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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role of the Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime Minister and Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister and Cabinet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privy_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privy_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Privy Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privy_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="حكومة كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung_Kanadas" title="Regierung Kanadas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regierung Kanadas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Κυβέρνηση του Καναδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση του Καναδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registaro_de_Kanado" title="Registaro de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registaro de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadako_gobernua" title="Kanadako gobernua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanadako gobernua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="دولت کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_du_Canada" title="Gouvernement du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="캐나다 정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կանադայի կառավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադայի կառավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Kanada" title="Pemerintah Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintah Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_del_Canada" title="Governo del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="ממשלת קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B" title="ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ၏ အစိုးရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံ၏ အစိုးရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="カナダ政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_Federalny_Kanady" title="Rząd Federalny Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd Federalny Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Governo do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadsk%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_vl%C3%A1dy" title="Kanadský systém vlády – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kanadský systém vlády" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Влада Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Влада Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="加拿大政府 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="border-top: 2px solid #24135f; border-bottom: 2px solid #24135f"><span class="fn org">Government of Canada</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Gouvernement du Canada</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000002-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Federal government</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/100px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/150px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/200px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Government of Canada wordmark</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1867<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1867-07-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a><br />on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the prime minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main organ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Canada">Privy Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Responsible to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canada.ca/en">canada<wbr />.ca<wbr />/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Government of Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Gouvernement du Canada</i>) is the body responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> administration of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The term <i>Government of Canada</i> refers specifically to the executive, which includes <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> (together in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">the Cabinet</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">federal civil service</a> (whom the Cabinet direct); it is alternatively known as <b>His Majesty's Government</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Gouvernement de Sa Majesté</i>) and is <a href="/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program" title="Federal Identity Program">corporately branded</a> as the <i>Government of Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 100 departments and agencies, as well as over 300,000 persons employed in the Government of Canada. These institutions carry out the programs and enforce the laws established by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">federal government's organization and structure</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a>, wherein the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Crown">Canadian Crown</a> acts as the core, or "the most basic building block",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of its <a href="/wiki/Westminster-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster-style">Westminster-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch, King <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and is personally represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, who is invited by the Crown to form a government after securing the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, which is typically determined through the election of enough members of a single political party in a federal election to provide a majority of seats in Parliament, forming a <a href="/wiki/Governing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing party">governing party</a>. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian constitution</a>, which includes written statutes in addition to court rulings and unwritten <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a> developed over centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constitutionally, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a> is the body that advises the sovereign or their representative on the exercise of executive power. This task is carried out nearly exclusively by the Cabinet, which functions as the executive committee of the Privy Council that sets the government's policies and priorities for the country<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is chaired by the prime minister. The sovereign appoints the members of Cabinet on the advice of the prime minister who, by convention, are generally selected primarily from the House of Commons (although often include a limited number of members from the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Canada)">Senate</a>). During its term, the government must retain the confidence of the House of Commons and certain important <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a>, are considered as <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence#Canada" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence motions</a>. Laws are formed by the passage of bills through Parliament, which are either sponsored by the government or individual members of Parliament. Once a bill has been approved by both the House of Commons and the Senate, <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> is required to make the bill become law. The laws are then the responsibility of the government to oversee and enforce. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Canada's <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Westminster-style parliamentary democracy</a>, the terms <i>government</i> and <i>Government of Canada</i> refer specifically to the prime minister, Cabinet, and other members of the governing party inside the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, but typically includes the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">federal public service</a> and federal departments and agencies when used elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch</a> is referred to as an <i><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> encompasses executive, legislative, and judicial powers, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian Crown</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press releases</a> issued by federal departments, the government has sometimes been referred to as the current prime minister's government (e.g. the <i>Trudeau Government</i>). This terminology has been commonly employed in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-GMName_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMName-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2010, an informal instruction from the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office of the Prime Minister</a> urged government departments to consistently use, in all department communications, such phrasing (i.e., <i>Harper Government</i>, at the time), in place of <i>Government of Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same Cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase <i>Canada's New Government</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GMName_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMName-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_Crown">Role of the Crown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/122px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/183px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/244px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, King of Canada, the country's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Simon,_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/122px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/183px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg/244px-Mary_Simon%2C_Governor_General_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>, Governor General of Canada, the monarch's representative</div></div></div></div></div><p>Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> is both legal and practical, but not political.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch</a> is vested with all powers of state<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sits at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive is thus formally referred to as the <i>King-in-Council</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the advice of the Canadian prime minister, the sovereign appoints a federal <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceregal representative</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>)—who, since 1947, is permitted to exercise almost all of the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>; though, there are some duties which must be specifically performed by the monarch themselves (such as assent of certain bills). In case of the governor general's absence or incapacitation, the <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of Canada">administrator of Canada</a> performs the Crown's most basic functions. </p><p>As part of the royal prerogative, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_sign-manual" title="Royal sign-manual">royal sign-manual</a> gives authority to <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">orders-in-Council</a>. Much of the royal prerogative is only exercised in-council, meaning on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> formed in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> in conventional practice);<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the conventional stipulations of a constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet">Prime Minister and Cabinet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime Minister and Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:21px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Canada_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Government_of_Canada_signature.svg/228px-Government_of_Canada_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Government_of_Canada_signature.svg/342px-Government_of_Canada_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Government_of_Canada_signature.svg/456px-Government_of_Canada_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:53px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/228px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/342px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Canada_wordmark.svg/456px-Canada_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Government of Canada signature (above) and wordmark (below); used to corporately identify the government under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program" title="Federal Identity Program">Federal Identity Program</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The term <i>Government of Canada</i>, or more formally, <i><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_(term)" title="His Majesty's Government (term)">His Majesty's Government</a></i> refers to the activities of the <i>King-in-Council</i>. The day-to-day operation and activities of the Government of Canada are performed by the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">federal departments and agencies</a>, staffed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service of Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima,_Peru_-_2018_(41507133581)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Justin_Trudeau_in_Lima%2C_Peru_-_2018_%2841507133581%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic government</a> is always in place,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>, who heads the Cabinet and directs the activities of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists in long-established <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>, which stipulates the Crown must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, who, in practice, is typically the leader of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">political party</a> that holds more seats than any other party in that chamber (currently the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>). Should no particular party hold a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> in the House of Commons, the leader of one party—either the party with the most seats or one supported by other parties—will be called by the governor general to form a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. Once sworn in, the prime minister holds office until their resignation or removal by the governor general, after either a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> or defeat in a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks235_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks235-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privy_Council">Privy Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privy Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a></div> <p>The executive is defined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> as the Crown acting on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>, referred to as the <i>King-in-Council</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod18_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarleauExecutive_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarleauExecutive-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former ministers, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">chief justices</a>, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, the advice tendered is typically binding,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning the monarch <i>reigns</i> but does not <i>rule</i>, with the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-MacLeod162_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neitsch23_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neitsch23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are rare exceptions where the monarch may be obliged to act unilaterally to prevent manifestly unconstitutional acts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a></div> <p>The stipulations of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> require that those who directly advise the Crown on the exercise the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> be accountable to the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in Parliament, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarleauExecutive_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarleauExecutive-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarch and governor general typically follow the near-binding <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of their ministers. The royal prerogative, however, belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neitsch23_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neitsch23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who only rule "in trust" for the monarch and who must relinquish the Crown's power back to it upon losing the confidence of the commons,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon a new government, which <i>can</i> hold the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower chamber</a>'s confidence, is installed by the governor general. The royal and vice-royal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> situations (an exercise of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-RP_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "that the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour to obscure the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and Parliament, as well as the public's general unfamiliarity with such.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Government">Government portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">Structure of the Canadian federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_(term)" title="His Majesty's Government (term)">His Majesty's Government (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office-holders_of_Canada" title="Office-holders of Canada">Office-holders of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gc.ca" title=".gc.ca">.gc.ca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Court system of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RP-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RP_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See '<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#Responsibilities" title="Cabinet of Canada">Responsibilities</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-RP-13" title="Cabinet of Canada">Note 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsey-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forsey_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was said by Helen Forsey: "The inherent complexity and subtlety of this type of constitutional situation can make it hard for the general public to fully grasp the implications. That confusion gives an unscrupulous government plenty of opportunity to oversimplify and misrepresent, making much of the alleged conflict between popular democracy—supposedly embodied in the Prime Minister—and the constitutional mechanisms at the heart of responsible government, notably the 'reserve powers' of the Crown, which gets portrayed as illegitimate." As examples, she cited the campaign of <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> following the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King–Byng Affair">King–Byng Affair</a> of 1926 and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>'s comments during the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/about/parliament/education/ourcountryourparliament/html_booklet/overview-canadian-parliamentary-system-e.html">"Overview of the Canadian Parliamentary System | Our Country, Our Parliament"</a>. <i>lop.parl.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221053339/https://lop.parl.ca/About/Parliament/Education/ourcountryourparliament/html_booklet/overview-canadian-parliamentary-system-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lop.parl.ca&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+Canadian+Parliamentary+System+%7C+Our+Country%2C+Our+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fabout%2Fparliament%2Feducation%2Fourcountryourparliament%2Fhtml_booklet%2Foverview-canadian-parliamentary-system-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLeod18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLeod18_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLeod18_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacLeod2015">MacLeod 2015</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> (February 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611162155/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf"><i>Canadian Heritage Portfolio</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-100-11529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-100-11529-0"><bdi>978-1-100-11529-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/publctn/gp-pg/ppc-chp/ppc-chp-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Heritage+Portfolio&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-1-100-11529-0&rft.au=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpc-ch%2Fpublctn%2Fgp-pg%2Fppc-chp%2Fppc-chp-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Coyne, Andrew</a> (13 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/">"Defending the royals"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9262">0024-9262</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011213523/http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Don Mills: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac0006broo/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-543103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-543103-2"><bdi>978-0-19-543103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Democracy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Don+Mills&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-543103-2&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Farper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadiandemocrac0006broo%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice2018" class="citation web cs1">Office, Privy Council (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/services/about-cabinet.html">"About Cabinet"</a>. <i>aem</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330053707/https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/services/about-cabinet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.parl.ca&rft.atitle=The+Branches+of+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.parl.ca%2Funderstanding-comprendre%2Fen%2Fcanada-system-of-government%2Fthe-branches-of-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMName-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMName_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMName_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheadle2011" class="citation cs2">Cheadle, Bruce (3 March 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709142909/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-re-brand-government-in-stephen-harpers-name/article1929175/">"Tories re-brand government in Stephen Harper's name"</a>, <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-re-brand-government-in-stephen-harpers-name/article1929175/">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Tories+re-brand+government+in+Stephen+Harper%27s+name&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Cheadle&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftories-re-brand-government-in-stephen-harpers-name%2Farticle1929175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_News2011" class="citation news cs1">CTV News (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/tories-defend-use-of-harper-government-1.615530">"Tories defend use of 'Harper Government'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Bell Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102105232/http://www.ctvnews.ca/tories-defend-use-of-harper-government-1.615530">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monitor&rft.atitle=As+David+Johnson+Enters+Rideau+Hall+...&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policyalternatives.ca%2Fpublications%2Fmonitor%2Fdavid-johnson-enters-rideau-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318110030/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=publications&doc=ag-gr%2F2008%2Fag-gr-eng.htm"><i>Accountable Government: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State – 2008</i></a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revparl.ca/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf">A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025201559/http://www.revparl.ca/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliamentary_Review" title="Canadian Parliamentary Review">Canadian Parliamentary Review</a></i> 30(4):19–28. Retrieved 22 May 2020. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (2018). <i>The veiled sceptre : reserve powers of heads of state in Westminster systems</i>. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57332-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57332-0"><bdi>978-1-108-57332-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030593191">1030593191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+veiled+sceptre+%3A+reserve+powers+of+heads+of+state+in+Westminster+systems&rft.place=Port+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030593191&rft.isbn=978-1-108-57332-0&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagassé2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lagassé, Philippe (4 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/constitutional_forum/index.php/constitutional_forum/article/view/29384">"The Crown and Government Formation: Conventions, Practices, Customs, and Norms"</a>. <i>Constitutional Forum</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21991%2Fcf29384">10.21991/cf29384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-4165">1927-4165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Crown+and+Government+Formation%3A+Conventions%2C+Practices%2C+Customs%2C+and+Norms&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21991%2Fcf29384&rft.issn=1927-4165&rft.aulast=Lagass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.ualberta.ca%2Fconstitutional_forum%2Findex.php%2Fconstitutional_forum%2Farticle%2Fview%2F29384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidridge2011" class="citation book cs1">Tidridge, Nathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA65"><i>Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government</i></a>. Dundurn. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-0084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Constitutional+Monarchy%3A+An+Introduction+to+Our+Form+of+Government&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0&rft.aulast=Tidridge&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvGsvHsAtDgC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2008b" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Peter (2008b), <i>The Crown and its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand</i>, Sydney: Federation Press, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-700-9"><bdi>978-1-86287-700-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+its+Legacy+in+Australia%2C+Canada+and+New+Zealand&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-700-9&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourinot2008" class="citation cs2">Bourinot, John George (2008), Flint, Thomas Barnard (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1i056Bp0IMC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in the Dominion of Canada</i></a> (4th ed.), Lawbook Exchange, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-881-3"><bdi>978-1-58477-881-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012246/https://books.google.com/books?id=k1i056Bp0IMC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Procedure+and+Practice+in+the+Dominion+of+Canada&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-881-3&rft.aulast=Bourinot&rft.aufirst=John+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1i056Bp0IMC%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonDawson1989" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, R. MacGregor; Dawson, W. F. (1989). Ward, Norman (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticgovern0000daws"><i>Democratic Government in Canada</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticgovern0000daws/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6703-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6703-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-6703-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Democratic Government in Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Government+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6703-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=R.+MacGregor&rft.au=Dawson%2C+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticgovern0000daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation cs2">Johnson, David (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcL80sSautgC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>Thinking government: public sector management in Canada</i></a> (2nd ed.), Broadview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-779-9"><bdi>978-1-55111-779-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012304/https://books.google.com/books?id=TcL80sSautgC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+government%3A+public+sector+management+in+Canada&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-779-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcL80sSautgC%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2006" class="citation cs2">Hale, Geoffrey (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reUbMtHEP0oC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>Uneasy partnership: the politics of business and government in Canada</i></a>, Broadview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-504-7"><bdi>978-1-55111-504-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012237/https://books.google.com/books?id=reUbMtHEP0oC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uneasy+partnership%3A+the+politics+of+business+and+government+in+Canada&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-504-7&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreUbMtHEP0oC%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolmsonMyers2009" class="citation cs2">Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada</i></a> (4th ed.), University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0047-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0047-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-0047-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012237/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jpXFH_ZhY8C&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Regime%3A+An+Introduction+to+Parliamentary+Government+in+Canada&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0047-8&rft.aulast=Malcolmson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Myers%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jpXFH_ZhY8C%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">MacLeod, Kevin S.</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/pch/documents/services/royal-symbols-titles/crnMpls-eng.pdf"><i>A Crown of Maples</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-46012-1"><bdi>978-0-662-46012-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024002618/https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/pch/documents/services/royal-symbols-titles/crnMpls-eng.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crown+of+Maples&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-662-46012-1&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fpch%2Fdocuments%2Fservices%2Froyal-symbols-titles%2FcrnMpls-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2002" class="citation cs2">Morton, Frederick Lee (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&q=Politics%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada</i></a>, Frederick Lee, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-046-8"><bdi>978-1-55238-046-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012239/https://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&q=Politics%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Politics%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+politics%2C+and+the+judicial+process+in+Canada&rft.pub=Frederick+Lee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-046-8&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddj_4_H35nmYC%26q%3DPolitics%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2006" class="citation cs2">Roy, Jeffrey (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7MvxfWYC-MC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>E-government in Canada: transformation for the digital age</i></a>, University of Ottawa Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0617-0"><bdi>978-0-7766-0617-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012246/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7MvxfWYC-MC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E-government+in+Canada%3A+transformation+for+the+digital+age&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0617-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7MvxfWYC-MC%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2007" class="citation cs2">Roy, Jeffrey (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUteJOqOGOwC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1"><i>Business and government in Canada</i></a>, University of Ottawa Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0658-3"><bdi>978-0-7766-0658-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110012331/https://books.google.com/books?id=dUteJOqOGOwC&q=government%20%20of%20canada&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=government%20%20of%20canada&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+and+government+in+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0658-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUteJOqOGOwC%26q%3Dgovernment%2520%2520of%2520canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.ca">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422404#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_departments_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)"> Office of the Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Board_of_Canada_Secretariat" title="Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat">Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officers of Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Canada" title="Auditor General of Canada">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)">Chief Electoral Officer</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_Commissioner_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics Commissioner (Canada)"> Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner_of_Canada" title="Information Commissioner of Canada">Information Commissioner of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_Official_Languages" title="Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages">Commissioner of Official Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Lobbying_of_Canada" title="Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada">Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Budget_Officer" title="Parliamentary Budget Officer">Parliamentary Budget Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Commissioner_of_Canada" title="Privacy Commissioner of Canada">Privacy Commissioner of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Sector_Integrity_Commissioner" title="Public Sector Integrity Commissioner">Public Sector Integrity Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministerial departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Canadian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_and_Social_Development_Canada" title="Employment and Social Development Canada">Employment and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">Fisheries and Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing,_Infrastructure_and_Communities_Canada" title="Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada">Housing, Infrastructure and Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship_Canada" title="Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada">Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Services_Canada" title="Indigenous Services Canada">Indigenous Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation,_Science_and_Economic_Development_Canada" title="Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada">Innovation, Science and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)" title="Department of Justice (Canada)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">National Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Safety_Canada" title="Public Safety Canada">Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Services_and_Procurement_Canada" title="Public Services and Procurement Canada">Public Services and Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada" title="Veterans Affairs Canada">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Gender_Equality_Canada" title="Women and Gender Equality Canada">Women and Gender Equality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Secretary to the Governor General of Canada">Office of the Secretary to the Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Knowledge_Canada" title="Polar Knowledge Canada">Polar Knowledge Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canadian International Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Soldiers%27_Civil_Re-establishment" title="Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment">Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_Canada" title="Passport Canada">Passport Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPP_Canada" title="PPP Canada">PPP Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Canada" title="Solicitor General of Canada">Solicitor General of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template talk:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Template:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">List of constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments to the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-constitutionality" title="Quasi-constitutionality">Quasi-constitutional law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Confederation_constitutional_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Pre-Confederation constitutional documents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Iroquois constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Mi'kmaq constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Constitution of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act of 1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference, 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference, 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1867" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under<br />Section 91</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(2)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_law" title="Template:Canadian law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_law" title="Template talk:Canadian law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Canadian law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of Parliament of Canada">Federal statutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provincial Acts">Provincial statutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_administrative_law" title="Canadian administrative law">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Canada" title="Criminal law of Canada">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_tort_law" title="Canadian tort law">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_law" title="Canadian property law">Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Civil and human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_family_law" title="Canadian family law">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_immigration_and_refugee_law" title="Canadian immigration and refugee law">Immigration and refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_intellectual_property_law" title="Canadian intellectual property law">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_patent_law" title="Canadian patent law">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_trademark_law" title="Canadian trademark law">Trademark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_labour_law" title="Canadian labour law">Labour and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_maritime_law" title="Canadian maritime law">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_courts_of_appeal" title="List of Canadian courts of appeal">Courts of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_court#Canada" title="Superior court">Superior Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_courts_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial and territorial courts in Canada">Provincial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Canada" title="List of law schools in Canada">Law school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test" title="Law School Admission Test">Law School Admission Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">Call to the bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topic" title="Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topic" title="Template talk:Canada topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government of Canada</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alberta" title="Government of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_British_Columbia" title="Government of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Manitoba" title="Government of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Brunswick" title="Government of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Government of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Government of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Government of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Government of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northwest_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Government of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belize" title="Government of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_El_Salvador" title="Government of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Government of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Government of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Government of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Martinique" title="Government of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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