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href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Эпентеза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эпентеза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentezenn" title="Epentezenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Epentezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A8ntesi" title="Epèntesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epèntesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthese" title="Epenthese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epenthese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Epenthesis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A9ntesis" title="Epéntesis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epéntesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A9ntesi" title="Epéntesi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Epéntesi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentesi" title="Epentesi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epentesi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="میان‌هشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میان‌هشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89penth%C3%A8se" title="Épenthèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épenthèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A9ntese" title="Epéntese – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epéntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BD%EC%9E%85%EC%9D%8C" title="삽입음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삽입음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentesi" title="Epentesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epentesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үстеме сөйлем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үстеме сөйлем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentez" title="Epentez – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Epentez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Эпентеза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эпентеза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epent%C3%A9zis" title="Epentézis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epentézis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentesis" title="Epentesis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epentesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epenthesis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlassing" title="Inlassing – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Inlassing" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8C%BF%E5%85%A5" title="音挿入 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音挿入" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenteza" title="Epenteza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epenteza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%AAntese" title="Epêntese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epêntese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentez%C4%83" title="Epenteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epenteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Эпентеза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпентеза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenteza" title="Epenteza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epenteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epentes" title="Epentes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epentes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Епентеза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. It refers to adding one or more sounds to a word. </p><p>If it is added at the beginning, it is called <i>prothesis</i>. If added at the end of the word, it is called <i>paragoge</i>. There are two types of epenthesis: when a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> is added, and when a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> is added. The opposite process where one or more sounds are removed is called <b>elision</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Uses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epenthesis can happen for many reasons. The rules of how sounds are placed in a language may not allow vowels next to each other, but in different syllables. Some consonant clusters may not be allowed. In this situation a consonant or vowel can be added to make pronunciation easier. Epenthesis may be shown in writing or may happen in spoken language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separating_vowels">Separating vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Separating vowels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Separating vowels"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consonant can be added to separate spoken vowels in hiatus. This happens with linking and intrusive R, which is a rule that puts an 'r' in a place where it doesn't normally happen. </p> <ul><li><i>drawing</i> → <i>draw<b>r</b>ing</i> (in speech).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_consonant_clusters">Linking consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Linking consonant clusters" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Linking consonant clusters"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consonant can be placed between consonants in a consonant cluster where the <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is different (e.g., where one consonant is <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> (pronounced with the lips) and the other is <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>something</i> → <i>some<b>p</b>thing</i> (but not in standard English).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaking_consonant_clusters">Breaking consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Breaking consonant clusters" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Breaking consonant clusters"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vowel can be placed between consonants to separate them. </p> <ul><li><i>Hamtramck</i> → <i>Hamtram<b>i</b>ck</i></li></ul> <p>Regular examples in English are <i>-i-</i>, used in making words from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> such as <i>equ<b>i</b>distant</i>, and <i>-o-</i>, used in making words from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> roots or general <a href="/wiki/Compound_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound words">compound words</a>, as in <i>speed<b>o</b>meter</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_change_in_history">Sound change in history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Sound change in history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sound change in history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tremulare</i></span> > French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">trembler</i></span> ("to tremble")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">thunor</i></span> > English <i>thunder</i></li> <li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">messager</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passager</i></span> > English <i>messenger</i>, <i>passenger</i></li> <li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">message</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">messager</i></span> > Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mensagem</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mensageiro</i></span></li> <li>Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">homine(m)</i></span> > <i>homne</i> > <i>homre</i> > <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">hom<b>b</b>re</i></span> ("man")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_in_present-day_languages">Rules in present-day languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Rules in present-day languages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Rules in present-day languages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/t/</span> is placed in inverted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogative (not yet started)">interrogative</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> between a verb that ends in a vowel and a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> that begins with a vowel: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">il a</i></span> ('he has') > <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">a-t-il</i></span> ('has he?').  Because the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">a-t</i></span> come from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habet</i></span> ('he has') there is no epenthesis from the point of view of history. This is because the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">t</i></span> is the original third-person <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. However it is correct to call it epenthesis in the modern language because the modern basic form of the verb is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">a</i></span>, so the way the process works in the mind is to add a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">t</i></span> to the basic form. </p><p>A similar example is the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">indefinite article</a> <i>a</i>, which becomes <i>an</i> before a vowel. It comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>ān</i> ("one, a, an"), which kept an <i>n</i> in all positions. From a diachronic (historical) analysis, the original <i>n</i> disappears, except if a following vowel needs for it to stay: <i>an</i> > <i>a</i>. However, with a synchronic analysis people can also see it as epenthesis: <i>a</i> > <i>an</i>. This is how most native speakers see it. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, when the suffix <i>-er</i> (which has several meanings) is placed after a word which already ends in <i>-r</i>, another <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">-d-</i></span> is put in the middle. For example, the comparative form (the form people use to compare things) of the adjective <i>zoet</i> ("sweet") is <i>zoeter</i>, but the comparative of <i>zuur</i> ("sour") is <i>zuur<b>d</b>er</i> and not the expected *<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zurer</i></span>. The same happens with the agent (someone who does something) noun form of <i>verkopen</i> ("to sell") which is <i>verkoper</i> ("salesperson"), but the agent noun of <i>uitvoeren</i> ("to perform") is <i>uitvoer<b>d</b>er</i> ("performer"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_rule">Variable rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Variable rule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Variable rule"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, people often add a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> in nasal + fricative combinations: </p> <ul><li>English <span><i>hamster </i>/ˈhæmstər/</span><i> </i>often pronounced with an added <i>p</i> sound, <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a>: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈhɛəmpstɚ]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a>: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈhampstə]</span></li> <li>English <i>warmth</i> /ˈwɔːrmθ/  often pronounced with an added <i>p</i> sound, GA: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈwɔɹmpθ]</span> or RP: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈwoːmpθ]</span></li> <li>English <i>fence</i> /ˈfɛns/  often pronounced <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈfɛnts]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crowley, Terry. (1997) <i>An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.</i> 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028064427/http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/epenthesis.htm">Definition at BYU</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&oldid=6267820">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epenthesis&oldid=6267820</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Figures_of_speech" title="Category:Figures of speech">Figures of speech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 1 October 2018, at 13:00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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