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invention of electrophotography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_invention_of_electrophotography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electrophotography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrophotography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Electrophotography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrophotography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battelle_Memorial_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battelle_Memorial_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battelle Memorial Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battelle_Memorial_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haloid_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haloid_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="toc-XeroX_Model_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XeroX_Model_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>XeroX Model A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XeroX_Model_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haloid_Xerox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haloid_Xerox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Haloid Xerox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haloid_Xerox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Xerox_914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Xerox_914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The Xerox 914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Xerox_914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشيستر كارلسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيستر كارلسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ester_Karlson" title="Çester Karlson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çester Karlson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="چستر کارلسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چستر کارلسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карлсон Честер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карлсон Честер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="چستر کارلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چستر کارلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Floyd_Carlson" title="Chester Floyd Carlson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chester Floyd Carlson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title="ચેસ્ટર કાર્લસન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચેસ્ટર કાર્લસન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Չեստեր Կարլսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեստեր Կարլսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="צ'סטר קרלסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'סטר קרלסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_F._Carlson" title="Chester F. Carlson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chester F. Carlson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشيستر كارلسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيستر كارلسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="チェスター・カールソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェスター・カールソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карлсон, Честер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карлсон, Честер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Честер Карлсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Честер Карлсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chester Carlson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist and inventor (1906–1968)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Chester Floyd Carlson</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-02-08</span>)</span>February 8, 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 19, 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-09-19)</span> (aged 62)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_High_School" title="San Bernardino High School">San Bernardino High School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Junior_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Junior College">Riverside Junior College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_School" title="New York Law School">New York Law School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Invention of <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerography</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">Electrophotography / Xerography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chester Floyd Carlson</b> (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, inventor, and <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent attorney</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. </p><p>Carlson invented <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">electrophotography</a> (now xerography, meaning "dry writing"), producing a dry copy in contrast to the wet copies then produced by the <a href="/wiki/Photostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Photostat">Photostat</a> process; it is now used by millions of photocopiers worldwide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Work outside of school hours was a necessity at an early age, and with such time as I had I turned toward interests of my own devising, making things, experimenting, and planning for the future. I had read of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a> and other successful inventors, and the idea of making an invention appealed to me as one of the few available means to accomplish a change in one's economic status, while at the same time bringing to focus my interest in technical things and making it possible to make a contribution to society as well.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chester Carlson, <sup id="cite_ref-dimsdale_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimsdale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Carlson's father, Olaf Adolph Carlson, had little formal education, but was described as "brilliant" by a relative. Carlson wrote of his mother, Ellen, that she "was looked up to by her sisters as one of the wisest."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Carlson was an infant, his father contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and also later suffered from <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> of the spine (a common, age-related disease). When Olaf moved the family to Mexico for a seven-month period in 1910, in hopes of gaining riches through what Carlson described as "a crazy American land colonization scheme," Ellen contracted malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his parents' illnesses, and the resulting poverty, Carlson worked to support his family from an early age; he began working odd jobs for money when he was eight. By the time he was thirteen, he would work for two or three hours before going to school, then go back to work after classes. By the time Carlson was in high school, he was his family's principal provider.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17, and his father died when Carlson was 27. </p><p>Carlson began thinking about reproducing print early in his life. At age ten, he created a newspaper called "This and That", created by hand and circulated among his friends with a routing list. His favorite plaything was a rubber stamp printing set, and his most coveted possession was a toy typewriter an aunt gave him for Christmas in 1916—although he was disappointed that it was not an office typewriter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working for a local printer while in high school, Carlson attempted to typeset and publish a magazine for science-minded students like himself. He quickly became frustrated with traditional duplicating techniques. As he said in a 1965 interview, "That set me to thinking about easier ways to do that, and I got to thinking about duplicating methods."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, I had a fascination with the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">graphic arts</a> from childhood. One of the first things I wanted was a <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>—even when I was in grammar school. Then, when I was in high school I liked <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and I got the idea of publishing a little magazine for amateur chemists. I also worked for a printer in my spare time and he sold me an old <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> which he had discarded. I paid for it by working for him. Then I started out to set my own type and print this little paper. I don't think I printed more than two issues, and they weren't much. However, this experience did impress me with the difficulty of getting words into hard copy and this, in turn, started me thinking about duplicating processes. I started a little inventor's notebook and I would jot down ideas from time to time.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chester Carlson, to A. Dinsdale, when asked about his choice of field<sup id="cite_ref-dinsdale_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinsdale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Because of the work he put into supporting his family, Carlson had to take a postgraduate year at his alma mater <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_High_School" title="San Bernardino High School">San Bernardino High School</a> to fill in missed courses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then entered a cooperative work/study program at <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Junior_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Junior College">Riverside Junior College</a>, working and going to classes in alternating six-week periods. Carlson held three jobs while at Riverside, paying for a cheap one-bedroom apartment for himself and his father. At Riverside, Chester began as a chemistry major, but switched to physics, largely due to a favorite professor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After three years at Riverside, Chester transferred to the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, or Caltech—his ambition since high school. His tuition, $260 a year, exceeded his total earnings, and the workload prevented him from earning much money—though he did mow lawns and do odd jobs on weekends, and work at a cement factory in the summer. By the time he graduated, he was $1,500 in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-copies_65-66_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copies_65-66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated with good—but not exceptional—grades, earning a B.S. degree in physics in 1930, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. He wrote letters seeking employment to 82 companies; none offered him a job.<sup id="cite_ref-prophets_15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prophets_15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The need for a quick, satisfactory copying machine that could be used right in the office seemed very apparent to me—there seemed such a crying need for it—such a desirable thing if it could be obtained. So I set out to think of how one could be made.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chester Carlson<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As a last resort, he began working for <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> in New York City as a research engineer. Finding the work dull and routine,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a year Carlson transferred to the patent department as an assistant to one of the company's patent attorneys. </p><p>Carlson wrote over 400 ideas for new inventions in his personal notebooks while working at Bell Labs. He kept coming back to his love of printing, especially since his job in the patent department gave him new determination to find a better way to copy documents. "In the course of my patent work," wrote Carlson, "I frequently had need for copies of patent specifications and drawings, and there was no really convenient way of getting them at that time."<sup id="cite_ref-prophets_15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prophets_15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the department primarily made copies by having typists retype the patent application in its entirety, using <a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">carbon paper</a> to make multiple copies at once. There were other methods available, such as <a href="/wiki/Mimeograph" title="Mimeograph">mimeographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Photostat">Photostats</a>, but they were more expensive than carbon paper, and they had other limitations that made them impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing solutions were 'duplicating' machines—they could make many duplicates, but one had to create a special master copy first, usually at great expense of time or money. Carlson wanted to invent a 'copying' machine, that could take an existing document and copy it onto a new piece of paper without any intermediate steps. </p><p>In 1933, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Carlson was fired from Bell Labs for participating in a failed "business scheme" outside of the Labs with several other employees.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After six weeks of job-hunting, he got a job at the firm Austin & Dix, near <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, but he left the job about a year later as the firm's business was declining. He got a better job at the electronics firm P. R. Mallory Company, founded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mallory" title="Philip Mallory">Philip Mallory</a> (which became the <a href="/wiki/Duracell" title="Duracell">Duracell</a> division of <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>), where Carlson was promoted to head of the patent department. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_invention_of_electrophotography">The invention of electrophotography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The invention of electrophotography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">Xerography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There was a gap of some years, but by 1935 I was more or less settled. I had my job, but I didn't think I was getting ahead very fast. I was just <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hand-to-mouth" class="extiw" title="wikt:hand-to-mouth">living from hand to mouth</a>, you might say, and I had just got married. It was kind of a hard struggle. So I thought the possibility of making an invention might kill two birds with one stone; it would be a chance to do the world some good and also a chance to do myself some good.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chester Carlson, to A. Dinsdale<sup id="cite_ref-dinsdale_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinsdale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1936, Carlson began to study law at night at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Law_School" title="New York Law School">New York Law School</a>, receiving his <a href="/wiki/LL.B." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B.">LL.B.</a> degree in 1939. He studied at the New York Public Library, copying longhand from law books there because he could not afford to buy them. The pains induced by this laborious copying hardened his resolve to find a way to build a true copying machine. He began supplementing his law studies with trips to the Public Library's science and technology department. It was there that he was inspired by a brief article, written by Hungarian physicist <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Sel%C3%A9nyi" title="Pál Selényi">Pál Selényi</a> in an obscure German scientific journal, that showed him a way to obtain his dream machine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlson's early experiments, conducted in his apartment kitchen, were smoky, smelly, and occasionally explosive. In one set of experiments, he was melting pure crystalline sulfur (a photoconductor) onto a plate of zinc by moving it just so over the flame of his kitchen stove. This often resulted in a sulfur fire, filling the building with the smell of rotten eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another experiment, the chemicals he was working with caught fire, and he and his wife were hard-pressed to extinguish the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, he developed arthritis of the spine, like his father. He pressed on with his experiments, however, in addition to his law school studies and his regular job. </p><p>Having learned about the value of patents in his early career as a patent clerk and attorney, Carlson patented his developments every step along the way. He filed his first preliminary patent application on October 18, 1937.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the fall of 1938, Carlson's wife had convinced him that his experiments needed to be conducted elsewhere. He rented a room on the second floor of a house owned by his mother-in-law at 32-05 37th Street in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, Queens</a>. He hired an assistant, Otto Kornei, an out-of-work Austrian physicist. </p><p>Carlson knew that several major corporations were researching ways of copying paper. The <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Haloid Company</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Photostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Photostat">Photostat</a>, which it licensed to <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, the photography giant. However, these companies were researching along photographic lines, and their solutions required special chemicals and papers. The Photostat, for instance, was essentially a photograph of the document being copied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrophotography">Electrophotography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrophotography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electrophotography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophotography">Electrophotography</a></div> <p>Selényi's article described a way of transmitting and printing facsimiles of printed images using a beam of directed ions directed onto a rotating drum of insulating material. The ions would create an electrostatic charge on the drum. A fine powder could then be dusted upon the drum; the powder would stick to the parts of the drum that had been charged, much as a balloon will stick to a static-charged stocking. </p><p>To this point, Carlson's apartment-kitchen experiments in constructing a copying machine had involved trying to generate an electric current in the original piece of paper using light. Selényi's article convinced Carlson to instead use light to 'remove' the static charge from a uniformly-ionized <a href="/wiki/Photoconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoconductor">photoconductor</a>. As no light would reflect from the black marks on the paper, those areas would remain charged on the photoconductor, and would therefore retain the fine powder. He could then transfer the powder to a fresh sheet of paper, resulting in a duplicate of the original.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach would give his invention an advantage over the Photostat, which could create only a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photographic negative</a> of the original. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Astoria 10-22-38 (The first xerographic image)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg/220px-First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg/330px-First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/First_xerographic_copy_-_10-22-38_ASTORIA_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>The world's first xerographic image<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>On October 22, 1938, they had their historic breakthrough. Kornei wrote the words "10.-22.-38 ASTORIA." in <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> on a glass <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slide</a>. He prepared a <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> plate with a <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> coating, darkened the room, rubbed the sulfur surface with a cotton handkerchief to apply an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> charge, then laid the slide on the plate, exposing it to a bright, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> light. They removed the slide, sprinkled <a href="/wiki/Lycopodium" title="Lycopodium">lycopodium</a> powder to the sulfur surface, softly blew the excess away, and transferred the image to a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">wax paper</a>. They heated the paper, softening the wax so the lycopodium would adhere to it, and had the world's first xerographic copy. After repeating the experiment to be sure it worked, Carlson celebrated by taking Kornei out for a modest lunch.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kornei was not as excited about the results of the experiment as Carlson. Within a year, he left Carlson on cordial terms. His pessimism about electrophotography was so strong that he decided to dissolve his agreement with Carlson that would have given Kornei ten percent of Carlson's future proceeds from the invention and partial rights to the inventions they had worked on together.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, when Xerox stock was soaring, Carlson sent Kornei a gift of one hundred shares in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had Kornei held onto that gift, it would have been worth more than $1 million by 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The road to Carlson's success—or that for xerography's success—had been long and filled with failure. He was turned down for funding by more than twenty companies between 1939 and 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried for some time to sell the invention to International Business Machines (IBM), the great vendor of office equipment, but no one at the company saw merit in the concept—it is not clear that anyone at IBM even 'understood' the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next-to-last attempt to garner the interest—and funds—he needed to commercialize the physics was a meeting with the Department of the Navy. The Navy had a specific interest in the production of dry copies, but they did not "see" what Carlson saw.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On October 6, 1942, the Patent Office issued Carlson's patent on electrophotography.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battelle_Memorial_Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battelle Memorial Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Carlson was close to giving up on getting his invention from a proof-of-concept to a usable product, happenstance provided a solution. In 1944, Russell W. Dayton, a young engineer from the <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, visited the patent department at Mallory where Carlson worked. Dayton, brought in as an expert witness in a patent appeal case by Mallory, seemed to Carlson to be "the kind of fellow who looked like he was interested in new ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Battelle had not previously developed ideas generated by others, Dayton was fascinated by Carlson's invention. When Carlson was invited to Columbus to demonstrate his invention, Dayton's statement to the Battelle scientists and engineers present showed that he understood the importance of Carlson's invention: "However crude this may seem, this is the first time any of you have seen a reproduction made without any chemical reaction and a dry process." </p><p>Battelle took a risk on Carlson's invention, which seemed to come out of nowhere: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Electrophotography had practically no foundation in previous scientific work. Chet put together a rather odd lot of phenomena, each of which was obscure in itself and none of which had previously been related in anyone's thinking. The result was the biggest thing in imaging since the coming of photography itself. Furthermore, he did it entirely without the help of a favorable scientific climate. There are dozens of instances of simultaneous discovery down through scientific history, but no one came anywhere near being simultaneous with Chet. I'm as amazed by his discovery now as I was when I first heard of it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr. Harold E. Clark, Battelle Memorial Institute, <i>New Yorker</i>, 1967<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>By the fall of 1945, Battelle agreed to act as Carlson's agent for his patents, pay for further research, and develop the idea. Battelle tried to interest major printing and photography companies, like Eastman Kodak and Harris-Seybold, to license the idea, but to no avail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haloid_Company">Haloid Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Haloid Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commercial breakthrough came when <a href="/wiki/John_H._Dessauer" title="John H. Dessauer">John Dessauer</a>, chief of research at the Haloid Company, read an article about Carlson's invention. Haloid, a manufacturer of photographic paper, was looking for a way out of the shadow of its <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, neighbor, <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>. Through previous acquisitions, Haloid was already in the duplicating-machine business; Dessauer thought that electrophotography might allow Haloid to expand into a new field that Kodak did not dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1946, Battelle, Carlson, and Haloid signed the first agreement to license electrophotography for a commercial product. The $10,000 contract—representing ten percent of Haloid's total earnings from 1945—granted a nonexclusive right to make electrophotography-based copying machines intended to make no more than twenty copies of an original. Both sides were tentative; Battelle was concerned by Haloid's relatively small size, and Haloid had concerns about electrophotography's viability.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Battelle conducted most of the basic research into electrophotography, while Haloid concentrated on trying to make a commercial product out of the results. In 1948, Haloid's CEO, Joseph Wilson, convinced the U.S. Army Signal Corps to invest $100,000 in the technology, an amount that would double later. The Signal Corps was concerned about nuclear war. The traditional photographic techniques they used for reconnaissance would not function properly when exposed to the radiation from a nuclear attack; the film would fog, much as consumer photographic film can be fogged by an airport X-ray machine. The Signal Corps thought that electrophotography might be developed into a product that would be immune to such radiation. Through the 1950s, over half the money Battelle spent developing electrophotography came from government contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Carlson was becoming worried that Battelle was not developing electrophotography quickly enough; his patent would expire in ten years. After meeting with Joe Wilson, Carlson accepted an offer to become a consultant to Haloid. He and his wife Dorris moved to the Rochester area, to be near the company's base of operations. </p><p>After years of trying to interest additional licensees in electrophotography, Battelle agreed to renegotiate with Haloid, making it the exclusive licensee for the invention (except for a few minor uses that Battelle wished to retain for itself).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xerox">Xerox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Xerox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What Bell is to the telephone—or, more aptly, what Eastman is to photography—Haloid could be to xerography.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chester Carlson, letter to Joseph Wilson, 1953<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xerography">Xerography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Xerography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1948, Haloid realized that it would have to make a public announcement about electrophotography in order to retain its claims to the technology. However, the term <i>electrophotography</i> troubled Haloid; for one thing, its use of the term "photography" invited unwelcome comparisons with traditional duplicating technologies. After considering several options, Haloid chose a term invented by a public-relations employee at Battelle, who had asked a classics professor at Ohio State University for ideas. The professor suggested the term <i>xerography</i>—formed by combining the Greek words <i>xeros</i> ("dry") and <i>graphein</i> ("writing"). Carlson was not fond of the name, but Haloid's Wilson liked it, and so Haloid's board of directors voted to adopt it. The company's patent department wanted to trademark "xerography"; Haloid's head of sales and advertising, John Hartnett, vetoed the idea: "Don't do <i>that</i>. We want people to <i>use</i> the word."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XeroX_Model_A">XeroX Model A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: XeroX Model A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 22, 1948, ten years to the day after that first <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> slide was copied, the Haloid Company made the first public announcement of xerography. In 1949, it shipped the first commercial photocopier: the XeroX Model A Copier, known inside the company as the "Ox Box." The Model A was difficult to use, requiring thirty-nine steps to make a copy, as the process was mostly manual. The product would likely have been a failure, except that it turned out to be a good way to make paper masters for offset printing presses, even with the difficulty of use. Sales of the Model A to the printing departments of companies like <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> kept the product alive.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Model A, in order to make a paper lithographic master for a lithographic press like the Multigraph 1250, one had two choices: Type up a new master using wax-coated carbon paper on a special master sheet, or use a metal plate coated with a modified silver halide photographic emulsion. If retyping the document was not feasible, the photographic method could be used, but it was slow, expensive, and messy. Because the Model A's toner repelled water but attracted oil-based inks, a lithographic master could be made easily by simply making a copy of the document with the Model A onto a blank paper master. It reduced the cost of creating a lithographic master for an existing document from three dollars to less than forty cents. Ford saved so much money by using the Model A that the savings were specifically mentioned in one of Ford's annual reports.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Model A, Haloid released a number of xerographic copiers to the market, but none yet particularly easy to use. Meanwhile, competitors such as Kodak and <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> brought out their own copying devices using other technologies. Kodak's Verifax, for instance, could sit on one side of a desk and sold for $100; Haloid's competing machines were more expensive and substantially larger.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haloid_Xerox">Haloid Xerox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haloid Xerox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955, Haloid signed a new agreement with Battelle granting it full title to Carlson's xerography patents, in exchange for fifty thousand shares of Haloid stock.<sup id="cite_ref-prophets_25_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prophets_25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlson received forty percent of the cash and stock from that deal, due to his agreement with Battelle.<sup id="cite_ref-copies_260_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copies_260-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the British motion picture company <a href="/wiki/Rank_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Organisation">Rank Organisation</a> was looking for a product to sit alongside a small business it had making camera lenses. Thomas A Law, who was the head of that business, found his answer in a scientific magazine he picked up by chance. He read about an invention that could produce copies of documents as good as the original. Mr Law tracked down the backers – Haloid. In order to exploit those patents in Europe, Haloid partnered with <a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation">the Rank Organisation</a> in a joint venture called <a href="/wiki/Rank_Xerox" title="Rank Xerox">Rank Xerox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prophets_25_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prophets_25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As photocopying took the world by storm, so did Rank's profits. According to Graham Dowson, later Rank's chief executive, it was "a stroke of luck that turned out to be a touch of genius … If Tom Law had not seen that magazine, we would not have known about xerography – or at least not before it was too late".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haloid needed to grow, and its existing offices in Rochester were old and scattered. In 1955, the company purchased a large parcel of land in the Rochester suburb of Webster, New York; this site would eventually become the company's main research-and-development campus.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haloid's CEO, Joseph Wilson, had decided Haloid needed a new name as early as 1954. After years of debate within the company, the board approved a name change to "Haloid Xerox" in 1958, reflecting the fact that xerography was now the company's main line of business.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Xerox_914">The Xerox 914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Xerox 914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first device recognizable as a modern photocopier was the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_914" title="Xerox 914">Xerox 914</a>. Although large and crude by modern standards, it allowed an operator to place an original on a sheet of glass, press a button, and receive a copy on plain paper. Manufactured in a leased building off Orchard Street in Rochester, the 914 was introduced to the market at the <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Netherland_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherry Netherland Hotel">Sherry Netherland Hotel</a> in New York City on September 16, 1959. Even plagued with early problems—of the two demonstration units at the hotel, one caught fire, and one worked fine—the Xerox 914 became massively successful. Between 1959, when the Model 914 first shipped, and 1961, Haloid Xerox's revenues nearly doubled. </p><p>The 914's success was not only due to its relative ease of use, its design (that, unlike competing copiers, carried no risk of damage to the original), and its low operating costs compared to other machines that required special paper; Haloid Xerox's decision to rent the 914—at the price of $25 per month, plus the cost of copies at four cents each with a minimum of $49 per month—made it vastly more affordable than a similar competing copier.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, because of the success of the Xerox 914, the company changed its name again, to Xerox Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Carlson, the commercial success of the Xerox 914 was the culmination of his life's work: a device that could quickly and cheaply make an exact copy of an existing document. After the 914 went into production, Carlson's involvement with Xerox declined as he began pursuing his philanthropic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the fall of 1934, Carlson married Elsa von Mallon, whom he had met at a <a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> party in New York City. Carlson described the marriage as "an unhappy period interspersed with sporadic escapes."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were divorced in 1945. </p><p>Carlson married his second wife, Dorris Helen Hudgins, while the negotiations between Battelle and Haloid were under way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To know Chester Carlson was to like him, to love him, and to respect him. He was generally known as the inventor of xerography, and although it was an extraordinary achievement in the technological and scientific field, I respected him more as a man of exceptional moral stature and as a humanist. His concern for the future of the human situation was genuine, and his dedication to the principles of the United Nations was profound. He belonged to that rare breed of leaders who generate in our hearts faith in man and hope for the future.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>, secretary-general, United Nations, at the Xerox memorial service for Chester Carlson</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1951, Carlson's royalties from Battelle amounted to about $15,000 (in current terms, $180,000). Carlson continued to work at Haloid until 1955, and he remained a consultant to the company until his death. From 1956 to 1965, he continued to earn royalties on his patents from Xerox, amounting to about one-sixteenth of a cent for every Xerox copy made worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-copies_260_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copies_260-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <i>Fortune</i> magazine ranked Carlson among the wealthiest people in America. He sent them a brief letter: "Your estimate of my net worth is too high by $150 million. I belong in the 0 to $50 million bracket." This was because Carlson had spent years quietly giving most of his fortune away. He told his wife his remaining ambition was "to die a poor man."<sup id="cite_ref-copies_260_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copies_260-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlson devoted his wealth to philanthropic purposes. He donated over $150 million to charitable causes and was an active supporter of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. Carlson's wife Dorris got him interested in Hinduism, particularly the ancient texts known as the Vedanta, as well as in Zen Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-copies_260_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copies_260-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hosted Buddhist meetings, with meditation, at their home. After reading <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a>'s book <i>The Three Pillars of Zen</i>, Dorris invited Kapleau to join their meditation group; in June 1966, they provided the funding that allowed Kapleau to start the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorris paid for 1,400 acres (5.7 km<sup>2</sup>) of land that became <a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a>, a Zen monastery in the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a> of New York led by <a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shimano-times_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimano-times-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlson had purchased a New York City carriage house for use by Shimano; he died four days after it was dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-shimano-times_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimano-times-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlson is still commemorated in special services by Shimano; his dharma name, <i>Daitokuin Zenshin Carlson Koji</i>, is mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his essay "Half a Career with the Paranormal," researcher <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stevenson" title="Ian Stevenson">Ian Stevenson</a> describes Carlson's philanthropic style. According to Stevenson, Carlson's wife, Dorris, had some skill at <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a>, and convinced Carlson to help support Stevenson's research into paranormal phenomena. Carlson not only made annual donations to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> to fund Stevenson's work, but in 1964 he made a particularly large donation that helped fund one of the first <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment#Endowed_professorships" title="Financial endowment">endowed chairs</a> at the university. Stevenson was the first incumbent of this chair.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Carlson insisted on anonymous donations, wrote Stevenson, he was unusual in that he closely followed the details of the research, maintaining contact with Stevenson. "He rarely made suggestions, but what he said always deserved attention," wrote Stevenson.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1968, while on vacation in the Bahamas, Carlson had his first heart attack. He was gravely ill, but hid this from his wife, embarking on a number of unexpected household improvements and concealing his doctor's visits. On September 19, Carlson died of a heart attack. Dorris arranged a small service in New York City; Xerox held a much larger service in the corporate auditorium in Rochester on September 26, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="New York Civil Liberties Union">New York Civil Liberties Union</a> was among the beneficiaries of his bequests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The University of Virginia received $1 million,<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under strict instructions that the money was to be used only to fund parapsychology research.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Democratic_Institutions" title="Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions">Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions</a> received a bequest of over $4.2 million from Carlson, in addition to the more than $4 million he had contributed while alive.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 Carlson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_5886" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Proclamation 5886">US Presidential Proclamation 5886</a></b></div></div></div> </div><p>United States Public Law 100-548, signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, designated October 22, 1988, as "National Chester F. Carlson Recognition Day". He was honored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> with a 21¢ <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> postage stamp.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carlson is memorialized by buildings at the two largest institutions of higher learning in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, Xerox's hometown. The Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, a department of the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a>, specializes in remote sensing, eye tracking, and xerography.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>'s Carlson Science and Engineering Library is the university's primary library for the science and engineering disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 2019, New York City honored Carlson's legacy by officially co-naming 37th Street in Queens, New York — where his first makeshift lab was — after him. </p><p>The following awards are named in Carlson's honor: </p> <ul><li><b>American Society for Engineering Education</b>: The <i>Chester F. Carlson Award</i> is presented annually to an individual innovator in engineering education who, by motivation and ability to extend beyond the accepted tradition, has made a significant contribution to the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science, IVA</b>: The <i>Chester Carlson Award</i> recognizes persons or institutions for significant research or development within the area of information science.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Society for Imaging Science and Technology</b>: The <i>Chester F. Carlson Award</i> recognizes outstanding technical work that advances the state of the art in electrophotographic printing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copy_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy art">Copy art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">Photocopier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicating_machines" title="Duplicating machines">Duplicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gestetner" title="David Gestetner">David Gestetner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dimsdale-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimsdale_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDimsdale1963" class="citation journal cs1">Dimsdale, A. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065401/http://www.library.rochester.edu/carlson/chester/biography">"Chester F. Carlson, Inventor of Xerography—A biography"</a>. <i>Photographic Science and Engineering</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.rochester.edu/carlson/chester/biography">the original</a> on October 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photographic+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Chester+F.+Carlson%2C+Inventor+of+Xerography%E2%80%94A+biography&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Dimsdale&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.rochester.edu%2Fcarlson%2Fchester%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/55">55–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dinsdale-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dinsdale_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dinsdale_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinsdale1963" class="citation journal cs1">Dinsdale, A. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065401/http://www.library.rochester.edu/carlson/chester/biography">"Chester F. Carlson, Inventor of Xerography—A biography"</a>. <i>Photographic Science and Engineering</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.rochester.edu/carlson/chester/biography">the original</a> on October 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photographic+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Chester+F.+Carlson%2C+Inventor+of+Xerography%E2%80%94A+biography&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Dinsdale&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.rochester.edu%2Fcarlson%2Fchester%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020073401/http://www.sbcusd.com/index.aspx?nid=5228">"San Bernardino City Schools - Official Website - Distinguished Cardinal Citizens"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbcusd.com/index.aspx?nid=5228">the original</a> on 2014-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Bernardino+City+Schools+-+Official+Website+-+Distinguished+Cardinal+Citizens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbcusd.com%2Findex.aspx%3Fnid%3D5228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-copies_65-66-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-copies_65-66_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/65">65–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prophets_15-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prophets_15_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prophets_15_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Nadler" title="David A. Nadler">Nadler, David A.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'To my mind, it was practically the back door of the laboratories,' he told Dumond seventeen years later. 'It was one of the least desirable jobs, both as to job and location of work. We were down in the basement of the old annex building, four or five men all by ourselves. The place looked more like a little factory or workshop.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Nadler" title="David A. Nadler">Nadler, David A.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>. <q>Until after 1950, in fact, the only truly decent way of making a copy of a letter was by sitting down in front of a typewriter and rolling in a trusty piece of carbon paper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/93">93–94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Nadler" title="David A. Nadler">Nadler, David A.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/86">86–87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xerox.com/pr/xerox/photo.aspx?fid=93941&id=E0C18647">"Astoria 10-22-38 (The first xerographic image)"</a>. <i>Xerox Images Library</i>. Xerox Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xerox+Images+Library&rft.atitle=Astoria+10-22-38+%28The+first+xerographic+image%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xerox.com%2Fpr%2Fxerox%2Fphoto.aspx%3Ffid%3D93941%26id%3DE0C18647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span> Courtesy of Xerox Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/96">96–99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96-99&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Nadler" title="David A. Nadler">Nadler, David A.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/17">17</a>–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/100">100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; <a href="/wiki/David_A._Nadler" title="David A. Nadler">Nadler, David A.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/265">265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217090813/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventors/carlson.htm">"Fascinating facts about Chester Carlson inventor of Xerography in 1938"</a>. June 1, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/carlson.htm">the original</a> on December 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fascinating+facts+about+Chester+Carlson+inventor+of+Xerography+in+1938.&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideafinder.com%2Fhistory%2Finventors%2Fcarlson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/103">103–107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103-107&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFCarlson1942"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2297691">US 2297691</a>, Carlson, Chester F., "Electrophotography", published 1942-10-06</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2297691&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electrophotography&rft.inventor=Carlson&rft.pubdate=1942-10-06"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1967" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, John (April 1, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1967/04/01/1967_04_01_046_TNY_CARDS_000284916">"Profiles: XEROX XEROX XEROX XEROX"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>: 46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Profiles%3A+XEROX+XEROX+XEROX+XEROX&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1967-04-01&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F1967%2F04%2F01%2F1967_04_01_046_TNY_CARDS_000284916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required for online access)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/121">121–124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>. <q>The article [Dessauer] read in the Kodak bulletin was less than three hundred words long, but it described a process that sounded both technologically promising and emotionally appealing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=121-124&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/128">128–129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>. <q>Haloid knew that several very large companies—among them Kodak, 3M, and IBM—were almost certainly working on office copiers of their own, using techniques unrelated to electrophotography. Why had all those companies ignored Carlson's idea? Did they know something that Haloid didn't?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/135">135–136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/151">151–154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151-154&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/189">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prophets_25-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prophets_25_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prophets_25_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-copies_260-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-copies_260_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-copies_260_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-copies_260_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-copies_260_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daily Telegraph, 13 January 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/195">195–196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnsNadler1992" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear"><i>Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsindarkho00kear/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-564-4"><bdi>0-88730-564-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Dark%3A+How+Xerox+reinvented+itself+and+beat+back+the+Japanese&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88730-564-4&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Nadler%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsindarkho00kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/252">252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2006" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Charles D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=juzBhWZ1jK4C&pg=PA236"><i>Joe Wilson and the Creation of Xerox</i></a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-99835-8"><bdi>978-0-471-99835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Wilson+and+the+Creation+of+Xerox&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-99835-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjuzBhWZ1jK4C%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715064203/http://www.windhorsezen.org/roshi.asp">"Roshi Philip Kapleau"</a>. <i>windhorsezen.org</i>. Windhorse Zen Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windhorsezen.org/roshi.asp">the original</a> on July 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>. <q>During Philip Kapleau's book tour in 1965 Dorris Carlson, wife of Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, invited him to visit her small meditation group in Rochester, New York. In June 1966, with the support of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=windhorsezen.org&rft.atitle=Roshi+Philip+Kapleau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windhorsezen.org%2Froshi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=4433">"Carlson, Chester Photographs"</a>. <i>River Campus Libraries Department of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation</i>. University of Rochester. Box 2. <q>Chester Carlson in front of Zen Center, 1968- contributed heavily to the beliefs of Zen Buddhism. (1 photo)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=River+Campus+Libraries+Department+of+Rare+Books%2C+Special+Collections+and+Preservation&rft.atitle=Carlson%2C+Chester+Photographs&rft.pages=Box+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.rochester.edu%2Findex.cfm%3Fpage%3D4433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rochester-area's Buddhists value meditative life". <i>Democrat and Chronicle</i>. Rochester, New York: Gannett. August 28, 2008. <q>In the days before the center, Fernandez was part of a small group of Buddhists who met and meditated at the home of Doris and Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography. Few Rochesterians knew anything of Buddhism at the time, Fernandez says. 'I'd hear people refer to the center as the Zen medication center.' ¶ Carlson's fortune helped start the center, but he was not impressed with his wealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democrat+and+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Rochester-area%27s+Buddhists+value+meditative+life&rft.date=2008-08-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/masters/kapleau.htm">"Buddhist Masters and Their Organisations: Philip Kapleau Roshi"</a>. Buddha Dharma Education Association. <q>During Philip Kapleau's book tour in 1965 Dorris Carlson invited him to visit her small meditation group and in June 1966, with the support of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Masters+and+Their+Organisations%3A+Philip+Kapleau+Roshi&rft.pub=Buddha+Dharma+Education+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fmasters%2Fkapleau.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235622/http://www.rzc.org/node/22">"About Ralph Chapin"</a>. <i>Rochester Zen Center</i>. Rochester Zen Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rzc.org/node/22">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-05</span></span>. <q>Ralph obtained galleys of the book and was instrumental in introducing the book as well as Roshi Kapleau to Dorris and Chester Carlson, whose Rochester meditation group later formed the nucleus of the Rochester Zen Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rochester+Zen+Center&rft.atitle=About+Ralph+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rzc.org%2Fnode%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026102647/http://www.zendust.org/kapleaumore.htm">"Roshi, Philip Kapleau #2"</a>. <i>Zen Community of Oregon</i>. Zen Community of Oregon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zendust.org/kapleaumore.htm">the original</a> on 2008-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-05</span></span>. <q>Two of the earliest readers of Three Pillars were Ralph Chapin of Chapin Manufacturing in Batavia, New York, and Dorris Carlson of Rochester, New York, the wife of Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, the technology that became the foundation for the Xerox Corporation. During Philip Kapleau's book tour in 1965, Dorris Carlson invited him to visit her small meditation group and in June 1966, with the support of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zen+Community+of+Oregon&rft.atitle=Roshi%2C+Philip+Kapleau+%232&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zendust.org%2Fkapleaumore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimano-times-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shimano-times_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shimano-times_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilan2001" class="citation news cs1">Neilan, Terence (June 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/18/nyregion/buddhism-blooms-amid-the-forests-of-the-catskills-ancient-cures-for-modern-ills.html?scp=1&sq=Buddhism%20Blooms%20Amid%20the%20Forests%20of%20the%20Catskills%20%20&st=cse">"Buddhism Blooms Amid the Forests of the Catskills; Ancient Cures for Modern Ills"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>. <q>On July 4, Dai Bosatsu will celebrate the 25th anniversary of establishing a center on 1,400 acres that were paid for by Dorris Carlson, the widow of Chester Carlson, who invented the process that brought the world Xerox. The Carlsons had an interest in Eastern philosophy and religions. They also wanted to help transmit the Buddhist message, particularly the one taught by Eido Shimano Roshi, a Zen master. Dai Bosatsu's city base is a converted East 67th Street carriage house that was bought as a center for Eido Roshi by Mr. Carlson, who died four days after its dedication on Sept. 15, 1968.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Buddhism+Blooms+Amid+the+Forests+of+the+Catskills%3B+Ancient+Cures+for+Modern+Ills&rft.date=2001-06-18&rft.aulast=Neilan&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F06%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fbuddhism-blooms-amid-the-forests-of-the-catskills-ancient-cures-for-modern-ills.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3DBuddhism%2520Blooms%2520Amid%2520the%2520Forests%2520of%2520the%2520Catskills%2520%2520%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick" class="citation web cs1">Chadwick, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuke.com/Cucumber%20Project/interviews/eido.html">"Interviews: Eido T. Shimano Roshi"</a>. <i>Crooked Cucumber: The life and zen teaching of Shunryu Suzuki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crooked+Cucumber%3A+The+life+and+zen+teaching+of+Shunryu+Suzuki&rft.atitle=Interviews%3A+Eido+T.+Shimano+Roshi&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuke.com%2FCucumber%2520Project%2Finterviews%2Feido.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenson-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenson_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, Ian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706190551/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_20_1_stevenson.pdf">"Half a Career with the Paranormal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Scientific Exploration</i>. <b>20</b> (1). Society for Scientific Exploration: 13–21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_20_1_stevenson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Exploration&rft.atitle=Half+a+Career+with+the+Paranormal&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificexploration.org%2Fjournal%2Fjse_20_1_stevenson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/inventorbios/67/Chester-Floyd-Carlson.html">"Chester Floyd Carlson Biography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+Floyd+Carlson+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2Finventorbios%2F67%2FChester-Floyd-Carlson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen"><i>Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copiesinsecondsh0000owen/page/273">273–275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0"><bdi>0-7432-5118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds%3A+Chester+Carlson+and+the+birth+of+the+Xerox+machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=273-275&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5118-0&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopiesinsecondsh0000owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Dane R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czZfU0ocXrkC&q=rochester%20institute%20of%20technology&pg=PR4">"Chapter 35: Several Anniversaries"</a>. <i>Rochester Institute of Technology: Industrial development and educational innovation in an American city</i> (2nd ed.). RIT Press. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933360232" title="Special:BookSources/9781933360232"><bdi>9781933360232</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2010</span>. <q>If the University is unwilling or unable to accept the bequest for that purpose, his trustee is to find another University or non-profit foundation which would use the money for that purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+35%3A+Several+Anniversaries&rft.btitle=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology%3A+Industrial+development+and+educational+innovation+in+an+American+city&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=RIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933360232&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Dane+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczZfU0ocXrkC%26q%3Drochester%2520institute%2520of%2520technology%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshmore1984" class="citation journal cs1">Ashmore, Harry S. (November–December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/ashmore-harry_on-the-center-for-study-of-democratic-instns.html">"The End of the Hutchins Era at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions"</a>. <i>The Center Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Center+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Hutchins+Era+at+the+Center+for+the+Study+of+Democratic+Institutions&rft.date=1984-11%2F1984-12&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativeindividualism.org%2Fashmore-harry_on-the-center-for-study-of-democratic-instns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1993" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Milton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4w10061d/">"46. Is anybody listening? (2)"</a>. <i>Robert Maynard Hutchins: A memoir</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 483. <q>The financial situation was perennially acute, and if it had not been for one man, Chester Carlson, the inventor of Xerox, it would have been fatal; over the years Carlson provided ten million of the twenty-four million dollars the Center grossed between 1959 and 1978.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=46.+Is+anybody+listening%3F+%282%29&rft.btitle=Robert+Maynard+Hutchins%3A+A+memoir&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft4w10061d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/100/548">100–548</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Dane R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czZfU0ocXrkC&q=rochester%20institute%20of%20technology&pg=PR4">"Chapter 35: Several Anniversaries"</a>. <i>Rochester Institute of Technology: Industrial development and educational innovation in an American city</i> (2nd ed.). RIT Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933360232" title="Special:BookSources/9781933360232"><bdi>9781933360232</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2010</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'My husband would be proud,' said Mrs. Carlson, 'that RIT chose to name the center for him. He made a great deal of money and gave most of it to education.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+35%3A+Several+Anniversaries&rft.btitle=Rochester+Institute+of+Technology%3A+Industrial+development+and+educational+innovation+in+an+American+city&rft.pages=412&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=RIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933360232&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Dane+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczZfU0ocXrkC%26q%3Drochester%2520institute%2520of%2520technology%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.rochester.edu/carlson/home">"Carlson Science & Engineering Library"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carlson+Science+%26+Engineering+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.rochester.edu%2Fcarlson%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asee.org/member-resources/awards/full-list-of-awards/national-awards/special#Chester_F._Carlson_Award">"Member Awards"</a>. American Society for Engineering Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Awards&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Engineering+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asee.org%2Fmember-resources%2Fawards%2Ffull-list-of-awards%2Fnational-awards%2Fspecial%23Chester_F._Carlson_Award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xerox.com/news/news-archive/2008/swe-chester-carlson-award/svse.html">"The Swedish IT-wonder is alive: Xerox honors Swedish inventor of minimalistic operating system with maximal field of application"</a>. January 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swedish+IT-wonder+is+alive%3A+Xerox+honors+Swedish+inventor+of+minimalistic+operating+system+with+maximal+field+of+application&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xerox.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-archive%2F2008%2Fswe-chester-carlson-award%2Fsvse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706024239/http://www.imaging.org/ist/membership/honors_desc.cfm?AwardCode=C">"Chester F. Carlson Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaging.org/ist/membership/honors_desc.cfm?AwardCode=C">the original</a> on July 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chester+F.+Carlson+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaging.org%2Fist%2Fmembership%2Fhonors_desc.cfm%3FAwardCode%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Carlson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Owen, <i>Copies in Seconds: How a lone inventor and an unknown company created the biggest communication breakthrough since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox Machine</i> (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5117-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5117-2">0-7432-5117-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5118-0">0-7432-5118-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Urbons" title="Klaus Urbons">Klaus Urbons</a> (2008). <i>Chester F. Carlson und die Xerografie</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Carlson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativepro.com/heavy-metal-madness-making-copies-from-carbon-to-kinkos/">Heavy Metal Madness: Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVIII_3/Owen.pdf">Copies in Seconds (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604185558/http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVIII_3/Owen.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — excerpted from the book of the same name</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ChesterCarlson">FBI file on Chester Carlson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468452#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029425564">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60219034">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/178635/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGvM6dFyJpVdrxfkjHmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131608193">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86834762">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20060310004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p274569000">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/288367">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd131608193.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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