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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal&rft.author=%5B%5BAyn+Rand%5D%5D&rft.date=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist+%22+%3E%0A%2A+1966+%281st+edition%29%0A%2A+1967+%282nd+edition%29%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BNew+American+Library%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist+%22+%3E%0A%2A+309+%281st+edition%29%0A%2A+349+%282nd+edition%29%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft_id=info:oclcnum/24916193"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalism,_the_Unknown_Ideal_(first_edition).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Capitalism%2C_the_Unknown_Ideal_%28first_edition%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="295" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1966 (1st edition)</li> <li>1967 (2nd edition)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>309 (1st edition)</li> <li>349 (2nd edition)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-14795-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-14795-0">978-0-451-14795-0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24916193">24916193</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</b></i> is a collection of essays, mostly by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, with additional essays by her associates <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hessen" title="Robert Hessen">Robert Hessen</a>. The authors focus on the moral nature of <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. They have a very specific definition of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, a system they regard as broader than simply property rights or free enterprise. It was originally published in 1966. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rand intended <i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i> to focus on the moral nature of capitalism, as opposed to focusing on its economic aspects. She contrasts this with what she says is the failure of most other defenders of capitalism to provide a moral defense of that system.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker81-83-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladstein1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstein1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an introduction by Rand, the book is divided into two main sections. The first section, "Theory and History", contains essays that focus on the theoretical basis for capitalism and historical arguments related to it. This section includes essays arguing against common objections to capitalism. The second section, "Current State", focuses on contemporary political issues from the 1960s. The topics covered in this section include the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, student protests , and the papal encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i>. An "Appendix" section reprints two essays on political theory previously published in Rand's earlier book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a></i>. A recommended reading list about capitalism is also provided.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker81-83-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladstein1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstein1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rand applies her philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a> to the subject of politics. When Rand talks of capitalism, she means <i>laissez-faire</i> capitalism, in which there is a complete separation of state and economics "in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of church and state". Rand says, "Objectivists are <i>not</i> 'conservatives'. We are <i>radicals for capitalism</i>; we are fighting for that philosophical base which capitalism did not have and without which it was doomed to perish." Rand says that most people do not know what capitalism is, which is why it is "the unknown ideal". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_is_capitalism?"><span id="What_is_capitalism.3F"></span>What is capitalism?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: What is capitalism?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As understood by Rand, capitalism is the system that emerges among a group of free individuals, each applying time and reason to sustain his or her own life, each the owner of the means to do so, freely trading among themselves. Rand regarded a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> as a dangerous and unstable combination of freedom and controls that tends to develop into ever increasing <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reason_and_values">Reason and values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reason and values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rand held capitalism to be the only moral social system, that is, one consistent with an objective theory of value and <a href="/wiki/Ethical_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical individualism">ethical individualism</a>. According to Rand, the creation of wealth is a fusion of mind and matter, and she argued that <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> is the most fundamental tool of survival for human beings; however, rational thought is rendered inoperative under conditions of compulsion, coercion, or as she puts it, the <i>initiation of physical force</i>. Whether it is the force of an armed robber or the force of a law, an actor's own judgment is rendered irrelevant to his actions by a threat of force, compelling him to act on the judgment or will of another, thus neutralizing the source of wealth and survival itself. Only voluntary trade can ensure that human interaction is <i>mutually</i> beneficial, and an analysis of history shows that only economic and political freedom has worked to create significant growth and economic development, precisely by liberating the rational faculties of ever wider numbers of individuals, according to Rand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_rights">Individual rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Individual rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its most basic form, the right to life (as understood by Rand) is the right of each human to do any and all activities necessary to sustain his or her own life. Rand further argued that one's <a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">selfish</a> interests can never rationally entail the use of physical force or violence against the person or the property of another. Rand saw humans as thriving only as <i>independent</i> beings, reason being a faculty of the individual, with each freely expending their time, effort, and reason to sustain their own life. </p><p>Rand suggested that through the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>, specialization, and voluntary trade, other people are of enormous value to an individual. Moreover, knowledge, skills, and interests vary from human to human. One person may be better at shaping flint into arrowheads, another may have acquired the skill to turn mud into pottery. If the first wants a pot to cook in, he or she may <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> an arrowhead for a pot. The central feature of free trade is that each participant judges that he or she has <i>gained</i> from the transaction. </p><p>According to Rand, when physical force is banned, <i>persuasion</i> alone can organize or coordinate human activity, and, consequently, the use of reason is both liberated and rewarded. The technological innovation which characterizes capitalist systems is thus directly related to conditions of economic freedom. A producer profits and becomes wealthy only by satisfying the voluntary choices of other market participants and in direct proportion to the value those participants find in transactions with that producer. In this way, individuals who themselves could have never invented, for example, the light bulb or the steam engine can nonetheless benefit from the creativity of others; this can be only ensured when both the innovator and the consumer are free to refuse the proposed trade. According to Rand, this is the mechanism behind America's rapid economic development, its liberation of human reason. </p><p>Freedom being the primary condition for the practical use of reason, the role of government in protecting <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> is therefore fundamental, according to Rand, and it is equally fundamental that the government itself be limited to its role of protecting rights, for only by rendering all human interaction <i>voluntary</i>, i.e. free from the initiated coercion of criminals and laws, can the market operate to radically improve the lives of everyone. To the extent that it has been permitted to operate, this is what a <i>free</i> market has done, argued Rand. Thus, she held that "a free mind and a free market are corollaries". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the essays originally appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Objectivist_Newsletter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Objectivist Newsletter">The Objectivist Newsletter</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Objectivist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Objectivist">The Objectivist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker81-83-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hardcover first edition was published by <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a> in 1966. When the book was published in paperback in 1967, it was revised to include two additional essays.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, Rand revised the introduction to reflect her break with <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to Rand's earlier books, <i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i> received relatively few reviews. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a></i>, which had previously published some of Rand's essays that were used in the book, says the book addresses "myths" and "bromides" used against capitalism using "unique arguments" that deserve to be read.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A positive review appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's Magazine">Barron's Magazine</a></i> published a review by Rand's associate <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a>. A negative review appeared in <i>Book Week</i>, and another negative review, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, was titled "Here We Go Gathering Nuts".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a> has described the work as "one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/American_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="American libertarian">American libertarian</a> activists and scholars have described the book as being a key influence in developing their support for free markets, including <a href="/wiki/John_A._Allison" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Allison">John A. Allison</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Block_2010_92_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block_2010_92-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Emery" title="Marc Emery">Marc Emery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Ostrowski,<sup id="cite_ref-Block_2010_92_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block_2010_92-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph T. Salerno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Chris Matthew Sciabarra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_J._Sechrest" title="Larry J. Sechrest">Larry J. Sechrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, the book had sold over 600,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baker81-83-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker81-83_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1987">Baker 1987</a>, pp. 81–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRand1967">Rand 1967</a>, p. vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladstein1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstein1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstein1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGladstein1999">Gladstein 1999</a>, pp. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGladstein2009">Gladstein 2009</a>, pp. 71–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerinn1990">Perinn 1990</a>, pp. 33–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1987">Baker 1987</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillette1967">Gillette 1967</a>, pp. 189–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerliner2000">Berliner 2000</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225111218/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/readings.html">"Book Recommendation List"</a>. <i>Walter E. Williams Homepage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/readings.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walter+E.+Williams+Homepage&rft.atitle=Book+Recommendation+List&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconfaculty.gmu.edu%2Fwew%2Freadings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStossel2012">Stossel 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block_2010_92-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_92_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_92_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlock2010">Block 2010</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery2008">Emery 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlock2010">Block 2010</a>, p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlock2010">Block 2010</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlock2010">Block 2010</a>, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105130630/http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=17345">"Sales of Ayn Rand Books Reach 25 million Copies"</a>. Ayn Rand Institute. April 7, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=17345">the original</a> on January 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+of+Ayn+Rand+Books+Reach+25+million+Copies&rft.pub=Ayn+Rand+Institute&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aynrand.org%2Fsite%2FNews2%3Fpage%3DNewsArticle%26id%3D17345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1987" class="citation book cs1">Baker, James T. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aynrand0000bake"><i>Ayn Rand</i></a></span>. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-7497-1"><bdi>0-8057-7497-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14933003">14933003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14933003&rft.isbn=0-8057-7497-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faynrand0000bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerliner2000" class="citation news cs1">Berliner, Michael S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062311/http://www.aynrand.org/site/DocServer/volume3.pdf">"Ayn Rand in Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives Annual: The Newsletter of the Ayn Rand Archives</i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aynrand.org/site/DocServer/volume3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Annual%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+Ayn+Rand+Archives&rft.atitle=Ayn+Rand+in+Review&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aynrand.org%2Fsite%2FDocServer%2Fvolume3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block, Walter</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/chose_liberty_block.pdf"><i>I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Auburn, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-002-5"><bdi>978-1-61016-002-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748722868">748722868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Chose+Liberty%3A+Autobiographies+of+Contemporary+Libertarians&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748722868&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-002-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fbooks%2Fchose_liberty_block.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmery2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Emery, Marc (April 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430115626/http://www.westernstandard.ca/website/article.php?id=2765">"The triumph of ideas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westernstandard.ca/website/article.php?id=2765">the original</a> on April 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Standard&rft.atitle=The+triumph+of+ideas&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesternstandard.ca%2Fwebsite%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D2765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillette1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gillette, Elizabeth (March 1967). "Book Reviews: <i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i>". <i>The Freeman</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews%3A+Capitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Gillette&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladstein1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Reisel_Gladstein" title="Mimi Reisel Gladstein">Gladstein, Mimi Reisel</a> (1999). <i>The New Ayn Rand Companion</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30321-5"><bdi>0-313-30321-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40359365">40359365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Ayn+Rand+Companion&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40359365&rft.isbn=0-313-30321-5&rft.aulast=Gladstein&rft.aufirst=Mimi+Reisel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). <i>Ayn Rand</i>. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4513-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-4513-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319595162">319595162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Major+Conservative+and+Libertarian+Thinkers+series&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319595162&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4513-1&rft.aulast=Gladstein&rft.aufirst=Mimi+Reisel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). <i>Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography</i>. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9610494-8-0"><bdi>0-9610494-8-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23216055">23216055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%3A+First+Descriptive+Bibliography&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Quill+%26+Brush&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23216055&rft.isbn=0-9610494-8-0&rft.aulast=Perinn&rft.aufirst=Vincent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRand1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand, Ayn</a> (1967) [1966]. <i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i> (paperback 2nd ed.). New York: Signet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=paperback+2nd&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Ayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStossel2012" class="citation web cs1">Stossel, John (January 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/where-are-the-champions-of-freedom/">"Where are the champions of freedom?"</a>. FoxNews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+are+the+champions+of+freedom%3F&rft.pub=FoxNews.com&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.aulast=Stossel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhere-are-the-champions-of-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism%3A+The+Unknown+Ideal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/capitalism.html">Capitalism – Theory</a>, The Ayn Rand Lexicon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/Ayn-Rand-Capitalism-The-Unknown-Ideal">Commentary on <i>Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</i></a> from <i>50 Prosperity Classics</i> (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85788-504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85788-504-0">978-1-85788-504-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ayn_Rand52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayn_Rand" title="Template talk:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn_Rand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayn Rand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ayn_Rand52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ayn_Rand_and_Objectivism" title="Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthem_(novella)" title="Anthem (novella)">Anthem</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(novel)" title="Ideal (novel)">Ideal</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_New_Intellectual" title="For the New Intellectual">For the New Intellectual</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Objectivist_Epistemology" title="Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology">Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fiction:_A_Guide_for_Writers_and_Readers" title="The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers">The Art of Fiction</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collected essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Manifesto" title="The Romantic Manifesto">The Romantic Manifesto</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Left:_The_Anti-Industrial_Revolution" title="The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution">The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy:_Who_Needs_It" title="Philosophy: Who Needs It">Philosophy: Who Needs It</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pawn" title="Red Pawn">Red Pawn</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love_Letters_(1945_film)" title="Love Letters (1945 film)">Love Letters</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Came_Along" title="You Came Along">You Came Along</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_January_16th" title="Night of January 16th">Night of January 16th</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(play)" title="Ideal (play)">Ideal</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquered_(1940_play)" title="The Unconquered (1940 play)">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Early_Ayn_Rand" title="The Early Ayn Rand">The Early Ayn Rand</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Letters of Ayn Rand">Letters of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Journals of Ayn Rand">Journals of Ayn Rand</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_5-3000" title="Liberty 5-3000">Liberty 5-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_Shrugged_characters" title="List of Atlas Shrugged characters">List of <i>Atlas Shrugged</i> characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galt" title="John Galt">John Galt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_January_16th_(film)" title="The Night of January 16th (film)"><i>The Night of January 16th</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_Living_(film)" title="We the Living (film)"><i>We the Living</i></a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)"><i>The Fountainhead</i></a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gawaahi" title="Gawaahi">Gawaahi</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_(film_series)" title="Atlas Shrugged (film series)"><i>Atlas Shrugged</i> (film series)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part I"><i>Part I</i></a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II" title="Atlas Shrugged: Part II"><i>Part II</i></a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III:_Who_Is_John_Galt%3F" title="Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?"><i>Part III</i></a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquered_(1940_play)" title="The Unconquered (1940 play)">The Unconquered</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(play)" title="The Fountainhead (play)">The Fountainhead</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_homosexuality" title="Objectivism and homosexuality">Objectivism and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randian_hero" title="Randian hero">Randian hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Ayn_Rand_Studies" title="The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies">The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_Institute" title="Ayn Rand Institute">Ayn Rand Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_periodicals" title="Objectivist periodicals">Objectivist periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand_and_the_World_She_Made" title="Ayn Rand and the World She Made">Ayn Rand and the World She Made</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_A_Sense_of_Life" title="Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life">Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_The_Russian_Radical" title="Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical">Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ayn_Rand_Cult" title="The Ayn Rand Cult">The Ayn Rand Cult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market" title="Goddess of the Market">Goddess of the Market</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day:_My_Years_with_Ayn_Rand" title="Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand"><i>Judgment Day</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand">The Passion of Ayn Rand</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand_(film)" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)"><i>The Passion of Ayn Rand</i></a> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_Ayn_Rand%3F" title="Who Is Ayn Rand?">Who Is Ayn Rand?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_by_Nathaniel_Branden125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nathaniel_Branden" title="Template:Nathaniel Branden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nathaniel_Branden" title="Template talk:Nathaniel Branden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nathaniel_Branden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nathaniel Branden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_by_Nathaniel_Branden125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Nathaniel_Branden" title="Category:Books by Nathaniel Branden">Books</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden" title="Nathaniel Branden">Nathaniel Branden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As sole author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_Self-Esteem" title="The Psychology of Self-Esteem">The Psychology of Self-Esteem</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breaking_Free_(Branden)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breaking Free (Branden) (page does not exist)">Breaking Free</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disowned_Self" title="The Disowned Self">The Disowned Self</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Psychology_of_Romantic_Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Psychology of Romantic Love (page does not exist)">The Psychology of Romantic Love</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honoring_the_Self&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honoring the Self (page does not exist)">Honoring the Self</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_To_Raise_Your_Self-Esteem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="How To Raise Your Self-Esteem (page does not exist)">How To Raise Your Self-Esteem</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day:_My_Years_with_Ayn_Rand" title="Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand">Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Pillars_of_Self-Esteem" title="The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem">The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taking_Responsibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taking Responsibility (page does not exist)">Taking Responsibility</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_Living_Consciously&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Art of Living Consciously (page does not exist)">The Art of Living Consciously</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Years_with_Ayn_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="My Years with Ayn Rand">My Years with Ayn Rand</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As co-author/contributor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Is_Ayn_Rand%3F" title="Who Is Ayn Rand?">Who Is Ayn Rand?</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Branden" title="Barbara Branden">Barbara Branden</a>) (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>) (1964)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a></i> (with Ayn Rand) (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Branden_Institute" title="Nathaniel Branden Institute">Nathaniel Branden Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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