CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Degré d'ouverture — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"d0fa54ce-7551-4ee9-8760-a301d2f8cbf8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Degré_d'ouverture","wgTitle":"Degré d'ouverture","wgCurRevisionId":220487868,"wgRevisionId":220487868,"wgArticleId":499606,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipédia:ébauche linguistique","Article sans source depuis octobre 2024","Article sans source/Liste complète","Portail:Linguistique/Articles liés","Portail:Langues/Articles liés","Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés","Phonétique articulatoire","Phonétique des voyelles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Degré_d'ouverture","wgRelevantArticleId": 499606,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":2000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2550215","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Degré d'ouverture — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Degré_d_ouverture rootpage-Degré_d_ouverture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Degr%C3%A9+d%27ouverture" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Degr%C3%A9+d%27ouverture" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Degr%C3%A9+d%27ouverture" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Degr%C3%A9+d%27ouverture" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Degré d'ouverture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 8 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_d%27apertura" title="Grau d'apertura – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grau d'apertura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel#Height" title="Vowel – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vowel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_fuerte_y_vocal_d%C3%A9bil" title="Vocal fuerte y vocal débil – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocal fuerte y vocal débil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גובה תנועות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גובה תנועות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_di_apertura" title="Grado di apertura – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grado di apertura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschidere_vocalic%C4%83" title="Deschidere vocalică – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deschidere vocalică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_de_vertura" title="Grado de vertura – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grado de vertura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="元音高度 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元音高度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2550215#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&oldid=220487868" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&id=220487868&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDegr%25C3%25A9_d%2527ouverture"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDegr%25C3%25A9_d%2527ouverture"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Degr%C3%A9+d%27ouverture"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2550215" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Ouverture" class="mw-disambig" title="Ouverture">ouverture</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aperture" class="mw-disambig" title="Aperture">aperture</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/45px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/68px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/90px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-grave"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Sans_source" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Livre ouvert, contenant un point d’interrogation, sur fond rouge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-red-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite aucune source</a> et peut contenir des informations erronées</strong> <small>(signalé en octobre 2024).</small> </p><p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p> <div class="plainlinks liste-horizontale">Trouver des sources sur « <b>Degré d'ouverture</b> » : <ul> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikiwix.com/#archives/fr/Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture">Archive Wikiwix</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=-wikipedia+%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">Bing</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/resultats_recherche.php?searchTerm=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">Cairn</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&t=h_&ia=web">DuckDuckGo</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/recherche/?q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&btn_recherche=">E. Universalis</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?ArianeWireIndex=index&p=1&lang=FR&q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">Gallica</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&num=50">Google</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">G. Books</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&tbm=nws&tbs=ar:1">G. News</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">G. Scholar</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/search?ta=article&q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&_Prescripts_Search_query=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&_Prescripts_Search_queryScope=ALL&_Prescripts_Search_queryScope=ALL&_Prescripts_Search_perimSearch=allReviews&_Prescripts_Search_perimSearch=allReviews">Persée</a></span></li> <li><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qwant.com/?q=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22&t=all">Qwant</a></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : chinois">(zh)</abbr> <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">Baidu</a></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : russe">(ru)</abbr> <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yandex.ru/search/?text=%22Degr%C3%A9+d%26%2339%3Bouverture%22">Yandex</a></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Wikidata">(wd)</abbr> <span style="white-space:normal"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23TEMPLATE%3D%7B%20%22template%22%3A%20%7B%20%22fr%22%3A%20%22Oeuvres%20%28livres%2C%20films%2C%20%E2%80%A6%29%20%C3%A0%20propos%20du%20sujet%20%3Fsujet%22%20%7D%2C%20%22variables%22%3A%20%7B%20%22%3Fsujet%22%3A%20%7B%20%20%7D%20%7D%20%7D%0Aselect%20%3FoeuvreLabel%20%3Ftitre%20%3Foeuvre%20%3FlangueLabel%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28group_concat%28distinct%20%3FgenreLabel%3Bseparator%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20as%20%3Fgenres%29%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28group_concat%28distinct%20%3FtypeLabel%3Bseparator%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20as%20%3Fsortes%29%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28group_concat%28distinct%20%3FauteurLabel%3Bseparator%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20as%20%3Fauteurs%29%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28sample%28%3Fimage%29%20as%20%3Fillustration%29%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%28sample%28%3Furl%29%20as%20%3Furl%29%0A%20%7B%20%0A%20%20BIND%28wd%3AQ2550215%20AS%20%3Fsujet%29%0A%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP921%20%3Fsujet%20.%20%23%20changer%20la%20valeur%20%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP407%20%3Flangue%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP136%20%3Fgenre%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP31%20%3Ftype%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20service%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20%0A%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Flangue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FlangueLabel%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fgenre%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FgenreLabel%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftype%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FtypeLabel%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FoeuvreLabel%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP1476%20%3Ftitre%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP18%20%3Fimage%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP50%7Cwdt%3AP57%7Cwdt%3AP58%20%3Fauteur%20.%0A%20%20%20%20optional%20%7B%3Fauteur%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Fnom%20filter%28lang%28%3Fnom%29%20%3D%20%22fr%22%29%7D%0A%20%20%20%20bind%28%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20coalesce%28%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%28wikibase%3AisSomeValue%28%3Fauteur%29%2C%20%22%5Binconnu%5D%22%2C%3Fnom%29%2C%20%3Fnom%2C%20%22%5Blibell%C3%A9%20fr%20manquant%5D%22%20%29%20as%20%3FauteurLabel%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23r%C3%A9cup%C3%A9ration%20d%E2%80%99une%20url%2C%20test%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%3Foeuvre%20wdt%3AP2699%7Cwdt%3AP953%7Cwdt%3AP4945%20%3Furl%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%23essai%20de%20tri%20en%20fonction%20de%20la%20langue%2C%20fran%C3%A7ais%20puis%20les%20langues%20des%20pays%20proche%20de%20France%20en%20premier%0A%20%20optional%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20values%20%28%3Flangue%20%3FordreL%29%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ150%201%29%20%20%23%20fr%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ1860%202%29%20%23%20en%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ1321%203%29%20%23%20es%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%28wd%3AQ188%204%29%20%20%23%20de%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20bind%28coalesce%28%3FordreL%2C%20100%29%20as%20%3Fordre%29%0A%7D%20group%20by%20%3Ftitre%20%3Foeuvre%20%3FlangueLabel%20%3FoeuvreLabel%20%3Fordre%20order%20by%20%20%3Fordre%20%3FlangueLabel">trouver des œuvres sur Wikidata</a></span></span></li> </ul></div> </div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique" title="Phonétique">phonétique</a> et <a href="/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie">phonologie</a>, le <b>degré d'ouverture</b> (ou <b>d'aperture</b>, parfois appelé <i>hauteur de voyelle</i>) ou souvent simplement <b>ouverture</b> est un caractère qui indique la position verticale de la langue par rapport au palais, lors de l'émission d'un son de <a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">voyelle</a>. Le premier <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formant</a> d'une voyelle (F1) correspond habituellement au degré d'aperture, une valeur élevée de F1 correspondant à une voyelle ouverte, et une valeur faible de F1 à une voyelle fermée. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">alphabet phonétique international</a> identifie sept degrés différents, bien qu'aucune langue ne les distingue tous : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_ferm%C3%A9e" title="Voyelle fermée">Voyelle fermée</a> ou <i>haute</i>, par exemple le "i", le "u", le "ou" ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_pr%C3%A9-ferm%C3%A9e" title="Voyelle pré-fermée">Voyelle fermée inférieure</a> ou <i>pré-fermée</i> ou <i>haute inférieure</i> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_mi-ferm%C3%A9e" title="Voyelle mi-fermée">Voyelle moyenne supérieure</a> ou <i>mi-fermée</i>, par exemple le "é", le "o" de <i>pot</i> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_moyenne" title="Voyelle moyenne">Voyelle moyenne</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_mi-ouverte" title="Voyelle mi-ouverte">Voyelle moyenne inférieure</a> ou <i>mi-ouverte</i>, par exemple le "è", le "o" de <i>l'or</i> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_pr%C3%A9-ouverte" title="Voyelle pré-ouverte">Voyelle ouverte supérieure</a> ou <i>pré-ouverte</i> ou <i>basse supérieure</i> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyelle_ouverte" title="Voyelle ouverte">Voyelle ouverte</a> ou <i>basse</i>, par exemple le "a".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_notions_utilis%C3%A9es_en_phon%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des notions utilisées en phonétique">Liste des notions utilisées en phonétique</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail de la linguistique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/24px-Logo_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/36px-Logo_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/48px-Logo_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail:Linguistique">Portail de la linguistique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degré_d%27ouverture&oldid=220487868">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degré_d%27ouverture&oldid=220487868</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Phon%C3%A9tique_articulatoire" title="Catégorie:Phonétique articulatoire">Phonétique articulatoire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Phon%C3%A9tique_des_voyelles" title="Catégorie:Phonétique des voyelles">Phonétique des voyelles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_linguistique" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche linguistique">Wikipédia:ébauche linguistique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_sans_source_depuis_octobre_2024" title="Catégorie:Article sans source depuis octobre 2024">Article sans source depuis octobre 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_sans_source/Liste_compl%C3%A8te" title="Catégorie:Article sans source/Liste complète">Article sans source/Liste complète</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Linguistique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Linguistique/Articles liés">Portail:Linguistique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés">Portail:Langues/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences_humaines_et_sociales/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 21 novembre 2024 à 15:53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture" title="Spécial:Citer/Degré d'ouverture">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-v8npv","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.130","walltime":"0.207","ppvisitednodes":{"value":769,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":61969,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11836,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 181.945 1 -total"," 43.10% 78.425 1 Modèle:Sans_source"," 36.97% 67.270 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_d'avertissement"," 29.80% 54.225 1 Modèle:Trouver_des_sources"," 21.22% 38.611 1 Modèle:Ébauche"," 18.45% 33.560 1 Modèle:Portail"," 17.10% 31.111 1 Modèle:Voir_homonymes"," 15.98% 29.073 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note"," 14.83% 26.985 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau"," 12.90% 23.465 1 Modèle:Zh"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.069","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5618437,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-ff6b5667d-wlbmr","timestamp":"20241128205416","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Degr\u00e9 d'ouverture","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Degr%C3%A9_d%27ouverture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2550215","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2550215","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-28T19:50:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T14:53:04Z"}</script> </body> </html>