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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nostos_in_the_Odyssey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nostos_and_Odysseus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nostos_and_Odysseus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nostos and Odysseus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nostos_and_Odysseus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theme in Ancient Greek literature</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metope_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Metope_%281%29.JPG/220px-Metope_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Metope_%281%29.JPG/330px-Metope_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Metope_%281%29.JPG/440px-Metope_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Figure riding a <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a>, probably depicting an ancient Greek fable similar to <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>' Return to the Homeland (Nostos)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nostos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νόστος">νόστος</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nostos#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:nostos">nostos</a></span></i></span></i></span>) is a theme used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a>, which includes an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic hero</a> returning home, often by sea. In Ancient Greek society, it was deemed a high level of heroism or greatness for those who managed to return. This journey is usually very extensive and includes being shipwrecked in an unknown location and going through certain trials that test the hero.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return is not only about returning home physically, but also focuses on the hero retaining or elevating their identity and status upon arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme of nostos is brought to life in Homer's <i>The <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, where the main hero <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> tries to return home after battling in the Trojan War. Odysseus is challenged by many temptations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus-eaters" title="Lotus-eaters">Lotus-eaters</a>. If Odysseus had given into these temptations it would have meant certain death and thus failing to return home.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nostos is used today in many forms of literature and movies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nostos_in_the_Odyssey">Nostos in the <i>Odyssey</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nostos in the Odyssey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> has nostos being the "return home from Troy by sea."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nostos can be told by those who experienced it themselves, or there are simply instances in which it is present.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who told their adventures on the sea on their journey back home from Troy were <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a>, and Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those three recount their adventures to others in the epic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Menelaus, in Book Four, he tells of his time in Egypt and other irregular stops.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not stop at just his nostos but he told of Agamemnon's fatal nostos in great detail as well as a small section of Odysseus' journey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nestor gives more on Menelaus' nostos and his journey home with Odysseus and Menelaus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Book Three Nestor said "we pondered our long sea-voyage, whether we should sail over the top of rocky Chios by the island Psyros, keeping it on our left hand, or else to pass under Chios, by windy Mimas. We asked the god to give us some portent for a sign, and the god gave us one, and told us to cut across the middle main sea for Euboia, and so most quickly escape the hovering evil."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Nestor made it evident to the audience that his and <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>' journey home was a perfect nostos, they had no real issues, which was quite different from <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This great difference shows how different each hero's journey home could be.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these instances where nostos is simply present and not told by the individual in the <i>Odyssey,</i> there is an intention to reach a specific destination and some other force blowing the characters off course and arrive in unexpected places on their journey to their home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> had several different instances of nostos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One specific instance where Odysseus' companions lost their nostos, was when they ate the cattle of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and were killed for this since they were specifically told not to.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus warned the men when he said "Friends, since there is food and drink stored in the fast ship, let us then keep our hands off the cattle, for fear that something may befall us. These are the cattle and fat sheep of a dreaded god, Helios, who sees all things and listens to all things."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point Odysseus warned the men of what will happen if they eat the cattle, yet they did it anyway. This situation took away their nostos because their journey home came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all Greek heroes experience nostos. <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>' nostos is unique in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>; this is because he knows himself that he will not have a nostos, creating a greater difference between him and the other heroes, such as Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles knows that he has two options when it comes to the Trojan War – he can either die in the battle with glory and have a short life, or not participate and live a long yet insignificant life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ninth book, he says "my nostos has perished, but my <a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">kleos</a> will be unwilting". In this instance, he has chosen the route of glory and says he will not return home because it is destined that he will die in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nostos_and_Odysseus">Nostos and Odysseus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nostos and Odysseus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odysseus was able to tell his own story of his nostos since he has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odysseus was able to tell part of his nostos to the Phaeacians, and the length of his journey shows how difficult it can be to achieve nostos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrival and telling of his tales is a big deal, though he has not reached home it is a huge mile marker.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Odysseus and his companions leave Circe's palace safely his crew members show their happiness by saying "we rejoice for you saved yourself, nourished by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, as much as if we had reached Ithaca," which shows the comparison of escaping to returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nostos meant several different things in this epic, it meant escaping death, safe landings, returning home from war, and being back home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of those come through because as the hero returned from war the idea of escaping death from war remained in his forethought.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meanings all resemble nostos and when heroes are on their journey back they will have the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Kleos" title="Kleos">Kleos</a> once they have arrived and that is celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> was first coined as a medical term in 1688 by Johannes Hofer (1669-1752), a Swiss medical student. It uses the word νόστος along with another <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> root, ἄλγος or algos, meaning pain, to describe the psychological condition of longing for the past. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, the final part (episodes 16-18), during which <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a> returns home, is called the <a href="/wiki/Nostos_(Ulysses_part)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostos (Ulysses part)"><i>Nostos</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Nostos:_The_Return" title="Nostos: The Return">Nostos: The Return</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Piavoli" title="Franco Piavoli">Franco Piavoli</a> is about Odysseus' homecoming.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gluck" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Gluck">Louise Glück</a>'s 1996 poetry collection <i><a href="/wiki/Meadowlands_(poetry_collection)" title="Meadowlands (poetry collection)">Meadowlands</a></i>, one piece is titled "Nostos".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i>, in which the titular spacecraft is stranded 70,000 light-years from Earth and encounters numerous hostile and friendly aliens and strange phenomena on its way home, has been described by classicists as a <i>nostos.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero%27s_journey" title="Hero's journey">Hero's journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostoi" title="Nostoi">Nostoi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBonifazi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bonifazi, Anna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/366961">"Inquiring into Nostos and Its Cognates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Philology" title="American Journal of Philology">American Journal of Philology</a></i>. <b>130</b> (4): 481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.0.0078">10.1353/ajp.0.0078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170154511">170154511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Inquiring+into+Nostos+and+Its+Cognates&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajp.0.0078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170154511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bonifazi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F366961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexopoulou2009" class="citation book cs1">Alexopoulou, Marigo (2009). <i>The Theme of Returning Home in Ancient Greek Literature: The Nostos of the Epic Heroes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. pp. 2–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theme+of+Returning+Home+in+Ancient+Greek+Literature%3A+The+Nostos+of+the+Epic+Heroes&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Alexopoulou&rft.aufirst=Marigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClauss2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clauss, James J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/232475">"Hercules Unchained: Contaminatio, Nostos, Katabasis, and the Surreal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(journal)" title="Arethusa (journal)">Arethusa</a></i>. <b>41</b>: 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fare.2008.0007">10.1353/are.2008.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161942734">161942734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arethusa&rft.atitle=Hercules+Unchained%3A+Contaminatio%2C+Nostos%2C+Katabasis%2C+and+the+Surreal&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fare.2008.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161942734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clauss&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F232475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonifazi, A.(2009). Inquiring into <i>Nostos</i> and Its Cognates. <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 130(4), 481-510. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from Project MUSE database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i> 3.169-75. (<i>The Odyssey of Homer</i>. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Print.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i> 12.320-23. (<i>The Odyssey of Homer</i>. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Print.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1976" class="citation journal cs1">Church, Margaret (Spring 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25111126">"The Theme of Return: The Nostos of "Ulysses"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>College Literature</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 124–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Theme+of+Return%3A+The+Nostos+of+%22Ulysses%22&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-9&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25111126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapeña_Marchena2018" class="citation book cs1">Lapeña Marchena, Óscar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N78-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">"Ulysses in the Cinema: The Example of <i>Nostos, il ritorno</i> (Franco Piavoli, Italy, 1990)"</a>. In Rovira Guardiola, Rosario (ed.). <i>The Ancient Mediterranean Sea in Modern Visual and Performing Arts: Sailing in Troubled Waters</i>. Imagines – Classical Receptions in the Visual and Performing Arts. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9859-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-9859-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-9859-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulysses+in+the+Cinema%3A+The+Example+of+Nostos%2C+il+ritorno+%28Franco+Piavoli%2C+Italy%2C+1990%29&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mediterranean+Sea+in+Modern+Visual+and+Performing+Arts%3A+Sailing+in+Troubled+Waters&rft.place=London&rft.series=Imagines+%E2%80%93+Classical+Receptions+in+the+Visual+and+Performing+Arts&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-9859-9&rft.aulast=Lape%C3%B1a+Marchena&rft.aufirst=%C3%93scar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN78-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/arts/research/greekplays/poetry/louise-gluck/poems-classical-referents/nostos">"Classical Receptions in Drama and Poetry in English from c.1970-2005: Louise Glück: Nostos"</a>. <i>The Open University</i>. April 30, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Open+University&rft.atitle=Classical+Receptions+in+Drama+and+Poetry+in+English+from+c.1970-2005%3A+Louise+Gl%C3%BCck%3A+Nostos&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Farts%2Fresearch%2Fgreekplays%2Fpoetry%2Flouise-gluck%2Fpoems-classical-referents%2Fnostos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Uwe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasus-onlinezeitschrift.de/2009_2/erga_2_2009_meyer.pdf">"Die Muse" - Populäre Antikerezeption am Beispiel einer Episode der Fernsehserie Star Trek: Voyager"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pegasus-Onlinezeitschrift</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pegasus-Onlinezeitschrift&rft.atitle=Die+Muse%22+-+Popul%C3%A4re+Antikerezeption+am+Beispiel+einer+Episode+der+Fernsehserie+Star+Trek%3A+Voyager&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegasus-onlinezeitschrift.de%2F2009_2%2Ferga_2_2009_meyer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nostos&oldid=1251465083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nostos&oldid=1251465083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_poetry" title="Category:Ancient Greek poetry">Ancient Greek poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Odyssey" title="Category:Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 October 2024, at 08:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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