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--goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg1)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">1</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">No poverty</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Zero hunger" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg2); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg2)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">2</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Zero hunger</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Good health & well-being" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg3); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg3)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">3</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Good health & well-being</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Quality education" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg4); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg4)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">4</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Quality education</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Gender equality" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg5); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg5)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">5</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Gender equality</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Clean water & sanitation" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg6); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg6)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">6</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Clean water & sanitation</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Affordable & clean energy" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg7); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg7)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">7</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Affordable & clean energy</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Decent work & economic growth" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg8); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg8)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">8</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Decent work & economic growth</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm active" alt="Industry, innovation & infrastructure" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg9); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg9)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">9</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Industry, innovation & infrastructure</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Reduced inequalities" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg10); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg10)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">10</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Reduced inequalities</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Sustainable cities & communities" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg11); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg11)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">11</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Sustainable cities & communities</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Responsible consumption & production" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg12); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg12)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">12</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Responsible consumption & production</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Climate action" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg13); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg13)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">13</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Climate action</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Life below water" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg14); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg14)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">14</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Life below water</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Life on land" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg15); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg15)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">15</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Life on land</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Peace, justice & strong institutions" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg16); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg16)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">16</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Peace, justice & strong institutions</span></a></li> <li class="goal-link svelte-9nscjm" alt="Partnerships for the goals" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg17); --goal-text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg17)"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" class="goal-text svelte-9nscjm"><span class="goal-num svelte-9nscjm">17</span><span class="goal-name svelte-9nscjm">Partnerships for the goals</span></a></li> </ul> </nav></div></div></div> </nav> </header> <div class="content-nav svelte-n5348p"><nav class="sdg-nav svelte-1dwpntn"><a class="home svelte-1dwpntn" href="/sdgatlas/"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(288 256)" transform-origin="144 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M575.8 255.5c0 18-15 32.1-32 32.1h-32l.7 160.2c0 2.7-.2 5.4-.5 8.1V472c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H456c-1.1 0-2.2 0-3.3-.1c-1.4 .1-2.8 .1-4.2 .1H416 392c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V448 384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H256c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64 24c0 22.1-17.9 40-40 40H160 128.1c-1.5 0-3-.1-4.5-.2c-1.2 .1-2.4 .2-3.6 .2H104c-22.1 0-40-17.9-40-40V360c0-.9 0-1.9 .1-2.8V287.6H32c-18 0-32-14-32-32.1c0-9 3-17 10-24L266.4 8c7-7 15-8 22-8s15 2 21 7L564.8 231.5c8 7 12 15 11 24z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-288 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a> <p class="explore-sdgs svelte-1dwpntn">Explore<br/>17 SDGs</p> <ul class="svelte-1dwpntn"><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg1); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg1)" alt="No poverty" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="No poverty">1</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">1</span> No poverty </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg2); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg2)" alt="Zero hunger" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Zero hunger">2</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-2-zero-hunger" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">2</span> Zero hunger </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg3); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg3)" alt="Good health & well-being" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Good health & well-being">3</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">3</span> Good health & well-being </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg4); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg4)" alt="Quality education" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Quality education">4</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-4-quality-education" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">4</span> Quality education </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg5); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg5)" alt="Gender equality" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Gender equality">5</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-5-gender-equality" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">5</span> Gender equality </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg6); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg6)" alt="Clean water & sanitation" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Clean water & sanitation">6</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">6</span> Clean water & sanitation </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg7); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg7)" alt="Affordable & clean energy" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Affordable & clean energy">7</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">7</span> Affordable & clean energy </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg8); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg8)" alt="Decent work & economic growth" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Decent work & economic growth">8</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">8</span> Decent work & economic growth </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg9); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg9)" alt="Industry, innovation & infrastructure" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Industry, innovation & infrastructure">9</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">9</span> Industry, innovation & infrastructure </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg10); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg10)" alt="Reduced inequalities" class="svelte-1dwpntn active"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Reduced inequalities">10</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-10-reduced-inequalities" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">10</span> Reduced inequalities </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg11); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg11)" alt="Sustainable cities & communities" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Sustainable cities & communities">11</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">11</span> Sustainable cities & communities </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg12); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg12)" alt="Responsible consumption & production" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Responsible consumption & production">12</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">12</span> Responsible consumption & production </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg13); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg13)" alt="Climate action" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Climate action">13</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-13-climate-action" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">13</span> Climate action </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg14); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg14)" alt="Life below water" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Life below water">14</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-14-life-below-water" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">14</span> Life below water </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg15); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg15)" alt="Life on land" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Life on land">15</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-15-life-on-land" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">15</span> Life on land </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg16); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg16)" alt="Peace, justice & strong institutions" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Peace, justice & strong institutions">16</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">16</span> Peace, justice & strong institutions </p></a> </li><li style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg17); --text-color: var(--color-un-text-sdg17)" alt="Partnerships for the goals" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" class="goal-number-static svelte-1dwpntn" aria-label="Partnerships for the goals">17</a> <a href="/sdgatlas/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals" aria-hidden="true" class="svelte-1dwpntn"><p class="pill svelte-1dwpntn" aria-hidden="true"><span class="goal-number svelte-1dwpntn">17</span> Partnerships for the goals </p></a> </li></ul></nav> <div class="content svelte-n5348p"><div name="top" class="banner svelte-7ufapi" style="--goal-color: var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="text svelte-7ufapi"><div class="title-container svelte-7ufapi"><div class="goal-title svelte-7ufapi"><p class="goal svelte-7ufapi">10</p> <h1 class="title svelte-7ufapi">Reduced inequalities</h1></div> <h2 class="story-title svelte-7ufapi">Progress and setbacks in reducing income inequalities</h2></div> <div class="globe-container svelte-h97fkp" style="--globe-width: 0px; --max-globe-width: 520px"><div class="globier-container svelte-h97fkp"> <div class="value-container svelte-h97fkp"><p class="reference-label svelte-h97fkp">Worldwide</p> <div class="reference-value"></div> <p class="ref-data-description svelte-h97fkp"></p> </div></div> <div class="legend-container svelte-h97fkp"></div> </div> <div class="intro-container svelte-7ufapi"><p class="intro svelte-7ufapi">[goal: 10] is aimed at creating a more equitable world. Global inequality had been declining for decades before the arrival of COVID-19: the Gini index dropped from about 70 in 1990 to 62 in 2019. The pandemic, however, resulted in the largest increase in global inequality in three decades.</p> <div class="container intro svelte-1v47ieh" style="--sdg-color: var(--goal-color); --sdg-text-color : var(--color-un-text-sdg10"><span class="sdg-target svelte-1v47ieh">SDG Targets</span> covered in this story: <div class="summary svelte-1v47ieh"><span class="goal-target svelte-1v47ieh"><span class="goal">10.</span><span class="target">4</span></span> </div> </div></div></div></div> <a href="#page-start"><p class="read svelte-7ufapi">↓ Read the full story</p></a> <div class="banner-bottom svelte-7ufapi"><div class="logos svelte-7ufapi"><img title="logo" alt="SDG fund logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/SDG-Fund-Logo.svg" class="svelte-7ufapi"> <img title="logo" alt="World Development Indicators Logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/WDI-Logo.svg" class="svelte-7ufapi"> <img title="logo" alt="KDI School Logo" src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/KDI-School-Logo.png" class="svelte-7ufapi"></div> </div> <a name="page-start"></a> <div class="inner-content svelte-n5348p loading"><div class="empty svelte-n5348p"><div class="loading-container svelte-n5348p"><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c0"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">[goal: 10] calls for reducing inequalities from several perspectives. This story will focus on income inequality as measured by the Gini index, an indicator of [target: 10.4] .[reference: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2017. [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202022%20refinement_Eng.pdf Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.] A/RES/71/313.]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c1"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Gini indices measure inequality on a scale from zero, indicating perfect equality, to 100, indicating one person having all resources. Countries’ income Ginis typically lie within a range of 25 to 60.[footnote: Some countries measure inequality using incomes while others use consumption expenditures. For simplicity both types of Ginis are referred to here as income Ginis or simply as Ginis without reference to either income or consumption. Income Ginis are typically higher than consumption Ginis.] The lowest Gini currently observed is 23 in Slovakia, while the highest is 63 in South Africa.[reference: World Bank. 2023. [link: https://pip.worldbank.org/ Poverty and Inequality Platform] (version 20230328_2017_01_02_PROD) [Data set] and World Development Indicators (SI.POV.GINI).]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c2"></a> <div class="gini_world vis-container main svelte-x9jmks" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Inequalities around the world vary greatly</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Gini index of income or consumption, latest estimate available</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Beeswarm of Gini indices around the world, showing that inequalities tend to be higher in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America & Caribbean."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Inequalities around the world vary greatly" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal10/goal10.global_gini.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://pip.worldbank.org/ World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform]. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI SI.POV.GINI]).</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c3"></a> <div class="factoid layout-main svelte-1hb5n"><div class="fact svelte-1hb5n"><h2 class="title svelte-1hb5n">The global Gini</h2> <h1 class="number svelte-1hb5n">62</h1> <p class="label svelte-1hb5n">in 2019</p></div> <div class="text svelte-1hb5n"><div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Ginis can also be calculated globally. The global Gini pools all people of the world together, adjusts their incomes for differences in purchasing power, and evaluates how far their incomes are from each other. This accounts for inequality within and among countries.</div></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c4"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Inequality <i>within</i> countries concerns the degree to which individuals’ incomes in a country differ from each other while inequality <i>between</i> countries concerns the degree to which countries’ average incomes differ from each other. In Malawi, for example, average consumption in 2019 was less than $1,000 compared to more than $30,000 in the United States.[reference: World Bank. 2023. [link: https://pip.worldbank.org/ Poverty and Inequality Platform] (version 20230328_2017_01_02_PROD) [Data set] and World Development Indicators (SI.SPR.PCAP).] Because of the large differences in average incomes between countries, the global Gini tends to be higher than those in individual countries. In 2019, the global Gini was 62.[reference: World Bank. 2022. [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course.] Washington, DC.][reference: Mahler, Daniel Gerszon ⓡ Nishant Yonzan ⓡ Christoph Lakner. 2022. [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38114 The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Inequality and Poverty.] Policy Research Working Paper 10198. World Bank, Washington, DC.]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c5"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="goal10_gini_linechart vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Global inequality declined until 2020 at which point the pandemic reversed the trend</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Global Gini index</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Line chart showing that the global Gini index fell from 1990 to 2019 but increased in 2020 due to the pandemic."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Global inequality declined until 2020 at which point the pandemic reversed the trend" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal10/goal10.global_gini_time.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report: Correcting Course] and [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38114 Mahler ⓡ al. (2022)].</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c5s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">The <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-WLD)">global Gini</span> has [emphasis: fallen since 1990], from about [emphasis: 70] in 1990 to [emphasis: 62 in 2019], which represents significant progress in reducing global inequality. </div> </div><a name="c5s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">This global progress might be surprising because inequality has risen in many western countries. In <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-ECS)">Sweden</span>, for example, the Gini [emphasis: increased from 25 to 29] from 2003 to 2019. </div> </div><a name="c5s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">But at the same time, inequality has fallen in many other countries. In <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-LCN)">Paraguay</span>, the Gini [emphasis: fell from 55 to 46] during the same time period. </div> </div><a name="c5s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">In addition, poorer countries have generally grown faster than richer countries, decreasing inequality between countries, which helps explain why the global Gini has declined. </div> </div><a name="c5s4"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Before the pandemic, World Bank projections suggested that the trend of declining inequality would continue. Unfortunately, [emphasis: because of the pandemic], in 2020 the world witnessed the [emphasis: largest increase] in <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-region-WLD)">global inequality</span> [emphasis: since 1990]. </div> </div><a name="c5s5"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">This becomes more evident if one looks at the [emphasis: annual changes] in the global Gini. </div> </div><a name="c5s6"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">[emphasis: 2020] stands out as the year with the <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-binary-neg)">largest increase</span> in the Gini since 1990. [emphasis: Compared to the projections] conducted prior to the pandemic, the global Gini [emphasis: increased by 0.7] in 2020. </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report: Correcting Course] and [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38114 Mahler ⓡ al. (2022)].</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c6"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">An increase in the global Gini of 0.7 may seem like a minor change. What does it mean for a Gini index to change by this amount?</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c7"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">Interpreting Gini indices </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c8"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="goal10_beeswarm_explorer vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">Distribution of consumption in Belarus and Namibia</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Annual consumption per capita (2017 USD)</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Beeswarm showing the distribution of consumption per capita in Belarus and Namibia in dollars per year and explain how the Gini index can be derived."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-Distribution of consumption in Belarus and Namibia" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal10/goal10.belarus_namibia.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://pip.worldbank.org/ World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform].</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c8s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Let’s look at two countries, [emphasis: Belarus and Namibia], and reduce the entire distributions of these two countries to <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-base-pink600)">100 percentiles</span>, which can be thought of as 100 people, each represented by a dot. Intuitively, inequality says something about how far these dots are from each other – how far people’s incomes or consumption levels are from each other. </div> </div><a name="c8s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Yet what matters is [emphasis: not the <i>absolute</i> distance between the dots]. If that were the case, inequality would change if individuals’ income or consumption were measured annually instead of monthly. Since the annual amounts are larger, there would be larger absolute differences between individuals. </div> </div><a name="c8s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">What matters is [emphasis: how far individuals are from each other in <i>relative</i> terms], or how much one has relative to others. As a result, we can rescale the vertical axis and express how much each person has compared with the average. </div> </div><a name="c8s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Suppose we pick two people in Namibia and ask how much would one need to transfer <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-binary-neg)">from the richer</span> of the two <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-binary-pos)">to the poorer</span> to make them equal? </div> </div><a name="c8s4"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">In the case of these two people, it turns out to be around [emphasis: 557.8%] of the mean consumption. We can continue randomly selecting two people and determine how much we would need to [emphasis: transfer from the rich to the poor to make them equal]. </div> </div><a name="c8s5"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div><a name="c8s6"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Now imagine repeating this process continually. The average share of mean consumption that needs to be transferred to make two people equal gives you the Gini index. For [emphasis: Namibia] it is about [emphasis: 59] while for [emphasis: Belarus], it is about [emphasis: 25]. Hence, [emphasis: Namibia is more unequal] than Belarus. </div> </div><a name="c8s7"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: https://pip.worldbank.org/ World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform].</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c9"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">We can now interpret the increase in the global Gini of 0.7 caused by the pandemic. It means that the expected transfer to make two people equal requires 0.7 percent more of the average global income. Based on an average income of about $6,000 in 2020, this means it now takes $42 more to make two people equal. Though this may seem small, it represents more than a week’s income for more than 40 percent of the world’s population.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c10"></a> <div class="subhed layout-main svelte-allwnz" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><h2 class="svelte-allwnz">What drove the increase in the global Gini in 2020? </h2> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c11"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">This increase in global inequality in 2020 could be driven by (1) poorer countries suffering more economically during the pandemic or (2) by poorer people within countries being harmed disproportionately by the pandemic compared with their wealthier peers.</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c12"></a> <div class="side-by-side layout-full light default svelte-bkupxm" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="scroller-container svelte-bkupxm"> <svelte-scroller-outer class="svelte-17jy5yq"><svelte-scroller-background-container class="background-container svelte-17jy5yq" style=" position: absolute; /* override with sticky if supported: */ position: sticky; top: 0; transform: translate(0, 0px); z-index: 1; "><svelte-scroller-background class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="left svelte-bkupxm" slot="background"><div class="gini_covid_plot vis-container svelte-x9jmks in-scroller" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)"><div class="internal-container svelte-x9jmks"><div class="title-container svelte-x9jmks"><h1 class="svelte-x9jmks">What drove the increase in the global Gini in 2020?</h1> <h2 class="svelte-x9jmks">Change in mean income in 2020 due to COVID by income level</h2></div> <div class="vis svelte-x9jmks" role="img" aria-label="Country-level scatter plot of change in mean income in 2020 due to COVID against mean income, showing that middle-income countries were the worst affected economically."><div class="loading svelte-1vykx8k" style="min-height: 60vh;"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/images/tail-spin.svg" alt="Loading" class="svelte-1vykx8k"> <div style="display: flex"><div style="width: 75%"></div> <div style="width: 25%"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="source svelte-x9jmks"><span class="note svelte-x9jmks">Note: The dashed line is a linear fitted line. The changes in 2020 due to COVID-19 indicate the outcome in 2020 contrasted with an estimate of what would have happened to incomes in 2020 had COVID-19 not occurred.</span> <span class="download-share svelte-x9jmks"><span class="download svelte-x9jmks borderless"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" data-customlink="download:vis-data-What drove the increase in the global Gini in 2020?" href="/sdgatlas/data/goal10/goal10.covid.csv" aria-label="Download Data"><span aria-hidden="true">Data</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="download svelte-x9jmks"><a class="download-icon svelte-x9jmks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Download Image"><span aria-hidden="true">Image</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span> <span class="share svelte-x9jmks"><a alt="Copy link to clipboard"><span aria-hidden="true">Copy Link</span><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 640 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(320 256)" transform-origin="160 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M562.8 267.7c56.5-56.5 56.5-148 0-204.5c-50-50-128.8-56.5-186.3-15.4l-1.6 1.1c-14.4 10.3-17.7 30.3-7.4 44.6s30.3 17.7 44.6 7.4l1.6-1.1c32.1-22.9 76-19.3 103.8 8.6c31.5 31.5 31.5 82.5 0 114L405.3 334.8c-31.5 31.5-82.5 31.5-114 0c-27.9-27.9-31.5-71.8-8.6-103.8l1.1-1.6c10.3-14.4 6.9-34.4-7.4-44.6s-34.4-6.9-44.6 7.4l-1.1 1.6C189.5 251.2 196 330 246 380c56.5 56.5 148 56.5 204.5 0L562.8 267.7zM43.2 244.3c-56.5 56.5-56.5 148 0 204.5c50 50 128.8 56.5 186.3 15.4l1.6-1.1c14.4-10.3 17.7-30.3 7.4-44.6s-30.3-17.7-44.6-7.4l-1.6 1.1c-32.1 22.9-76 19.3-103.8-8.6C57 372 57 321 88.5 289.5L200.7 177.2c31.5-31.5 82.5-31.5 114 0c27.9 27.9 31.5 71.8 8.6 103.9l-1.1 1.6c-10.3 14.4-6.9 34.4 7.4 44.6s34.4 6.9 44.6-7.4l1.1-1.6C416.5 260.8 410 182 360 132c-56.5-56.5-148-56.5-204.5 0L43.2 244.3z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-320 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></a></span></span> </div> <p class="source-text svelte-x9jmks">Source: [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report: Correcting Course], [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38114 Mahler ⓡ al. (2022)], and [link: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Fiscal-Policies-Database-in-Response-to-COVID-19 IMF Database of Fiscal Policy Responses to COVID-19].</p></div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-background></svelte-scroller-background-container> <svelte-scroller-foreground class="svelte-17jy5yq"><div class="right svelte-bkupxm" slot="foreground"><div class="right-inner svelte-bkupxm"><a name="c12s0"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">The increase in global inequality was driven by <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-income-low)">poorer countries</span> taking a bigger economic hit from the pandemic than <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-income-high)">richer countries</span>. In particular, <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-income-upper-middle)">middle-income countries</span> on average saw [emphasis: large negative shocks to average incomes]. Of all regions, South Asia saw the largest drop in 2020 incomes compared to what was expected before the pandemic.[reference: World Bank. 2023. [chapterlink: 8 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals, Chapter 8.] Washington, DC.] </div> </div><a name="c12s1"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">When looking at inequality within countries, there is no clear pattern. In some countries inequality increased, but in others, particularly <span class="highlighted" style="--highlight-color: var(--color-vis-income-high)">rich countries</span>, [emphasis: inequality fell]. Hence, we cannot say that poorer individuals within countries were systematically more economically harmed by the pandemic. In Brazil, for example, inequality fell, while in neighbouring Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, inequality increased. </div> </div><a name="c12s2"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">There are many reasons why some countries saw inequality increase in 2020 and others saw declines. One factor relates to [target: 10.4], the response of governments, particularly their [emphasis: ability to deliver social protection to the poor]. </div> </div><a name="c12s3"></a> <div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="scene svelte-fa5lga"><div class="content svelte-fa5lga" style="--goal-color : var(--color-un-sdg10)">Countries that [emphasis: responded to the pandemic by ramping up social spending] and/or by cutting taxes to help the most vulnerable often saw [emphasis: inequality decrease], while the opposite is often the case for those with little or no fiscal response. In the United States, for example, inequality in pre-tax incomes increased from 2019 to 2020, but due to progressive stimulus payments and tax credits, after-tax income inequality fell.[reference: Shrider, Emily A., Melissa Kollar, Frances Chen, and Jessica Semega. 2021. [link: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020]. U.S. Government Publishing Office. Washington, DC.] </div> </div> </div></div></svelte-scroller-foreground> </svelte-scroller-outer> <p class="source-text svelte-bkupxm">Source: [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report: Correcting Course], [link: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/38114 Mahler ⓡ al. (2022)], and [link: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Fiscal-Policies-Database-in-Response-to-COVID-19 IMF Database of Fiscal Policy Responses to COVID-19].</p></div> </div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c13"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Reducing global inequality requires that the poorest nations close the gap with the wealthier ones and that the poorest people within each nation catch up with their less poor neighbours. This necessitates promoting universal, social, and political inclusion, in line with [target: 10.2], and ensuring equal opportunities and ending discrimination, in line with [target: 10.3].</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c14"></a> <div class="text-block layout-main svelte-qvzwez">Progress in other SDGs can also help. For example, if children get quality education, in line with [goal: 4], or if women are allowed to participate fully and equally in societies, in line with [goal: 5], then current and future income inequality will decline. Reducing inequality can also have positive spillovers on other SDGs, such as curbing poverty ([target: 1.1]) while containing climate change ([target: 13.2]).[reference: World Bank. 2023. [chapterlink: 1 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals, Chapter 1.] Washington, DC.]</div><div class="observer navigation-highlights svelte-n5348p"></div> <div class="observer loading svelte-n5348p"></div> <a name="c15"></a> <div class="supplementary content-full svelte-s728h6" style="--sdg-color: var(--color-un-sdg10)"><hr class="svelte-s728h6"> <h1 class="layout-content svelte-s728h6">Learn more about SDG 10</h1> <p class="desc-text svelte-s728h6">In the charts below you can find more facts about SDG {activeGoal} targets, which are not covered in this story. The data for these graphics is derived from official UN data sources.</p> <div class="overlay-graphic svelte-cy315q"><div class="header svelte-cy315q"><p class="target svelte-cy315q"><span class="goal-target">SDG target</span> 10.7</p> <div class="close-button svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;font-size:.75em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(160 256)" transform-origin="80 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M310.6 150.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L160 210.7 54.6 105.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L114.7 256 9.4 361.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L160 301.3 265.4 406.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L205.3 256 310.6 150.6z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-160 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></div></div> <div class="title-container svelte-cy315q"><h1 class="svelte-cy315q">Most refugees originate from and are hosted by low-income and lower middle-income countries</h1> <h2 class="svelte-cy315q">Refugees by area of origin and destination by income, 2000-2021 (in millions)</h2></div> <div class="graphic svelte-cy315q"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/supplementary/en/goal10/sdg10_refugee_by_origin_dest.png" class="svelte-cy315q"></div> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="note svelte-cy315q">* The total count includes all refugees under the mandate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In addition, there are about 6 million refugees under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).</p> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="source svelte-cy315q"><span class="source-text">Source: UNHCR, [link: unhcr.org/refugee-statistics Refugee Data Finder] and World Development Indicators, World Bank ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REG.OR SM.POP.REFG.OR]).</span> <span class="download svelte-cy315q">DOWNLOAD <span class="download-icon svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></p> </div><div class="overlay-graphic svelte-cy315q"><div class="header svelte-cy315q"><p class="target svelte-cy315q"><span class="goal-target">SDG target</span> 10.c</p> <div class="close-button svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;font-size:.75em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 320 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(160 256)" transform-origin="80 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M310.6 150.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L160 210.7 54.6 105.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L114.7 256 9.4 361.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L160 301.3 265.4 406.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L205.3 256 310.6 150.6z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-160 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></div></div> <div class="title-container svelte-cy315q"><h1 class="svelte-cy315q">The cost of sending remittances remain well above the SDG target of 3 percent in most countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa</h1> <h2 class="svelte-cy315q">Average transaction cost of sending remittances (%)</h2></div> <div class="graphic svelte-cy315q"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/supplementary/en/goal10/sdg10_remittance.png" class="svelte-cy315q"></div> <hr class="svelte-cy315q"> <p class="source svelte-cy315q"><span class="source-text">Source: Remittance Prices Worldwide. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.RMT.COST.IB.ZS SI.RMT.COST.IB.ZS]).</span> <span class="download svelte-cy315q">DOWNLOAD <span class="download-icon svelte-cy315q"><svg class="svelte-fa svelte-1cj2gr0" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-.125em;transform-origin:center;overflow:visible" viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="translate(256 256)" transform-origin="128 0"><g transform="translate(0,0) scale(1,1)"><path d="M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z" fill="currentColor" transform="translate(-256 -256)"></path></g></g></svg></span></span></p> </div> <div class="overlay-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="overlay-background svelte-wtx5ir"></div> <div class="cards-and-buttons svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon svelte-wtx5ir" style="background-image: url(/sdgatlas/assets/icons/arrow-left.svg)"></div></div> <div class="icon-container svelte-wtx5ir"><div class="icon svelte-wtx5ir" style="background-image: url(/sdgatlas/assets/icons/arrow-right.svg)"></div></div></div> </div> </div></div> <footer class="simplified-footer loop"><div class="row full-row-footer-components"><div class="container"><div class="lp__footer_top"></div> <div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__footer_bottom"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-7 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__listinline"><ul><li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal">Legal</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/site-accessibility">Site Accessibility</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/access-to-information">Access to Information</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/careers">Jobs</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/contacts">Contact</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><div class="lp__footer_fraud"><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/scams">SCAM ALERT</a></li> <li><a href="https://wbgcmsprod.microsoftcrmportals.com/en-US/anonymous-users/int-fraud-management/create-new-complaint/">REPORT FRAUD OR CORRUPTION</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="row full-row-footer-black-components"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="lp__footer_bottom_left"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org"><img src="/sdgatlas/assets/external/loop-header-footer/img/logo-wbg-footer-en.svg" class="footer-logo" title="World Bank Group logo" alt="World Bank Group logo"></a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd">IBRD</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Development Association" href="https://ida.worldbank.org/">IDA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Finance Corporation" href="https://www.ifc.org">IFC</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" href="https://www.miga.org/">MIGA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes" href="https://icsid.worldbank.org">ICSID</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="lp__copyright"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">© <span id="footer-year"></span> <script language="JavaScript">var time = new Date(); var year = time.getYear(); if (year < 2000) year = year + 1900; document.getElementById('footer-year').innerHTML = year; // End --> </script> The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved.</div></div> </div></div></div></footer> </div> </div></main> </div> <script> { __sveltekit_13763bo = { env: {}, assets: "/sdgatlas", base: "/sdgatlas", element: document.currentScript.parentElement }; const data = [null,null,null]; Promise.all([ import("/sdgatlas/_app/immutable/entry/start.963d1eb7.js"), import("/sdgatlas/_app/immutable/entry/app.8bc21f39.js") ]).then(([kit, app]) => { kit.start(app, __sveltekit_13763bo.element, { node_ids: [0, 2, 4], data, form: null, error: null }); }); } </script> </div> </body> </html>