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The paper reviewed over 200 previous papers on global warming and alleged that the 20th century hadn't shown any especially large amount of warming."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy rootpage-Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="messagebox mb-brainwatermark-light mb-info" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="mb-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Information_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Information icon.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/50px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/75px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/100px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <td class="mb-text"><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections/Election_booth" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections/Election booth">Voting</a></b> in the <b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Moderator_elections" title="RationalWiki:Moderator elections">2024 RationalWiki Moderator Election</a></b> is now open </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Soon and Baliunas controversy</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Willie_Soon.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/0/0e/Willie_Soon.png/165px-Willie_Soon.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="127" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/0e/Willie_Soon.png/248px-Willie_Soon.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/0e/Willie_Soon.png/330px-Willie_Soon.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="890" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Willie_Soon.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Willie Soon.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sallie_Baliunas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/4/4f/Sallie_Baliunas.jpg/165px-Sallie_Baliunas.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/4f/Sallie_Baliunas.jpg/248px-Sallie_Baliunas.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/4f/Sallie_Baliunas.jpg/330px-Sallie_Baliunas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sallie_Baliunas.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sallie Baliunas.</div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #008080; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#008080"><b>Not just a river in Egypt</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism"><font size="4" color="white"><b>Denialism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dcebeb;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Denialism" title="Category:Denialism"><img alt="Icon denialism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/100px-Icon_denialism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/150px-Icon_denialism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/200px-Icon_denialism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#008080; text-align:center;"><b>Alternative facts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dcebeb;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%27s_Law" title="Gore's Law">Gore's Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_ignorance" title="Willful ignorance">Willful ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquecimento_global" title="Aquecimento global">Aquecimento global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaurs" title="Feathered dinosaurs">Feathered dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Racism" title="The End of Racism">The End of Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankies" title="Tankies">Tankies</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#008080; text-align:center;"><b>♫ We're not listening ♫</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dcebeb;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Rath" title="Matthias Rath">Matthias Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santos" title="George Santos">George Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Brandon Tatum</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:DenialismSide" title="Template:DenialismSide">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DenialismSide" title="Template talk:DenialismSide">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DenialismSide&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Soon and Baliunas controversy</b> was an incident in which a paper published by Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas in the journal <i>Climate Research</i> led to the resignation of a number of its editors. The paper reviewed over 200 previous papers on <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and alleged that the 20<sup>th</sup> century hadn't shown any especially large amount of warming. </p><p>A number of the scientists whose research was used in the paper complained that their work had been misrepresented. Other scientists trashed everything from the paper's methodology to its conclusions. Due to the number of complaints, editor-in-chief Hans von Storch wrote an editorial on the state of the review process at the journal and questioned the judgment of Chris De Freitas, who had been responsible for the acceptance of Soon and Baliunas's paper. When De Freitas objected, von Storch and a number of other editors resigned from the journal. Von Storch said afterward that deniers "had identified <i>Climate Research</i> as a journal where some editors were not as rigorous in the review process as is otherwise common."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Claire Goodess, one of the editors who resigned, said: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Some journalists are digging even deeper – into the sources of Soon and Baliunas’s funding. Their Climate Research paper includes acknowledgements to <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the US Air Force, as well as to the American Petroleum Institute. Yet NOAA flatly deny having ever funded the authors for such work, while the other two bodies admit to funding them, but for work on solar variability – not proxy climate records, the topic that has caused such a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-logical_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-2">[2]</a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann" title="Michael Mann">Michael Mann</a> criticized the paper: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>“Serious scientists will tell you over and over again that this was a deeply flawed study that should never have been published… Scientifically this study was considered not even worthy of a response. But because it was used politically, to justify policy changes in the administration, people in my field felt they had to speak out.<sup id="cite_ref-logical_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-2">[2]</a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bush">Bush administration</a> attempted to include the paper in an <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> report, <a href="/wiki/James_Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wingnut" title="Wingnut">Wingnut</a>-OK) said: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The powerful new findings of this most comprehensive of studies shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-logical_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-2">[2]</a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The paper was later re-published with additional "research" added by the <a href="/wiki/Idso_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Idso family">Idso family</a>. Of course, Soon and Baliunas's work is still an article of faith among the denier crowd. After all, "it's <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a>!" </p><p>E-mails regarding <i>Climate Research</i> and the controversy were <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">quote mined</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Climategate" title="Climategate">Climategate</a> investigations to make it appear as if scientists had been attempting to "censor skeptics" or "subvert the peer-review process" in some way. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Soon_and_Baliunas"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Soon and Baliunas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Soon_and_Baliunas">Soon and Baliunas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Soon and Baliunas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Soon and Baliunas have acted as a climate denial duo for quite some time. They are employed both by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and the <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Marshall Institute">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a>. When Seitz had begun to help distribute the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Petition" title="Oregon Petition">Oregon Petition</a>, Soon, Baliunas, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Robinson">Arthur Robinson</a> attached a brief "review" of denialist research to the petition. Robinson's organization has also published "research" by them claiming that global warming isn't bad because "<a href="/wiki/CO2_is_Green" title="CO2 is Green">carbon dioxide is plant food!</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>In further "research," the two claim that solar cycles were largely to blame for any increased warming. The solar cycle hypothesis has become a common talking point among <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">deniers</a>, but <a href="/wiki/PRATT" class="mw-redirect" title="PRATT">repeatedly debunked</a>. Solar activity has actually been decreasing in recent history. UV rays are also proposed to be causing this effect, but other research shows that they have only a local effect on temperatures at best, not a global one. The hypothesis also fails to explain a variety of other phenomena, such as the warming at higher latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> However, the two have been pushing this talking point hard for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a></sup> </p><p>Baliunas' "<a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">skepticism</a>" dates back to 1995 with her adventures in <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer#Ozone_depletion_denialism" title="Ozone layer">ozone denialism</a> when she testified before <a href="/wiki/Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress">Congress</a> that CFCs were not responsible for the hole in the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> (ironically, a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> in chemistry was awarded to the originators of the theory).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>Soon himself has admitted to receiving loads of cash from <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> companies. He has also denied health risks related to <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">mercury</a> emissions from coal plants. For this, he was rewarded with column inches in (where else?) the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> revealed that Soon had received $1.25 million in funding from energy companies over a period of 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/23/c023p089.pdf">The Soon and Baliunas paper</a> itself</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=44">Soon</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=38">Baliunas'</a> pages at the Marshall Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon">Soon</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas">Baliunas'</a> profiles at DeSmog Blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.com/article/Storm-Brews-Over-Global/27779/">Storm Brews Over Global Warming</a>, Chronicle of Higher Education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/misc/CREditorial.pdf">Climate Research: an article unleashed worldwide storm</a>, Otto Kinne</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041011200504/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0319.html">American Geophysical Union's response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/deja_vu_all_over_again/">Deja Vu All Over Again</a>, Chris Mooney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> thinks Baliunas is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=3061015&page=1">a top expert on global warming.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2011/07/how-soon-is-now/">How Soon is now?</a> Real Climate</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruby.fgcu.edu/courses/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/ClimHist.pdf">Climate History and the Sun</a> is a rather representative example, where they pull the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/satellite-measurements-warming-troposphere.htm">satellites show no warming</a>" gambit and <a href="/wiki/Cherry-picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry-picking">cherry-pick</a> temperature proxies and use woefully outdated research to claim the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/broken-hockey-stick.htm">hockey stick is broken</a>, so therefore it's the sun...or something!</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/environment/2005/05/some-it-hot">Some Like It Hot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-logical-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-logical_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-logical_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-logical_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229145739/http://www.logicalscience.com/skeptics/Sallie-Baliunas.html">Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon profile</a> at Logical Science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36.htm">Environmental effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide</a>, OISM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/solar-activity-sunspots-global-warming-advanced.htm">Solar Activity</a> at Skeptical Science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnquiggin.com/2003/09/14/junk-science-on-ozone/">Junk Science on Ozone</a>, John Quiggin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/28/us-usa-climate-skeptic-idUSTRE75R2HD20110628">American climate skeptic Soon funded by oil, coal firms</a>, Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediamatters.org/research/201105270017">WSJ Op-Ed Denies Dangers Of U.S. Mercury Emissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Matters">Media Matters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncovermichigan.com/content/23197-climate-change-denier-willie-soon-received-125-million-energy-companies">Climate Change denier Willie Soon received $1.25 million from energy companies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ucs-documents/global-warming/Climate-Deception-Dossier-1_Willie-Soon.pdf">Deception Dossier #1: Dr. Wei-Hock Soon’s Smithsonian Contracts</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&oldid=2616371">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Soon_and_Baliunas_controversy&oldid=2616371</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" 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