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At the height of its success and productivity, the company was a symbol of American manufacturing leadership in the world. The company suspended most of its steelmaking operations in 1982 and declared bankruptcy in 2001; this factory is now part of the [[Bethlehem Works]] development site.]] '''American decline''' is the idea that the [[United States|United States of America]] is diminishing in power on a relative basis [[geopolitics|geopolitically]], [[military of the United States|militarily]], financially, [[economy of the United States|economically]], and technologically. It can also refer to absolute declines demographically, socially, morally, spiritually, culturally, in matters of healthcare, and/or on [[environmental issues in the United States|environmental issues]].<ref name="Sarah" /><ref name="HP">{{cite news |date=24 May 2018 |title=The Hidden Meaning Of American Decline |work=Huffington Post |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-hidden-meaning-of-american-decline_us_5b057607e4b0ce1c4984ef5b |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref><ref name="news_Biden's_Opportunity">{{cite magazine |title=Biden's opportunity to flip the script on U.S. decline |last1=Rosenberg|first1=Mark |last2=Marber|first2=Peter |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=2021-02-02 |url=https://newsweek.com/bidens-opportunity-flip-script-us-decline-opinion-1563445}}</ref> There has been debate over the extent of the decline and whether it is relative or absolute.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="csba_Understanding_America's">{{cite web |title=Understanding America's Contested Primacy |last=Edelman |first=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Edelman |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments]] |date=2010 |access-date=2021-04-23 |url= https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2010.10.21-Understanding-Americas-Contested-Supremacy.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Stephen G. |last2=Wohlforth |first2=William C. |date=2023-04-18 |title=The Myth of Multipolarity |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |volume=102 |issue=3 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Shrinking military advantages, deficit spending, geopolitical overreach, and a shift in moral, social, and behavioral conditions have been associated with American decline. The [[Chinese Century|ascent of China]] as a [[potential superpower]] emerged as a central concern in discussions about the decline of American influence since the late 2010s, with some scholars suggesting that China has the potential to challenge the United States' current position as the world's leading [[superpower]], though other scholars have criticized this view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beckley |first=Michael |date=2018 |title=The Power of Nations: Measuring What Matters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00328 |journal=International Security |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=7–44 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00328 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lind |first=Jennifer |date=2024 |title=Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00494 |journal=International Security |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=7–55 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00494 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Røren |first=Pål |date=2024 |title=Unipolarity is not over yet |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksae018 |journal=Global Studies Quarterly |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/isagsq/ksae018 |issn=2634-3797|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scholars say that the perception of decline, or [[declinism]], has long been part of [[culture of the United States|American culture]].<ref name="nati_Don't_Panic"/><ref name=":0"/> Rhetoric of American decline was prevalent in the 1950s, 1970s and 1980s, as well as in the aftermath of the [[2007–2008 financial crisis|2008 Financial Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norrlof |first=Carla |last2=Wohlforth |first2=William C. |date=2019 |title=Raison de l’Hégémonie (The Hegemon’s Interest): Theory of the Costs and Benefits of Hegemony |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2019.1604982 |journal=Security Studies |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=422–450 |doi=10.1080/09636412.2019.1604982 |issn=0963-6412}}</ref> ==Assessment== According to [[Jeet Heer]], U.S. hegemony has always been supported by three pillars: "economic strength, military might, and the soft power of cultural dominance."<ref name=NR1>{{cite magazine |last1=Heer |first1=Jeet |author1-link=Jeet Heer |title=Are We Witnessing the Fall of the American Empire? |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/147319/witnessing-fall-american-empire |magazine=The New Republic |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> According to American diplomat [[Eric S. Edelman]], the declinists, or those who believe America is in decline, have been "consistently wrong" in the past.<ref name="csba_Understanding_America's"/> However, American political scientist [[Aaron Friedberg]] cautioned that just because the declinists were wrong in the past does not mean they will be incorrect in their future predictions, and that some of the arguments by the declinists deserve to be taken seriously.<ref name="csba_Understanding_America's"/><ref name="thea_Same_Old">{{Cite web |title=Same Old Songs |last=Friedberg |first=Aaron L. |author-link=Aaron Friedberg |work=[[The American Interest]] |date=November 1, 2009 |access-date=April 23, 2021 |url= https://www.the-american-interest.com/2009/11/01/same-old-songs/}}</ref> Political scientist [[Matthew Kroenig]] argues Washington has "followed the same basic, three-step geopolitical plan since 1945. First, the United States built the current, [[Liberal international order|rules-based international system]]{{nbsp}}... Second, it welcomed into the club any country that played by the rules, even former adversaries{{nbsp}}... and third, the U.S. worked with its allies to defend the system from those countries or groups that would challenge it."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Kroenig|first=Matthew|date=2020-04-03|title=Why the U.S. Will Outcompete China|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/why-china-ill-equipped-great-power-rivalry/609364/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> === Deficit spending === [[Paul Kennedy]] posits that continued deficit spending, especially on military build-up, is the single most important reason for decline of any great power. The costs of the wars in [[US invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] were as of 2017 estimated to run as high as $4.4 trillion, which Kennedy deems a major victory for [[Osama bin Laden]], whose announced goal was to humiliate America by showcasing its casualty averseness and lack of will to persist in a long-term conflict. By 2011, the U.S. military budget — almost matching that of the rest of the world combined — was higher in real terms than at any time since WWII.<ref name="kennedy">{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Paul |title=The Rise And Fall of British Naval Mastery |publisher=Penguin Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQ1DQAAQBAJ&q=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers |access-date=19 March 2019|isbn=9780141983837 |date=2017-01-26 }}</ref> Kennedy made similar assessments about American decline in his book ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers]],'' in which he projected "a need to 'manage' affairs so that the relative erosion of the United States' position takes place slowly and smoothly."<ref>Kennedy, Paul M., ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000]]'', New York, Vintage Books, 1987, {{ISBN|0679-720197}}, p. 534.</ref> The book was published in 1989, three years before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and several years before the bursting of the [[Japanese asset price bubble]], leaving the United States as the sole remaining superpower and the dominant political and economic power internationally.<ref>Catley, Bob, "Hegemonic America: The Benign Superpower?" ''Contemporary Southeast Asia'', Vol. 18, No. 4 (March 1997), p. 382|https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798354</ref> === Geopolitical overreach === [[File:American bases worldwide.svg|thumb|Countries with United States military bases and facilities in 2023|267x267px]]According to historian [[Emmanuel Todd]], an expansion in military activity and aggression can appear to reflect an increase in capacity while masking a decline in actual power. He observes that this occurred with the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1970s, with Russia currently, and with the [[Roman Empire]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The good European|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/node/159124|access-date=2021-01-27|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2024}}</ref> and that the United States may be going through a similar period in time. There were 38 large and medium-sized [[List of United States military bases|American facilities spread around the globe]] in 2005—mostly air and naval bases—approximately the same number as Britain's 36 naval bases and army garrisons at its imperial zenith in 1898.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Chalmers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtkAtY8xwHIC&q=The+Last+Days+of+the+American+Republic|title=Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic|date=2007-02-06|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=9781429904681|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Kennedy compares the U.S. situation to Great Britain's prior to [[World War I]], saying that the map of U.S. bases is similar.<ref name="kennedy" /> ===Culture=== Commentators such as [[Allan Bloom]], [[E. D. Hirsch]], and [[Russel Jacoby]] have suggested American culture is in decline.<ref name="Js">{{cite journal |last1=Goldfarb |first1=Jeffrey C. |title=The Decline and Fall of American Culture? |journal=Social Research |date=1989 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=659–680 |jstor=40970560 }}</ref> [[Samuel P. Huntington]] commented critically on a trend in American culture and politics of predicting constant decline since the late 1950s. As he saw it, declinism came in several distinct waves, namely in reaction to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik; to the Vietnam War; to the oil shock of 1973; to Soviet tensions in the late 1970s; and to the general unease that accompanied the end of the Cold War.<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=McArdle |first1=Megan |author1-link=Megan McArdle |title=America's Perpetual Decline |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/10/americas-perpetual-decline/64206/ |access-date=29 March 2019 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=7 October 2010}}</ref> According to American historian [[Russell Jacoby]], the rise of academic [[Marxism]], [[radical politics|radical political economies]], and [[literary criticism|critical literary]] and [[cultural studies]] since World War II has contributed to the decline of American culture.<ref name="Js"/> [[William J. Bennett]] argued that America's cultural decline is signaling "a shift in the public's attitudes and beliefs".<ref name="Quantifying"/> According to the Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, published in 1993, statistically portraying the moral, social and behavioral conditions of modern American society, often described as 'values', America's cultural condition was in decline with respect to the situations of 30 years ago, 1963. The index showed that there has been an increase in [[violent crime]] by more than 6 times, [[illegitimate birth]]s by more than 5 times, the divorce rate by 5 times, the percentage of children living in single-parent homes by four times, and the teenage suicide rate by three times during the 30-year period.<ref name="Quantifying">{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=William J. |title=Quantifying America's Decline |url=https://ashbrook.org/publications/onprin-v1n1-bennett/|website=Ashbrook |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> However, by 2011, Bennett and others had acknowledged that there had been a marked reduction in the violent crime rate, a reduction of suicide and divorce, as well as improvements in many other social metrics, since 1993.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=William J. |title=The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators: American Society at the End of the Twentieth Century |date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-77809-3 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIm8G4YfL5MC&pg=PT5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Steven |title=Future Perfect: The Case For Progress In A Networked Age |date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-59697-5 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMGNEJ2K8jcC&pg=PT12 |language=en}}</ref> Bennett wrote that contemporary authors see these improving metrics as evidence that the social decline from the 1960s to the early 1990s was temporary, while others (including Bennett) remain sceptical.{{sfn|Bennett|2011|p=5}} According to Kenneth Weisbrode, though some statistics point to American decline (increased death rate, political paralysis, and increased crime), "Americans have had a low culture for a very long time and have long promoted it". He thinks that the obsession with decline is not something new, but something dating back to the Puritans. "Cultural decline, in other words, is as American as apple pie," Weisbrode argues. Weisbrode likens pre-revolutionary France and present-day America for their vulgarity, which he argues is "an almost natural extension or outcome of all that is civilized: a glorification of ego."<ref name="nati_Don't_Panic">{{cite web |last1=Weisbrode |first1=Kenneth |title=Don't Panic about America's Cultural Decline |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/dont-panic-about-americas-cultural-decline-17024|website=The National Interest |access-date=26 March 2019 |language=en |date=19 July 2016}}</ref> David A. Bell argued that the perception of decline is part of the culture. "What the long history of American 'declinism' -- as opposed to America's actual possible decline -- suggests," says David Bell, "is that these anxieties have an existence of their own that is quite distinct from the actual geopolitical position of our country; that they arise as much from something deeply rooted in the collective psyche of our chattering classes as from sober political and economic analyses."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=David A.|date=2010-10-07|title=Political Columnists Think America Is In Decline. Big Surprise.|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/78216/america-in-decline-thomas-friedman|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0028-6583}}</ref> According to [[RealClearPolitics]], declarations of America's declining power have been common since the beginning of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RealClearPolitics - Articles - Three Centuries of American Declinism|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/08/declinism.html|access-date=2021-07-24|website=www.realclearpolitics.com}}</ref> According to British journalist Nick Bryant, "warnings of American decline are by no means new".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-04|title=American Declinism: has collective fear finally become reality?|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/futuretense/american-declinism/5865146|access-date=2021-07-24|website=ABC Radio National|language=en-AU}}</ref> In the 20th century, declinism came in several distinct waves.<ref name="Atlantic2">{{cite news|last1=McArdle|first1=Megan|author1-link=Megan McArdle|date=7 October 2010|title=America's Perpetual Decline|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/10/americas-perpetual-decline/64206/|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Robert Lieber on Why the Declinists Are Wrong About America|url=https://cirs.qatar.georgetown.edu/event/robert-lieber-why-declinists-are-wrong-about-america/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=CIRS|language=en-US}}</ref> In a 2011 book, [[Thomas L. Friedman]] and [[Michael Mandelbaum]] argued that the United States was in the midst of "its fifth wave of Declinism." The first had come "with the 'Sputnik Shock' of 1957," the second with the [[Vietnam War]], the third with President [[Jimmy Carter]]'s "malaise" and the rise of Japan, and the fourth with the increased power of China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joffe |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Joffe |date=2011-12-09 |title=Declinism's Fifth Wave |url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2011/12/09/declinisms-fifth-wave/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=[[The American Interest]]}}</ref> According to [[Robert Lieber]] in 2021, “declinists’ proclamations about America have appeared ever since America's founding" and "it can be instructive to compare current arguments and prescriptions of the new declinism with the ideas of earlier eras."<ref name=":02" /> === Political polarization === {{see also|Political polarization in the United States}} [[David Leonhardt]] writes that "incomes, wealth, and life expectancy in the United States have stagnated for much of the population, contributing to an angry national mood and exacerbating political divisions. The result is a semidysfunctional government that is eroding many of the country’s largest advantages over China."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Leonhardt|first=David|author-link=David Leonhardt|date=2020-01-16|title=Opinion {{!}} What Americans Don't Understand About China's Power (Published 2020)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/16/opinion/sunday/china-economy-trade.html|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Jonathan Hopkin]] writes that decades of [[neoliberal]] policies, which made the United States "the most extreme case of the subjection of society to the brute force of the market," resulted in unprecedented levels of [[Income inequality in the United States|inequality]], and combined with an unstable financial system and limited political choices, paved the way for political instability and revolt, as evidenced by the resurgence of the [[American Left|Left]] as represented by [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|the Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign]] and the rise of an "unlikely figure" like [[Donald Trump]] to the presidency of the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkin|first=Jonathan|author-link= |date=2020 |title=Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies|chapter=American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy|url=|chapter-url=|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=87–88 |isbn=978-0190699765|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190699765.003.0004}}</ref> In 2021, [[Michael McFaul]], former [[U.S. ambassador to Russia|U.S. Ambassador to Russia]] from 2012 to 2014, stated his belief that the U.S. has faced a democratic decline, stemming from elite polarization and damage done by former president Donald Trump to trust in elections and bonds with democratic allies. McFaul states that the decline in democracy weakens national security and heavily restrains foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion {{!}} The good, the bad and the (very) ugly foreign policy legacy Trump leaves for Biden|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-s-america-first-policies-leave-biden-major-china-russia-ncna1251044|access-date=2021-03-28|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> ===Economy=== {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right;" |- |<timeline> ImageSize = width:auto height:250 barincrement:50 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:15 top:10 right:20 AlignBars = justify TimeAxis = orientation:vertical DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0.0 till:30 ScaleMajor = unit:day start:0.0 increment:2 PlotData = color:blue width:35 bar:US from:start till:25.03 bar:China from:start till:20.25 bar:Japan from:start till:4.30 bar:Germany from:start till:4.03 bar:India from:start till:3.46 bar:UK from:start till:3.19 bar:France from:start till:2.77 bar:Canada from:start till:2.20 bar:Russia from:start till:2.13 bar:Italy from:start till:1.99 PlotData = bar:US at:26.35 fontsize:S text: 25.03 shift:(-9,0) bar:China at:20.91 fontsize:S text: 20.25 shift:(-10,0) bar:Japan at:5.91 fontsize:S text: 4.30 shift:(-10,0) bar:Germany at:5.26 fontsize:S text: 4.03 shift:(-7,0) bar:India at:4.53 fontsize:S text: 3.46 shift:(-7,0) bar:UK at:4.38 fontsize:S text: 3.19 shift:(-7,0) bar:France at:3.94 fontsize:S text: 2.77 shift:(-7,0) bar:Canada at:3.22 fontsize:S text: 2.20 shift:(-7,0) bar:Russia at:3.06 fontsize:S text: 2.13 shift:(-7,0) bar:Italy at:2.83 fontsize:S text: 1.99 shift:(-7,0) TextData = pos:(0,0) text:US$ Tn </timeline> |- | style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"|Largest economies in the world by GDP (nominal) in 2022<br />according to [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 |date=11 October 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> |} Economist Jeffrey Sachs observed the US share of world income was 24.6% in 1980, falling to 19.1% in 2011.<ref name=NR1/> The ratio of average CEO earnings to average workers’ pay in the U.S. went from 24:1 in 1965 to 262:1 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coplan |first1=Jill Hamburg |title=12 signs America is on the decline |url=http://fortune.com/2015/07/20/united-states-decline-statistics-economic/ |website=Fortune |access-date=28 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sarah">{{cite journal | last1=Friedman | first1=Hershey H. | last2=Hertz | first2=Sarah | title=Is the United States Still the Best Country in the World? Think Again | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2015 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.2622722 |s2cid=153146583 |language=en}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]]'s record of income inequality reached its highest point in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last= Telford|first=Taylor|date=September 26, 2019|title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since census started tracking it, data shows|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> Some centrists believe that the American fiscal crisis stems from the rising expenditures on social programs or, alternatively, from the increases in military spending for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, both of which would lead to decline. However, [[Richard Lachmann]] argues that if military or overall spending is not pressuring the U.S. economy, they would not contribute to U.S. decline. Lachmann describes the real problem as "the misallocation of government revenue and expenditure, resulting in resources being diverted from the tasks vital to maintain economic or geopolitical dominance."<ref name="Lach">{{cite journal |last1=Lachmann |first1=Richard |title=The roots of american decline |journal=Contexts |date=2011 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=44–49 |issn=1536-5042|jstor=41960690 |doi=10.1177/1536504211399050 |s2cid=61355963 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kennedy argues that as military expenses grow, this reduces investments in economic growth, which eventually "leads to the downward spiral of slower growth, heavier taxes, deepening domestic splits over spending priorities, and weakening capacity to bear the burdens of defense."<ref name="kennedy"/> === Health === [[File:Life expectancy in some big countries.png|thumb|[[Life expectancy at birth]] in several large countries; the US (dark blue) can be seen to fall behind other wealthy nations from the 1980s onward, and life expectancy has decreased since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].]] The economists [[Anne Case]] and [[Angus Deaton]] attribute rising mortality, which is mostly impacting the [[Working class in the United States|working class]], to the flaws in contemporary [[capitalism]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Case A, Deaton A |date=2020 |title=Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190785/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0691190785}}</ref> === Competition with China === [[File:GDP - United States, China.svg|thumb|400px|GDP (current US$) - United States, China (in trillions of US$, 1960–2019)]] [[File:GDP per capita - United States, China.svg|thumb|400px|GDP per capita - United States, China (1960–2019)]] China challenging the United States for global dominance constitutes a core issue in the debate over the American decline.<ref name="Ali">{{cite news |last1=Wyne |first1=Ali |date=21 June 2018 |title=Is America Choosing Decline? |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/149008/america-choosing-decline |access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Stuart S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVBK3B1oOQC&q=US+cultural+decline |title=The Future of US Global Power: Delusions of Decline |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137023155 |language=en |access-date=24 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Cn-domin">{{cite web |last1=Rapoza |first1=Kenneth |title=The Future: China's Rise, America's Decline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2017/03/26/the-future-chinas-rise-americas-decline/#43133b093b2f |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, China surpassed the US for a second time as the world's leading nation for [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) due to [[COVID-19 lockdowns|Covid-19 lockdowns]]. [[Daniel H. Rosen]], a long-time analyst of U.S.-China economic relationship, said that it is natural that foreign investment would decline sharply in the U.S. under extraordinary circumstances due to its open market economy, a feature that China lacks. Rosen said, "There is no reason to be concerned about the outlook for the FDI in the United States, provided that the U.S. is sticking with its basic open-market competitive system." Previously, in 2003, China surpassed the US once as the biggest recipient of FDI.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jeong|first=Paul Hannon and Eun-young|date=2021-01-24|title=China Overtakes U.S. as World's Leading Destination for Foreign Direct Investment|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-overtakes-u-s-as-worlds-leading-destination-for-foreign-direct-investment-11611511200|access-date=2021-01-24|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Chinese FDI increased from 2020 to 2021 then dramatically decreased from a high of $344 bln down to $33 bln in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign direct investment in China falls to 30-year low |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Foreign-direct-investment-in-China-falls-to-30-year-low |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> By comparison, US FDI has maintained $148.8 billion, down $57.4 billion, or 28 percent, from $206.2 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 2023 {{!}} U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |url=https://www.bea.gov/news/blog/2024-07-12/new-foreign-direct-investment-united-states-2023 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.bea.gov}}</ref> According to former [[Australian prime minister]] [[Kevin Rudd]], "China has multiple domestic vulnerabilities that are rarely noted in the media. The United States, on the other hand, always has its weaknesses on full public display but has repeatedly demonstrated its capacity for reinvention and restoration."<ref name="fore_Short_of">{{Cite web |title=Short of War |last=Rudd |first=Kevin |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-02-05/kevin-rudd-usa-chinese-confrontation-short-of-war}}</ref> [[Ryan Hass]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] said that much of the narrative of China "inexorably rising and on the verge of overtaking a faltering United States" was promoted by China's state-affiliated media outlets. Hass went on to say, "Authoritarian systems excel at showcasing their strengths and concealing their weaknesses. But policymakers in Washington must be able to distinguish between the image Beijing presents and the realities it confronts."<ref name="fore_China_not">{{Cite web |title=China Is Not Ten Feet Tall |last=Hass |first=Ryan |publisher=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=March 3, 2021 |access-date=March 4, 2021 |url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-03-03/china-not-ten-feet-tall}}</ref> According to American economist [[Scott Rozelle]] and researcher Natalie Hell, "China looks a lot more like 1980s Mexico or Turkey than 1980s Taiwan or South Korea. No country has ever made it to high-income status with high school attainment rates below 50 percent. With China's high school attainment rate of 30 percent, the country could be in grave trouble." By comparison, the US high school attainment rate is 91.1 percent, according to the latest census.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Census Bureau Releases New Educational Attainment Data |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/educational-attainment.html#:~:text=The%20high%20school%20completion%20rate,10.5%25%20between%202011%20and%202021. |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Census.gov}}</ref><ref name="Invisible China">Hell, Natalie, and Rozelle, Scott. ''Invisible China: How the Urban-Rural Divide Threatens China’s Rise''. University of Chicago Press, 2020.</ref> Rozelle and Hell warn that China risks falling into the [[middle income trap]] due to the [[Rural urban income inequality in China|rural-urban divide]] in education and [[structural unemployment]].<ref name="Invisible China"/> [[Nicholas Eberstadt]], an economist and demographic expert at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], said that current demographic trends will overwhelm China's economy and geopolitics, making its rise much more uncertain. He said, "The age of heroic economic growth is over."<ref name="axio_Demographics_may">{{Cite web |title=Demographics may decide the U.S-China rivalry |last=LeVine |first=Steve |publisher=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |url=https://www.axios.com/demographics-decide-us-china-rivalry-64ef68fb-b34e-4216-870b-0a6cf0d8b946.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720171818/https://www.axios.com/demographics-decide-us-china-rivalry-64ef68fb-b34e-4216-870b-0a6cf0d8b946.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Comparisons with earlier states== {{further|Superpower collapse}} Samuel P. Huntington noticed that predictions of American decline have been part of American politics since the late 1950s. According to Daniel Bell, "many of America's leading commentators have had a powerful impulse consistently to see the United States as a weak, 'bred out' basket case that will fall to stronger rivals as inevitably as Rome fell to the barbarians or France to [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] at [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]]."<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name=":0" /> Huntington critiqued declinism as misguided but praised it on some counts: "Declinism has predicted the imminent shrinkage of American power. In all its phases, that prediction has become central to preventing that shrinkage."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wyne|first=Ali|date=2019-07-25|title=Yes, Sam Huntington Has Insights to Guide U.S. Competition with China|url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2019/07/yes-sam-huntington-has-insights-to-guide-us-competition.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.rand.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Michael Hudson (economist)|Michael Hudson]] points to debt forgiveness being necessary when individuals' debts to the state are too large. Whereas earlier empires ([[Assyrian empire|Assyrian]]) survived through periodic debt forgiveness, this practice ended with the [[Roman empire]], resulting in impoverishment and dispossession of farmers, creating a growing [[lumpenproletariat]]. The same process contributed to the collapse of the [[British empire]] and continues today, with periodic financial crises (1930s, 2008), which are only relieved by government bailouts and/or war. Hudson adds that whenever history repeats itself, the cost increases; in this case, the U.S. is destroying itself due to bank debt with no way to forgive it, making collapse inevitable.<ref name="Huds">{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Michael |title=Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Destroy the Global Economy |date=2015 |publisher=ISLET-Verlag |isbn=9783981484281 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkZjgEACAAJ&q=Killing+the+Host:+How+financial+parasites+and+debt+destroy+the+global+economy |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Political scientist [[Paul K. MacDonald|Paul K. Macdonald]] writes that great powers can be in relative or absolute decline and discussed the ways they often respond. The most common is retrenchment (reducing some but not all commitments of the state).<ref name="MC">{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Paul K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDFEDwAAQBAJ&q=Twilight+of+the+Titans:+Great+Power+Decline+and+Retrenchment|title=Twilight of the Titans: Great Power Decline and Retrenchment|last2=Parent|first2=Joseph M.|date=2018|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9781501717109|language=en|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> ===Roman Empire=== Certain commentators, historians and politicians believe U.S. is heir to the Roman Empire.{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=what exactly are they inhereting?}} According to [[Kristofer Allerfeldt]], there are divergent views regarding Rome vs U.S. comparison. He believes that the "use of the Roman metaphor provides a scholarly patina to the expression of visceral hopes and fears."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allerfeldt |first1=Kristofer |author1-link=Kristofer Allerfeldt |title=Rome, Race, and the Republic: Progressive America and the Fall of the Roman Empire, 1890-1920 |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |date=2008 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=297–323 |doi=10.1017/S1537781400000736 |jstor=25144530 |s2cid=163132995 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25144530 |access-date=25 January 2022 |issn=1537-7814}}</ref> ===Britain=== Kennedy argues that "British financial strength was the single most decisive factor in its victories over France during the 18th century. This chapter ends on the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and the fusion of British financial strength with a newfound industrial strength." He predicts that, as the U.S. dollar loses its role as world currency, it will not be able to continue financing its military expenditures via deficit spending.<ref name="kennedy"/> According to [[Richard Lachmann]], the U.S. would last much longer if, like [[British Empire|Britain]], it could restrict particular families and elites from exclusively controlling offices and governmental powers.<ref name="Lach"/> === Soviet Union === Historian [[Harold James (historian)|Harold James]] published an article in 2020 titled "Late Soviet America", comparing the present-day United States to the former Soviet Union. James wrote that many aspects of the US now resemble the late Soviet Union: intensification of social conflict, ethnic/racial rivalries, and economic decline. He predicted that the dollar may lose its value and start looking like the [[Soviet rouble]]. James ended the article by saying that the economic decline will continue even if there is a change in leadership, pointing to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s inability to prevent [[Collapse of the Soviet Union|collapse]] despite coming to power just a few years after [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s death.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Harold|date=July 1, 2020|title=Late Soviet America |website=Project Syndicate |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/american-decline-under-trump-lessons-from-soviet-union-by-harold-james-2020-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620185403/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/american-decline-under-trump-lessons-from-soviet-union-by-harold-james-2020-07 |archive-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref> Also in 2020, political commentator [[Julius Krein]] argued that the decline of the United States parallels the late Soviet Union vis-à-vis the "unmistakable" slide into [[gerontocracy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2020/06/americas-unhealthy-gerontocracy/|website=[[American Affairs]]|title=America's Unhealthy Gerontocracy|first=Julius|last=Krein|date=June 2020|quote="America in its present state of decline increasingly resembles the late Soviet Union, but one of the most unsettling parallels is its unmistakable slide into gerontocracy"}}</ref> ==Commentators== * Philosophers [[Michael Hardt]] and [[Antonio Negri|Antonio]] Negri theorize in the mid-1990s about an ongoing transition to an emergent construct created among ruling powers, which the authors call [[Empire (Hardt and Negri book)|"Empire"]]. * American historian [[Morris Berman]] wrote a trilogy of books published between 2000 and 2011 about the decline of American civilization.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} * [[Igor Panarin]], a political scientist and graduate of the Higher Military Command School of Telecommunications of the [[KGB]], predicted that, starting in 1998, the US would collapse into six parts in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborn|first=Andrew|date=2008-12-29|title=As if Things Weren't Bad Enough, Russian Professor Predicts End of U.S.|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123051100709638419|access-date=2021-02-07|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> He also wrote ''The Crash of the Dollar and the Disintegration of the USA'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bohm|first=Michael|date=2012-11-29|title=Russia's Misery Loves U.S. Company|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/11/29/russias-misery-loves-us-company-a19777|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Moscow Times|language=en}}</ref> * American journalist [[Chris Hedges]], in his 2018 book ''America, The Farewell Tour'', predicts that "within a decade, two at most," America will cease to be the dominant super-power in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hedges |first=Chris |year=2018 |title=America: The Farewell Tour |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1501152672 |author-link=Chris Hedges|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|tCDd3VoAFUs|Chris Hedges - The American Empire Will Collapse Within a Decade, Two at Most (11-19-18)}}</ref> * [[Jean Chrétien]], former [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] of [[Canada]] (1993–2003), described Trump's election as a "monumental error" that heralded "the true end of the American empire" in a 2018 memoir.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campion-Smith |first=Bruce |date=2018-10-09 |title=Jean Chrétien calls Donald Trump 'fanatical' |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/10/09/jean-chrtien-calls-donald-trump-fanatical.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref> ==Public opinion== A 2019 survey carried out by [[Pew Research Center]] shows that a majority of Americans predicted the U.S. economy to be weaker in 2050. Also, the survey says, a majority of the people thought the U.S. would be "a country with a burgeoning national debt, a wider gap between the rich and the poor and a workforce threatened by automation."<ref name="pew">{{cite web|date=21 March 2019|title=Public Sees America's Future in Decline on Many Fronts {{!}} Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/03/21/public-sees-an-america-in-decline-on-many-fronts/|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> In a poll conducted January 11–13, 2021, of 1,019 Americans, shortly after the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 Capitol attack]], 79% of those surveyed said that America is "falling apart".<ref name="axios_Republicans_and">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Mike |author-link=Michael Allen (journalist) |title=Republicans and Democrats agree — the country is falling apart |url=https://www.axios.com/poll-america-falling-apart-4a13376f-f962-46e3-8e2c-174d396f25d1.html|access-date=2021-01-29 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="futu_79_percent">{{Cite web|title=79 percent of Americans say US is falling apart|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/america-falling-apart|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Futurism|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ipso_Majority_of">{{Cite web |title=Majority of Americans now support removing Trump from office |author= |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |url= https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/unrest-capitol-election-certification-010621}}</ref><ref name="theh_4_in_5_say">{{Cite web |title=4 in 5 say US is falling apart: survey |last=Castronuovo |first=Celine |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |url= https://thehill.com/homenews/news/534204-4-in-5-say-us-is-falling-apart-survey}}</ref> ==See also== * ''[[After the Empire]]'' by [[Emmanuel Todd]] * [[American Century]] * [[American Empire Project]] * [[American imperialism]] * ''[[Civil War (2024 film)|Civil War]]'', a 2024 action war film * [[Decadence]] * ''[[The Decline (EP)]]'', a 1999 punk rock song * ''[[The Decline of the West]]'' by [[Oswald Spengler]] * [[Dumbing down]] * ''[[Idiocracy]]'', a 2006 science fiction comedy film * [[Managed decline]] * [[Pax Americana]] * [[Post-Western era]] * [[Rust Belt]] * [[Sick man of Europe]] * [[Societal collapse]] * [[State collapse]] * [[Superpower collapse]] * [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|Financial crisis of 2007-2008]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{Library resources box}} *{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Charles |title=The Hollow Colossus |date=2015 |publisher=Needle Press |isbn=9780967990545 |pages=210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIERrgEACAAJ&q=hollow+colossus+andrews |access-date=3 April 2019 |language=en}} {{International power}} [[Category:Declinism]] [[Category:Economic history of the United States]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the United States]] 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