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<span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Marriage and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accomplishments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accomplishments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>East and West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy and tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="كارتيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارتيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88" title="카르티니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르티니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B9)" title="Կարտինի (հասարակական գործիչ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարտինի (հասարակական գործիչ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="കാർട്ടിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർട്ടിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._Kartini" title="R.A. Kartini – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="R.A. Kartini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B" title="カルティニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルティニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Картини – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картини" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden_Ajeng_Kartini" title="Raden Ajeng Kartini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raden Ajeng Kartini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="கார்த்தினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்த்தினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="การ์ตีนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์ตีนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden_Adjeng_Kartini" title="Raden Adjeng Kartini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Raden Adjeng Kartini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Картіні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картіні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82%E5%A6%AE" title="卡蒂妮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡蒂妮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kartini" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._Kartini" title="R.A. Kartini – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="R.A. Kartini" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1373764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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For the village in Sawah Besar, see <a href="/wiki/Kartini,_Sawah_Besar" title="Kartini, Sawah Besar">Kartini, Sawah Besar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Surakarta_and_Yogyakarta_nobility_titles" title="List of Surakarta and Yogyakarta nobility titles">Raden Adjeng</a></div><div class="fn">Kartini</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_TMnr_10018776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Raden Adjeng Kartini</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-04-21</span>)</span>21 April 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1904<span style="display:none">(1904-09-17)</span> (aged 25)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rembang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembang">Rembang</a>, Dutch East Indies</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Raden Adjeng Kartini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Women's emancipation; national heroine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat (married 1903)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartini_signature_8-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kartini_signature_8-2.png/150px-Kartini_signature_8-2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Kartini_signature_8-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raden Adjeng Kartini</b>, also known as <b>Raden Ayu Kartini</b> (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> activist who advocated for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female education</a>. </p><p>She was born into an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> family in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). After attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted to pursue further education, but Javanese women at the time were barred from higher education. Instead, Kartini entered a period of seclusion mandated for teenage girls until they married. She acquired knowledge by reading books and by corresponding with Indonesian and Dutch people. Her father allowed her to go into the community beginning in 1896, although she remained an unmarried single woman. </p><p>She met various officials and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon. She began the tradition amongst three of her sisters to found and operate schools. After she died, schools were established by a foundation founded in the Netherlands. Some of her Indonesian friends also established <a href="/wiki/Kartini_Schools" title="Kartini Schools">Kartini Schools</a>. </p><p>After her death, her sisters continued her advocacy of educating girls and women. Kartini's letters were published in a Dutch magazine and eventually, in 1911, as the works: <i>Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Comes Light)</i> and an English version, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_a_Javanese_Princess" title="Letters of a Javanese Princess">Letters of a Javanese Princess</a></i>. Her birthday is now celebrated in Indonesia as <a href="/wiki/Kartini_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartini Day">Kartini Day</a> in her honor. She opposed the <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>-like seclusion of teenage girls and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. </p><p>Kartini is a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indo_Heroes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indo_Heroes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Kartini's life, Indonesia became an important Dutch colony with natural resources of rubber and oil and the production of tobacco that attracted more Dutch immigrants than any other Dutch colonial possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch sought to control the entire Indonesian archipelago, which it did by the 20th century. In the meantime, there were technological advancements with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, the establishment of telegraph lines, and the installation of railroads, which brought the colony into the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more Dutch people immigrated to Indonesia, more private businesses were founded, and educational opportunities opened up for the Indonesian noble class, as Dutch schools were opened up for immigrants. The knowledge of the feminist movement in Holland began to spread to the traditional Indonesian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygny</a> was common amongst Indonesian aristocrats. Muslims could have up to four wives. Common wives had little <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clout" class="extiw" title="wikt:clout">clout</a> in their husband's households. They often supported themselves and lived in separate buildings from their husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976645_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976645-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women generally had little influence in the patriarchal Indonesian society. Men's social standing was determined by the number of wives they had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies#History" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartini was born 21 April 1879, in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia, in the village of Mayong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her parents were Raden Adipati Sosroningrat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <i>priyayi</i> (Javanese gentry), and Ngasirah, the daughter of a religious scholar. Her father worked for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the administrative head of north-central Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, he became the <a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">Regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a>, which meant that, in all likelihood, Kartini would marry another Regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_Raden_Ajeng_Kartini_met_haar_ouders_zussen_en_broer_TMnr_10018778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Kartini with her family, 1890 to 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Her mother, Ngasirah, was 14 and a commoner when she married Sosroningrat. Her parents were Nyai <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Haji</a> Siti Aminah, who had a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and Kyai Modirono, likely devout Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ngasirah was Sosroningrat's first wife, with whom he had eight children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next wife was the aristocratic Raden Ayu Sosroningrat, with whom he had three daughters. Regents were expected to marry nobility. Kartini called her step-mother "mother", rather than her birth mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645,_647_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645,_647-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a regent at the age of 25,<sup id="cite_ref-Jansz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brilliant_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brilliant-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartini attended a Dutch school, which was her initiation to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, beginning at the age of six.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was among the first Indonesian children to attend a European school and was treated poorly by teachers and fellow students. Over time, though, she was recognized for her intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648–649_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648–649-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini was a fluent speaker of the Dutch language. Most Indonesian girls spoke <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Dutch school, she also studied with Marie Ovink-Soer, the wife of another regent, who gave Kartini sewing lessons and taught her about <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She remained in Dutch school until she was a teenager when she experienced the <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>-like "sheltered existence deemed appropriate to a young female noble",<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1891 to 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, she was expected to be meek and compliant with rigid cultural rules and etiquette. She learned to cook and do other household chores. She made <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> fabric and her clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976649_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976649-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncomfortable with the hierarchical dictates, Kartini was considerate of her subordinates and did not expect servants, commoners, or her younger siblings to treat her according to the cultural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was particularly annoyed when women berated or talked in a rebuking manner about young girls, the lowest on the hierarchical ladder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini stood up her ground for all of the females to go to school </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartini1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartini1900s.jpg/260px-Kartini1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartini1900s.jpg/390px-Kartini1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kartini1900s.jpg/520px-Kartini1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Letter by Kartini to Rosa Abendanon (fragment)</figcaption></figure> <p>During her seclusion, Kartini read feminist and political publications, including that of <a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati</a>. She said of the activist for outcastes and women, "So it's not only white women who are able to take care of themselves-a brown woman can make herself free and independent too." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kabinetfoto_met_gesigneerde_portretten_van_de_drie_zussen_Kartini_Kardinah_en_Roekmini_TMnr_60033327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of the three sisters Kartini, Kardinah and Roekmini by two different mothers. Kartini and Kardinah were daughters of Ngasirah. Roekmini was the daughter of the chief wife, Raden Ayu Sosroningrat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kartini and her sisters, Kardinah and Roekmini, were allowed one way they could escape the seclusion periodically. They visited Marie Ovink-Soer for piano and handicrafts training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartini was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen pals. One of them was a girl named Rosa Abendanon, who later became a close friend.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini shared her opinions about feminism and her concern about traditional Javanese practices with her friends from Dutch school and Ovink-Soer. She was particularly concerned that Javanese girls were often denied an education and forced into marriage when they were young.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She believed that education was important to develop oneself and to prepare for motherhood and was against arranged marriages and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini believed that women should be free to make decisions themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sosroningrat,_regent_van_Djapara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/180px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/270px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg/360px-Sosroningrat%2C_regent_van_Djapara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Raden Adipati Sosroningrat, Kartini's father</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1896, Kartini was given permission by her father to occasionally leave the room in which she was secluded to visit a village of wood carvers, attend the consecration of a protestant church, and other special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more that she became acquainted with life outside her home, the more that she became interested in the concerns of other Indonesians. Some of her articles were published during this time. Members of her family and noble Indonesian and Dutch people considered the unmarried Kartini's activities in the community a scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, a ball was held to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_the_Dutch_monarch" title="Inauguration of the Dutch monarch">Inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a>. Unusual for the time, Kartini and her closest two unmarried sisters were invited to attend the ball with their father, which Kartini saw as a recognition of her leadership and as a representative for single women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She decided that educational courses in character should be given to students due to the "deceit and hypocrisy" exhibited by Europeans and Asians at the ball.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_death">Marriage and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time that Kartini reached the age of 16, she was expected to marry. Rather than being addressed to society as a woman looking to marry, she was introduced as a single woman. She had no intention of marrying at that age. By 20, her viewpoint had changed. In a letter, she stated, "Some day it will, it must happen, that I shall leave home with a husband who is a stranger to me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976646_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976646-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raden Adipati Djojo Adiningrat (also known as Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat <a href="/wiki/Rembang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembang">Rembang</a>) was a widowed progressive leader. He learned about Kartini and approached her father to discuss the possibility of an arranged marriage. The couple agreed that Kartini would continue her plans for the school.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976658_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976658-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini married Joyodiningrat on 8 November 1903. There was a 26-year age difference between Kartini and her husband. She became the fourth wife of Joyodiningrat, who had 12 children at the time. Her marriage precluded her from accepting a scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after her marriage, Kartini became pregnant and was optimistic about the life her child would have. She continued to work at the school during her pregnancy. Her son Raden Mas Singgih was born on 13 September 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini died on 17 September 1904, four days after giving birth to her only child. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accomplishments">Accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartini wrote letters extensively about matters important to her, including art, politics, education, public health, economic welfare, and literature. The letters were sent to her Dutch friends, including J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Culture, Religion, and Industry in the East Indies, and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartini corresponded with Estelle (Stella) Zeehandelaar, who answered her pen-pal ad in the <i>Daily Lily</i> in 1900. Unlike Kartini, who had been secluded for many years, Stella was a 25-year-old woman from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> who supported herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976654_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976654-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini wrote about her feelings about marriage, polygyny, traditional <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, and education. She also wrote about her relationship with her father and how she planned to improve herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She met Abendanon, who sought to improve educational opportunities for girls, also in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began to correspond with Mevrouw (Mrs.) Abendanon-Mandri. Their letters provide insight into the changes in her life and in colonial Indonesian life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven years after Kartini's death, Abendanon collected, edited, and published her letters. The book titled <i>Door Duisternis tot Licht</i> (<i>From Dark Comes Light</i>) was published in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first Indonesian whose opinions were published in Dutch and popular among Dutch-speaking Indonesians and Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This publication was edited to exclude references to colonial figures, Islamic beliefs, and Javanese culture, and the English translation made further changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Writings_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Writings-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was translated into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by Agnes L. Symmers as <i>Letters of a Javanese Princess</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641–642_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641–642-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Writings_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Writings-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English book focused on Symmers' view of an Oriental woman in love, focusing on her personal life, and excluding letters that showed her as an intelligent forward-thinking woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books were published for Indonesians, a version in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> in 1922 and another Malay version in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Armijn_Pane" title="Armijn Pane">Armijn Pane</a>, excluding some Kartini's most important letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> published 19 of Kartini's letters in French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters are available at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Libraries">Leiden University Libraries</a> and can also be consulted digitally.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete English translation of all of Kartini's letters was published in 2014 by Joost Coté in <i>Kartini: The Complete Writings 1898-1904 </i> along with articles and other writings by her.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_West">East and West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East and West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_houtsnijders_uit_Japara_aan_het_werk_TMnr_10017719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Teak wood carvings were a typical feature in wealthy homes, including furniture and doors. A group of woodcarvers from Jepara at work</figcaption></figure> <p>Kartini coordinated efforts between a group of Indonesian artists and Europeans in the East and West association. Europeans provided funding for an art shop to create carved wood pieces. Kartini operated a school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kartini believed that women were paramount in the process of improving the lives of Indonesian men and women, and because of that, she developed an education plan for girls that had the same academics and character-building instruction as for boys but also included hygiene, first aid, and money management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartini was particularly concerned about the lack of medical care for Indonesians, and female Indonesians in particular. So much so that she considered attending medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartini was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Henri_van_Kol" title="Henri van Kol">Henri van Kol</a>, a member of parliament, in August 1902, who offered to help her realize her plan to study teaching and first aid in the Netherlands. The goal was to have the knowledge to open a school, teach, and be the school's headmistress. He contacted the States General on her behalf. Kartini received a scholarship, but many people in her life were concerned about her leaving Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656–657_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656–657-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartini, with her husband's support, opened up a school for women in Rembang's Regency Office complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She operated the school by herself, teaching 10 girls four days a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976657_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976657-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, she wrote a report to the government entitled <i>Educate the Javanese Now</i> that discussed the significance of receiving a quality education and offered some recommended methods for achieving it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Kartini's death, a foundation was established in the Netherlands to continue Kartini's vision for building and operating schools. Indonesian women also opened <a href="/wiki/Kartini_Schools" title="Kartini Schools">Kartini Schools</a> from 1913 and into the 1930s in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students of the schools included Java's first female graduate of medical school, and another woman was its first law graduate. Women asserted themselves to create productive lives of their own making. In 1945, equal rights for women was written into Indonesia's first constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her sisters continued the legacy of operating schools, including Rockmini. Kardinah also wrote textbooks and established a medical school. Soematri also focused on vocational education for women. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_tributes">Legacy and tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Hari_Kartini_TMnr_60033701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartini_Statue,_Merdeka_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG/220px-Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG/330px-Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG/440px-Kartini_Statue%2C_Merdeka_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption>Kartini statue at the east park of <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square, Jakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartini_Schools" title="Kartini Schools">Kartini Schools</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>. A society was also established in her name in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Kartini is a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Hero of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indo_Heroes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indo_Heroes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Kartini was an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women and a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> figure with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">national struggle for independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is among the first modern intellectuals in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>She appeared twice in the <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_rupiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes of the rupiah">Indonesian rupiah banknotes</a>, in the 5 rupiah (1952 edition, which issued in 1953) and the 10,000 rupiah (1985 edition).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s Old Order state declared 21 April as Kartini Day in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to remind women that they should participate in "the hegemonic state discourse of <i>pembangunan</i> (development)".<sup id="cite_ref-bulbeck_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulbeck-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1965, however, <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> state reconfigured the image of Kartini from that of radical women's emancipator to one that portrayed her as a dutiful wife and obedient daughter, "as only a woman dressed in a kebaya who can cook."<sup id="cite_ref-Yulianto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yulianto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that occasion, popularly known as Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to wear tight, fitted jackets, batik shirts, elaborate hairstyles, and ornate jewelry to school, supposedly replicating Kartini's attire but in reality, wearing an invented and more constricting ensemble than she ever did."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005129_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005129-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The melody of "Ibu Kita Kartini" (Our Mother Kartini) by <a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">W. R. Supratman</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/l/llnsvmj3svyfs2tpegcmbiidh31f6b6/llnsvmj3.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/l/llnsvmj3svyfs2tpegcmbiidh31f6b6/llnsvmj3.png" width="757" height="155" alt="
X:173
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" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/l/llnsvmj3svyfs2tpegcmbiidh31f6b6/llnsvmj3.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/l/l/llnsvmj3svyfs2tpegcmbiidh31f6b6/llnsvmj3.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> <ul><li>On 21 April 2016, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> celebrated her 137th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerwani" title="Gerwani">Gerwani</a>, an Indonesian Women's Movement</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Raden Adjeng</i> was a title borne by women of the <i><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a></i> or Javanese <a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Robe" title="Nobles of the Robe">nobles of the Robe</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indo_Heroes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indo_Heroes_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indo_Heroes_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchculture.nl/news/indonesia-exhibition-%E2%80%98letters-founders-nation%E2%80%99">"Indonesia: Exhibition 'Letters of the Founders of the Nation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>dutchculture.nl</i>. 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dutchculture.nl&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Exhibition+%27Letters+of+the+Founders+of+the+Nation%27&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchculture.nl%2Fnews%2Findonesia-exhibition-%25E2%2580%2598letters-founders-nation%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976643–644_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 643–644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976645-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976645_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 644–645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005128_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamusack2005">Ramusack 2005</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/raden-adjeng-kartini">"Raden Adjeng Kartini - Quotes, Letters & Facts"</a>. <i>Biography</i>. 21 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Raden+Adjeng+Kartini+-+Quotes%2C+Letters+%26+Facts&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Factivist%2Fraden-adjeng-kartini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976647_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645,_647-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976644–645,_647_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 644–645, 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jansz_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansz1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jansz, Pieter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5DgCsQsHAIC&pg=PA38"><i>Tot heil van Java's arme bevolking: een keuze uit het Dagboek (1851-1860) van Pieter Jansz, doopsgezind zendeling in Jepara, Midden-Java</i></a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6550-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6550-156-1"><bdi>978-90-6550-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tot+heil+van+Java%27s+arme+bevolking%3A+een+keuze+uit+het+Dagboek+%281851-1860%29+van+Pieter+Jansz%2C+doopsgezind+zendeling+in+Jepara%2C+Midden-Java&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-6550-156-1&rft.aulast=Jansz&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5DgCsQsHAIC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brilliant-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brilliant_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observerid.com/r-a-kartinis-brilliant-brother-r-m-p-sosrokartono/">"R. A. Kartini's brilliant brother: R.M.P. Sosrokartono"</a>. <i>Observer ID</i>. 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer+ID&rft.atitle=R.+A.+Kartini%27s+brilliant+brother%3A+R.M.P.+Sosrokartono&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserverid.com%2Fr-a-kartinis-brilliant-brother-r-m-p-sosrokartono%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648–649-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648–649_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 648–649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976648_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 648.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976649-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976649_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976651_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976652_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976646-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976646_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976658-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976658_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976659_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 659.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639,_641_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 639, 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976654-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976654_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976655_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976640_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Writings-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Writings_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Writings_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartini2014" class="citation book cs1">Kartini, Raden Adjeng (2014). <i>Kartini : the complete writings 1898–1904</i>. Clayton, Victoria. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922235107" title="Special:BookSources/9781922235107"><bdi>9781922235107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kartini+%3A+the+complete+writings+1898%E2%80%931904&rft.place=Clayton%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=xiv&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781922235107&rft.aulast=Kartini&rft.aufirst=Raden+Adjeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641–642-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976641–642_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 641–642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976642_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/kartiniletters">Kartini Letters (KITLV)</a> Letters to Jacques Henry Abendanon and his wife Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri from Kartini and others, Digital Collections, Leiden University Libraries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bijl, Paul; Chin, Grace V.S. (2020). "1. Introduction". Appropriating Kartini: Colonial, National and Transnational Memories of an Indonesian Icon. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4843-92-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976653–654_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 653–654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656–657-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976656–657_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 656–657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976657-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976657_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976660_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christie_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2012" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Clive J. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTTaAsSPsCkC&pg=PA14"><i>Ideology and Revolution in Southeast Asia 1900-1980</i></a>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60282-5"><bdi>978-1-136-60282-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Revolution+in+Southeast+Asia+1900-1980&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-136-60282-5&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Clive+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTTaAsSPsCkC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1976639_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiputan6.com2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liputan6.com (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4538182/mengenang-perjuangan-kartini-lewat-uang-kertas-rupiah-emisi-1952-dan-1985">"Mengenang Perjuangan Kartini Lewat Uang Kertas Rupiah Emisi 1952 dan 1985"</a>. <i>liputan6.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Mengenang+Perjuangan+Kartini+Lewat+Uang+Kertas+Rupiah+Emisi+1952+dan+1985&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.au=Liputan6.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fbisnis%2Fread%2F4538182%2Fmengenang-perjuangan-kartini-lewat-uang-kertas-rupiah-emisi-1952-dan-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency" class="citation web cs1">Agency, ANTARA News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jabar.antaranews.com/berita/262894/pahlawan-kartini-jadi-gambar-dalam-uang-kertas-rupiah-dua-kali">"Pahlawan Kartini jadi gambar dalam uang kertas rupiah dua kali"</a>. <i>ANTARA News Jawa Barat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANTARA+News+Jawa+Barat&rft.atitle=Pahlawan+Kartini+jadi+gambar+dalam+uang+kertas+rupiah+dua+kali&rft.aulast=Agency&rft.aufirst=ANTARA+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjabar.antaranews.com%2Fberita%2F262894%2Fpahlawan-kartini-jadi-gambar-dalam-uang-kertas-rupiah-dua-kali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulbeck-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bulbeck_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulbeck2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chilla_Bulbeck" title="Chilla Bulbeck">Bulbeck, Chilla</a> (2009). <i>Sex, love and feminism in the Asia Pacific: a cross-cultural study of young people's attitudes</i>. ASAA women in Asia. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415470063" title="Special:BookSources/9780415470063"><bdi>9780415470063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+love+and+feminism+in+the+Asia+Pacific%3A+a+cross-cultural+study+of+young+people%27s+attitudes&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=ASAA+women+in+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780415470063&rft.aulast=Bulbeck&rft.aufirst=Chilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chqofjVED54C&pg=PA94">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yulianto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yulianto_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYulianto2010" class="citation news cs1">Yulianto, Vissia Ita (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807162432/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/21/is-celebrating-kartini%E2%80%99s-day-still-relevant-today.html">"Is celebrating Kartini's Day still relevant today?"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/04/21/is-celebrating-kartini%E2%80%99s-day-still-relevant-today.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Is+celebrating+Kartini%27s+Day+still+relevant+today%3F&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.aulast=Yulianto&rft.aufirst=Vissia+Ita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F04%2F21%2Fis-celebrating-kartini%25E2%2580%2599s-day-still-relevant-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamusack2005129-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamusack2005129_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamusack2005">Ramusack 2005</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayasari-Hoffert2023" class="citation book cs1">Mayasari-Hoffert, Silvia (14 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003270102/chapters/10.4324/9781003270102-15">"R. A. Kartini and the many faces of colonial female subject"</a>. <i>A Space of Their Own</i> (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003270102-15">10.4324/9781003270102-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003270102" title="Special:BookSources/9781003270102"><bdi>9781003270102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R.+A.+Kartini+and+the+many+faces+of+colonial+female+subject&rft.btitle=A+Space+of+Their+Own&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003270102-15&rft.isbn=9781003270102&rft.aulast=Mayasari-Hoffert&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781003270102%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9781003270102-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/ra-kartinis-137th-birthday/">"R.A. Kartini's 137th Birthday"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=R.A.+Kartini%27s+137th+Birthday&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fra-kartinis-137th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamusack2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramusack, Barbara N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQz2o883S38C&pg=PA129">"Women and Gender in South and Southeast Asia"</a>. In Bonnie G. Smith (ed.). <i>Women's History in Global Perspective</i>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 101–138 [129]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02997-4"><bdi>978-0-252-02997-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Gender+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Women%27s+History+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=101-138+129&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02997-4&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQz2o883S38C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1976" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Jean Stewart (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173146">"Raden Ajeng Kartini"</a>. <i>Signs</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">639–</span>661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F493247">10.1086/493247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173146">3173146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144077178">144077178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Raden+Ajeng+Kartini&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144077178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3173146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F493247&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3173146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1898), "The Jepara Manuscript." Presented at <a href="/wiki/Nationale_Tentoonstelling_van_Vrouwenarbeid_1898" title="Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898">Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898</a>. <dl><dd>Reprinted in Rouffaer and Juynboll (1912), <i>De Batik-Kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië en haar Geschiedenis op Grond van Materiaal aanwezig in ’s Rijks Etnographisch Museum en Andere Openbare en Particuliere Verzamelingen in Nederland</i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25738623">Het Huwelijk bij de Kodja's</a>." <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land, en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië</i>, vol. 6, no.1.</li> <li>Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Een Gouverneur Generaals Dag." <i>De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië</i>, September 2–November 18, 1899.</li> <li>Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1900), "Een Oorlogsschip op de Ree." <i>De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië</i>, April 5–June 10, 1900.</li> <li>Kartini (1903), "Van een Vergeten Uithoekje." <i>Eigen Haard</i> (Amsterdam), no. 1.</li></ul> <p>Posthumous publications: </p> <ul><li>Kartini (1904). "Ontgoocheling." <i>Weeklblad voor Indië</i> (Surabaya), October 2, 1904.</li> <li>Raden Adjeng Kartini (1912), <i>Door duisternis tot licht</i>, with a foreword by J.H. Abendanon, The Hague <dl><dd>Partial English translation, 1920: <i>Letters of a Javanese princess</i>, translated by Agnes Louise Symmers with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-4758-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-4758-3">0-8191-4758-3</a> (1986 edition), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-5105-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-5105-2">1-4179-5105-2</a> (2005 edition)</dd> <dd>Partial Indonesian translation, 1938: <i>Habis gelap tributlah terang</i>, Balai Pustaka</dd></dl></li> <li>Raden Adjeng Kartini (1987), <i>Brieven aan mevrouw R.M. Abendanon-Mandri en haar echtgenoot : met andere documenten</i>. Dordrecht: Foris. <dl><dd>Indonesian translation, 1989: <i>Kartini surat-surat kepada Ny. R.M. Abendanon-Mandri dan suaminya</i>. Jakarta: Djambatan.</dd> <dd>English translation, 1992: <i>Letters from Kartini : an Indonesian feminist, 1900–1904</i>. Clayton, Vict.: Monash Asia Institute.</dd></dl></li> <li>Raden Adjeng Kartini (1995), <i>On Feminism and Nationalism: Kartini's Letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903</i>. Clayton, Vict.: Monash University. <dl><dd>Indonesian translation, 2004: "Aku Mau ... Feminisme dan Nasionalisme. Surat-surat Kartini kepada Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903" (Jakarta : IRB Press)</dd></dl></li> <li>Raden Adjeng Kartini (2014), <i>Kartini : the complete writings 1898–1904</i>. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_van_Zeggelen" title="Marie van Zeggelen">M.C. Van Zeggelen</a> (1945), "Kartini", J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (in Dutch)</li> <li>M.Vierhout (1942), "Raden Adjeng Kartini", Oceanus, Den Haag (in Dutch)</li> <li>Elisabeth Keesing (1999), <i>Betapa besar pun sebuah sangkar; Hidup, suratan dan karya Kartini.</i> Jakarta: Djambatan, v + 241 pp.</li> <li>J. Anten (2004), <i>Honderd(vijfentwintig) jaar Raden Adjeng Kartini; Een Indonesische nationale heldin in beeld</i>, Nieuwsbrief Nederlands Fotogenootschap 43: 6–9.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartini&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Kartini</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54239934&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54239934">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=54239934&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Kartini</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54239934&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54239934">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=54239934&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kartini" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kartini">Kartini</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Kartini" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Kartini">Kartini</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/37149">Works by Kartini</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kartini%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kartini%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kartini%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Kartini%22%29%20OR%20%28%221879-1904%22%20AND%20Kartini%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Kartini</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:1887338">Inventory Jacques Henry Abendanon archive, Kartini Letters</a> <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/kartiniletters">Kartini Letters: Letters to Jacques Henry Abendanon and his wife Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri from Kartini and others</a> Digital Collections <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden Universities 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title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdoel_Kahar_Moezakir" title="Abdoel Kahar Moezakir">Abdoel Kahar Moezakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Majalengka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Halim Majalengka">Abdul Halim Majalengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Baswedan" title="Abdurrahman Baswedan">Abdurrahman Baswedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Soebardjo" title="Achmad Soebardjo">Achmad Soebardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Kapau_Gani" title="Adnan Kapau Gani">Adnan Kapau Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andries_Maramis" title="Alexander Andries Maramis">Alexander Andries Maramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Djemma" title="Andi Djemma">Andi Djemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Sultan_Daeng_Radja" title="Andi Sultan Daeng Radja">Andi Sultan Daeng Radja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Frederik_Lasut" title="Arie Frederik Lasut">Arie Frederik Lasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mononutu" title="Arnold Mononutu">Arnold Mononutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagindo_Azizchan" title="Bagindo Azizchan">Bagindo Azizchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.W._Lapian" class="mw-redirect" title="B.W. Lapian">B.W. Lapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjilik_Riwut" title="Tjilik Riwut">Tjilik Riwut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuanda_Kartawidjaja" title="Djuanda Kartawidjaja">Djoeanda Kartawidjaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Douwes_Dekker" title="Ernest Douwes Dekker">Ernest Douwes Dekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lumbantobing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Lumbantobing">Ferdinand Lumbantobing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Mangkoepradja" title="Gatot Mangkoepradja">Gatot Mangkoepradja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazairin" title="Hazairin">Hazairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung" title="Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung">Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_Kasimo_Hendrowahyono" title="Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono">Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Pudja" title="I Gusti Ketut Pudja">I Gusti Ketut Pudja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwa_Koesoemasoemantri" title="Iwa Koesoemasoemantri">Iwa Koesoemasoemantri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaak_Huru_Doko" title="Izaak Huru Doko">Izaak Huru Doko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Leimena" title="Johannes Leimena">Johannes Leimena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasman_Singodimedjo" title="Kasman Singodimedjo">Kasman Singodimedjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumah_Atmaja" title="Kusumah Atmaja">Kusumah Atmaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_Nicodemus_Palar" title="Lambertus Nicodemus Palar">Lambertus Nicodemus Palar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskoen_Soemadiredja" title="Maskoen Soemadiredja">Maskoen Soemadiredja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjkur" title="Masjkur">Masjkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Mohammad Husni Thamrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moewardi" title="Moewardi">Moewardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nani_Wartabone" title="Nani Wartabone">Nani Wartabone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opu_Daeng_Risaju" title="Opu Daeng Risaju">Opu Daeng Risaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Iskandar_di_Nata" title="Oto Iskandar di Nata">Oto Iskandar di Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_Noor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mohammad Noor">P. M. Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiman_Wediodiningrat" title="Rajiman Wediodiningrat">Rajiman Wediodiningrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahardjo" title="Sahardjo">Sahardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ratulangi" title="Sam Ratulangi">Sam Ratulangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanhudi" title="Samanhudi">Samanhudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soekarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarni">Soekarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarjo_Wiryopranoto" title="Sukarjo Wiryopranoto">Sukarjo Wiryopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supeno" title="Supeno">Supeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soepomo" title="Soepomo">Soepomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeroso" title="Soeroso">Soeroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Soerjo" title="Ario Soerjo">Ario Soerjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soerjopranoto" title="Soerjopranoto">Soerjopranoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Mohammad_Amin_Nasution" title="Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution">Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Muhammad_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuku Muhammad Hasan">Teuku Muhammad Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Nyak_Arif" title="Teuku Nyak Arif">Teuku Nyak Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainul_Arifin" title="Zainul Arifin">Zainul Arifin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Saleh_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Saleh (physician)">Abdul Rahman Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agustinus_Adisucipto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustinus Adisucipto">Adisucipto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Abdullah_Bau_Massepe" title="Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe">Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuki_Rahmat" title="Basuki Rahmat">Basuki Rahmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamin_Ginting" title="Djamin Ginting">Djamin Ginting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djatikoesoemo" title="Djatikoesoemo">Djatikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto" title="Gatot Soebroto">Gatot Soebroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma" title="Halim Perdanakusuma">Halim Perdanakusuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Thohir" title="Harun Thohir">Harun Thohir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Basry" title="Hasan Basry">Hasan Basry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iswahyudi" title="Iswahyudi">Iswahyudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">I Gusti Ngurah Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahja_Daniel_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahja Daniel Dharma">John Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keumalahayati" title="Keumalahayati">Keumalahayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Martadinata" title="Eddy Martadinata">R. E. Martadinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Isman" title="Mas Isman">Mas Isman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moestopo" title="Moestopo">Moestopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mangundiprojo" title="Muhammad Mangundiprojo">Muhammad Mangundiprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yasin" title="Muhammad Yasin">Muhammad Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noer_Alie" title="Noer Alie">Noer Alie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oerip_Soemohardjo" title="Oerip Soemohardjo">Oerip Soemohardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamet_Rijadi" title="Slamet Rijadi">Slamet Rijadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Soekanto_Tjokrodiatmodjo" title="Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo">Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supriyadi" title="Supriyadi">Supriyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutomo" title="Sutomo">Sutomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syam%27un" title="Syam'un">Syam'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._Simatupang" title="T. B. Simatupang">T. B. Simatupang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Janatin">Usman Janatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wolter_Mongisidi" title="Robert Wolter Mongisidi">Robert Wolter Mongisidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso" title="Yos Sudarso">Yos Sudarso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatmawati" title="Fatmawati">Fatmawati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yani" title="Ahmad Yani">Ahmad Yani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Satsuit_Tubun" title="Karel Satsuit Tubun">Karel Satsuit Tubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Tirtodarmo_Haryono" title="Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono">Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katamso_Darmokusumo" title="Katamso Darmokusumo">Katamso Darmokusumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Izacus_Pandjaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Izacus Pandjaitan">Donald Izacus Pandjaitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tendean" title="Pierre Tendean">Pierre Tendean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siswondo_Parman" title="Siswondo Parman">Siswondo Parman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugiyono_Mangunwiyoto" title="Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto">Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soeprapto_(general)" title="Soeprapto (general)">Suprapto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoyo_Siswomiharjo" title="Sutoyo Siswomiharjo">Sutoyo Siswomiharjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alimin" title="Alimin">Alimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soetomo" title="Soetomo">Dr. Soetomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo">Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahidin_Soedirohoesodo" title="Wahidin Soedirohoesodo">Wahidin Soedirohoesodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muis" title="Abdul Muis">Abdoel Moeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Hamzah" title="Amir Hamzah">Amir Hamzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yamin" title="Mohammad Yamin">Mohammad Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ali_Haji" title="Raja Ali Haji">Raja Ali Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Marzuki" title="Ismail Marzuki">Ismail Marzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Rudolf_Supratman" title="Wage Rudolf Supratman">Wage Rudolf Supratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sartika" title="Dewi Sartika">Dewi Sartika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Johannes" title="Herman Johannes">Herman Johannes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Ki Hajar Dewantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Sarmidi_Mangunsarkoro" title="Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro">Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Walanda_Maramis" title="Maria Walanda Maramis">Maria Walanda Maramis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo" title="Frans Kaisiepo">Frans Kaisiepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Abraham_Dimara" title="Johannes Abraham Dimara">Johannes Abraham Dimara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthen_Indey" title="Marthen Indey">Marthen Indey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajonga_Daeng_Ngalie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajonga Daeng Ngalie">Pajonga Daeng Ngalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Papare" title="Silas Papare">Silas Papare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Kasim_II" title="Syarif Kasim II">Syarif Kasim II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Yakoub" title="Ilyas Yakoub">Ilyas Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tabrani" title="Mohammad Tabrani">Mohammad Tabrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhana_Kuddus" title="Ruhana Kuddus">Ruhana Kuddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirto_Adhi_Soerjo" title="Tirto Adhi Soerjo">Tirto Adhi Soerjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suharso" title="Suharso">Suharso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Hartinah" title="Siti Hartinah">Siti Hartinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus_Zakaria_Johannes" title="Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes">Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Chalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Chalim (page does not exist)">Abdul Chalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahab_Hasbullah" title="Abdul Wahab Hasbullah">Abdul Wahab Hasbullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Hanafiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Hanafiah (page does not exist)">Ahmad Hanafiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanusi" title="Ahmad Sanusi">Ahmad Sanusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Syamsul_Arifin" title="As'ad Syamsul Arifin">As'ad Syamsul Arifin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Soegijapranata" title="Albertus Soegijapranata">Albertus Soegijapranata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki_Bagus_Hadikusumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ki Bagus Hadikusumo (page does not exist)">Bagoes Hadikoesoemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH_Fakhruddin" title="KH Fakhruddin">Fakhruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafran_Pane" title="Lafran Pane">Lafran Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Nyai Ahmad Dahlan">Nyai Ahmad Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struggle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kadir_Raden_Temenggung_Setia_Pahlawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Kadir Raden Temenggung Setia Pahlawan">Abdul Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achmad_Rifa%27i" title="Achmad Rifa'i">Achmad Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtayasa">Ageng Tirtayasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Depu" title="Andi Depu">Andi Depu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_Mappanyukki" title="Andi Mappanyukki">Andi Mappanyukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Wangsakara" title="Aria Wangsakara">Aria Wangsakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antasari" title="Prince Antasari">Prince Antasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Sultan Babullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataha_Santiago" title="Bataha Santiago">Bataha Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teungku_Chik_di_Tiro" title="Teungku Chik di Tiro">Teungku Chik di Tiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Dhien" title="Cut Nyak Dhien">Cut Nyak Dhien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_Nyak_Meutia" title="Cut Nyak Meutia">Cut Nyak Meutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Haji_Fisabilillah" title="Raja Haji Fisabilillah">Raja Haji Fisabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_I" title="Hamengkubuwono I">Hamengkubuwono I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanuddin_of_Gowa" title="Hasanuddin of Gowa">Hasanuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ketut_Jelantik" title="I Gusti Ketut Jelantik">I Gusti Ketut Jelantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Made_Agung" title="I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung">I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiras_Bangun" title="Kiras Bangun">Kiras Bangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maddukelleng" title="La Maddukelleng">La Maddukelleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machmud_Singgirei_Rumagesan" title="Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan">Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Badaruddin_II" title="Mahmud Badaruddin II">Mahmud Badaruddin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Johor" title="Mahmud Shah III of Johor">Mahmud Shah III of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangkunegara_I" title="Mangkunegara I">Mangkunegara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Christina_Tiahahu" title="Martha Christina Tiahahu">Martha Christina Tiahahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Muhammad_Amiruddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin">Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyi_Ageng_Serang" title="Nyi Ageng Serang">Nyi Ageng Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_VI" title="Pakubuwono VI">Pakubuwono VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_X" title="Pakubuwono X">Pakubuwono X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura">Pattimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pong_Tiku" title="Pong Tiku">Pong Tiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Mattaher" title="Raden Mattaher">Raden Mattaher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radin_Inten_II" title="Radin Inten II">Radin Inten II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranggong_Daeng_Romo" title="Ranggong Daeng Romo">Ranggong Daeng Romo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratu_Kalinyamat" title="Ratu Kalinyamat">Ratu Kalinyamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisingamangaraja_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisingamangaraja XII">Sisingamangaraja XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuku_Umar" title="Teuku Umar">Teuku Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaha_Syaifuddin" title="Thaha Syaifuddin">Thaha Syaifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untung_Surapati" title="Untung Surapati">Untung Surapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Mustafa" title="Zainal Mustafa">Zainal Mustafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373764#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081328884">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54239934">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47511/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmMYjdRhYFyGH7W8bTbVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118836145">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145920">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124354211">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124354211">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523119">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35990969">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074908316">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2105836">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277727805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03909024?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500691095">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/424939">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/48492951">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1176005">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118836145.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03349312X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartini&oldid=1263988251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartini&oldid=1263988251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_births" title="Category:1879 births">1879 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1904_deaths" title="Category:1904 deaths">1904 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_childbirth" title="Category:Deaths in childbirth">Deaths in childbirth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_feminists" title="Category:Indonesian 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