp. 100–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Z+Hiszpanami+w+jednym+szeregu&rft.btitle=By%C5%82em+z+wami&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=100-105&rft.pub=PAX&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wnuk&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻeromski1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Żeromski, Tadeusz (1983). Rusinek, Kazimierz (ed.). <i>Międzynarodówka straceńców</i> [<i>Desperados' Internationale</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-05-11175-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-05-11175-X"><bdi>83-05-11175-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%C4%99dzynarod%C3%B3wka+strace%C5%84c%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=83-05-11175-X&rft.aulast=%C5%BBeromski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyra2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cyra" title="Adam Cyra">Cyra, Adam</a> (16 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930071713/http://www.auschwitz-muzeum.oswiecim.pl/new/index.php?tryb=news_big&language=EN&id=664">"Mauthausen Concentration Camp Records in the Auschwitz Museum Archives"</a>. <i>Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum</i>. Historical Research Section, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitz-muzeum.oswiecim.pl/new/index.php?tryb=news_big&language=EN&id=664">the original</a> on 30 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auschwitz-Birkenau+Memorial+and+Museum&rft.atitle=Mauthausen+Concentration+Camp+Records+in+the+Auschwitz+Museum+Archives&rft.date=2004-07-16&rft.aulast=Cyra&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitz-muzeum.oswiecim.pl%2Fnew%2Findex.php%3Ftryb%3Dnews_big%26language%3DEN%26id%3D664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvelyn_Le_Chêne1971" class="citation book cs1">Evelyn Le Chêne (1971). <i>Mauthausen, The History of a Death Camp</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-07780-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-07780-3"><bdi>0-416-07780-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauthausen%2C+The+History+of+a+Death+Camp&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-416-07780-3&rft.au=Evelyn+Le+Ch%C3%AAne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipŁomacki1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filip, Marian; Łomacki, Mikołaj, eds. (1962). <i>Wrogom ku przestrodze: Mauthausen 5 maja 1945</i> [<i>Enemies Beware; Mauthausen, 5 May 1945</i>] (in Polish). various authors. Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fighters_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy">ZG ZBoWiD</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrogom+ku+przestrodze%3A+Mauthausen+5+maja+1945&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=ZG+ZBoWiD&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2017" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Joseph (2017). <i>The Heavens were Walled In</i>. Vienna: New Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-1956-6"><bdi>978-3-7003-1956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heavens+were+Walled+In&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=New+Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-1956-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGębik1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gębik, Władysław (1972). <i>Z diabłami na ty</i> [<i>Calling the Devils by their Names</i>] (in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Z+diab%C5%82ami+na+ty&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Morskie&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=G%C4%99bik&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb/page/976"><i>The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War</i></a>. Owl Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory0000gilb/page/976">976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0348-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-0348-7"><bdi>0-8050-0348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+the+Jews+of+Europe+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=976&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8050-0348-7&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory0000gilb%2Fpage%2F976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlaváček2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hlaváček, Stanislav (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauthausen.cz/chronologie.html">"Historie KTM"</a> [History of the Mauthausen Concentration Camp]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauthausen.cz/"><i>Koncentrační Tábor Mauthausen; Pamětní tisk k 55. výročí osvobození KTM</i></a> [<i>Mauthausen concentration camp: Memorial publication for the 55th anniversary of the liberation</i>] (in Czech)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historie+KTM&rft.btitle=Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%AD+T%C3%A1bor+Mauthausen%3B+Pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD+tisk+k+55.+v%C3%BDro%C4%8D%C3%AD+osvobozen%C3%AD+KTM&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hlav%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauthausen.cz%2Fchronologie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2015" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy D. (2015). <i>Black Earth. The Holocaust As History and Warning</i>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-90346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-90346-9"><bdi>978-1-101-90346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Earth.+The+Holocaust+As+History+and+Warning&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-101-90346-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWlazłowski1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wlazłowski, Zbigniew (1974). <i>Przez kamieniołomy i kolczasty drut</i> [<i>Through the Quarries and Barbed Wire</i>] (in Polish). Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Literackie" title="Wydawnictwo Literackie">Wydawnictwo Literackie</a>. PB 1974/7600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Przez+kamienio%C5%82omy+i+kolczasty+drut&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wlaz%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustrian_Ministry_of_the_Interior2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Ministry_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Ministry of the Interior">Austrian Ministry of the Interior</a> (2005). <i>Das sichtbare Unfassbare – Fotografien aus dem Konzentrationslager Mauthausen</i> [<i>The Visible Part – Photographs of Mauthausen Concentration Camp</i>]. Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978385476-158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978385476-158-7"><bdi>978385476-158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+sichtbare+Unfassbare+%E2%80%93+Fotografien+aus+dem+Konzentrationslager+Mauthausen&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Mandelbaum+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978385476-158-7&rft.au=Austrian+Ministry+of+the+Interior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/pracownicy-muzeum-auschwitz-zeskanowali-juz-kartoteke-mauthausen-6037067963569281a">"Pracownicy muzeum Auschwitz zeskanowali już kartotekę Mauthausen"</a> [The Workers of Auschwitz Museum Have Scanned the Mauthausen Files]. <i>wiadomosci.wp.pl</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Polish_Press_Agency" title="Polish Press Agency">Polish Press Agency</a>. 3 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wiadomosci.wp.pl&rft.atitle=Pracownicy+muzeum+Auschwitz+zeskanowali+ju%C5%BC+kartotek%C4%99+Mauthausen&rft.date=2006-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.wp.pl%2Fpracownicy-muzeum-auschwitz-zeskanowali-juz-kartoteke-mauthausen-6037067963569281a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauthausen+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:KZ_Mauthausen_concentration_camp_complex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:KZ Mauthausen concentration camp complex">KZ Mauthausen concentration camp complex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mauthausen">USHMM</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> contains more than 500 pictures of Mauthausen–Gusen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000313">Interviews with American servicemen imprisoned at Mauthausen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/CAIyQmqEnlkkIA">Online exhibition of the Polish History Museum on the former KZ Gusen complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mauthausen-memorial.org/en">Mauthausen Memorial</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mauthausen_concentration_camp" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Mauthausen concentration camp"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mauthausen concentration camp"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mauthausen_concentration_camp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauthausen concentration camp</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauer" title="Albert Sauer">Albert Sauer</a> <small>(1938–1939)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ziereis" title="Franz Ziereis">Franz Ziereis</a> <small>(1939–1945)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">Subcamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretstein_concentration_camp" title="Bretstein concentration camp">Bretstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebensee_concentration_camp" title="Ebensee concentration camp">Ebensee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunskirchen_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunskirchen concentration camp (page does not exist)">Gunskirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linz_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linz concentration camp (page does not exist)">Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melk_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melk concentration camp (page does not exist)">Melk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiener-Neudorf_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiener-Neudorf concentration camp (page does not exist)">Wiener-Neudorf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Forced labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granitwerke_Mauthausen" title="Granitwerke Mauthausen">Granitwerke Mauthausen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kugel" title="Aktion Kugel">Aktion Kugel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlviertler_Hasenjagd" title="Mühlviertler Hasenjagd">Mühlviertler Hasenjagd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination through labor">Extermination through labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen Trial">Mauthausen Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_Trilogy" title="Mauthausen Trilogy">Mauthausen Trilogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Photographer_of_Mauthausen" title="The Photographer of Mauthausen">The Photographer of Mauthausen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amicale_de_Mauthausen" title="Amicale de Mauthausen">Amicale de Mauthausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mauthausen_Committee" title="Austrian Mauthausen Committee">Austrian Mauthausen Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Category:Mauthausen concentration camp">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:KZ_Mauthausen_concentration_camp_complex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:KZ Mauthausen concentration camp complex">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158578513">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/723555/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4199122-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96065604">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49287903">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mauthausen (koncentrační tábor)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004237518&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451919">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=60157">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810654676905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303753305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058619985806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=66008">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&params=48_15_25_N_14_30_04_E_region:AT-4_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°15′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°30′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.25694°N 14.50111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.25694; 14.50111</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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