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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Triggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Risk factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-transplant_malignancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-transplant_malignancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Post-transplant malignancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-transplant_malignancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photoradiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photoradiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Photoradiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photoradiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperthermia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperthermia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hyperthermia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperthermia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chemotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="خباثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خباثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="ম্যালিগন্যান্সি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যালিগন্যান্সি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐྲན་ངན་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྲན་ངན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignost" title="Malignost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malignost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malign" title="Malign – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malign" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignit%C3%A4t" title="Malignität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malignität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignidad" title="Malignidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malignidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بدخیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدخیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignidade" title="Malignidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Malignidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maligna" title="Maligna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maligna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignus" title="Malignus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malignus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maligne" title="Maligne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maligne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="म्यालिग्नेन्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्यालिग्नेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D" title="悪性腫瘍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪性腫瘍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignitet" title="Malignitet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Malignitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_z%C5%82o%C5%9Bliwa" title="Choroba złośliwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba złośliwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignidade" title="Malignidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malignidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Опухолевые клетки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опухолевые клетки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant" title="Malignant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malignant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignost" title="Malignost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Malignost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Малигни (медицина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малигни (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maligni_(medicina)" title="Maligni (medicina) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maligni (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangas" title="Gangas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gangas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malign" title="Malign – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malign" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="మాలిగ్నెన్సీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాలిగ్నెన్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignite" title="Malignite – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malignite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عنادی سرطان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عنادی سرطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7" title="恶性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恶性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1483951#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Malignancy_(band)" title="Malignancy (band)">Malignancy (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Malignant" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Malignant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Malignant (disambiguation)">Malignant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Malignancy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a>, malignant <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasm</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg/220px-Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg/330px-Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg/440px-Types_of_tumor_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span style="font-size:85%;">Malignant tumor (<i>right</i>) spreads uncontrollably and invades the surrounding tissues; benign tumor (<i>left</i>) remains self-contained from neighbouring tissue</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fatigue, lump(s), change in skin, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Smoking, sun exposure, genetics—history of malignancy, solid organ transplantation (post-transplant malignancy), <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Photoradiation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoradiation therapy">Photoradiation therapy</a>, surgery, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, hyperthermia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">442.4 per 100,000 per year <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">~10 million per year <sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Cancer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Cancer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Malignancy</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> male</i> 'badly' and <i> -gnus</i> 'born') is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. </p><p>A <i>malignant</i> tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor"><i><b>benign</b></i> tumor</a> in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumor</a> has none of those properties, but may still be harmful to health. The term <b>benign</b> in more general medical use characterizes a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.e. does not spread to other parts of the body or invade nearby tissue. Sometimes the term is used to suggest that a condition is not dangerous or serious.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malignancy in cancers is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Anaplasia" title="Anaplasia">anaplasia</a>, invasiveness, and <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malignant tumors are also characterized by <a href="/wiki/Genome_instability" title="Genome instability">genome instability</a>, so that cancers, as assessed by <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a>, frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23178448_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23178448-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cancers usually show <a href="/wiki/Tumour_heterogeneity" title="Tumour heterogeneity">tumour heterogeneity</a>, containing multiple subclones.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23002210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23002210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics#DNA_repair_epigenetics_in_cancer" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> methylation of DNA repair genes or altered <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA#DNA_repair_and_cancer" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a> that control DNA repair gene expression. </p><p>Tumours can be detected through the visualisation or sensation of a lump on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazier_2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazier_2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where there is no obvious representation of a lump, a <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammogram</a> or an <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI test</a> can be used to determine the presence of a tumour.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazier_2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazier_2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of an existing tumour, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> would then be required to make a diagnosis and distinguish whether the tumour is malignant or benign.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazier_2019_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazier_2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves examination of a small sample of the tissue in a laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazier_2019_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazier_2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If detected as a malignant tumour, treatment is necessary; treatment during early stages is most effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazier_2019_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazier_2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of treatment include chemotherapy, surgery, photoradiation, and hyperthermia, amongst various others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When malignant cells form, symptoms do not typically appear until there has been a significant growth of the mass. Once signs and symptoms do arise, they are dependent on the location, size and type of malignancy. Usually, it is quite general and can be associated with other illnesses or diseases and thus, can be difficult to diagnose or can be misdiagnosed. </p><p>Signs include observable or measurable aspects such as weight loss (without trying), a fever or unusual bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Signs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Signs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, symptoms are felt internally by the individual such as fatigue or changes in appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Signs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Signs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general list of common signs and symptoms includes pain (headaches or bone aches), skin changes (new moles or bumps), coughing and unusual bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also signs and symptoms specific to females including belly pain and bloating or breast changes i.e., the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Breast_mass" title="Breast mass">lump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs and symptoms specific to males include pain or growths in the scrotum or difficulty urinating.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malignant cells often evolve due to a combination of reasons rather than one definitive reason. Reasons which can explain their development include genetics and family history, triggers such as infectious diseases, and exposure to risk factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triggers">Triggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Triggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a> play a role in the development of malignancy, with agents of infectious disease being able to produce a multitude of malignant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include bacterial causes, fungal and parasitic causes and, viral causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_1999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and similar <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> have the ability to form an environment within states of chronic inflammation which gives rise to oncogenic potential.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_1999_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viral agents are able to assist the formation of malignant tumours due to a mechanism of cell transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_1999_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cell transformation can occur through either "DNA integration or cellular-DNA alteration of growth regulator genes".<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_1999_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan_1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a> can also play a role in triggering malignancy as it can promote stages of tumour formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Greten_2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greten_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main purpose of inflammation is to repair tissue, defend the body against pathogens and regenerate cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Greten_2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greten_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, inflammatory cells can also interact with malignant cells to form an inflammatory tumour <a href="/wiki/Microenvironment_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microenvironment (biology)">microenvironment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greten_2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greten_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This environment increases the likelihood of forming malignant cells through blockage of anti-tumour immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-Greten_2019_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greten_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once this occurs, the inflammatory tumour microenvironment begins to send out tumour-promoting signals to <a href="/wiki/Epithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial">epithelial</a> cells, triggering the formation of malignant cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Greten_2019_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greten_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional risk factors of developing malignancy include smoking, sun exposure and, having a history of cancer in the family. Other risk factors include developing post-transplant malignancy which occurs subsequent to solid <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-transplant_malignancy">Post-transplant malignancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-transplant malignancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals who undergo organ transplant surgery have an increased risk of developing malignancy in comparison to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common form of malignancy being "<a href="/wiki/Nonmelanoma_skin_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmelanoma skin cancer">nonmelanoma skin cancer</a> and, posttransplant <a href="/wiki/Lymphoproliferative_disorders" title="Lymphoproliferative disorders">lymphoproliferative disorders</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_2018_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different types of malignancy developed post-transplant depend on which organ was transplanted.<sup id="cite_ref-Collett_2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collett_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is linked to recipients being at a higher risk when exposed to traditional risk factors as well as, the type and intensity of the operation, the duration of their <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> post-operation and, the risk of developing oncogenic viral infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_2018_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various treatment forms available to help manage malignancy. Common treatments include <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer surgery">surgical</a> procedures. Photoradiation and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a> are also used as treatment forms to kill or reduce malignant cells. A large portion of patients are at risk of death when diagnosed with malignancy as the disease has usually progressed for a number of years before detection.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surgery can help manage or treat malignancy by either removing the tumour, localising it and/or determining whether there has been a spread to other organs.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_How_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery_How-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When undertaking surgery for malignancy, there are six major objectives which are considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include "prevention of cancer, diagnosis and staging of disease, disease cure, tumour debulking, symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation".<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surgical prevention of cancer largely consists of removing the organ at risk of developing malignancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would occur if an individual is predisposed to the formation of malignant cells as a result of inherited <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutations">genetic mutations</a> and, acquired diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surgical diagnosis of malignancy involves completing a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process requires a sufficient amount of tissue to make a confident diagnosis and, the handling of specimen to expand information provided from testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biopsies are categorised into four different processes: "fine-needle aspirate (FNA), core needle, incisional and, excisional".<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curative surgery (also known as primary surgery) can be conducted when the malignant tumour has only invaded one area of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_How_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery_How-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective is to remove the entirety of the malignant cells without violating the tumour; if the tumour is violated, the risk of both tumour spillage and wound implantation would increase.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASCO_Surgery_How_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCO_Surgery_How-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surgical procedure of tumour debulking can be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of postoperative forms of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation do not play a role in controlling or reducing malignancy growth rather, they increase the patient's quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue_2008_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photoradiation">Photoradiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Photoradiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hematoporphyrin" title="Hematoporphyrin">Hematoporphyrin derivative</a> (HPD) is a drug which was developed to be absorbed by malignant cells and only becomes active when exposed to light.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly used to identify and localise cancers as when it is under activation of blue light the red fluorescence of the malignant tumour (due to the HPD) can be observed easily.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of HPD with red light (photoradiation) has been used on various malignant tumours including malignant <a href="/wiki/Melanomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanomas">melanomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinomas">carcinomas</a> on a range of different organs including the breast and colon.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of treatment produces a <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">singlet oxygen</a> through the photodynamic process;<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the oxygen molecule exists in an electronically excited state.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singlet oxygen is a cytotoxic agent <sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which holds the ability to eradicate malignant cells by preventing both <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein synthesis">protein synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment process also utilises HPD's capability of accumulating at higher levels in malignant tissues compared to most other tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of deeply pigmented or larger tumours, a stronger course of this treatment process is required in order to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_1978_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty_1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hyperthermia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malignancy can be treated through the use of hyperthermia by applying either surgical perfusion or interstitial techniques to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophi_1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophi_1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of this treatment type largely depends on the fact that malignant and normal cells have differing responses to the energy source used.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophi_1998_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophi_1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dependency is due to the intracellular changes which occur during hyperthermia; as the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> within each cell is affected indirectly and/or through multiple pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophi_1998_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophi_1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of these intracellular changes means there is no specific target of cell death in the hyperthermic process.<sup id="cite_ref-Christophi_1998_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christophi_1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a> is commonly used as either the primary treatment or in conjunction with other treatment forms such as radiotherapy or surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazzario_2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazzario_2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be administered through "injection, intra-arterial (IA), <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a> (IP), <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a> (IT), <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> (IV), topical or oral".<sup id="cite_ref-Nazzario_2021_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazzario_2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of chemotherapy is to use <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic agents">cytotoxic agents</a> which kill rapidly dividing cells within the body.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It targets the cellular mechanisms which allow the development of malignancy throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no specific areas which are targeted and so, there is a lack of differentiation between normal and malignant cells,<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_2011_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a range of side effects. This includes <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_suppression" title="Bone marrow suppression">bone marrow suppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> problems and <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some side effects are specific to the anticancer drug used, the most common being bone marrow suppression as bone marrow has the ability to divide rapidly due to high growth fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2009_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because anticancer drugs have the highest activity in high growth fraction tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_2009_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkylating agents">Alkylating agents</a> are used in chemotherapy as these are chemically reactive drugs which form <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> when reacting with DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_2011_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in breaks within DNA strands causing either inter-strand or intra-strand DNA cross-linking.<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_2011_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sub-classes of alkylating agents are "<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustards" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen mustards">nitrogen mustards</a>, oxazaphosphorines, alkyl alkane, sulphonates, <a href="/wiki/Nitrosoureas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosoureas">nitrosoureas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrazines">tetrazines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aziridines" title="Aziridines">aziridines</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Lind_2011_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lind_2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malignancy has been a constant global health concern for a number of years, resulting in significant social and economic impacts on individuals with malignancy and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of developing malignancy is 20.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 18 million patients were diagnosed with a malignant tumour with lung, breast and prostate being the most common form.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there were approximately 10 million mortalities due to cancer in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Cancer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Cancer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, there is an overall trend which demonstrated that malignant mortality has increased by 28% over the past 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in comparison to other forms of cancer, with the leading cause of development due to smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of smokers in China is rapidly increasing with tobacco killing approximately 3000 people each day.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender_2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagnosis of lung cancer is most common within the 50–59-year age bracket.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2020 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Cancer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Cancer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In those aged 14 or younger, <a href="/wiki/Leukaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukaemia">leukaemia</a> is the most frequent form of malignancy with the brain and nervous system subsequent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals account for approximately 1% of the cancer mortality rate – about 110,000 children each year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15–49-year-old age bracket the most common form of malignancy is <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> with <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> following.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, those aged 60 and over mainly develop <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver</a> malignancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattiuzzi_2019_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattiuzzi_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uses of "malignant" in <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a> include: </p> <ul><li><i>Malignancy</i>, <i>malignant neoplasm</i> and <i>malignant tumor</i> are synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a></li> <li><i>Malignant <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malignant_transformation" title="Malignant transformation">Malignant transformation</a></i></li></ul> <p>Non-oncologic disorders referred to as "malignant" include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malignant_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant hypertension">Malignant hypertension</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia" title="Malignant hyperthermia">Malignant hyperthermia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otitis_externa#Complications" title="Otitis externa">Malignant otitis externa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaria#Signs_and_complications" title="Malaria">Malignant tertian malaria</a></i> (malaria caused specifically by <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/malignancy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/malignancy">malignancy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">Precancerous condition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malignancy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2020_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://ourworldindata.org/cancer#citation">"Cancer"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Cancer&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Roser+M&rft.au=Ritchie+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fcancer%23citation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalignancy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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