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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mfecane_and_Batswana-Boer_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mfecane_and_Batswana-Boer_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mfecane_and_Batswana-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations and military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-San_and_other_indigenous_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_and_other_indigenous_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 San and other indigenous tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_and_other_indigenous_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gemstones_and_precious_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemstones_and_precious_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Gemstones and precious metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemstones_and_precious_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS_epidemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS_epidemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 HIV/AIDS epidemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS_epidemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Botswana</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 258 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-258" aria-hidden="true" > 258 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ቦትስዋና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦትስዋና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्स्वाना – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बोत्स्वाना" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Պոթսուանա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պոթսուանա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsouana" title="Botsouana – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Botsouana" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="বৎচোৱানা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৎচোৱানা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votusuana" title="Votusuana – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Votusuana" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butswana" title="Butswana – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Butswana" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="বতসোয়ানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বতসোয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Батсвана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Батсвана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Батсвана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Батсвана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्सवाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बोत्सवाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷོ་ཙི་ཝ་ན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷོ་ཙི་ཝ་ན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocvana" title="Bocvana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bocvana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutswana" title="Vutswana – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vutswana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botazuana" title="Botazuana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Botazuana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوطسوانا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوطسوانا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AA%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A7" title="ބޮޓުސްވާނާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޮޓުސްވާނާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halch%C3%AD%C3%ADtah_Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Halchíítah Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Halchíítah Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्सवाना – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बोत्सवाना" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μποτσουάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μποτσουάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocvano" title="Bocvano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bocvano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhotsu%C3%A1in" title="An Bhotsuáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhotsuáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Votswaan" title="Yn Votswaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Votswaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE" title="બોત્સવાના – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બોત્સવાના" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%99%80%EB%82%98" title="보츠와나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보츠와나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botuana" title="Botuana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Botuana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Բոտսվանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոտսվանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्सवाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोत्सवाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocvana" title="Bocvana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bocvana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="বোৎসোয়ানা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বোৎসোয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paasuana" title="Paasuana – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Paasuana" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Ботсванæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ботсванæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBotswana" title="IBotswana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBotswana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IButswana" title="IButswana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IButswana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בוטסואנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוטסואנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94c%C9%A9waanaa" title="Pɔcɩwaanaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔcɩwaanaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಬೋಟ್ಸ್ವಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೋಟ್ಸ್ವಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბოტსვანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოტსვანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດບົດສະວານາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບົດສະວານາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsv%C4%81na" title="Botsvāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Botsvāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/botsuanas" title="botsuanas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="botsuanas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Боцвана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боцвана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4tsoana" title="Bôtsoana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bôtsoana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="ബോട്സ്വാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോട്സ്വാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poriwana" title="Poriwana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Poriwana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्स्वाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोत्स्वाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბოტსვანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოტსვანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯕꯣꯇ꯭ꯁ꯭ꯋꯥꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯣꯇ꯭ꯁ꯭ꯋꯥꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabotsuana" title="Zabotsuana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zabotsuana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘော့ဆွာနာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘော့ဆွာနာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्स्वाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोत्स्वाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्स्वाना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोत्स्वाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%84%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8A" title="ボツワナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボツワナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%90%DF%95%DF%91%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%A5%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߓߐߕߑߛߎߥߣߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߐߕߑߛߎߥߣߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootiswaanaa" title="Bootiswaanaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bootiswaanaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੋਤਸਵਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਤਸਵਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्सवाना – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बोत्सवाना" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوٹسوانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوٹسوانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسوانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوتسوانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswaana" title="Botswaana – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Botswaana" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsuwana" title="Putsuwana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Putsuwana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोत्सवाना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बोत्सवाना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱳᱛᱥᱳᱣᱟᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱳᱛᱥᱳᱣᱟᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බොට්ස්වානාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොට්ස්වානාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوٽسوانا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بوٽسوانا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89Butjw%C3%A1na" title="ÉButjwána – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ÉButjwána" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocvana" title="Bocvana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bocvana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بۆتسوانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆتسوانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Боцвана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боцвана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocvana" title="Bocvana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bocvana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="போட்சுவானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போட்சுவானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butswana" title="Butswana – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Butswana" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butswana" title="Butswana – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Butswana" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပွတ်ႉသဝႃႇၼႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပွတ်ႉသဝႃႇၼႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="బోత్సువానా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోత్సువానా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศบอตสวานา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบอตสวานา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93" title="ቦትስዋና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቦትስዋና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potisiuana" title="Potisiuana – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Potisiuana" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏆᏣᏩᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏣᏩᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhu-Tswana" title="Vhu-Tswana – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Vhu-Tswana" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Botsvana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ботсвана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ботсвана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوٹسوانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوٹسوانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوتسۋانا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بوتسۋانا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsuana" title="Botsuana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Botsuana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botsvan" title="Botsvan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Botsvan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvan%C3%A4n" title="Zvanän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zvanän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswana" title="Boswana – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boswana" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" title="波札那 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波札那" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="博茨瓦纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博茨瓦纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Botswana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="באצוואנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באצוואנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2tsw%C3%A1n%C3%A0" title="Bòtswánà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bòtswánà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E8%8F%AF%E6%8B%BF" title="波茨華拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波茨華拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Botswana" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Botswana&params=24_39.5_S_25_54.5_E_">24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E / 24.6583°S 25.9083°E / -24.6583; 25.9083</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Botswana</div><div class="ib-country-names">Lefatshe la Botswana (<a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Botswana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Botswana"><img alt="Flag of Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/125px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/188px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Botswana" title="Flag of Botswana">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Botswana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="454" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana" title="Coat of arms of Botswana"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Pula "Let it Rain"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Fatshe_leno_la_rona" title="Fatshe leno la rona">Fatshe leno la rona</a> "Blessed Be This Noble Land"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg&lang=tn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tn" label="Setswana ‪(tn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Botswana_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Botswana_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Botswana&params=24_39.5_S_25_54.5_E_type:city">24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E / 24.6583°S 25.9083°E / -24.6583; 25.9083</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-gov.bw_languages-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a><a href="#cite_note-gov.bw_languages-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2024<a href="#cite_note-cia-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>79% <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li><li>11% <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a></li><li>7% others<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>79.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Christianity</a> <ul><li>70.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>8.9% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">15.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion in Botswana">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">4.1% <a href="/wiki/Badimo" title="Badimo">Badimo</a></li><li style="white-space;">1.4% others<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.3% unspecified<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Batswana (plural)</li><li>Motswana (singular)</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-cia-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_presidency" title="List of countries by system of government">parliamentary republic with an executive presidency</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Botswana" title="Vice-President of Botswana">Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ndaba_Gaolathe" title="Ndaba Gaolathe">Ndaba Gaolathe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana">National Assembly Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Dithapelo Keorapetse</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Botswana">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Rannowane" title="Terence Rannowane">Terence Rannowane</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Botswana" title="Parliament of Botswana">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Botswana" title="National Assembly of Botswana">National Assembly</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1885</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Governed under <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1891</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana" title="Constitution of Botswana">Constitution</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1966</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">581,730 km2 (224,610 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana" title="Demographics of Botswana">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,417,596<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,359,609<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Botswana_-_Census_2023_-_Population_of_cities,_towns_and_villages-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.1/km2 (10.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">231st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $54.647 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BW-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20,158<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BW-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21.90 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BW-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,859<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BW-12">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2016)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 45.5<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.708<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Pula</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BWP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">Central Africa Time</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Botswana" title="Telephone numbers in Botswana">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B267" class="mw-redirect" title="+267">+267</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BW" title="ISO 3166-2:BW">BW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bw" title=".bw">.bw</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.bw/">www.gov.bw</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tswana<a href="#cite_note-cia-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Motswana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Batswana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Botswana</td></tr></tbody></table> Botswana,<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> officially the Republic of Botswana,<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 per cent of its territory part of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the south and southeast, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> to the west and north, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> to the northeast. With a population of slightly over 2.4 million people and a comparable land area to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Botswana is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most sparsely populated</a> countries in the world. It is essentially the nation-state of the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a>, who constitute nearly 80 per cent of the population. The Tswana ethnic group are descended mainly from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu-speaking peoples</a> who <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">migrated into southern Africa</a>, including modern Botswana, in several waves before <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 600. In 1885, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colonised the area and declared a protectorate named <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a>, Bechuanaland became an independent <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth republic</a> under its current name on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has been a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Botswana" title="Elections in Botswana">elections</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Botswana Democratic Party</a> was the only ruling party from independence until 2024. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana&action=edit">[update]</a>, Botswana is the third-least corrupt country in Africa, according to the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. The economy is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Botswana" title="Mining industry of Botswana">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Botswana" title="Tourism in Botswana">tourism</a>. Botswana has a per capita GDP (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) of about $20,158 as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana&action=edit">[update]</a>. Botswana is the world's biggest diamond-producing country. Its relatively high <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">gross national income per capita</a> (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the country a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> of continental <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> (after South Africa). Despite this, Botswana continues to grapple with high unemployment rates. Botswana is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The country's name means "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>", referring to the dominant <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Ethnic groups in Botswana">ethnic group in Botswana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[16]</a> The Constitution of Botswana recognizes a homogeneous Tswana state.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> Batswana was originally applied to the Tswana,<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> and has also come to be used generally as a term for all citizens of Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-bats-23">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">History of Botswana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Rhino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Two_Rhino.jpg/220px-Two_Rhino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Two_Rhino.jpg/330px-Two_Rhino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Two_Rhino.jpg/440px-Two_Rhino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>The 'Two Rhino' painting at <a href="/wiki/Tsodilo" title="Tsodilo">Tsodilo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> It is estimated that hominids lived in Botswana during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Stone tools and animal remains indicate that all areas of the country were inhabited at least 400,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> It was claimed to have been the birthplace of all <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">modern humans</a> from around 200,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20191028-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Evidence left by modern humans, such as cave paintings, is about 73,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> The earliest known inhabitants of southern Africa are thought to have been the forebears of present-day <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> ("Bushmen") and <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoi</a> peoples. Both groups speak <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click languages</a> from the small <a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe-Kwadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx’a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a> language families whose members hunted, gathered and traded over long distances. When cattle were first introduced into southern Africa about 2,000 years ago, pastoralism became a major feature of the economy since the region had large grasslands free of <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse flies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg/200px-Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg/300px-Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg/400px-Domboshaba_stone_wall_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg/200px-The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg/300px-The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg/400px-The_plate_that_was_used_in_the_past_at_Domboshaba_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Domboshaba" title="Domboshaba">Domboshaba</a> Ruins Stone Wall (top) and clay pottery plate (bottom)</div></div></div></div></div> It is unclear when <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north, although AD 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. In that era, the ancestors of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a> moved into what is now the north-eastern area of the country. These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state. One notable remanant of this period is <a href="/wiki/Domboshaba" title="Domboshaba">Domboshaba</a> ruins, a cultural and heritage site in Botswana initially occupied towards the end of the Great Zimbabwe period (1250–1450), with stone walls that have an average height of 1.8 metres. The site is a respected place for the people living in the region, and it is believed that the chief lived on the top of the hill with his helpers or assistants. These states, located outside of current Botswana's borders, appear to have kept massive herds of cattle—apparently at numbers approaching modern cattle density—in what is now the Central District.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until around 1300 and seems to have regressed following the collapse of Mapungubwe. During this era, the first Tswana-speaking groups, the <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_language" title="Kgalagadi language">Bakgalagadi</a>, moved into the southern areas of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a>. These various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>; trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to Botswana, most likely in exchange for ivory, gold and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros horn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toutswemogala_Hill" title="Toutswemogala Hill">Toutswemogala Hill</a> Iron Age settlement's radio-carbon dates range from the 7th to late 19th century, indicating it was occupied for more than 1,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[29]</a> The hill was part of the formation of early states in southern Africa, with cattle as a major source of economy.<a href="#cite_note-:11-33">[29]</a> The Toutswe settlement includes house-floors, large heaps of vitrified cow dung, and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone wall.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> Around 1000 AD, the Toutswe people moved into Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> However, agriculture also played a vital role in the longevity of Toutswemogala Hill's extended occupation, as many grain storage structures have also been found on the site. Many different stratified layers of housing floors further signal continuous occupation over hundreds of years. The arrival of the Tswana speakers' ancestors who came to control the region has yet to be dated precisely. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Kwena_tribe" title="Kwena tribe">Bakwena</a>, a chieftaincy under a leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by AD 1500, at the latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved into adjoining territories. The <a href="/wiki/Bangwaketse" title="Bangwaketse">Bangwaketse</a> occupied areas to the west, while the <a href="/wiki/Ngwato_tribe" title="Ngwato tribe">Bangwato</a> moved northeast into former Kalanga areas.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a>, probably in the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mfecane_and_Batswana-Boer_Wars">Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapstaaten_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapstaaten_1905.png/220px-Kapstaaten_1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapstaaten_1905.png/330px-Kapstaaten_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapstaaten_1905.png/440px-Kapstaaten_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>1905 German map of Southern Africa, showing the still-undivided <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a> area</figcaption></figure> The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. These records show that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid their neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> This equilibrium came to end during the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> period, 1823–1843, when a succession of invading peoples from South Africa entered the country. Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading <a href="/wiki/Kololo_people" title="Kololo people">Bakololo</a> in 1826, over time, all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked, weakened and impoverished. The Bakololo and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">AmaNdebele</a> raided repeatedly and took large numbers of cattle, women and children from the Batswana—most of whom were driven into the desert or sanctuary areas such as hilltops and caves. Only after 1843, when the Amandebele moved into western Zimbabwe, did this threat subside.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg/170px-Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg/255px-Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg/340px-Sechele_Gustav_Fritsch_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sechele_I" title="Sechele I">Sechele I</a>, who led a Batswana Merafe Coalition against <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> in 1852</figcaption></figure> During the 1840s and 1850s, trade with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>-based merchants opened up and enabled the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Batswana</a> chiefdoms to rebuild. The <a href="/wiki/Kwena_tribe" title="Kwena tribe">Bakwena</a>, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade and used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and the Batswana subjugated thus the Bushmen, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi and other current minorities.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>. In 1852, a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> chiefdoms led by <a href="/wiki/Sechele_I" title="Sechele I">Sechele I</a> defeated Afrikaner incursions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dimawe" title="Battle of Dimawe">Battle of Dimawe</a> and, after about eight years of intermittent tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together comparatively peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> In 1884, Batawana, a northern-based Tswana clan's cavalry under the command of Kgosi Moremi, fought and defeated the Ndebele's invasion of northern Botswana at the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Battle of Khutiyabasadi</a>. This is the start of the collapse of the Ndebele Kingdom in Zimbabwe and it helped the Tswana speaking authority.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Due to newly peaceful conditions, trade thrived between 1860 and 1880. Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> were able to take advantage of this. The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> both became established in the country by 1856. By 1880, every major village had a resident missionary, and their influence slowly grew. <a href="/wiki/Khama_III" title="Khama III">Khama III</a> (reigned 1875–1923) was the first of the Tswana chiefs to make Christianity a state religion, and a great deal of Tswana customary law changed as a result. Christianity became the de facto official religion in all the chiefdoms by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and Britain coveted the territory of Botswana. During the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>, Britain decided to annex Botswana to safeguard the Road to the North and thus connect the Cape Colony to its territories further north. It unilaterally annexed Tswana territories in January 1885 and then sent the <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Expedition" title="Bechuanaland Expedition">Warren Expedition</a> north to consolidate control over the area and convince the chiefs to accept British overrule. Despite their misgivings, they eventually acquiesced to this <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_French_expressions_in_English#Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of French expressions in English">fait accompli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> In 1890, areas north of 22 degrees were added to the new Bechuanaland Protectorate. During the 1890s, the new territory was divided into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land being left as freehold for white <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>. During the early 1890s, the British government decided to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>. This plan, which was well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest, was eventually foiled by the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a> in January 1896.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg/220px-1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg/330px-1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg/440px-1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp of British-ruled <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> from 1960</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was formed from the main British colonies in the region in 1910, the High Commission Territories—the Bechuanaland Protectorate, <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>)—were not included, but provision was made for their later incorporation. However, the UK began to consult with their inhabitants as to their wishes. Although successive South African governments sought to have the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK kept delaying; consequently, it never occurred. The election of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">Nationalist</a> government in 1948, which instituted <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, and South Africa's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> in 1961, ended any prospect of the UK or these territories agreeing to incorporation into South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of native government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-EISA-51">[47]</a> The African Council consisted of the eight heads of the Tswana tribes and some elected members.<a href="#cite_note-EISA-51">[47]</a> Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botswana_Independence_Talks,_1965_-_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png/220px-Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png/330px-Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png/440px-Botswana_Independence_Talks%2C_1965_-_2.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a> (left) at independence talks in London, 1965</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> In June 1964, the United Kingdom accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Botswana. An independence conference was held in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in February 1966.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> The seat of government was moved in 1965 from <a href="/wiki/Mafikeng" title="Mafikeng">Mahikeng</a> in South Africa, to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, located near Botswana's border with South Africa. Based on the 1965 constitution, the country held its first general elections under universal suffrage and gained independence on 30 September 1966.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a>, a leader in the independence movement,<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> was elected as the first president, and subsequently re-elected twice.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Khama died in office in 1980. The presidency passed to the sitting vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a>, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a>, who was elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a> (son of the first president), who had been serving as Mogae's vice-president since resigning his position as Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a> in 1998 to take up this civilian role. On 1 April 2018, <a href="/wiki/Mokgweetsi_Masisi" title="Mokgweetsi Masisi">Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi</a> was sworn in as the fifth president of Botswana, succeeding Ian Khama. He represents the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Botswana Democratic Party</a>, which has also won a majority in every parliamentary election since independence. All the previous presidents have also represented the same party.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> A long-running dispute over the northern border with <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a> was the subject of a ruling by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in December 1999. It ruled that <a href="/wiki/Sedudu" title="Sedudu">Kasikili Island</a> belongs to Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Following the independence in 1966, the president always represented the same political party until the <a href="/wiki/2024_Botswana_general_election" title="2024 Botswana general election">2024 Botswana general election</a>, which was historic in that the opposition party won. <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a> became the first president who did not represent the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP).<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> On 1 November 2024, Duma Boko, leader of opposition <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change" title="Umbrella for Democratic Change">Umbrella for Democratic Change</a> (UDC), was sworn in as president of Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Geography of Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Botswana">Climate of Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change in Botswana">Climate Change in Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Botswana_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Botswana map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi), Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> It also has a mean altitude of roughly 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Botswana is predominantly flat, tending towards gently rolling <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">tableland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Botswana is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>, which covers up to 70% of its land surface.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta,_Botswana_(2674364913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg/220px-Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg/330px-Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg/440px-Okavango_Delta%2C_Botswana_%282674364913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Notwane_River" title="Notwane River">Notwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonwapitse_River" title="Bonwapitse River">Bonwapitse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalapye" title="Mahalapye">Mahalapye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotsane_River" title="Lotsane River">Lotsane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motloutse_River" title="Motloutse River">Motloutse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shashe_River" title="Shashe River">Shashe</a>, located in the eastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> The Notwane provides water to the capital through the <a href="/wiki/Gaborone_Dam" title="Gaborone Dam">Gaborone Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Chobe River</a> meets with the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi River</a> at a place called <a href="/wiki/Kazungula" title="Kazungula">Kazungula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Botswana" title="Wildlife of Botswana">Wildlife of Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebras_de_Burchell_(Equus_quagga_burchellii),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg/220px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg/330px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg/440px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6213" data-file-height="4148" /></a><figcaption>Zebras roaming the Okavango Basin</figcaption></figure> Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat.<a href="#cite_note-:10-69">[65]</a> In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-69">[65]</a> Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chobe_National_Park" title="Chobe National Park">Chobe National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chobe_District" title="Chobe District">Chobe District</a> has the world's largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African elephants</a>. The park covers about 11,000 km2 (4,247 sq mi) and supports about 350 species of birds.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> In Botswana <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 27% of the total land area, equivalent to 15,254,700 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 18,803,700 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 15,254,700 hectares, of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 11% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 24% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a> and 76% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The Chobe National Park and <a href="/wiki/Moremi_Game_Reserve" title="Moremi Game Reserve">Moremi Game Reserve</a> (in the Okavango Delta) are major tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Other reserves include the <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve" title="Central Kalahari Game Reserve">Central Kalahari Game Reserve</a> located in the Kalahari Desert in <a href="/wiki/Ghanzi_District" title="Ghanzi District">Ghanzi District</a>; <a href="/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pan" title="Makgadikgadi Pan">Makgadikgadi Pans National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nxai_Pan_National_Park" title="Nxai Pan National Park">Nxai Pan National Park</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pan" title="Makgadikgadi Pan">Makgadikgadi Pan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Botswana faces two major <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> problems, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, which are heavily linked. Three-quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on groundwater due to drought. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> use through deep borehole drilling has somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana, and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. In the remaining 95% of the country, raising livestock is the primary source of rural income. Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country.<a href="#cite_note-rala.is-76">[72]</a> Since raising livestock has been profitable for the people of Botswana, they continue to exploit the land with dramatically increasing numbers of animals. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock population grew from 1.7 million to 5.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-rala.is-76">[72]</a> Similarly, the human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, a 161% increase in 24 years.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Environmentalists report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to increased livestock grazing.<a href="#cite_note-afrol.com-78">[74]</a> The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and one of the largest inland deltas in the world; the ecosystem is crucial to the survival of many animals.<a href="#cite_note-afrol.com-78">[74]</a> The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help reduce the degradation of the land. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States Government</a> has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them US$7 million to reduce Botswana's debt by US$8.3 million. The US stipulated that Botswana will focus on more extensive <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> of the land.<a href="#cite_note-afrol.com-78">[74]</a> The country had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 9.13/10, ranking it 8th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-80">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP) claims that poverty is a major problem behind the <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of resources, including land, in Botswana. The UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The project's purpose is to draw from "indigenous knowledge and traditional land management systems". The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community to draw indigenous people in, which in turn increases their opportunities to earn an income, thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and the programme is giving the government information to help with policy development.<a href="#cite_note-afrol1-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Politics of Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duma_Boko,_2019_elections.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png/170px-Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png/255px-Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png/340px-Duma_Boko%2C_2019_elections.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President of Botswana</a> since 2024.</figcaption></figure>Botswana is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana" title="Constitution of Botswana">Constitution of Botswana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-82">[78]</a> It is the longest uninterrupted democracy in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[79]</a> Its seat of government is in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-84">[80]</a> Botswana's governing institutions were established after it became an independent nation in 1966. Botswana's governmental structure is based on both the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and the Tswana people's tribal governments.<a href="#cite_note-:02-82">[78]</a> Botswana has a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralised government</a> in which national law supersedes local law.<a href="#cite_note-:9-85">[81]</a> Local laws are developed by local councils and district councils.<a href="#cite_note-:8-86">[82]</a> They are heavily influenced by tribal governments, which are led by the tribe's chief.<a href="#cite_note-:8-86">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Botswana" title="Parliament of Botswana">Parliament of Botswana</a> consists of the President and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a>, which serves as the nation's formal and sole legislature, while the <a href="/wiki/Ntlo_ya_Dikgosi" title="Ntlo ya Dikgosi">Ntlo ya Dikgosi</a> serves an advisory body made up of tribal chiefs and other appointed members.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[83]</a> Botswana's executive branch is led by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President of Botswana</a>, who serves as both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-82">[78]</a> The members of parliament choose the president,<a href="#cite_note-:13-88">[84]</a> and the president then appoints the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Botswana" title="Vice-President of Botswana">vice-president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Botswana" title="Cabinet of Botswana">cabinet</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-:12-89">[85]</a> The president has significant power in Botswana, and the legislature has little power to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">check</a> the president once appointed.<a href="#cite_note-:13-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-90">[86]</a> The judiciary includes the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Botswana" title="High Court of Botswana">High Court of Botswana</a>, the Court of Appeal and Magistrates' Courts.<a href="#cite_note-hierarchy-91">[87]</a> Cases are often settled by customary courts with tribal chiefs presiding.<a href="#cite_note-:8-86">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Botswana" title="Elections in Botswana">Elections in Botswana</a> are held every five years and overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Botswana)">Independent Electoral Commission</a> (IEC).<a href="#cite_note-:5-92">[88]</a> Botswana operates a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> in which <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Botswana" title="List of political parties in Botswana">many political parties</a> compete in elections.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[79]</a> It was a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> state in which the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Botswana Democratic Party</a> had ruled with a majority government from independence in 1966 to 2024.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillbomBolt201874-94">[90]</a> The nation's elections are recognized as <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair</a>, but the ruling party has institutional advantages that other parties do not.<a href="#cite_note-:5-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-95">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Factionalism</a> is common within Botswana's political parties, and several groups have formed new parties by splitting from established ones.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[79]</a> Since 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change" title="Umbrella for Democratic Change">Umbrella for Democratic Change</a> has operated as a coalition of opposition parties.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The most recent election was held <a href="/wiki/2024_Botswana_general_election" title="2024 Botswana general election">in 2024</a>, with the Botswana Democratic Party losing its majority for the first time in history, ending its 58 year rule over the country. The election saw <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a> being elected as president.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> In Botswana's early years, its politics were managed by President <a href="/wiki/Seretse_Khama" title="Seretse Khama">Seretse Khama</a> and vice-president (later president) <a href="/wiki/Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith200558-98">[94]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Kgabo_Commission" title="Kgabo Commission">Kgabo Commission</a> in 1991, factionalism and political rivalries have dominated Botswana politics. The <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party#History" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Barata-Phathi</a> faction was led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mmusi" title="Peter Mmusi">Peter Mmusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kwelagobe" title="Daniel Kwelagobe">Daniel Kwelagobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponatshego_Kedikilwe" title="Ponatshego Kedikilwe">Ponatshego Kedikilwe</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party#History" title="Botswana Democratic Party">A Team</a> faction was led by <a href="/wiki/Mompati_Merafhe" title="Mompati Merafhe">Mompati Merafhe</a> and Jacob Nkate.<a href="#cite_note-Ntuane-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-100">[96]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a> became president and vice-president, respectively, they aligned with the A Team. Khama effectively expelled the A Team from the party in 2010 after he became president.<a href="#cite_note-:16-100">[96]</a> A new rivalry formed in 2018 when Khama's chosen successor, Mokgweetsi Masisi, became president. He opposed Khama, and the two formed a political rivalry that continues to loom over Batswana politics in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-:17-101">[97]</a> Botswana was ranked as a "flawed democracy" and 33rd out of 167 states in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Democracy Index (The Economist)</a>, which was the second-highest rating in Africa, and the highest ranking in continental Africa (only the offshore island nation of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> bested its ranking).<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> However, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices" title="V-Dem Democracy Indices">V-Dem Democracy Indices</a>, Botswana has been experiencing an episode of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> over the past 10 years, recording its lowest ever score on the indices. The indices classify Botswana as an electoral democracy in a 'grey zone' between electoral democracy and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_autocracy" title="Electoral autocracy">electoral autocracy</a>. Furthermore, they show that Botswana lost its status as a "liberal democracy" in 2021, with its liberal, participatory and deliberative components decreasing "at a statistically significant level", with the latter component being noted as becoming "significantly worse".<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</a> ranks Botswana is the third-least corrupt country in Africa, just below <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">the Seychelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Botswana is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_and_military">Foreign relations and military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Botswana" title="Foreign relations of Botswana">Foreign relations of Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Botswanatroopsboardplane.png/220px-Botswanatroopsboardplane.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Botswanatroopsboardplane.png/330px-Botswanatroopsboardplane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Botswanatroopsboardplane.png/440px-Botswanatroopsboardplane.png 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Botswana soldiers board a <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a> plane to Mozambique in July 2021.</figcaption></figure> At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It was only after the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African armies</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe" title="UMkhonto weSizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> bases respectively that the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a> (BDF) was formed in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> The president is <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces and appoints a defence council. In 2019, Botswana signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have increasingly focused on preventing <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">preparing for disasters</a>, and supporting foreign <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">BDF</a>, and a large segment of its officer corps have received U.S. training. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the possibility of establishing an Africa Command (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>) base in the country.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Botswana is the 50th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Botswana" title="Human rights in Botswana">Human rights in Botswana</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Ditshwanelo" title="Ditshwanelo">Botswana Centre for Human Rights</a>, Ditshwanelo, was established in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Until June 2019, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Botswana">homosexual acts</a> were illegal in Botswana. A Botswana High Court decision of 11 June of that year struck down provisions in the Criminal Code that punished "carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature" and "acts of gross indecency", making Botswana one of 22 African countries that have either <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalised</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">legalised</a> homosexual acts.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Botswana" title="Capital punishment in Botswana">Capital punishment</a> is a legal penalty for murder in Botswana, and executions are carried out by hanging.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushmen_hunters_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4698" /></a><figcaption>San hunter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_and_other_indigenous_tribes">San and other indigenous tribes</h4></div> Many of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> have been forcibly relocated from their land to reservations. To make them relocate, they were denied access to water on their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-114">[110]</a> Their lands lie in the middle of the world's richest <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining, claiming the relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived sustainably on the land for millennia.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-114">[110]</a> On the reservations, they struggle to find employment, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> is rampant.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-114">[110]</a> On 24 August 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Minority_Issues" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues">UN Special Rapporteur on Minorities</a>, Fernand de Varennes, issued a statement calling on Botswana "to step up efforts to recognise and protect the rights of minorities in relation to public services, land and resource use, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority languages</a> in education and other critical areas."<a href="#cite_note-hrminorities-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana" title="Districts of Botswana">Districts of Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-districts_of_Botswana" title="Sub-districts of Botswana">Sub-districts of Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg/220px-Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg/330px-Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Districts_of_Botswana_in_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Botswana in 1977</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png/220px-The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png/330px-The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png/440px-The_Subdistricts_of_Botswana..png 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Districts and subdistricts of Botswana</figcaption></figure> Botswana is divided into 10 administrative <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a>, 2 city districts, 4 towns,<a href="#cite_note-:4-116">[112]</a> 11 sub-districts and, in total, 16 administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-116">[112]</a> They are: <ul><li>Central</li> <li>Chobe</li> <li>Francistown</li> <li>Gaborone</li> <li>Ghanzi</li> <li>Jwaneng</li> <li>Kgalagadi</li> <li>Kgatleng</li> <li>Kweneng</li> <li>Lobatse</li> <li>North East</li> <li>North West</li> <li>South East</li> <li>Southern</li> <li>Selibe Phikwe</li> <li>Sowa Town<a href="#cite_note-:4-116">[112]</a></li></ul> These are administered by 16 local authorities (district councils, city councils or town councils).<a href="#cite_note-M&A-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-118">[114]</a> In 1977, Botswana's administrative divisions were Ngamiland, Chobe, Francistown, Ngwato, Tuli, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Ngwaketse, Kweneng, Gaborone and Lobatse.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In 2006, Chobe was removed from being an administrative division, and Ngamiland's name was changed to North West district. Chobe was readded on 31 March 2014. That same day, the administrative divisions Francistown, Gaborone, Jwaneng, Lobatse, Selibe Phikwe, and Sowa Town were also added.<a href="#cite_note-:4-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Economy of Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita of Botswana, 1950 to 2018</figcaption></figure> Since independence, Botswana has had one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the world.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Formerly one of the world's poorest countries—with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a>—Botswana has transformed itself into an upper middle-income country. GDP per capita grew from $439 in 1950 to $15,842 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Although Botswana was resource-abundant, a good institutional framework allowed the country to reinvest resource-income to generate stable future income.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> By one estimate, it has the fourth-highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> in Africa, giving it a relatively high standard of living in Africa, around that of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> As of 2022, the unemployment rate stood at 25.4%, while youth unemployment reached 45.41% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> The latest available data from 2015/2016 estimate that 17.2% of Botswana’s population is <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensionally poor</a>, with an additional 19.7% at risk.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Trade and Industry (Botswana)">Ministry of Trade and Industry of Botswana</a> is responsible for promoting <a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">business development</a> throughout the country. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_economic_freedom" title="List of sovereign states by economic freedom">high level of economic freedom</a> compared to other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> The government has maintained a sound <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>, despite consecutive <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">budget deficits</a> in 2002 and 2003, and a negligible level of <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">foreign debt</a>. It earned the highest sovereign <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit rating</a> in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion in 2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this in practice. The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings, although a growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. Botswana is ranked second only to South Africa among sub-Saharan African countries in the 2014 International Property Rights Index.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemstones_and_precious_metals">Gemstones and precious metals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Botswana" title="Mining industry of Botswana">Mining industry of Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg/220px-Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg/330px-Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg/440px-Jwaneng_Open_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jwaneng_diamond_mine" title="Jwaneng diamond mine">Jwaneng diamond mine</a>, richest in the world<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> In Botswana, the Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security maintains data regarding mining throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debswana" title="Debswana">Debswana</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_diamond_mines" title="List of diamond mines">diamond mining</a> company operating in Botswana, is a joint venture, 50% owned by the government.<a href="#cite_note-botswana-134">[130]</a> The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government revenues.<a href="#cite_note-worldbankbotswana-135">[131]</a> Botswana has not begun mining uranium; however, the Letlhakane Uranium Project in Africa is one of the largest undeveloped uranium projects.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The government announced in early 2009 that they would try to diversify their economy and avoid overreliance on diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Botswana" title="Tourism in Botswana">Tourism in Botswana</a></div>The Botswana Tourism Organisation is the country's official tourism group.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Other destinations in Botswana include the Gaborone Yacht Club and the Kalahari Fishing Club. The country has natural attractions such as the <a href="/wiki/Gaborone_Dam" title="Gaborone Dam">Gaborone Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokolodi_Nature_Reserve" title="Mokolodi Nature Reserve">Mokolodi Nature Reserve</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> that the Botswana Golf Union (BGU) maintains.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a> of Botswana, the largest inland delta in the world, was inscribed as the 1,000th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PSX_20190111_022104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PSX_20190111_022104.jpg/200px-PSX_20190111_022104.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PSX_20190111_022104.jpg/300px-PSX_20190111_022104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PSX_20190111_022104.jpg/400px-PSX_20190111_022104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png/200px-Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png/300px-Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png/400px-Francistown_interchange_Botswana.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="443" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Air_Botswana" title="Air Botswana">Air Botswana</a> (top) and Thapama Interchange (bottom)</div></div></div></div></div> Botswana has 971 kilometres (603 mi) of railway lines, 18,443.8 kilometres (11,460.4 mi) of roads, and 92 airports, of which 12 have paved runways. Of these roads, 7,383.2 kilometres (4,587.7 mi) are paved, while the other 11,060.6 kilometres (6,872.7 mi) are unpaved.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The national airline is <a href="/wiki/Air_Botswana" title="Air Botswana">Air Botswana</a>, which flies domestically and to other countries in Africa. <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Railways" title="Botswana Railways">Botswana Railways</a> is the national railway company, operating primarily in the Southern African regional railway system. Botswana Railways offers rail-based transport facilities for moving a range of commodities for the mining sector and primary materials industries, as well as passenger train services and dry ports.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> In terms of power infrastructure in Botswana, the country produces coal for electricity and imports oil. Recently, the country has taken a large interest in renewable energy sources and has designed a comprehensive strategy to attract investors in the wind, solar and biomass renewable energy industries. Botswana's power stations include <a href="/wiki/Morupule_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Morupule Thermal Power Station">Morupule B Power Station</a> (600 MW), <a href="/wiki/Morupule_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Morupule Thermal Power Station">Morupule A Power Station</a> (132 MW), <a href="/wiki/Orapa_Power_Station" title="Orapa Power Station">Orapa Power Station</a> (90 MW), <a href="/wiki/Phakalane_Power_Station" title="Phakalane Power Station">Phakalane Power Station</a> (1.3 MW) and <a href="/wiki/Mmamabula" title="Mmamabula">Mmamabula Power Station</a> (300 MW), which is expected to be online in the near future. A 200-MW <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar power plant</a> is in the planning and design stage at the Ministry of Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmegi.bw-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana" title="Demographics of Botswana">Demographics of Botswana</a></div> As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> are the majority ethnic group in Botswana, making up approximately 79% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a> at 11% and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">the San (Basarwa)</a> at 3%. The remaining 7% consists of <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">White Batswana</a>/European Batswana,<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Botswana" title="Indians in Botswana">Indians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cia-2">[2]</a> and a number of other smaller Southern African ethnic groups. Native groups include the <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_people" title="Yeyi people">Bayei</a>, Bambukushu, <a href="/wiki/Subia_people" title="Subia people">Basubia</a>, Baherero and <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_people" title="Kgalagadi people">Bakgalagadi</a>. The Indian minority is made up of both recent migrants and descendants of Indian migrants who arrived from <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Botswana_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Botswana, 2016</figcaption></figure> Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_Botswana" title="Zimbabweans in Botswana">Zimbabweans in Botswana</a> has risen into the tens of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Fewer than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> are still living their traditional <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> way of life. Since the mid-1990s, the central government of Botswana has been trying to move the San out of their historic lands, likely because they live on a diamond-rich region.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/James_Anaya" title="James Anaya">James Anaya</a>, as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, described loss of land as a major contributor to many of the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, citing the San's eviction from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve" title="Central Kalahari Game Reserve">Central Kalahari Game Reserve</a> (CKGR)<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> as a special example.<a href="#cite_note-Anaya-151">[147]</a>: 2  Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> was that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.<a href="#cite_note-Anaya-151">[147]</a>: 19  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Botswana <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Census Botswana 2022<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana" title="Districts of Botswana">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana" title="Districts of Botswana">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaborone,_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaborone"><img alt="Gaborone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg/120px-Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg/180px-Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg/240px-Gaborone%2C_Botswana_-_51207616203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_main_square_in_Francistown_(3297095166).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francistown"><img alt="Francistown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg/120px-The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg/180px-The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg/240px-The_main_square_in_Francistown_%283297095166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francistown" title="Francistown">Francistown</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_District_(Botswana)" title="South-East District (Botswana)">South-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">246,325</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanye,_Botswana" title="Kanye, Botswana">Kanye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Botswana)" title="Southern District (Botswana)">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,028 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:MaunAirport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maun"><img alt="Maun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MaunAirport.jpg/120px-MaunAirport.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MaunAirport.jpg/180px-MaunAirport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MaunAirport.jpg/240px-MaunAirport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="621" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maun,_Botswana" title="Maun, Botswana">Maun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Francistown" title="Francistown">Francistown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_District_(Botswana)" title="North-East District (Botswana)">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,417</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selebi-Phikwe" title="Selebi-Phikwe">Selibe Phikwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mogoditshane" title="Mogoditshane">Mogoditshane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kweneng_District" title="Kweneng District">Kweneng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,006</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Letlhakane" title="Letlhakane">Letlhakane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,338 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maun,_Botswana" title="Maun, Botswana">Maun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-West_District_(Botswana)" title="North-West District (Botswana)">North-West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,993</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramotswa" title="Ramotswa">Ramotswa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_District_(Botswana)" title="South-East District (Botswana)">South-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Molepolole" title="Molepolole">Molepolole</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kweneng_District" title="Kweneng District">Kweneng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">74,674</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lobatse" title="Lobatse">Lobatse</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_District_(Botswana)" title="South-East District (Botswana)">South-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,772 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serowe" title="Serowe">Serowe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,676</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mmopane" title="Mmopane">Mmopane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kweneng_District" title="Kweneng District">Kweneng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokweng" title="Tlokweng">Tlokweng</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_District_(Botswana)" title="South-East District (Botswana)">South-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,508</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thamaga" title="Thamaga">Thamaga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kweneng_District" title="Kweneng District">Kweneng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,297 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palapye" title="Palapye">Palapye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,636</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moshupa" title="Moshupa">Moshupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Botswana)" title="Southern District (Botswana)">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,858 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mochudi" title="Mochudi">Mochudi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kgatleng_District" title="Kgatleng District">Kgatleng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,317</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tonota" title="Tonota">Tonota</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,296 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mahalapye" title="Mahalapye">Mahalapye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,431</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bobonong" title="Bobonong">Bobonong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,216 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Languages of Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a></div> The official language of Botswana is English, while <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a> is widely spoken across the country.<a href="#cite_note-gov.bw_languages-1">[1]</a> In Setswana, <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> are more important than they are in many other languages, because Setswana is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a> and has noun classes denoted by these prefixes. They include Bo, which refers to the country, Ba, which refers to the people, Mo, which is one person, and Se which is the language. For example, the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Other languages spoken in Botswana include <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a> (Sekalanga), <a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Sarwa</a> (Sesarwa), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>, Kgalagadi, Tswapong, <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">!Xóõ</a>, Yeyi, and, in some parts, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Religion in Botswana</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Religion in Botswana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pew-156">[152]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:66%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">66%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgrey; width:20%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Botswana">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Folk</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Other</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> An estimated 77% of the country's citizens identify as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="United Congregational Church of Southern Africa">United Congregational Church of Southern Africa</a> make up the majority of Christian denominations. The country also has congregations of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox</a></li></ul> According to the 2001 census, the nation has around 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> (mainly from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>), 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, and 700 of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. Approximately 20% of citizens identify with <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pew-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> Botswana's healthcare system has been steadily improving and expanding.<a href="#cite_note-:52-157">[153]</a> Specifically, infant mortality and maternal mortality rates are steadily declining.<a href="#cite_note-:32-158">[154]</a> Eighty-five per cent of the population live within a five-kilometre (3.1 mi) radius of a health facility. Seventy-three per cent of pregnant women access antenal care services at least four times. Almost 100 per cent of births in Botswana take place in hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-:52-157">[153]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg/220px-Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg/330px-Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg/440px-Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital_228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital" title="Scottish Livingstone Hospital">Scottish Livingstone Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Molepolole" title="Molepolole">Molepolole</a></figcaption></figure> The Ministry of Health<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> in Botswana is responsible for overseeing the quality and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a> throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> at birth was 55 in 2009 according to the World Bank, having previously fallen from a peak of 64.1 in 1990 to a low of 49 in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Since Botswana's 2011 census, current life expectancy is estimated at 54.06 years.<a href="#cite_note-cia-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Association_of_Botswana" title="Cancer Association of Botswana">Cancer Association of Botswana</a> is a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisation</a> that is a member of the Union for International Cancer Control. The Association supplements existing services through provision of cancer prevention and health awareness programs, facilitating access to health services for cancer patients and offering support and counselling to those affected.<a href="#cite_note-UICC_Cancer_Association_of_Botswana-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIV/AIDS_epidemic">HIV/AIDS epidemic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">HIV/AIDS in Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries,_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/495px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg/660px-Life_expectancy_in_select_African_countries%2C_1950%E2%80%932019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> has caused a decline in life expectancy.</figcaption></figure> Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">economic impact of AIDS</a> is considerable. Economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002–2003 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditures on healthcare services. Botswana has been hit very hard by the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">AIDS pandemic</a>; in 2006, it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-Kallings-162">[158]</a> The life expectancy is 66.4 years as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[16]</a> In 2003, the government began a comprehensive programme involving free or cheap generic <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral</a> drugs as well as an information campaign designed to stop the spread of the virus; in 2013, over 40% of adults in Botswana had access to antiretroviral therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 28  In the 15–19 age group, prevalence was estimated at 6% for females and 3.5% for males in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 33  and for the 20–24 age group, 15% for females and 5% for males.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 33  Botswana is one of 21 priority countries identified by the UN AIDS group in 2011 in the Global Plan to eliminate new HIV infections among children and to keep their mothers alive.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 37  From 2009 to 2013, the country saw a decrease of over 50% in new HIV infections in children.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 38  Less than 10% of pregnant HIV-infected women were not receiving antiretroviral medications in 2013, with a large, corresponding decrease (over 50%) in the number of new HIV infections in children under five.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 39, 40  Among the UN Global Plan countries, people living with HIV in Botswana have the highest percentage receiving antiretroviral treatment: about 75% for adults (age 15+) and about 98% for children.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: 237  The country has been adversely affected by the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">HIV/AIDS epidemic</a>. In 2002, Botswana became the first country to offer <a href="/wiki/Anti-retroviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-retroviral drugs">anti-retroviral drugs</a> (ARVs) to help combat the epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Despite the launch of programs to make treatment available and to educate the populace about the epidemic,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> the number of people with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> rose from 290,000 in 2005 to 320,000 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Gap-163">[159]</a>: A20  However, in recent years, the country has made strides in combating HIV/AIDS, with efforts being made to provide proper treatment and lower the rate of mother-to-child transmission.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% in 2003 to 4% in 2010. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a>, the government of Botswana solicited outside help in curing people with HIV/AIDS and received early support from the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a> and the Merck Foundation, which together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Other early partners include the <a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Harvard_AIDS_Institute_Partnership" title="Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership">Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a> and the Botswana–UPenn Partnership of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment—defined as 80% coverage or greater—has been achieved in Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Culture of Botswana</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg/200px-Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg/300px-Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg/400px-Tomeletso_Seeretsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg/200px-Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg/300px-Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg/400px-Tswana_Small_Basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Folklore musician Sereetsi (top) and traditional basket (bottom)</div></div></div></div></div> Botswana's music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Botswana folk music has instruments such as setinkane (a sort of miniature piano), segankure/segaba (a Motswana version of the Chinese instrument <a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">erhu</a>), moropa (meropa for plural) and phala (a whistle used mostly during celebrations). The hands are sometimes used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men) to create music and rhythm. The national anthem is "<a href="/wiki/Fatshe_leno_la_rona" title="Fatshe leno la rona">Fatshe leno la rona</a>", which was written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete; it was adopted upon independence in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and <a href="/wiki/Gumare" title="Gumare">Gumare</a> are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from <a href="/wiki/Hyphaene_petersiana" title="Hyphaene petersiana">mokola palm</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage; large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain; and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. These baskets steadily use colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunninghamMilton1987-172">[168]</a> The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (Kung San/Bushmen) over 20,000 years ago within the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> The national dish is <a href="/wiki/Seswaa" title="Seswaa">seswaa</a>, pounded meat made from goat meat or beef, or <a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Segwapa</a> dried, cured meat ranging from beef to game meats, either fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain. Botswana's cuisine shares some characteristics with other cuisine of southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Examples of Botswana food are: <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">bogobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">pap</a> (maize porridge), <a href="/wiki/Boerewors" title="Boerewors">boerewors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samp" title="Samp">samp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">Magwinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">mopane worms</a>. Bogobe is made by putting sorghum, maize or millet flour into boiling water, stirring it into a soft paste, and cooking it slowly. A dish called ting is made when milk and sugar is added to fermented sorghum or maize. Ting without the milk and sugar is sometimes eaten with meat or vegetables for lunch or dinner. Another way of making bogobe is to add sour milk and a cooking melon (lerotse). The Kalanga tribe calls this dish tophi. Madila is a traditional fermented milk product similar to <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg/220px-Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg/330px-Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg/440px-Francistown_Stadium_Botswana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obed_Itani_Chilume_Stadium" title="Obed Itani Chilume Stadium">Obed Itani Chilume Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Botswana. Qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2012 Africa Cup of Nations">2012 Africa Cup of Nations</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team" title="Botswana national football team">national team</a>'s highest achievement to date. Other popular sports are <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Botswana is an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a>. Botswana became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation" title="Badminton World Federation">International Badminton Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badminton_Africa" title="Badminton Africa">Africa Badminton Federation</a> in 1991. The <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Botswana#Golf" title="Sport in Botswana">Botswana Golf Union</a> has an amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships. Runner <a href="/wiki/Nijel_Amos" title="Nijel Amos">Nijel Amos</a> won Botswana its first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medal</a> in 2012, taking <a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">silver</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_800_metres" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres">800 metres</a>. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Amantle_Montsho" title="Amantle Montsho">Amantle Montsho</a> became <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres">world champion</a> in the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal at the world level. High jumper <a href="/wiki/Kabelo_Kgosiemang" title="Kabelo Kgosiemang">Kabelo Kgosiemang</a> is a three-time <a href="/wiki/African_Championships_in_Athletics" title="African Championships in Athletics">African champion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Makwala" title="Isaac Makwala">Isaac Makwala</a> is a sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres who was the gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games in 2018. <a href="/wiki/Baboloki_Thebe" title="Baboloki Thebe">Baboloki Thebe</a> was a silver medalist in the 200 metres at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and reached the semi-finals at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Ross Branch Ross, a motor-biker, holds the number one place in the South African Cross Country Championship and has competed at the Dakar Rally. <a href="/wiki/Letsile_Tebogo" title="Letsile Tebogo">Letsile Tebogo</a> set the <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_under-20_records_in_athletics" title="List of world under-20 records in athletics">world junior record</a> in the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a> with a time of 9.94 at the <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2022 World Athletics Championships">2022 World Athletics Championships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> and, as of 2024, holds the 100 metre and 200 metre world's third-best time of 30.69 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> On 7 August 2021, Botswana won the bronze medal in the Men's <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay_at_the_Olympics" title="4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics">4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Botswana was the first African nation to host the <a href="/wiki/2017_Netball_World_Youth_Cup" title="2017 Netball World Youth Cup">Netball World Youth Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> On 8 August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Letsile_Tebogo" title="Letsile Tebogo">Letsile Tebogo</a> won Botswana's first-ever Olympic gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Paris Olympics</a> after finishing in first place in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metres" title="Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres">men's 200m final</a>, finishing with a time of 19.46 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> The card game <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana around 40 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools. The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> In 2007, the BBF invited the <a href="/wiki/English_Bridge_Union" title="English Bridge Union">English Bridge Union</a> to host a week-long teaching programme in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tertiary_Education,_Research,_Science_and_Technology_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)">Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Education in Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg/170px-Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg/255px-Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg/340px-Front_view_of_Ministry_of_Education.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Botswana Ministry of Education building</figcaption></figure> Botswana has made educational progress since independence in 1966 when there were only 22 graduates in the country<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDionne2016-185">[181]</a> and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increased its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-ref-186">[182]</a> Among sub-Saharan African countries, Botswana has one of the highest literacy rates.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-187">[183]</a> As of 2024, 88.5% of the population aged 15 and over could read and write and were respectively literate.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-187">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development" title="Ministry of Education and Skills Development">Botswana Ministry of Education</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> is working to establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/African_Library_Project" title="African Library Project">African Library Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a> hopes that investing a large part of national income in education will make the country less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-190">[186]</a> NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training) introduced policies in favour of vocational education.<a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-190">[186]</a> Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education.<a href="#cite_note-ref-186">[182]</a> In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education,<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Botswana" title="University of Botswana">University of Botswana</a> or, if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, they are provided with a full scholarship to study abroad.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Botswana" title="Science and technology in Botswana">Science and technology in Botswana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Physicist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lady_Physicist.jpg/220px-Lady_Physicist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lady_Physicist.jpg/330px-Lady_Physicist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lady_Physicist.jpg/440px-Lady_Physicist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Physicist in a lab at <a href="/wiki/Botswana_International_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Botswana International University of Science and Technology">Botswana International University of Science and Technology</a></figcaption></figure> In 2015, Botswana planned to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[189]</a> Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID). This policy was formulated in strategic documents that include Botswana's Tenth National Development Plan for 2016 and Vision 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[189]</a> The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can only be reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[189]</a> Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts), compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the subcontinent in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[189]</a> Botswana was ranked 87th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> In 2009, Botswana-based company Deaftronics launched a solar-powered hearing aid after six years of prototype development. Since then, Deaftronics has sold over 10,000 of the hearing aids. Priced at $200 per unit, each hearing aid includes four <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a> (lasting up to three years) and a <a href="/wiki/Solar_charger" title="Solar charger">solar charger</a> for them. The product is inexpensive compared to many similar devices, which can start at around $600.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> In 2011, Botswana's Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) unveiled Musi cattle, designed to optimise beef production. As a hybrid of the <a href="/wiki/Tswana_cattle" title="Tswana cattle">Tswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonsmara" title="Bonsmara">Bonsmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Brahman" title="American Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuli_cattle" title="Tuli cattle">Tuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simmental_cattle" title="Simmental cattle">Simmental</a> breeds,<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> it is hoped that the composite will lead to increased beef production.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> In 2016, the Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) developed a rapid testing kit for <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> in collaboration with the Botswana Vaccine Institute and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a>. The kit developed in Botswana allows for on-site diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA) (<a href="/wiki/MeerKAT" title="MeerKAT">MeerKAT</a>) consists of thousands of dishes and antennas spread over large distances linked together to form one giant telescope. Additional dishes will be located in eight other African countries, Botswana among them. Botswana was selected to participate because of its ideal location in the southern hemisphere and environment, which could enable easier data collection from the universe. The Botswana government has built the SKA precursor telescope at Kgale View, which is the African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN). It sent students on astronomy scholarships.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG/220px-BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG/330px-BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG/440px-BeeSat_RTM_500x500.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Cubesat miniaturized satellite</figcaption></figure> Botswana launched its own three-year programme to build and launch a Micro Satellite (<a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSat</a>) Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1 Project) in Gaborone on 18 December 2020. <a href="/wiki/Botswana_International_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Botswana International University of Science and Technology">Botswana International University of Science and Technology</a> (BIUST) will lead satellite development, with technical support from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a> in Finland and <a href="/wiki/Loon_LLC" title="Loon LLC">Loon</a>, a giant leap forward in the realisation of Botswana's ambition to become a technologically driven economy. The satellite, which will be used for earth observation, will generate data for farm planning and real-time <a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">virtual tourism</a>. It can also help predict and forecast harvest time.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In 2016, for the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT sector</a>, Almaz opened a first-of-its-kind computer assembly company.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Ditec, a Botswana company, also customises, designs and manufactures <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>. Ditec specialises in customising <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>-powered devices.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> On 19 November 2021, scientists at the Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) first discovered the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> Omicron variant, subsequently designated B.1.1.529, and then named "Omicron," becoming the first country in the world to discover the variant. Since early 2021, they have genome-sequenced some 2,300 positive SARS-CoV-2 virus samples. According to Dr. Gaseitsiwe, Botswana's genome sequence submissions to GISAID are among the highest in the African region on a per capita basis, on a par with its well-resourced neighbour South Africa. Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) was built in 2003, two years after the umbrella organisation opened the BHHRL, its purpose-built HIV research lab which was one of the first on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Botswana" title="Portal:Botswana">Botswana portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Botswana" title="Outline of Botswana">Outline of Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Botswana-related_topics" title="List of Botswana-related topics">List of Botswana-related topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_people" title="Kgalagadi people">Kgalagadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Botswana" title="Indians in Botswana">Indian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Botswana" title="Baháʼí Faith in Botswana">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Botswana" title="Hinduism in Botswana">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Botswana">Islam</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: Land of the Tswana; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɒtˈswɑːnə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d4\/En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg/En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>, also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bʊt-, bʊˈtʃw-/</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-17">[15]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a>: Lefatshe la Botswana <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[lɪˈfatsʰɪ la bʊˈtswana]</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gov.bw_languages-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov.bw_languages_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov.bw_languages_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov.bw_languages_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country">"About Our Country"</a>. Gov.bw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022105828/https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2022. <q>Botswana has a number of tribes across the country, collectively known as Batswana. The official language is English and Setswana is the national language, although there are other spoken languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.bw&rft.atitle=About+Our+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.bw%2Fabout-our-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana">"Botswana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Botswana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbotswana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana">"Botswana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Botswana&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbotswana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana">"Botswana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Botswana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbotswana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2019.zip">(Archived 2019 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana</a> (PDF). fao.org (Report). United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2015. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317202917/http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024. <q>Total Country Area ('000)ha / 58 173</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2015+%E2%80%93+Country+Report+%E2%80%93+Botswana&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fa-az171e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana">"Botswana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Botswana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbotswana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_Botswana_-_Census_2023_-_Population_of_cities,_towns_and_villages-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Botswana_-_Census_2023_-_Population_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf">"Statistics Botswana - Census 2023 - Population of cities, towns and villages"</a> (PDF). p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Botswana+-+Census+2023+-+Population+of+cities%2C+towns+and+villages&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsbots.org.bw%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FPopulation%2520of%2520Cities%2520Towns%2520and%2520Villages%2520%25202022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statsbots.org.bw/STATSEVENTS/">"Home | 2022 Population and Housing Census Dissemination Conference"</a>. www.statsbots.org.bw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701155822/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/STATSEVENTS/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statsbots.org.bw&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+2022+Population+and+Housing+Census+Dissemination+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsbots.org.bw%2FSTATSEVENTS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20Distribution%20Structure%20and%20Density%20in%20Botswana.pdf">"Population Distribution Structure and Density in Botswana"</a> (PDF). Statsbots. 2022. p. 12. Retrieved 1 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statsbots&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+Structure+and+Density+in+Botswana&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsbots.org.bw%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FPopulation%2520Distribution%2520Structure%2520and%2520Density%2520in%2520Botswana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.BW-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BW_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BW_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BW_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.BW_12-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BWA/">IMF, Botswana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602130347/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BWA">Archived</a> 2 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 30 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.xlsx">"HDR23-24 Summary (Specifically IHDI)"</a>. UNDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521065607/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=HDR23-24+Summary+%28Specifically+IHDI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation report cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data">Specific country data</a> (Report). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. 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Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collegescholarships.org&rft.atitle=Scholarship+Funding+to+Study+in+Botswana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegescholarships.org%2Fscholarships%2Fcountry%2Fbotswana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_193-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</a> (PDF). 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Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73144-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73144-5"><bdi>978-3-319-73144-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botswana+%E2%80%93+A+Modern+Economic+History&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-73144-5&rft.aulast=Hillbom&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2005" class="citation book cs1">Leith, J. Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2"><bdi>0-7735-2820-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Botswana+Prospered&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7735-2820-2&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=J.+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenza2019" class="citation news cs1">Benza, Brian (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-election-idUSKBN1X40KS">"Botswana's Masisi retains presidency as BDP wins election"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Botswana%27s+Masisi+retains+presidency+as+BDP+wins+election&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.aulast=Benza&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-botswana-election-idUSKBN1X40KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionne2016" class="citation news cs1">Dionne, Kim Yi (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/30/how-democratic-is-botswana-after-50-years-of-independence/">"How democratic is Botswana after 50 years of independence?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+democratic+is+Botswana+after+50+years+of+independence%3F&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=Kim+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Fhow-democratic-is-botswana-after-50-years-of-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030</a>, 546–547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Charles, Thalefang (2016). Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences. Mmegi Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789996845413" title="Special:BookSources/9789996845413">9789996845413</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/284">"An African Success Story: Botswana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economics.mit.edu/files/284">the original</a> on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via mit.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+African+Success+Story%3A+Botswana&rft.date=2001-07-11&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Simon&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomics.mit.edu%2Ffiles%2F284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Dennis L (1979). "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election". Journal of Southern African Affairs. 4: 347–370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Botswana+Political+Elite%3A+Evidence+from+the+1974+General+Election&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=347-370&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution (Oxford University Press, 1980)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamMilton1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, A.B.; Milton, S.J. (1987). "Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana". Economic Botany. 41 (3): 386–402. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987EcBot..41..386C">1987EcBot..41..386C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859055">10.1007/BF02859055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4254989">4254989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Effects+of+basket-weaving+industry+on+mokola+palm+and+dye+plants+in+northwestern+Botswana&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-402&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4254989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987EcBot..41..386C&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Milton%2C+S.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Botswana&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33178-7&rft.aulast=Denbow&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Thebe%2C+Phenyo+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood1992" class="citation journal cs1">Good, Kenneth (1992). "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana". Journal of Modern African Studies. 30: 69–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00007734">10.1017/S0022278X00007734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154542272">154542272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Interpreting+the+Exceptionality+of+Botswana&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=69-95&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00007734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154542272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Good, Kenneth (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf">"Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Modern African Studies. 32 (3): 499–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00015202">10.1017/S0022278X00015202</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777">1469-7777</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153626418">153626418</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via harvard.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Corruption+and+Mismanagement+in+Botswana%3A+A+Best-Case+Example%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-521&rft.date=1994-09&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153626418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1469-7777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00015202&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.iq.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fgov2126%2Ffiles%2Fgood.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABotswana" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. History of Botswana (Macmillan Botswana, 1984)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Botswana" class="extiw" title="c:Botswana">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Botswana" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Botswana">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963" class="extiw" title="d:Q963">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/">Botswana</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/botswana.htm">Botswana</a> from <a href="/wiki/UCB_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="UCB Libraries">UCB Libraries</a> GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376">Botswana</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Botswana" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Botswana">Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1889339">Botswana</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BW">Key Development Forecasts for Botswana</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botswana_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Botswana-related_topics" title="List of Botswana-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaborone" title="History of Gaborone">History of Gaborone</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana" title="Coat of arms of Botswana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="454" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Botswana" title="List of cities in Botswana">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana" title="Districts of Botswana">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs and dams in Botswana">Reservoirs and dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Botswana" title="List of rivers of Botswana">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Botswana" title="Wildlife of Botswana">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana" title="Constitution of Botswana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Botswana" title="Elections in Botswana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Botswana" title="Foreign relations of Botswana">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Botswana" title="Human rights in Botswana">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Botswana">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Botswana" title="Human trafficking in Botswana">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Botswana" title="List of political parties in Botswana">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Botswana" title="Vice-President of Botswana">Vice-President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Botswana" title="List of companies of Botswana">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Botswana" title="Energy in Botswana">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Botswana" title="Mining industry of Botswana">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Pula (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Botswana" title="Tourism in Botswana">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Botswana" title="Trade unions in Botswana">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Botswana" title="Transport in Botswana">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Botswana" title="Flag of Botswana">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Botswana" title="Literature of Botswana">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Botswana">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Botswana" title="Public holidays in Botswana">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Botswana" title="Sport in Botswana">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Botswana" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Botswana">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Botswana" title="Demographics of Botswana">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Botswana" title="Child marriage in Botswana">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Ethnic groups in Botswana">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Botswana" title="Health in Botswana">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Botswana" title="Human trafficking in Botswana">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Botswana" title="Polygamy in Botswana">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Botswana" title="Prostitution in Botswana">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Botswana" title="Outline of Botswana">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Botswana-related_topics" title="List of Botswana-related topics">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Botswana" title="Bibliography of Botswana">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botswana" title="Category:Botswana">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Botswana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botswana_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Template:Botswana government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botswana_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Template talk:Botswana government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botswana_government_ministries_and_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botswana government ministries and agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Botswana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Botswana)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications,_Knowledge_and_Technology_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology (Botswana)">Communications, Knowledge and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Security_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Defence and Security (Botswana)">Defense and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development" title="Ministry of Education and Skills Development">Education and Skills Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Entrepreneurship" title="Ministry of Entrepreneurship">Ministry of Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Tourism_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Botswana)">Environment and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Finance (Botswana)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Botswana)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Health (Botswana)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Justice (Botswana)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Labour_and_Home_Affairs_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs (Botswana) (page does not exist)">Labour and Home Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Lands_and_Water_Affairs_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Lands and Water Affairs (Botswana)">Lands and Water Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Government_and_Rural_Development_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Botswana)">Local Government and Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minerals_and_Energy_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Minerals and Energy (Botswana)">Minerals and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_for_State_President_(Botswana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry for State President (Botswana) (page does not exist)">State President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Trade and Industry (Botswana)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Transport and Communications (Botswana)">Transport and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth,_Gender,_Sport_and_Culture_(Botswana)" title="Ministry of Youth, Gender, Sport and Culture (Botswana)">Youth, Gender, Sport and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="454" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Communications_Regulatory_Authority" title="Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority">Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Energy_Regulatory_Authority" title="Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority">Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Unified_Revenue_Service" title="Botswana Unified Revenue Service">Botswana Unified Revenue Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Botswana" title="Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana">Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_and_Intellectual_Property_Authority" title="Companies and Intellectual Property Authority">Companies and Intellectual Property Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Auditor_General_(Botswana)" title="Office of the Auditor General (Botswana)">Office of the Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Botswana" title="Statistics Botswana">Statistics Botswana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Power_Corporation" title="Botswana Power Corporation">Botswana Power Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Utilities_Corporation" title="Water Utilities Corporation">Water Utilities Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Fibre_Networks" title="Botswana Fibre Networks">Botswana Fibre Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BotswanaPost" title="BotswanaPost">BotswanaPost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">Directorate of Intelligence and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Enforcement and Prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Police_Service" title="Botswana Police Service">Botswana Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Prison_Service" title="Botswana Prison Service">Botswana Prison Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121554000">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128459392">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205793/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMDXJ6Fk6tr4HrQd7PwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007857-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079238">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12073186f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12073186f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560911">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020582">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128803&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453563">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90352435">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000504086&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202016109">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547798305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e5e11b08-d26d-341c-af28-69d3c26607f7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4e7b8e27-9982-44c8-8fa2-260ec3e6bc57">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794817">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/FDtZbqvr">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/185752322">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003437">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035827">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=37456">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Botswana&params=24_39.5_S_25_54.5_E_">24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E / 24.6583°S 25.9083°E / -24.6583; 25.9083</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana&oldid=1257492979">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana&oldid=1257492979</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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