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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D5%95%D6%84%D5%A6%D6%85%C2%BB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A8" title="«Օքզօ» խաղը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="«Օքզօ» խաղը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(Computerspiel)" title="OXO (Computerspiel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OXO (Computerspiel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88" title="او ایکس او – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="او ایکس او" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(jeu_vid%C3%A9o)" title="OXO (jeu vidéo) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OXO (jeu vidéo)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(permainan_video)" title="OXO (permainan video) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="OXO (permainan video)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(videogioco)" title="OXO (videogioco) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OXO (videogioco)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(spel)" title="OXO (spel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OXO (spel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO_(video_game)" title="OXO (video game) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OXO (video game)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="OXO" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXO" title="OXO – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 video game/naughts-and-crosses simulator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oxo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oxo (disambiguation)">Oxo</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 video game</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1117680521">.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-label{white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em}.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-above{font-style:italic}</style><table class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">OXO</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OXO_emulated_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/OXO_emulated_screenshot.png/220px-OXO_emulated_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/OXO_emulated_screenshot.png/330px-OXO_emulated_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/OXO_emulated_screenshot.png/440px-OXO_emulated_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>OXO</i> played in an <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a> simulator for the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">Designer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A_S_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="A S Douglas">A S Douglas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:97%;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>:</span> 1952</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genre(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mode(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>OXO</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/A_S_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="A S Douglas">A S Douglas</a> in 1952 which simulates a game of <a href="/wiki/Noughts_and_crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Noughts and crosses">noughts and crosses</a> (tic-tac-toe). It was one of the first games developed in the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">early history of video games</a>. Douglas programmed the game as part of a thesis on <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. </p><p>The program was written for the <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a> (EDSAC). EDSAC was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computers</a>, with memory that could be <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">read from or written to</a>, and had three small <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> screens to display the state of the memory; Douglas re-purposed one screen to demonstrate portraying other information to the user, such as the state of a noughts and crosses game. After the game served its purpose, it was discarded on the original hardware but later successfully reconstructed. </p><p><i>OXO</i>, along with a <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a> game by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a> completed around the same time, is one of the earliest known games to display <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">visuals</a> on an electronic screen. Under some definitions, it thus may qualify as the first video game, though other definitions exclude it due to its lack of moving or real-time updating graphics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OXO_(video_game)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EDSAC_(19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg/220px-EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg/330px-EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg/440px-EDSAC_%2819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a> (EDSAC) mainframe computer was built in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Computer_Laboratory,_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge">Mathematical Laboratory</a> between 1946 and 6 May 1949, when it ran its first program,<sup id="cite_ref-AOTE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOTE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCTBR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCTBR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained in use until 11 July 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-EDSAC99_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDSAC99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDSAC was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computers</a>, with memory that could be <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">read from or written to</a>, and filled an entire room; it included three 35×16 dot matrix <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a> (CRTs) to graphically display the state of the computer's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Replay50s_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Replay50s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OXO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of a thesis on <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Douglas" title="Sandy Douglas">Sandy Douglas</a>, a doctoral candidate in mathematics at the university, used one of these screens to portray other information to the user; he chose to do so via displaying the current state of a game.<sup id="cite_ref-HCIAS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCIAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Priest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas used the EDSAC to simulate a game of <a href="/wiki/Noughts_and_crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Noughts and crosses">noughts and crosses</a>, and display the state of the game on the screen. Like other early video games, after serving Douglas's purpose, the game was discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-Replay50s_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Replay50s-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas did not give the game a name beyond "noughts and crosses"; the name <i>OXO</i> first appeared as the name of the simulation file created by computer historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Martin Campbell-Kelly</a> while creating a simulation of the EDSAC several decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-TCU_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCU-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time that <i>OXO</i> was completed, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a> expanded a <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a> program he had originally written in 1951 and ported it to the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, which showed the state of the game on a CRT display.<sup id="cite_ref-FerChess_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerChess-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draughts52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draughts52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>OXO</i> and Strachey's draughts program are the earliest known games to display <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">visuals</a> on an electronic screen, though it is unclear which of the two games was displayed first.<sup id="cite_ref-Priest_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it ran on a computing device and used a graphical display, <i>OXO</i> is considered under some definitions to be a contender for the first video game,<sup id="cite_ref-EVG_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EVG-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though under others it does not due to its lack of moving graphics or graphics which update continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-TVGD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVGD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction">Interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OXO_(video_game)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each game was played by one user against an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">artificially intelligent</a> opponent, which could play a "perfect" game. The player entered their input using a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_dial" title="Rotary dial">rotary telephone</a> controller, selecting which of the nine squares on the board they wished to move next. Their move would appear on the screen, and then the computer's move would follow; the game display only updated when the game state changed.<sup id="cite_ref-TCU_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCU-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>OXO</i> was not available to the general public and could only be played in the University of Cambridge's Mathematical Laboratory by special permission, as the EDSAC could not be moved, and both the computer and the game were only intended for academic research purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-OXOabout_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXOabout-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OXO_(video_game)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AOTE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AOTE_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkes, M.V. (January 1997). "Arithmetic on the EDSAC". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 13–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.560726">10.1109/85.560726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Arithmetic+on+the+EDSAC&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.560726&rft.issn=1058-6180&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCTBR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCTBR_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/cambridgealumnirelationsoffice/docs/cam_62_web/7">"Pioneer computer to be rebuilt"</a>. <i>Cam</i>. <b>62</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>: 5. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cam&rft.atitle=Pioneer+computer+to+be+rebuilt&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fcambridgealumnirelationsoffice%2Fdocs%2Fcam_62_web%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDSAC99-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDSAC99_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/events/EDSAC99/booklet.pdf">"EDSAC 99: 15–16 April 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_Computer_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory">University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory</a>. 6 May 1999. pp. 68–69<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EDSAC+99%3A+15%E2%80%9316+April+1999&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Computer+Laboratory&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2Fevents%2FEDSAC99%2Fbooklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Replay50s-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Replay50s_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Replay50s_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2010" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Tristan (20 April 2010). <a href="/wiki/Replay:_The_History_of_Video_Games" title="Replay: The History of Video Games"><i>Replay: The History of Video Games</i></a>. Yellow Ant. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9565072-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9565072-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9565072-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Replay%3A+The+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Yellow+Ant&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-9565072-0-4&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OXO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OXO_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132057/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/Software/EdsacTG.pdf">"A Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/Software/EdsacTG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tutorial+Guide+to+the+EDSAC+Simulator&rft.pub=University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcs.warwick.ac.uk%2F~edsac%2FSoftware%2FEdsacTG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCIAS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCIAS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurosu,_Masaaki2014" class="citation book cs1">Kurosu, Masaaki, ed. (9 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4W6BQAAQBAJ&q=OXO+game+1952&pg=PA561"><i>Human-Computer Interaction Applications and Services: 16th International Conference, HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014, Proceedings, Part 3</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319072272" title="Special:BookSources/9783319072272"><bdi>9783319072272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human-Computer+Interaction+Applications+and+Services%3A+16th+International+Conference%2C+HCI+International+2014%2C+Heraklion%2C+Crete%2C+Greece%2C+June+22-27%2C+2014%2C+Proceedings%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.isbn=9783319072272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4W6BQAAQBAJ%26q%3DOXO%2Bgame%2B1952%26pg%3DPA561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priest-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priest_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priest_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Alexander (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/2014/01/22/the-priesthood-at-play-computer-games-in-the-1950s/">"The Priesthood At Play: Computer Games in the 1950s"</a>. <i>They Create Worlds</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222172058/https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/2014/01/22/the-priesthood-at-play-computer-games-in-the-1950s/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=They+Create+Worlds&rft.atitle=The+Priesthood+At+Play%3A+Computer+Games+in+the+1950s&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideogamehistorian.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2F22%2Fthe-priesthood-at-play-computer-games-in-the-1950s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCU-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCU_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCU_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyPápay2014" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (30 November 2014). <i>The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15018-7"><bdi>978-0-521-15018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computing+Universe%3A+A+Journey+through+a+Revolution&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15018-7&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=P%C3%A1pay%2C+Gyuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FerChess-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FerChess_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis2013" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary (29 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427185500/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Computer-Chess.htm">"History of Computer Chess and Programmer Dietrich Prinz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/IAC_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="IAC (company)">IAC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Computer-Chess.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Computer+Chess+and+Programmer+Dietrich+Prinz&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Fod%2Fcstartinventions%2Fa%2FComputer-Chess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draughts52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draughts52_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2012" class="citation journal cs1">Link, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpha60.de/research/programming_enter/DavidLink_ProgrammingEnter_ComputerResurrection60_2012.pdf">"Programming ENTER: Christopher Strachey's Draughts Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Resurrection</i> (60). <a href="/wiki/Computer_Conservation_Society" title="Computer Conservation Society">Computer Conservation Society</a>: 23–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resurrection&rft.atitle=Programming+ENTER%3A+Christopher+Strachey%27s+Draughts+Program&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpha60.de%2Fresearch%2Fprogramming_enter%2FDavidLink_ProgrammingEnter_ComputerResurrection60_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVG-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EVG_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2012" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (16 August 2012). <i>Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37936-9"><bdi>978-0-313-37936-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Video+Games%3A+The+Culture%2C+Technology%2C+and+Art+of+Gaming&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37936-9&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVGD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TVGD_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowertQuandt2015" class="citation book cs1">Kowert, Rachel; Quandt, Thorsten (27 August 2015). <i>The Video Game Debate: Unravelling the Physical, Social, and Psychological Effects of Video Games</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83163-6"><bdi>978-1-138-83163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Video+Game+Debate%3A+Unravelling+the+Physical%2C+Social%2C+and+Psychological+Effects+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83163-6&rft.aulast=Kowert&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Quandt%2C+Thorsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OXOabout-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OXOabout_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, D. S. (20 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicgames.about.com/od/computergames/p/OXOProfile.htm">"OXO aka Noughts and Crosses - The First Video Game"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/IAC_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="IAC (company)">IAC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084801/http://classicgames.about.com/od/computergames/p/OXOProfile.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=OXO+aka+Noughts+and+Crosses+-+The+First+Video+Game&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassicgames.about.com%2Fod%2Fcomputergames%2Fp%2FOXOProfile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOXO+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OXO_(video_game)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/25px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/34px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/">The Edsac Simulator — An emulator of the EDSAC developed by Martin Campbell-Kelly that includes <i>OXO</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template talk:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_history_of_video_games_(1947-1971)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a> (1947-1971)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog and lightbulb games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device" title="Cathode-ray tube amusement device">Cathode-ray tube amusement device</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bertie_the_Brain" title="Bertie the Brain">Bertie the Brain</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)" title="Nimrod (computer)">Nimrod</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmonette" title="Carmonette">Carmonette</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hutspiel" title="Hutspiel">Hutspiel</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a></i> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess#History_2" title="Computer chess">Early Chess programs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turochamp" title="Turochamp">Turochamp</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_chess" title="Los Alamos chess">Los Alamos Chess</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotok-McCarthy" title="Kotok-McCarthy">Kotok-McCarthy</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_Hack" title="Mac Hack">Mac Hack</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaissa" title="Kaissa">Kaissa</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Blitz</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_(Northwestern_University)" title="Chess (Northwestern University)">Chess</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OXO</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marienbad_(video_game)" title="Marienbad (video game)">Marienbad</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sumerian_Game" title="The Sumerian Game">The Sumerian Game</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)" title="Hamurabi (video game)">Hamurabi</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(1971_video_game)" title="Star Trek (1971 video game)">Star Trek</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First arcade games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Game" title="Galaxy Game">Galaxy Game</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Addis" title="Mabel Addis">Mabel Addis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Ahl" title="David H. Ahl">David Ahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Makepeace_Bennett" title="John Makepeace Bennett">John Makepeace Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Champernowne" class="mw-redirect" title="David Champernowne">David Champernowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Douglas" title="Sandy Douglas">Sandy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Goldsmith_Jr." title="Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.">Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higinbotham" title="William Higinbotham">William Higinbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kates" title="Josef Kates">Josef Kates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tic-tac-toe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tic-Tac-Toe" title="Template:Tic-Tac-Toe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tic-Tac-Toe" title="Template talk:Tic-Tac-Toe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tic-Tac-Toe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tic-Tac-Toe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tic-tac-toe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">Tic-tac-toe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe_variants" title="Tic-tac-toe variants">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_tic-tac-toe" title="3D tic-tac-toe">3D tic-tac-toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomoku" title="Gomoku">Gomoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notakto" title="Notakto">Notakto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treblecross" title="Treblecross">Treblecross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Scrabble" title="Number Scrabble">Number Scrabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_and_Chaos" title="Order and Chaos">Order and Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pente" title="Pente">Pente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tic-tac-toe" title="Quantum tic-tac-toe">Quantum tic-tac-toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renju" title="Renju">Renju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOS_(paper-and-pencil_game)" title="SOS (paper-and-pencil game)">SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tic-tac-toe" title="Ultimate tic-tac-toe">Ultimate tic-tac-toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_tic-tac-toe" title="Wild tic-tac-toe">Wild tic-tac-toe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tic_tac_toe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frameless"><img alt="Frameless" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tic_tac_toe.svg/120px-Tic_tac_toe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tic_tac_toe.svg/180px-Tic_tac_toe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tic_tac_toe.svg/240px-Tic_tac_toe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M,n,k-game" title="M,n,k-game"><i>m</i>,<i>n</i>,<i>k</i>-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd_game" title="Nd game"><i>n</i><sup><i>d</i></sup> game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplansky%27s_game" title="Kaplansky's game">Kaplansky's game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harary%27s_generalized_tic-tac-toe" title="Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe">Harary's generalized tic-tac-toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hales%E2%80%93Jewett_theorem" title="Hales–Jewett theorem">Hales–Jewett theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy-stealing_argument" title="Strategy-stealing argument">Strategy-stealing argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futile_game" title="Futile game">Futile game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game" title="Paper-and-pencil game">Paper-and-pencil game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris" title="Nine men's morris">Nine men's morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Score Four">Score Four</a> <ul><li>Tic-Stac-Toe</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobblet" title="Gobblet">Gobblet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quarto_(board_game)" title="Quarto (board game)">Quarto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_men%27s_morris" title="Three men's morris">Three men's morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Holes">Nine Holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achi_(game)" title="Achi (game)">Achi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Four" title="Connect Four">Connect Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect6" title="Connect6">Connect6</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toss_Across" title="Toss Across">Toss Across</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentago" title="Pentago">Pentago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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