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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljus" title="Poljus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poljus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljus" title="Poljus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Poljus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polius" title="Polius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polious" title="Polious – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polious" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Polyus (wahana antariksa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polyus (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus" title="Polyus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polyus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljusz" title="Poljusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poljusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(kapal_angkasa)" title="Polyus (kapal angkasa) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polyus (kapal angkasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ポリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polus" title="Polus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Полюс (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полюс (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polyus_(spacecraft)" title="Special:EditPage/Polyus (spacecraft)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft">"Polyus" spacecraft</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Polyus%22+spacecraft&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Polyus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Military technology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Spacecraft failure</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">80,000 kilograms (180,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">37 m × 4.10 m</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1987-05-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">250</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">280 km (170 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">280 km (170 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">64°</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyus_cutaway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Polyus_cutaway.png/110px-Polyus_cutaway.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Polyus_cutaway.png/165px-Polyus_cutaway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Polyus_cutaway.png/220px-Polyus_cutaway.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway drawing of the Polyus spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Polyus</b> spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Полюс</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">pole</a></i>), also known as <b>Polus</b>, <b>Skif-DM</b>, <a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> index <b>17F19DM</b>, was a prototype Soviet <a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">orbital weapons platform</a> designed to destroy <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> satellites with a megawatt <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">carbon-dioxide laser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-starwars_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starwars-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a <a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> derived from a <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a> to control its orbit and it could launch test targets to demonstrate the fire control system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polyus spacecraft was launched 15 May 1987 from <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250">Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250</a> as part of the first flight of the <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but failed to reach orbit. </p><p>According to Yuri Kornilov, Chief Designer of the Salyut Design Bureau, shortly before Polyus' launch, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> visited the Baikonur Cosmodrome and expressly forbade the in-orbit testing of its capabilities. Kornilov claims that Gorbachev was worried that it would be possible for Western governments to view this activity as an attempt to create a weapon in space and that such an attempt would contradict the country's previous statements on the USSR's peaceful intent.<sup id="cite_ref-kornilov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kornilov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For technical reasons, the payload was launched upside down. It was designed to separate from the Energia, rotate 180 degrees in yaw, then 90 degrees in roll and then fire its engine to complete its boost to orbit. The Energia functioned perfectly, however, after separation from Energia, the Polyus spun a full 360 degrees instead of the planned 180 degrees. When the engine fired, it slowed the vehicle, which burned up over the south Pacific Ocean. This failure was attributed to a faulty <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance system">inertial guidance system</a> that had not been rigorously tested due to the rushed production schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-grondine_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grondine-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of the Polyus project's hardware were re-used in <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> modules, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> modules <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NPO <i>Energia</i> received orders from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet government</a> to begin research on space-based strike weapons in the mid-1970s. Even before, the USSR had been developing maneuverable satellites for the purpose of satellite interception. By the beginning of the 1980s, <i>Energia</i> had proposed two programs: laser-equipped <i>Skif</i> and guided missiles platform <i>Kaskad</i> (where <i>Skif</i> would cover the low-orbit targets, <i>Kaskad</i> engaged targets in high and geosynchronous orbits). Together with NPO <i>Astrofizika</i> and KB <i>Salyut</i>, they began developing their orbital weapons platform based on the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a> DOS-17K frame. </p><p>Later, when the objective of ICBM interception proved too difficult, the aims of the project were shifted towards anti-satellite weapons. The 1983 announcement by the US of their <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">SDI program</a> prompted further political and financial support for the satellite interceptor program. In the nuclear exchange scenario, the interceptors would destroy the SDI satellites, followed by a so-called "pre-emptive retaliation" large-scale Soviet ICBM launch. </p><p>The laser chosen for the <i>Skif</i> spacecraft was a 1-megawatt <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">carbon dioxide laser</a>, developed for the <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-60" title="Beriev A-60">Beriev A-60</a> aircraft (an Il-76 flying laboratory with a combat laser). The introduction of the <i>Energia</i>, capable of launching about 95 tonnes into orbit, finally allowed the spacecraft to accommodate the massive laser. The massive exhaust of the carbon-dioxide laser precipitated the objective of making the laser "recoil-less". The <i>zero-torque exhaust system</i> (SBM) was developed to that end. Its testing in orbit meant the release of a large cloud of carbon dioxide, which would hint at the satellite's purpose. Instead, the xenon-krypton mix would be used to simultaneously test the SBM and perform an innocent experiment on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. </p><p>In 1985, the decision was made to test-launch the new <i>Energia</i> launch vehicle, which was still in the <a href="/wiki/Testbed" title="Testbed">testbed</a> phase. A 100-ton dummy payload was initially considered for the launch, but in a series of last-minute changes, it was decided that the almost-completed <i>Skif</i> spacecraft would be launched instead for a 30-day mission. </p><p>The development of the real <i>Skif</i> was completed in just one year, from September 1985 to September 1986. Testing and tweaking the <i>Energia</i> launch vehicle, the launch pad and the <i>Skif</i> itself moved the launch to February, and later to May 1987. According to Boris Gubanov, the head designer of the <i>Energia</i> launch vehicle, the work schedule of the preceding years was exhausting, and at the point of Mikhail Gorbachev's visit on 11 May, he asked the Soviet premier to clear the launch now, because "there will be heart attacks". </p><p>The catastrophic malfunction that led to <i>Skif</i> entering the atmosphere in the same area as <i>Energia's</i> second stage was successfully investigated. It was found that 568 seconds after launch, the timing control device gave the logical block a command to discard the side modules' covers and laser exhaust covers. Unknowingly, the same command was earlier used to open the solar panels and disengage the maneuvering thrusters. This was not discovered because of the logistics of the testing process and overall haste. Main thrusters engaged while the <i>Skif</i> kept turning, overshooting the intended 180-degree turn. The spacecraft lost speed and reverted to a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic trajectory">ballistic trajectory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Length: 37.00 m (121.39 ft)</li> <li>Maximum diameter: 4.10 m (13.5 ft)</li> <li>Mass: 80,000 kg (180,000 lb)</li> <li>Associated launch vehicle: Energia</li> <li>Intended orbit: altitude 280 km (170 mi), inclination 64°</li> <li>Targeting system: optical, radar, with low-yield laser for final targeting</li> <li>Armament: 1-megawatt carbon-dioxide laser</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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.reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-starwars-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starwars_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKonstantin_Lantratov" class="citation web cs1">Konstantin Lantratov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/htm/str163.htm">"Звёздные войны, которых не было"</a> [Star Wars that didn't happen].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft.au=Konstantin+Lantratov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buran.ru%2Fhtm%2Fstr163.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyus+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_HendrickxBert_Vis2007" class="citation book cs1">Bart Hendrickx; Bert Vis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRb1yAGVWNsC"><i>Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-73984-7"><bdi>978-0-387-73984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energiya-Buran%3A+The+Soviet+Space+Shuttle&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-73984-7&rft.au=Bart+Hendrickx&rft.au=Bert+Vis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRb1yAGVWNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyus+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kornilov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kornilov_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuri_Kornilov" class="citation journal cs1">Yuri Kornilov. "Unknown Polyus". <i>Earth and the Universe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+the+Universe&rft.atitle=Unknown+Polyus&rft.au=Yuri+Kornilov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyus+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grondine-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grondine_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_Grondine" class="citation web cs1">Ed Grondine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102201428/http://astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm">"Polyus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polyus&rft.au=Ed+Grondine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fcraft%2Fpolyus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyus+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran.ru/htm/cargo.htm">Polyus page (in Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buran-energia.com/polious/polious-desc.php">buran-energia.com Polyus page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://k26.com/buran/Info/Polyus/polyus-energia.html">K26 Polyus-Energia page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815133801/http://www.k26.com/buran/Info/Polyus/polyus-energia.html">Archived</a> 2004-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011226061817/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyus.htm">Astronautix.com Polyus page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a><sup>† ‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a><sup>°</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> MTFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International(Western Aligned Nations only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a></i> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TKS_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TKS_spacecraft" title="Template:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TKS_spacecraft" title="Template talk:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TKS_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TKS_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TKS_spacecraft_drawing_(svg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/110px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/165px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/220px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)#Missions" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft test missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_929" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 929">Kosmos 929</a> (TKS-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1267" title="Kosmos 1267">Kosmos 1267</a> (TKS-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443</a> (TKS-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686</a> (TKS-4)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TKS_cutaway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/200px-TKS_cutaway.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/300px-TKS_cutaway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/400px-TKS_cutaway.png 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft#Test_flights" title="VA spacecraft">VA spacecraft test flights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 881 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 881</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 882 (page does not exist)">882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft#VA_#009" title="VA spacecraft">VA #009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 997 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 997</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 998 (page does not exist)">998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1100 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1100</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1101 (page does not exist)">1101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> (FGB)<br /> derived hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mir: <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1"><i>Kvant</i>-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2"><i>Kvant</i>-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i></li> <li>ISS: <i><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)"><i>Nauka</i></a></li> <li>Free flying: <a href="/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)_(Template)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyus (spacecraft) (Template)"><i>Polyus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1986Orbital_launches_in_19871988_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1986Orbital_launches_in_19871988_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">← 1986</a></div><a href="/wiki/1987_in_spaceflight" title="1987 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1987</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1988_in_spaceflight" title="1988 in spaceflight">1988 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.17 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1811&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1811 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1811</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1812&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1812 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1813 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_27" title="Progress 27">Progress 27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1814&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1814 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1814</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1815&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1815 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.42 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1816&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1816 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1816</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1817&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1817 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1817</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1818" title="Kosmos 1818">Kosmos 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1819&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1819 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-21 (page does not exist)">USA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1820 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1821&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1821 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momo_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momo 1 (page does not exist)">Momo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1822&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1822 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1823&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1823 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1824&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1824 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_7" title="GOES 7">GOES 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_28" title="Progress 28">Progress 28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1825&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1825 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1826&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1826 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1826</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1827&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1827 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1827</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1828&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1828 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1828</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1829 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1829</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1830 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1830</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1831&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1831 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1831</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1832 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1833&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1833 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.31L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.31L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.31L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2P">Palapa B2P</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SROSS-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SROSS-A (page does not exist)">SROSS-A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FLTSATCOM-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLTSATCOM-6 (page does not exist)">FLTSATCOM-6</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1834&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1834 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1834</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1835 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1836&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1836 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_29" title="Progress 29">Progress 29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1837&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1837 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1838&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1838 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1838</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1839&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1839 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1839</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1840 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1840</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1841&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1841 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1842&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1842 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1842</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1843&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1843 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.23L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.23L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.23L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1844&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1844 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1845 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-22 (page does not exist)">USA-22</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_Plume_Shield_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living Plume Shield 3 (page does not exist)">LIPS-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-23 (page does not exist)">USA-23</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-24 (page does not exist)">USA-24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-25 (page does not exist)">USA-25</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_30" title="Progress 30">Progress 30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1846&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1846 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1847&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1847 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1848 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1849" title="Kosmos 1849">Kosmos 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1850 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1851" title="Kosmos 1851">Kosmos 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1852&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1852 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1852</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1853 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1853</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1854&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1854 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1854</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1855 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1855</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1856&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1856 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1856</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1857 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1857</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1858&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1858 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1858</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1859&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1859 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1859</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.105 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.105</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1860&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1860 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1860</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-26 (page does not exist)">USA-26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1861 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1861</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1862&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1862 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1863 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1864 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1865&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1865 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1865</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1866&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1866 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1867" title="Kosmos 1867">Kosmos 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1868&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1868 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1869&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1869 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1869</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1870&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1870 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1870</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1871&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1871 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_31" title="Progress 31">Progress 31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 10 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.21 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1872 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiku_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiku No.5 (page does not exist)">Kiku No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1873&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1873 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1873</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1874&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1874 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.29L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.29L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.29L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1875 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1875</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1876 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1876</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1877 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1877</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1878&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1878 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1878</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1879&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1879 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1879</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1880&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1880 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_I-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing I-01 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing I-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1881 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1882 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optus_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus A3">Aussat A3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_I_F-4" title="Eutelsat I F-4">ECS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1883 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1883</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1884 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1884</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1885&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1885 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 27 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 27</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 29 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1886&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1886 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_32" title="Progress 32">Progress 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1887" title="Kosmos 1887">Kosmos 1887</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1888&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1888 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1889&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1889 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1890 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1891&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1891 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1892&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1892 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1893 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-27 (page does not exist)">USA-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1894" title="Kosmos 1894">Kosmos 1894</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1895&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1895 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1896 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_33" title="Progress 33">Progress 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-SAT_1" title="TV-SAT 1">TV-SAT 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1897 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-28 (page does not exist)">USA-28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1898&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1898 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1899 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.32L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.32L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.32L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1900 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1901 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1902&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1902 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1902</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">Soyuz TM-4</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1903" title="Kosmos 1903">Kosmos 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1904&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1904 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1905&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1905 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1906 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran-M_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran-M No.13L (page does not exist)">Ekran-M No.13L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1907 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1907</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&oldid=1253699018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyus_(spacecraft)&oldid=1253699018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lasers" title="Category:Military lasers">Military lasers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellite_launch_failures" title="Category:Satellite launch failures">Satellite launch failures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_military_spacecraft" title="Category:Soviet military spacecraft">Soviet military spacecraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_weapons" title="Category:Space weapons">Space weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Zenit_and_Energia_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets">Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1987" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1987">Spacecraft launched in 1987</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1987 in the Soviet Union">1987 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union">Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2012">Articles needing additional references from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 12:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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