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Greek minority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Greek_minority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Balkan Wars to World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Greco-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relief efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Contemporary accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genocide recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genocide_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genocide recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genocide_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Academic discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Political recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_limited_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_limited_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reasons for limited recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_limited_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_as_a_model_for_future_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_as_a_model_for_future_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genocide as a model for future crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_as_a_model_for_future_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_accounts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_accounts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Contemporary accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_accounts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek genocide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الإبادة الجماعية لليونانيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبادة الجماعية لليونانيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Yunan soyqırımı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunan soyqırımı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Генацыд грэкаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генацыд грэкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eck%C3%A1_genocida" title="Řecká genocida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecká genocida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechenverfolgungen_im_Osmanischen_Reich_1914%E2%80%931923" title="Griechenverfolgungen im Osmanischen Reich 1914–1923 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechenverfolgungen im Osmanischen Reich 1914–1923" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%98%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας και της Ανατολικής Θράκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας και της Ανατολικής Θράκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_griego" title="Genocidio griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greka_genocido" title="Greka genocido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Greka genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نسل‌کشی یونانیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل‌کشی یونانیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_grec" title="Génocide grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հույների ցեղասպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հույների ցեղասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_genocid" title="Grčki genocid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grčki genocid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida_Yunani" title="Genosida Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genosida Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="רצח העם היווני-פונטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח העם היווני-פונטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandripahana_ny_Grika_p%C3%B4ntika" title="Fandripahana ny Grika pôntika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandripahana ny Grika pôntika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosid_Yunani" title="Genosid Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genosid Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_Genocide" title="Griekse Genocide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekse Genocide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="یونانی نسل کشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونانی نسل کشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="د یونانيانو نسل وژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یونانيانو نسل وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidul_grecilor" title="Genocidul grecilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genocidul grecilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1913–1922 genocide of Greek Christians in the Ottoman Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Greek_Operation_of_the_NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Operation of the NKVD">Greek Operation of the NKVD</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Greek genocide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">late Ottoman genocides</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg/220px-Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg/330px-Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg/440px-Smyrna-vict-families-1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Greek civilians mourn their dead relatives, <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">Great Fire of Smyrna</a>, 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1913–1923<sup id="cite_ref-Meichanetsidis2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meichanetsidis2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greek</a> population, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000–900,000<sup id="cite_ref-Sjöberg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjöberg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones166_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones166-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(see <a href="#Casualties">casualties</a> section below)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trials</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Ottoman Special Military Tribunal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Anti-Greek sentiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkification#Late_Ottoman_era" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Anti-Eastern Orthodox sentiment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:18em; text-align:center; font-size:95%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding-bottom:0.3em; background:transparent; line-height:1.1em; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek genocide</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">Background</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">The genocide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Battalions_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)">Labour Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Phocaea" title="Massacre of Phocaea">Massacre of Phocaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Ayvalik" title="Evacuation of Ayvalik">Evacuation of Ayvalik</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">İzmit massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations" title="1914 Greek deportations">1914 Greek deportations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">Foreign aid and relief</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Relief_Committee_for_Greeks_of_Asia_Minor" title="Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor">Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">American Committee for Relief in the Near East</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">Responsible parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Teskilati Mahsusa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha" title="Nureddin Pasha">Nureddin Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman" title="Topal Osman">Topal Osman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E7C6A5;">See also</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Istanbul trials of 1919–1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals">Malta Tribunals</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Genocide<br /></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Greek genocide</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETGRSep14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGS_resolution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Genoktonía ton Ellínon</i></span>), which included the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic genocide</a>, was the systematic killing of the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greek</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, which was carried out mainly during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">its aftermath</a> (1914–1922) – including the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010a163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010a163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was perpetrated by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meichanetsidis2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meichanetsidis2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greek population of the Empire</a>. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> cultural, historical, and religious monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006154–55_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006154–55-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece (adding over a quarter to the prior population of Greece).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p><p>By late 1922, most of the Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> had either fled or had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those remaining were transferred to Greece under the terms of the later 1923 <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>, which formalized the exodus and barred the return of the refugees. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a>, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">same genocidal policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBqdVudSuTRICpgPA172_171–2]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBqdVudSuTRICpgPA172_171–2]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGS_resolution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> condemned the Ottoman government–sponsored massacres. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> passed a resolution recognising the Ottoman campaign against its Christian minorities, including the Greeks, as genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGS_resolution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other organisations have also passed resolutions recognising the Ottoman campaign against these Christian minorities as genocide, as have the national legislatures of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ETGRMay19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETGRMay19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreekReporter_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekReporter-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETGRSep14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MOI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmenpress2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmenpress2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAINA2015a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAINA2015a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAINA2015b_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAINA2015b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> was ethnically diverse, its population included <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeris</a>, as well as groups that had inhabited the region prior to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman conquest</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocian Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a>. </p><p>Among the causes of the Turkish campaign against the Greek-speaking Christian population was a fear that they would welcome liberation by the Ottoman Empire's enemies, and a belief among some Turks that to form a modern country in the era of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> it was necessary to purge from their territories all minorities who could threaten the integrity of an ethnically based Turkish nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgreatgameofgenoc00bloxpage150_150]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgreatgameofgenoc00bloxpage150_150]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene1998_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene1998-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> attaché, the Ottoman minister of war <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver</a> had declared in October 1915 that he wanted to "solve the Greek problem during the war … in the same way he believe[d] he solved the Armenian problem", referring to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006180_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006180-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany and the Ottoman Empire were allies immediately before, and during World War I. By 31 January 1917, the Chancellor of Germany Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, reported that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> in 1917, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a>, <i>The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2005342–343_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2005342–343-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_Greek_minority">Origin of the Greek minority</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocian Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Asia_Minor_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Greek_Asia_Minor_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Areas with Anatolian Greeks in 1910. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek#Demotic" title="Modern Greek">Demotic Greek</a> speakers in yellow. <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> in orange. <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a> in green with individual towns indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaded regions do not indicate that Greek-speakers were a majority.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek presence in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> dates at least from the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (1450 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> lived in the region around 800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> referred to <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> as the first Greek city in Asia Minor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009637-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> (7th century BC), the pre-Socratic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (6th century BC), and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (4th century BC). Greeks referred to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> as the "Euxinos Pontos" or "hospitable sea" and starting in the eighth century BC they began navigating its shores and settling along its Anatolian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009637-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable Greek cities of the Black Sea were <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampsounta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampsounta">Sampsounta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009637-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (334 BC – 1st century BC), which followed the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, Greek culture and language began to dominate even the interior of Asia Minor. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the region accelerated under Roman and early Byzantine rule, and by the early centuries AD the local Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> had become extinct, being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hout2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hout2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point until the late Middle Ages all of the indigenous inhabitants of Asia Minor practiced Christianity (called <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> Christianity after the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> with the Catholics in 1054) and spoke <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as their first language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The resultant Greek culture in Asia Minor flourished during a millennium of rule (4th century – 15th century AD) under the mainly Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians</a>; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> (270–343 AD), rhetorician <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostomos" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chrysostomos">John Chrysostomos</a> (349–407 AD), the architect of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a> (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including the <a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas</a> (10th century) and <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> (11th century), and Renaissance scholars <a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a> (1395–1472) and <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Basilios Bessarion</a> (1403–1472). </p><p>Thus, when the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic peoples</a> began their late medieval conquest of Asia Minor, Byzantine Greek citizens were the largest group of inhabitants there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009637-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the Turkic conquests of the interior, the mountainous Black Sea coast of Asia Minor remained the heart of a populous Greek Christian state, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, until its eventual conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, a year after the Ottomans conquered the area of Europe which is now the Greek mainland. Over the next four centuries the Greek natives of Asia Minor gradually became a minority in these lands under the now dominant Turkic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioğlu,_M._Şükrü_2010_36_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioğlu,_M._Şükrü_2010_36-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars_to_World_War_I">Balkan Wars to World War I</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Total population figures for the Ottoman Greeks of Anatolia<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Greek census (1910–1912) </th> <th>Ottoman census (1914) </th> <th>Soteriades (1918)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a> (Prousa)</td> <td>262,319</td> <td>184,424</td> <td>278,421 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a> (Ikonio)</td> <td>74,539</td> <td>65,054</td> <td>66,895 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trabzon</a> (Trebizond)</td> <td>298,183</td> <td>260,313</td> <td>353,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Ankara</a> (Angora)</td> <td>85,242</td> <td>77,530</td> <td>66,194 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aydin</a></td> <td>495,936</td> <td>319,079</td> <td>622,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></td> <td>24,349</td> <td>26,104</td> <td>24,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></td> <td>74,632</td> <td>75,324</td> <td>99,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Kocaeli" title="Sanjak of Kocaeli">İzmit</a> (Nicomedia)</td> <td>52,742</td> <td>40,048</td> <td>73,134 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Biga" title="Sanjak of Biga">Biga</a> (Dardanelles)</td> <td>31,165</td> <td>8,541</td> <td>32,830 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>1,399,107</th> <th>1,056,357</th> <th>1,618,130 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beginning in the spring of 1913, the Ottomans implemented a programme of expulsions and forcible migrations, focusing on Greeks of the Aegean region and eastern Thrace, whose presence in these areas was deemed a threat to national security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201268_f_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201268_f-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government adopted a "dual-track mechanism", whereby official government acts were accompanied by unofficial covert, extralegal, but state-sponsored acts of terror under the protective umbrella of state policies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201230_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201230-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby allowing the Ottoman government to deny responsibility for and prior knowledge of this campaign of intimidation, emptying Christian villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201271_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201271-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement in certain cases of local military and civil functionaries in planning and executing anti-Greek violence and looting led ambassadors of Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a> to address complaints to the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In protest to government inaction in the face of these attacks and to the so-called "Muslim boycott" of Greek products that had begun in 1913, the Patriarchate closed Greek churches and schools in June 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to international and domestic pressure, <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a> headed a visit in Thrace in April 1914 and later in the Aegean to investigate reports and try to soothe bilateral tension with Greece. While claiming that he had no involvement or knowledge of these events, Talat met with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7uba%C5%9F%C4%B1_E%C5%9Fref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuşçubaşı Eşref (page does not exist)">Kuşçubaşı Eşref</a>, head of the "cleansing" operation in the Aegean littoral, during his tour and advised him to be cautious not to be "visible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_f_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_f-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, after 1913 there were organized boycotts against the Greeks, initiated by the Ottoman Interior Ministry who asked the empire's provinces to start them.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British ambassador in Constantinople at that time described the boycott as a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and that "<i>Committee emissaries are everywhere instigating the people</i>", adding that every person, Greek or Muslim, who entered a non-Muslim shop was beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the worst attacks of this campaign took place in <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> (Greek: Φώκαια), on the night of 12 June 1914, a town in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, where Turkish irregular troops <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Phocaea" title="Massacre of Phocaea">destroyed the city</a>, killing 50<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 100<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civilians and causing its population to flee to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French eyewitness Charles Manciet states that the atrocities he had witnessed at Phocaea were of an organized nature that aimed at circling<sup id="cite_ref-A_Multidimensional_Analysis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Multidimensional_Analysis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian peasant populations of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Multidimensional_Analysis_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Multidimensional_Analysis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another attack against Serenkieuy, in Menemen district, the villagers formed armed resistance groups but only a few managed to survive being outnumbered by the attacking Muslim irregular bands.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer of the same year the <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a> (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa), assisted by government and army officials, conscripted Greek men of military age from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Labour_Battalions_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)">Labour Battalions</a> in which hundreds of thousands died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull2005273_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2005273-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conscripts, after being sent hundreds of miles into the interior of Anatolia, were employed in road-making, building, tunnel excavating and other field work; but their numbers were heavily reduced through privations and ill-treatment and through outright massacre by their Ottoman guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1922437_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1922437-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg/220px-Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg/330px-Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg/440px-Phocaea_massacre_Sartiaux_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> in flames, during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Phocaea" title="Massacre of Phocaea">massacre</a> perpetrated by Turkish irregulars in June 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Following similar accords made with <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, the Ottoman Empire signed a small voluntary population exchange agreement with Greece on 14 November 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such agreement was signed 1 July 1914 for the exchange of some "Turks" (that is, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greece</a> for some Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, after the Ottomans had forced these Greeks from their homes in response to the Greek annexation of several islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greece_and_Her_Refugees_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greece_and_Her_Refugees-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swap was never completed due to the eruption of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While discussions for population exchanges were still conducted, <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a> units attacked Greek villages forcing their inhabitants to abandon their homes for Greece, being replaced with Muslim refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201269_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201269-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forceful expulsion of Christians of western Anatolia, especially Ottoman Greeks, has many similarities with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">policy towards the Armenians</a>, as observed by US ambassador <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold Toynbee</a>. In both cases, certain Ottoman officials, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Kaya" title="Şükrü Kaya">Şükrü Kaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazım Bey">Nazım Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Mehmed Reshid</a>, played a role; Special Organization units and labour battalions were involved; and a dual plan was implemented combining unofficial violence and the cover of state population policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201294–96_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201294–96-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy of persecution and ethnic cleansing was expanded to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, including Greek communities in <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/220px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/330px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/440px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>Hellenism in Near East during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, showing some of the areas (Western Anatolia and Eastern Thrace) where the Greek population was concentrated. The <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a> region is not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a newspaper of the time, in November 1914, Turkish troops destroyed Christian properties and murdered several Christians at <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After November 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Greek population shifted; state policy was restricted to the forceful migration to the Anatolian hinterland of Greeks living in coastal areas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Black Sea region</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Turkish-Russian front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201297_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201297-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change of policy was due to a German demand for the persecution of Ottoman Greeks to stop, after <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> had made this a condition of Greece's neutrality when speaking to the German ambassador in Athens. Venizelos also threatened to undertake a similar campaign against Muslims that were living in Greece if Ottoman policy did not change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201299_f_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201299_f-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Ottoman government tried to implement this change in policy, it was unsuccessful and attacks, even murders, continued to occur unpunished by local officials in the provinces, despite repeated instructions in cables sent from the central administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012100_f_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012100_f-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbitrary violence and extortion of money intensified later, providing ammunition for the Venizelists arguing that Greece should join the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012102–4_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012102–4-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1915 the Greek chargé d'affaires claimed that the deportations "can not be any other issue than an annihilation war against the Greek nation in Turkey and as measures hereof they have been implementing forced conversions to Islam, in obvious aim to, that if after the end of the war there again would be a question of European intervention for the protection of the Christians, there will be as few of them left as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian200940_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian200940-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office, by 1918 "over 500,000 Greeks were deported of whom comparatively few survived".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire between 1913 and 1916 wrote "Everywhere the Greeks were gathered in groups and, under the so-called protection of Turkish gendarmes, they were transported, the larger part on foot, into the interior. Just how many were scattered in this fashion is not definitely known, the estimates varying anywhere from 200,000 up to 1,000,000."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1919326_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1919326-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the shift of policy, the practice of evacuating Greek settlements and relocating the inhabitants was continued, albeit on a limited scale. Relocation was targeted at specific regions that were considered militarily vulnerable, not the whole of the Greek population. As a 1919 Patriarchate account records, the evacuation of many villages was accompanied with looting and murders, while many died as a result of not having been given the time to make the necessary provisions or of being relocated to uninhabitable places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012105_f_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012105_f-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nygreeks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nygreeks.jpg/220px-Nygreeks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nygreeks.jpg/330px-Nygreeks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Nygreeks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"Turks Slaughter Christian Greeks", <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Daily_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Daily Star">Lincoln Daily Star</a></i>, 19 October 1917</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lincoln+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Turks+Slaughter+Christian+Greeks&rft.date=1917-10-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>State policy towards Ottoman Greeks changed again in the fall of 1916. With Entente forces occupying <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> since spring, the Russians <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Offensive">advancing in Anatolia</a> and Greece expected to enter the war siding with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, preparations were made for the deportation of Greeks living in border areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012109_f_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012109_f-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1917 Talat Pasha sent a cable for the deportation of Greeks from the <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> district "thirty to fifty kilometres inland" taking care for "no assaults on any persons or property".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the execution of government decrees, which took a systematic form from December 1916, when <a href="/wiki/Behaeddin_Shakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaeddin Shakir">Behaeddin Shakir</a> came to the region, was not conducted as ordered: men were taken in labour battalions, women and children were attacked, villages were looted by Muslim neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_f_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_f-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such in March 1917 the population of <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık</a>, a town of c. 30,000 inhabitants on the Aegean coast was <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Ayvalik" title="Evacuation of Ayvalik">forcibly deported</a> to the interior of Anatolia under order by German General <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Liman von Sanders</a>. The operation included <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, looting, torture and massacre against the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2004146_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2004146-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germanos_Karavangelis" title="Germanos Karavangelis">Germanos Karavangelis</a>, the bishop of Samsun, reported to the Patriarchate that thirty thousands had been deported to the Ankara region and the convoys of the deportees had been attacked, with many being killed. Talat Pasha ordered an investigation for the looting and destruction of Greek villages by bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012112_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012112-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1917 instructions were sent to authorize military officials with the control of the operation and to broaden its scope, now including persons from cities in the coastal region. However, in certain areas Greek populations remained undeported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek deportees were sent to live in Greek villages in the inner provinces or, in some case, villages where Armenians were living before being deported. Greek villages evacuated during the war due to military concerns were then resettled with Muslim immigrants and refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113–116_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113–116-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to cables sent to the provinces during this time, abandoned movable and non-movable Greek property was not to be liquidated, as that of the Armenians, but "preserved".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012116–119_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012116–119-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 January 1917 <a href="/wiki/Cossva_Anckarsv%C3%A4rd" title="Cossva Anckarsvärd">Cossva Anckarsvärd</a>, Sweden's Ambassador to Constantinople, sent a dispatch regarding the decision to deport the Ottoman Greeks: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What above all appears as an unnecessary cruelty is that the deportation is not limited to the men alone, but is extended likewise to women and children. This is supposedly done in order to much easier be able to confiscate the property of the deported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian200947_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian200947-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Rendel, atrocities such as <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a> involving death marches, starvation in <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a> etc. were referred to as "white massacres".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman official <a href="/wiki/Rafet_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafet Bey">Rafet Bey</a> was active in the genocide of the Greeks and in November 1916, Austrian consul in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, Kwiatkowski, reported that he said to him "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians ... today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pontic Greeks responded by forming insurgent groups, which carried weapons salvaged from the battlefields of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I or directly supplied by the Russian army. In 1920, the insurgents reached their peak in regard to manpower numbering 18,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgtzidis1992164–165_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgtzidis1992164–165-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 November 1917, <a href="/wiki/Ozakom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozakom">Ozakom</a> delegates agreed to create a unified army composed of ethnically homogeneous units, Greeks were allotted a division consisting of three regiments. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Caucasus_Division" title="Greek Caucasus Division">Greek Caucasus Division</a> was thus formed out of ethnic Greeks serving in Russian units stationed in the Caucasus and raw recruits from among the local population including former insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010227–232_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010227–232-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division took part in numerous engagements against the Ottoman army as well as Muslim and Armenian irregulars, safeguarding the withdrawal of Greek refugees into the Russian held Caucasus, before being disbanded in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">Treaty of Poti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010245–247_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010245–247-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Turkish_War">Greco-Turkish War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayak%C3%B6y_(7023405881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg/220px-Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg/330px-Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg/440px-Kayak%C3%B6y_%287023405881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Ghost town of <a href="/wiki/Kayakoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayakoy">Kayakoy</a> (Livisi), southwestern Anatolia, once a Greek-inhabited settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to local tradition, Muslims refused to repopulate the place because "it was infested with the ghosts of Livisians massacred in 1915".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Ottoman Empire capitulated on 30 October 1918, it came under the de jure control of the victorious Entente Powers. However, the latter failed to bring the perpetrators of the genocide to justice,<sup id="cite_ref-HofmannYalova_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HofmannYalova-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Courts-Martial_of_1919%E2%80%9320" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20">Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20</a> a number of leading Ottoman officials were accused of ordering massacres against both Greeks and Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, killings, massacres and deportations continued under the pretext of the national movement of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> (later Atatürk).<sup id="cite_ref-HofmannYalova_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HofmannYalova-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 1920 report a British officer describes the aftermath of the massacres at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> in north-western Anatolia in which he estimated that at least 100 decomposed mutilated bodies of men, women and children were present in and around a large cave about 300 yards outside the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The systematic massacre and deportation of Greeks in Asia Minor, a program which had come into effect in 1914, was a precursor to the atrocities perpetrated by both the Greek and Turkish armies during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>, a conflict which followed the Greek <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna#Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">landing at Smyrna</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922270_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922270-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rummel_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rummel-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 1919 and continued until the retaking of Smyrna by the Turks and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">Great Fire of Smyrna</a> in September 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rudolph Rummel estimated the death toll of the fire at 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeks and Armenians, who perished in the fire and accompanying massacres. According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_M._Naimark" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman M. Naimark">Norman M. Naimark</a> "more realistic estimates range between 10,000 to 15,000" for the casualties of the Great Fire of Smyrna. Some 150,000 to 200,000 Greeks were expelled after the fire, while about 30,000 able-bodied Greek and Armenian men were deported to the interior of Asia Minor, most of whom were executed on the way or died under brutal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_William_Rendel" title="George William Rendel">George W. Rendel</a> of the British Foreign Office noted the massacres and deportations of Greeks during the Greco-Turkish War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to estimates by Rudolph Rummel, between 213,000 and 368,000 Anatolian Greeks were killed between 1919 and 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Rummel_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rummel-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)#Greek_massacres_of_Turks" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">massacres of Turks</a> carried out by the Hellenic troops during the occupation of western Anatolia from May 1919 to September 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the massacres that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922</a>, British historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922312–313_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922312–313-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a>'s and Mr. <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>'s original miscalculations at Paris." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief_efforts">Relief efforts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/220px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/330px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/440px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> in Smyrna. Translation: "Elderly and children were not spared".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917 a relief organization by the name of the <a href="/wiki/Relief_Committee_for_Greeks_of_Asia_Minor" title="Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor">Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor</a> was formed in response to the deportations and massacres of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire. The committee worked in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Relief_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="American Committee for Relief in the Near East">Near East Relief</a> in distributing aid to Ottoman Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor. The organisation disbanded in the summer of 1921 but Greek relief work was continued by other aid organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_accounts">Contemporary accounts</h3></div> <p>German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, as well as the 1922 memorandum compiled by British diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_William_Rendel" title="George William Rendel">George W. Rendel</a> on "Turkish Massacres and Persecutions", provided evidence for series of systematic massacres and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of the Greeks in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIHG-Aftermath_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHG-Aftermath-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quotes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which quotes? (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have been attributed to various diplomats, including the German ambassadors <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freiherr_von_Wangenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim">Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Richard von Kühlmann</a>, the German vice-consul in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> Kuchhoff, Austria's ambassador Pallavicini and Samsun consul Ernst von Kwiatkowski, and the Italian unofficial agent in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Angora</a> Signor Tuozzi. Other quotes are from clergymen and activists, including the German missionary <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lepsius" title="Johannes Lepsius">Johannes Lepsius</a>, and Stanley Hopkins of the Near East Relief. Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied to the Ottoman Empire in World War I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How is being allied relevant? (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg/170px-Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg/255px-Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg/340px-Smyrna-vict-elder-child-massacre-1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Smyrna, 1922. Translation: "No children were allowed to live".</figcaption></figure> <p>The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Ottoman officials, including the Ottoman Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Sevket_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Sevket Pasha">Mahmud Sevket Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafet_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafet Bey">Rafet Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIHG-Aftermath_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHG-Aftermath-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and its correspondents made extensive references to the events, recording massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Villages" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages">villages</a>, destruction of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other "atrocities" for Greek, Armenian and also for British and American citizens and government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTarchives_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTarchives-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIHG-NYT_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIHG-NYT-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian press also had some coverage of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-OtherNews_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtherNews-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire</a> from 1913 to 1916, accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the desert of other hundreds of thousands, [and] the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, months prior to the First World War, 100,000 Greeks were deported to Greek islands or the interior which Morgenthau stated, "for the larger part these were bona-fide deportations; that is, the Greek inhabitants were actually removed to new places and were not subjected to wholesale massacre. It was probably the reason that the civilized world did not protest against these deportations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1918[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzkRCZ2JnowcCdqitwasprobablyforthereasonthatthecivilizedworlddidnotpgPA201_201]_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1918[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzkRCZ2JnowcCdqitwasprobablyforthereasonthatthecivilizedworlddidnotpgPA201_201]-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US Consul-General <a href="/wiki/George_Horton" title="George Horton">George Horton</a>, whose account has been criticised by scholars as anti-Turkish,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed, "One of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was '50–50'." On this issue he comments: "Had the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pontus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50–50—almost." As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct ... toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country's history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton1926267_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton1926267-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even the US admiral <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Bristol" title="Arthur L. Bristol">Arthur L. Bristol</a>, who advised foreign journalists to avoid publishing about the persecution of the Greeks, in his conversations and letters stated the harsh conditions for Armenians and Greeks. He even tried to stop the deportation of the Greeks from Samsun.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyrna_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smyrna_burning.jpg/320px-Smyrna_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smyrna_burning.jpg/480px-Smyrna_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smyrna_burning.jpg/640px-Smyrna_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Smyrna burning during the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire of Smyrna">Fire of Smyrna</a>. According to different estimates some 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-naimark47_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naimark47-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeks and Armenians were killed in the fire and accompanying massacres.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg/220px-Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg/330px-Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg/440px-Asia_Minor_massacres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Smyrna citizens trying to reach the Allied ships during the Smyrna fire, 1922. The photo was taken from the launch boat of a US battleship.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Dror Ze'evi</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Year_Genocide" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide">The Thirty-Year Genocide</a></i>, as a result of Ottoman and Turkish state policy, "several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks had died. Either they were murdered outright or were the intentional victims of hunger, disease, and exposure."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the whole of the period between 1914 and 1922 and for the whole of Anatolia, there are academic estimates of death toll ranging from 289,000 to 750,000. The figure of 750,000 is suggested by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010150–51_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010150–51-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> compiled various figures from several studies to estimate lower and higher bounds for the death toll between 1914 and 1923. He estimates that 84,000 Greeks were exterminated from 1914 to 1918, and 264,000 from 1919 to 1922. The total number reaching 347,000.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou writes that "loss of life among Anatolian Greeks during the WWI period and its aftermath was approximately 735,370".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20052_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20052-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Sj%C3%B6berg_(historian)" title="Erik Sjöberg (historian)">Erik Sjöberg</a> states that "[a]ctivists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths" over what he considers "the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000".<sup id="cite_ref-Sjöberg_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjöberg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary sources claimed different death tolls. The Greek government collected figures together with the Patriarchate to claim that a total of one million people were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010150_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010150-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team of American researchers found in the early postwar period that the total number of Greeks killed may approach 900,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones166_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones166-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Hale Bierstadt, writing in 1924, stated that "According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierstadt192467_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierstadt192467-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November 1918, Emanuel Efendi, an Ottoman deputy of <a href="/wiki/Aydin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aydin">Aydin</a>, criticised the ethnic cleansing of the previous government and reported that 550,000 Greeks had been killed in the coastal regions of Anatolia (including the Black Sea coast) and Aegean Islands during the deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA107_107]_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA107_107]-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to various sources the Greek death toll in the Pontus region of Anatolia ranges from 300,000 to 360,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010166_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010166-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson" title="Merrill D. Peterson">Merrill D. Peterson</a> cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2004124_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2004124-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to George K. Valavanis, "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March 1924, can be estimated at 353,000, as a result of murders, hangings, and from punishment, disease, and other hardships."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValavanis192524_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValavanis192524-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valavanis derived this figure from the 1922 record of the Central Pontian Council in Athens based on the <i>Black Book</i> of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, to which he adds "50,000 new martyrs", which "came to be included in the register by spring 1924".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>Article 142 of the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, prepared after the first World War, called the wartime Turkish regime "terrorist" and contained provisions "to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey during the war."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified by the Turkish government and ultimately was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. That treaty was accompanied by a "Declaration of Amnesty", without containing any provision in respect to punishment of war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassiouni1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMbiedpEFzbYCdqgenocide2BgreekpgPA63_62–63]_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMbiedpEFzbYCdqgenocide2BgreekpgPA63_62–63]-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> resulted in a near-complete ending of the Greek ethnic presence in Turkey and a similar ending of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. According to the Greek census of 1928, 1,104,216 Ottoman Greeks had reached Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is impossible to know exactly how many Greek inhabitants of Turkey died between 1914 and 1923, and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were expelled to Greece or fled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscherson1995185_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscherson1995185-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the survivors and expelled took refuge in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (later, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similar plans for a population exchange had been negotiated earlier, in 1913–1914, between Ottoman and Greek officials during the first stage of the Greek genocide but had been interrupted by the onset of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1924, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that 400 tonnes of human bones consigned to manufacturers were transported from <a href="/wiki/Mudania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudania">Mudania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, which might be the remains of massacred victims in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Pogrom">Istanbul Pogrom</a> caused most of the remaining Greek inhabitants of Istanbul to flee the country. Historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">Alfred-Maurice de Zayas</a> identifies the pogrom as a crime against humanity and he states that the flight and migration of Greeks afterwards corresponds to the "intent to destroy in whole or in part" criteria of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Zayas,_Alfred_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Zayas,_Alfred-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_recognition">Genocide recognition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:411px;max-width:411px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chrysostomos of Smyrna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg/95px-Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg/143px-Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg/190px-Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gregory Orologas of Kynonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg/91px-Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg/137px-Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg/182px-Gregory_Orologas_of_Kydonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euthymios_(Agritellis)_of_Zela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Euthymios of Zelon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg/99px-Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg/149px-Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg/198px-Euthymios_%28Agritellis%29_of_Zela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ambrosios of Moschonisia, Asia Minor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg/110px-Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg/165px-Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg/220px-Ambrosios_of_Moschonisia_Asia_Minor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Among the victims of the atrocities committed by the Turkish nationalist Army (1922–23) were hundreds of Christian clergy in Anatolia,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including metropolitan bishops (from left): <a href="/wiki/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna" title="Chrysostomos of Smyrna">Chrysostomos of Smyrna</a> (lynched), <a href="/wiki/Prokopios_Lazaridis" title="Prokopios Lazaridis">Prokopios of Iconium</a> (imprisoned and poisoned, not pictured), <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Orologas" title="Gregory Orologas">Gregory</a> of Kydonies (executed), <a href="/wiki/Euthymios_(Agritellis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthymios (Agritellis)">Euthymios of Zelon</a> (died in prison and posthumously hanged), <a href="/wiki/Ambrosios_Pleianthidis" title="Ambrosios Pleianthidis">Ambrosios</a> of Moschonisia (buried alive).</div></div></div></div> <p>The word <i>genocide</i> was coined in the early 1940s, the era of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a>, a Polish lawyer of Jewish descent. In his writings on genocide, Lemkin detailed the fate of Greeks in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1946 <i>The New York Times</i> reported: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Genocide is no new phenomenon, nor has it been utterly ignored in the past. ... The massacres of Greeks and Armenians by the Turks prompted diplomatic action without punishment. If Professor Lemkin has his way genocide will be established as an international crime ...<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1948 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> (CPPCG) was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in December 1948 and came into force in January 1951. It includes a legal definition of genocide. Before the creation of the term "genocide", the destruction of the Ottoman Greeks was known by Greeks as "the Massacre" (in Greek: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">η Σφαγή</span></span>), "the Great Catastrophe" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">η Μεγάλη Καταστροφή</span></span>), or "the Great Tragedy" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">η Μεγάλη Τραγωδία</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20051_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20051-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Kemalist nationalist</a> massacres of the Greeks in Anatolia constituted genocide under the initial definition and international criminal application of the term, as in the international criminal tribunals authorized by the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_discussion">Academic discussion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG/170px-Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG/255px-Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG/340px-Matthaios_Kofidis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthaios_Kofidis" title="Matthaios Kofidis">Matthaios Kofidis</a>, former member of the Ottoman Parliament, was among the several notables of Pontus, hanged by an "<a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Ad hoc Court of Turkish Independence</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>, in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2007 the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> (IAGS) passed a resolution affirming that the 1914–23 campaign against Ottoman Greeks constituted genocide "qualitatively similar" to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGS_resolution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IAGS President <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Gregory Stanton</a> urged the Turkish government to finally acknowledge the three genocides: "The history of these genocides is clear, and there is no more excuse for the current Turkish government, which did not itself commit the crimes, to deny the facts."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drafted by Canadian scholar <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a>, the resolution was adopted on 1 December 2007 with the support of 83% of all voting IAGS members.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars researching the Armenian genocide, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Peter Balakian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hovannisian">Richard Hovannisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a>, however stated that "the issue had to be further researched before a resolution was passed."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manus Midlarsky notes a disjunction between statements of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocidal intent</a> against the Greeks by Ottoman officials and their actions, pointing to the containment of massacres in selected "sensitive" areas and the large numbers of Greek survivors at the end of the war. Because of cultural and political ties of the Ottoman Greeks with European powers, Midlarsky argues, genocide was "not a viable option for the Ottomans in their case."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2005342–343_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2005342–343-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taner Akçam refers to contemporary accounts noting the difference in government treatment of Ottoman Greeks and Armenians during WW I and concludes that "despite the increasingly severe wartime policies, in particular for the period between late 1916 and the first months of 1917, the government's treatment of the Greeks – although comparable in some ways to the measures against the Armenians – differed in scope, intent, and motivation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012123_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012123-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Barth (page does not exist)">Boris Barth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Barth" class="extiw" title="de:Boris Barth">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Schwartz_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Schwartz (historian) (page does not exist)">Michael Schwartz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schwartz" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Schwartz">de</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrekos_Varnava" title="Andrekos Varnava">Andrekos Varnava</a> argue that the persecution of Greeks was ethnic cleansing or deportation, but not genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also a position of some Greek mainstream historians;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg20164_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg20164-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Aristide Caratzas this is due to a number of factors, "which range from governmental reticence to criticize Turkey to spilling over into the academic world, to ideological currents promoting a diffuse internationalism cultivated by a network of NGOs, often supported by western governments and western interests".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as Dominik J. Schaller and Jürgen Zimmerer, argue that the "genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks" was "obvious".<sup id="cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historians <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Samuel Totten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Paul R. Bartrop</a>, who specialize on the history of genocides, also call it a genocide; so is Alexander Kitroeff.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another scholar who considers it a genocide is Hannibal Travis; he also adds that the widespread attacks by the successive governments of Turkey, on the homes, places of worship, and heritage of minority communities since the 1930s, constitute cultural genocide as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Dror Ze'evi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, authors of <i>The Thirty-Year Genocide</i>, write that:<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>the story of what happened in Turkey is much broader and deeper [than just the Armenian genocide]. It goes deeper, because it covers not just what occurred during World War I, but a series of giant ethno-religious massacres that lasted from the 1890s through the 1920s and beyond. It is broader, because it was not only Armenians who were persecuted and killed. Along with hundreds of thousands of Armenians<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a similar number of Greeks and Assyrians (or adherents of the Assyrian or Syriac churches) were slaughtered<span class="nowrap"> </span>... By our estimate, over the course of the 30-year period, between 1.5 and 2.5 million Christians from the three religious groups were either murdered or intentionally starved to death, or allowed to die of disease, and millions more were expelled from Turkey and lost everything. In addition, tens of thousands of Christians were <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced to convert</a> to Islam, and many thousands of Christian women and girls were raped, either by their Muslim neighbors or by members of the security forces. The Turks even opened markets where Christian girls were sold as sex slaves. These atrocities were committed by three very different, successive regimes: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdülhamid II</a>'s authoritarian-Islamist regime; the government of the Committee of Union and Progress (the Young Turks) during World War I, under the leadership of Talaat Pasha and Enver Pasha; and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's post-war secular nationalist regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (December 2021)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_recognition">Political recognition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontic_genocide_memorial,_Argos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg/220px-Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg/330px-Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg/440px-Pontic_genocide_memorial%2C_Argos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, Greece for the Greek genocide and the Holocaust</figcaption></figure> <p>Following an initiative of MPs of the so-called "patriotic" wing of the ruling <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a> party's parliamentary group and like-minded MPs of conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostópoulos2007266–267_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostópoulos2007266–267-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek Parliament</a> passed two laws on the fate of the Ottoman Greeks; the first in 1994 and the second in 1998. The decrees were published in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Efimerida_tis_Kyberniseos" class="mw-redirect" title="Efimerida tis Kyberniseos"><i>Government Gazette</i></a> on 8 March 1994 and 13 October 1998 respectively. The 1994 decree, created by <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Daskalakis" title="Georgios Daskalakis">Georgios Daskalakis</a>, affirmed the genocide in the Pontus region of Asia Minor and designated 19 May (the <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Atat%C3%BCrk,_Youth_and_Sports_Day" title="Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day">day</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> in 1919) a day of commemoration,<sup id="cite_ref-ETGRMay19_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETGRMay19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (called Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day<sup id="cite_ref-GreekReporter_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekReporter-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while the 1998 decree affirmed the genocide of Greeks in Asia Minor as a whole and designated 14 September a day of commemoration.<sup id="cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETGRSep14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws were signed by the President of Greece but were not immediately ratified after political interventions. After leftist newspaper <a href="/wiki/I_Avgi" title="I Avgi">I Avgi</a> initiated a campaign against the application of this law, the subject became subject of a political debate. The president of the left-ecologist <a href="/wiki/Synaspismos" title="Synaspismos">Synaspismos</a> party <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Konstantopoulos" title="Nikos Konstantopoulos">Nikos Konstantopoulos</a> and historian Angelos Elefantis,<sup id="cite_ref-independent_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known for his books on the history of Greek communism, were two of the major figures of the political left who expressed their opposition to the decree. However, the non-parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalist</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intellectual and author George Karabelias bitterly criticized Elefantis and others opposing the recognition of genocide and called them "revisionist historians", accusing the Greek mainstream left of a "distorted ideological evolution". He said that for the Greek left 19 May is a "day of amnesia".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 2000s the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> adopted the term "Genocide of the Pontic (Greeks)" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Γενοκτονία Ποντίων</span></span>) in its official newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Rizospastis" title="Rizospastis">Rizospastis</a></i> and participates in memorial events.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> has also officially called the events "Greek Genocide in Pontus of Asia Minor".<sup id="cite_ref-MOI_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the 1998 law, the Turkish government released a statement which claimed that describing the events as genocide was "without any historical basis". "We condemn and protest this resolution" a Turkish Foreign Ministry statement said. "With this resolution the Greek Parliament, which in fact has to apologize to the Turkish people for the large-scale destruction and massacres Greece perpetrated in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, not only sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history, but it also displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive," the statement added.<sup id="cite_ref-TurkishPosition_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurkishPosition-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 March 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Sweden">Riksdag</a> passed a motion recognising "as an act of genocide the killing of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks in 1915".<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 May 2013, the government of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> was submitted a genocide recognition motion by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Nile" title="Fred Nile">Fred Nile</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Australia)">Christian Democratic Party</a>, which was later passed making it the fourth political entity to recognise the genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">National Assembly of Armenia</a> unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing both the Greek and Assyrian genocides.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Austrian Parliament</a> passed resolutions recognizing the Greek and Assyrian genocides.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_limited_recognition">Reasons for limited recognition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg/170px-St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg/255px-St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg/340px-St.john.smyrna.cemetery.1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Desecrated graves in the cemetery of Saint John Prodromos during the Smyrna massacres, September 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> have not made any related statements. According to Constantine Fotiadis, professor of Modern Greek History at the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_University_of_Thessaloniki" title="Aristotle University of Thessaloniki">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</a>, some of the reasons for the lack of wider recognition and delay in seeking acknowledgement of these events are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis2004_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis2004-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, the superseding <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> in 1923 dealt with these events by making no reference or mention, and thus sealed the end of the Asia Minor Catastrophe.</li> <li>A subsequent peace treaty (<i>Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship</i> in June 1930) between Greece and Turkey. Greece made several concessions to settle all open issues between the two countries in return for peace in the region.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a> and the political turmoil in Greece that followed, forced Greece to focus on its survival and other problems rather than seek recognition of these events.</li> <li>The political environment of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, in which Turkey and Greece were <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">supposed to be allies</a> – facing one common Communist enemy – not adversaries or competitors.</li></ul> <p>In his book <i>With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide</i>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Colin Tatz</a> argues that Turkey denies the genocide so as not to jeopardize "its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East".<sup id="cite_ref-Tatz2003_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatz2003-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In their book <i>Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society</i>, Elizabeth Burns Coleman and Kevin White present a list of reasons explaining Turkey's inability to admit the genocides committed by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>, writing:<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Turkish denialism of the genocide of 1.5 million Armenians is official, riven, driven, constant, rampant, and increasing each year since the events of 1915 to 1922. It is state-funded, with special departments and units in overseas missions whose sole purpose is to dilute, counter, minimise, trivialise and relativise every reference to the events which encompassed a genocide of Armenians, Pontian Greeks and Assyrian Christians in Asia Minor.</p></blockquote> <p>They propose the following reasons for the denial of the genocides by Turkey:<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>A suppression of guilt and shame that a warrior nation, a "beacon of democracy" as it saw itself in 1908 (and since), slaughtered several ethnic populations. Democracies, it is said, don't commit genocide; ergo, Turkey couldn't and didn't do so.</li> <li>A cultural and social ethos of honour, a compelling and compulsive need to remove any blots on the national escutcheon.</li> <li>A chronic fear that admission will lead to massive claims for reparation and restitution.</li> <li>To overcome fears of social fragmentation in a society that is still very much a state in transition.</li> <li>A "logical" belief that because the genocide was committed with impunity, so denial will also meet with neither opposition nor obloquy.</li> <li>An inner knowledge that the juggernaut denial industry has a momentum of its own and can't be stopped even if they wanted it to stop.</li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_as_a_model_for_future_crimes">Genocide as a model for future crimes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Greek_genocide##" title="Talk:Greek genocide">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_genocide&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Greek+genocide%22">"Greek genocide"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Greek+genocide%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Greek+genocide%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Greek+genocide%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Greek+genocide%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Greek+genocide%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG/170px-Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG/255px-Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG/340px-Volkischer_Beobachter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption>From the early 1920s Nazi Party publications in Germany tended to present Kemal Atatürk as role model under the title "The Führer" (advertisement of their official newspaper pictured)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014153–155_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014153–155-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Stefan Ihrig, Kemal's "model" remained active for the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">Nazi movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had declared that he considered himself a "student" of Kemal, whom he referred to as his "star in the darkness", while the latter's contribution to the formation of National Socialist ideology is intensely apparent in Nazi literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemal and his new Turkey of 1923 constituted the archetype of the "perfect Führer" and of "good national practices" for Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014145_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014145-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news media of the Third Reich emphasised the "Turkish model" and continuously praised the "benefits" of ethnic cleansing and genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014207_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014207-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler referred to Kemal as being of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler's National Socialist Party, from its first steps, had used the methods of the Turkish state as a standard to draw inspiration from. The official Nazi newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i> ("<i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">Völkisch</a></i> Observer"), on its February 1921 issue, stressed with admiration in an article titled "The Role Model": "The German nation will one day have no other choice but to resort to Turkish methods as well."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig201471_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig201471-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Nazi publication of 1925 exalted the new Turkish state for its "cleansing" policy, which "threw the Greek element to the sea". The majority of writers of the Third Reich stressed that the double genocide (against Greeks and Armenians) was a prerequisite for the success of the new Turkey, the NSDAP claimed: "Only through the annihilation of the Greek and the Armenian tribes in Anatolia was the creation of a Turkish national state and the formation of an unflawed Turkish body of society within one state possible."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014183–184_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014183–184-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg/220px-19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg/330px-19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg/440px-19.Mai-Gedenktag_Opfer-des-Kemalismus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wreath#Funeral_and_memorial_wreaths" title="Wreath">Wreaths</a> after a commemoration ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Memorials commemorating the plight of Ottoman Greeks have been erected throughout Greece, as well as in a number of other countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <p>The Greek genocide is remembered in a number of modern works. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Even_My_Name" title="Not Even My Name">Not Even My Name</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thea_Halo" title="Thea Halo">Thea Halo</a> is the story of the survival, at age ten, of her mother Sano (Themia) Halo (original name Euthemia "Themia" Barytimidou, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ευθυμία Βαρυτιμίδου</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the death march during the Greek genocide that annihilated her family. The title refers to Themia being renamed to Sano by an Arabic-speaking family who could not pronounce her Greek name, after they took her in as a servant during the Greek genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Number_31328" title="Number 31328">Number 31328</a></i> is an autobiography by the Greek novelist <a href="/wiki/Elias_Venezis" title="Elias Venezis">Elias Venezis</a> that tells of his experiences during the Greek genocide on a death march into the interior from his native home in <a href="/wiki/Ayvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayvali">Ayvali</a> (Greek: <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Kydonies</i></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κυδωνίες</span></span>), Turkey. Of the 3000 "conscripted" into his "labour brigade" (otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Labour_Battalions_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)"><i>Amele Taburlari</i> or <i>Amele Taburu</i></a>) only 23 survived. The title refers to the number assigned to Elias by the Turkish army during the death march. The book was made into a movie called <a href="/wiki/1922_(1978_film)" title="1922 (1978 film)"><i>1922</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a> in 1978, but was banned in Greece until 1982 because of pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Turkish Foreign Ministry</a> who complained that the film would ruin Greek-Turkish relations.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">1915 genocide in Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">İzmit massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greek_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of Greek genocide">Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pontus" title="Republic of Pontus">Republic of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_and_Jaffa_deportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Meichanetsidis2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meichanetsidis2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meichanetsidis2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meichanetsidis, Vasileios (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.9.1.06">"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies International</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 104–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06">10.3138/gsi.9.1.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870709">154870709</a>. <q>The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Greeks+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1913%E2%80%931923%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rft.aulast=Meichanetsidis&rft.aufirst=Vasileios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjöberg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sjöberg_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sjöberg_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjöberg2016">Sjöberg 2016</a>, p. 234: "Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones166-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones166_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones166_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 166: "An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous 'population exchanges' that set the seal on a heavily 'Turkified' state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAINA2015a">AINA (2015a)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAINA2015b">AINA (2015b)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFArmenpress2015">Armenpress (2015)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETGRSep14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETGRSep14_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224211857/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wEeWRs27M2niXdtvSoClrL8hQFXG5tFjOx5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuSSg10o4n59fo1_NA9pxdWL6pZYQtlG6HTkxDRJtNtwq">Kathiérosi tis 14 Septemvríou os iméras ethnikís mnímis tis Genoktonías ton Ellínon tis Mikrás Asías apo to Tourkikó Krátos <bdi lang="el">Καθιέρωση της 14 Σεπτεμβρίου ως ημέρας εθνικής μνήμης της Γενοκτονίας των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας απο το Τουρκικό Κράτος</bdi></a> [Establishment of 14 September as a day of national remembrance of the Genocide of the Greeks of Asia Minor by the Turkish State] (2645/98) (in Greek). Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic. 13 October 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wEeWRs27M2niXdtvSoClrL8hQFXG5tFjOx5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuSSg10o4n59fo1_NA9pxdWL6pZYQtlG6HTkxDRJtNtwq">the original</a> on 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kathi%C3%A9rosi+tis+14+Septemvr%C3%ADou+os+im%C3%A9ras+ethnik%C3%ADs+mn%C3%ADmis+tis+Genokton%C3%ADas+ton+Ell%C3%ADnon+tis+Mikr%C3%A1s+As%C3%ADas+apo+to+Tourkik%C3%B3+Kr%C3%A1tos+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+14+%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%89%CF%82+%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.pub=Government+Gazette+of+the+Hellenic+Republic&rft.date=1998-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.et.gr%2Fidocs-nph%2Fsearch%2FpdfViewerForm.html%3Fargs%3D5C7QrtC22wEeWRs27M2niXdtvSoClrL8hQFXG5tFjOx5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuSSg10o4n59fo1_NA9pxdWL6pZYQtlG6HTkxDRJtNtwq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchallerZimmerer2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer2008_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—Introduction". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470">71515470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies%E2%80%94Introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAGS_resolution-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAGS_resolution_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org/sites/default/files/document%09%5Bcurrent-page%3A1%5D/documents/IAGS-Resolution-Assyrian%20and%20Greek%20Genocide.pdf">"Resolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">IAGS</a>. 16 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution&rft.pub=IAGS&rft.date=2007-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument%2509%255Bcurrent-page%253A1%255D%2Fdocuments%2FIAGS-Resolution-Assyrian%2520and%2520Greek%2520Genocide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">|<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193301/http://www.onalert.gr/stories/genoktonia-h-ethnoka8arsh-telika/45958">"Genoktonía í Ethnokátharsi teliká" <bdi lang="el">Γενοκτονία ή Εθνοκάθαρση τελικά</bdi></a> [Genocide or ethnic cleansing after all]. <i>On Alert</i> (in Greek). 4 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onalert.gr/stories/genoktonia-h-ethnoka8arsh-telika/45958">the original</a> on 17 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+Alert&rft.atitle=Genokton%C3%ADa+%C3%AD+Ethnok%C3%A1tharsi+telik%C3%A1+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%AE+%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onalert.gr%2Fstories%2Fgenoktonia-h-ethnoka8arsh-telika%2F45958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrianópoulos2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrianópoulos, Andréas (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news247.gr/gnomes/andreas-andrianopoylos/genoktonia-kai-ethnokatharsi.6386798.html">"Genoktonía kai Ethnokátharsi" <bdi lang="el">Γενοκτονία και Εθνοκάθαρση</bdi></a> [Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing]. <i>News24/7</i> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24%2F7&rft.atitle=Genokton%C3%ADa+kai+Ethnok%C3%A1tharsi+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Andrian%C3%B3poulos&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9as&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news247.gr%2Fgnomes%2Fandreas-andrianopoylos%2Fgenoktonia-kai-ethnokatharsi.6386798.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnava2016" class="citation journal cs1">Varnava, Andrekos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/13/">"Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies and Prevention</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 121–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403">10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Denial+of+Violence%3A+Ottoman+Past%2C+Turkish+Present+and+Collective+Violence+against+the+Armenians%2C+1789-2009&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Varnava&rft.aufirst=Andrekos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwartz, Michael (2013). <i>Ethnische 'Säuberungen' in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert</i> [<i>Ethnic 'cleansing' in the modern age. Global interactions of nationalist and racist violent politics in the 19th and 20th centuries</i>] (in German). Oldenbourg, München: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70425-9"><bdi>978-3-486-70425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnische+%27S%C3%A4uberungen%27+in+der+Moderne.+Globale+Wechselwirkungen+nationalistischer+und+rassistischer+Gewaltpolitik+im+19.+und+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Oldenbourg%2C+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-486-70425-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barth, Boris (2006). <i>Genozid. Völkermord im 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Theorien, Kontroversen</i> [<i>Genocide: Genocide in the 20th Century: History, theories, controversies</i>] (in German). München: C.H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-40652-865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-40652-865-1"><bdi>978-3-40652-865-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genozid.+V%C3%B6lkermord+im+20.+Jahrhundert.+Geschichte%2C+Theorien%2C+Kontroversen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-40652-865-1&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010a163-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010a163_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010a">Jones 2010a</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisband2017" class="citation book cs1">Weisband, Edward (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z43DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067789-3"><bdi>978-0-19-067789-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macabresque%3A+Human+Violation+and+Hate+in+Genocide%2C+Mass+Atrocity+and+Enemy-Making&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-067789-3&rft.aulast=Weisband&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z43DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawJacobsKajPagano2014" class="citation book cs1">Law I, Jacobs A, Kaj N, Pagano S, Koirala BS (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgZHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54"><i>Mediterranean racisms: connections and complexities in the racialization of the Mediterranean region</i></a>. Basingstoke: Springer. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26347-6"><bdi>978-1-137-26347-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893607294">893607294</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+racisms%3A+connections+and+complexities+in+the+racialization+of+the+Mediterranean+region&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893607294&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26347-6&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Anna&rft.au=Kaj%2C+Nisreen&rft.au=Pagano%2C+Simona&rft.au=Koirala%2C+Bozena+Sojka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgZHBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006154–55-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006154–55_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, pp. 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland2011" class="citation news cs1">Howland, Charles P. (11 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/greece/1926-07-01/greece-and-her-refugees">"Greece and Her Refugees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Greece+and+Her+Refugees&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fgreece%2F1926-07-01%2Fgreece-and-her-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibneyHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibney MJ, <a href="/wiki/Randall_Hansen" title="Randall Hansen">Hansen R</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/377"><i>Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present</i></a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-796-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250711524">250711524</a>. <q>The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of 1.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the "Greeks' who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 [Ladas I932, 438–439; but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Asylum%3A+from+1900+to+the+Present&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250711524&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-796-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimmigrationasylu00matt%2Fpage%2F377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBqdVudSuTRICpgPA172_171–2]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBqdVudSuTRICpgPA172_171–2]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdVudSuTRIC&pg=PA172">171–2</a>: 'A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian/Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians, alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide (which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged). The result, passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition, was a resolution which I co-drafted, reading as follows:...'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html">"Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament"</a>, <i>News</i> (full text), AM, 24 September 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Genocide+Resolution+approved+by+Swedish+Parliament&rft.date=2023-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F16644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span>, containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463210816/html"><i>Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463210816">10.31826/9781463210816</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593333010" title="Special:BookSources/9781593333010"><bdi>9781593333010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres%2C+Resistance%2C+Protectors%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Eastern+Anatolia+During+World+War+I&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463210816&rft.isbn=9781593333010&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463210816%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETGRMay19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETGRMay19_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETGRMay19_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085942/http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG2VoOPmnoFKHdtvSoClrL8EhFB1EBb5qvtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijKVYy2sLBZn3aiD-sjs-iPxrjrnAk5QLNlCsym5MzA2t">I 19i Maḯou, kathierónetai os iméra mnímis tis genoktonías ton Ellínon tou Póntou <bdi lang="el">Η 19η Μαΐου, καθιερώνεται ως ημέρα μνήμης της γενοκτονίας των Ελλήνων του Πόντου</bdi></a> [19 May is established as a commemoration day of the genocide of the Pontic Greeks] (2193/94) (in Greek). Hellenic Parliament. 11 March 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG2VoOPmnoFKHdtvSoClrL8EhFB1EBb5qvtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijKVYy2sLBZn3aiD-sjs-iPxrjrnAk5QLNlCsym5MzA2t">the original</a> on 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=I+19i+Ma%E1%B8%AFou%2C+kathier%C3%B3netai+os+im%C3%A9ra+mn%C3%ADmis+tis+genokton%C3%ADas+ton+Ell%C3%ADnon+tou+P%C3%B3ntou+%CE%97+19%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BF%CF%85%2C+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%89%CF%82+%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.pub=Hellenic+Parliament&rft.date=1994-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.et.gr%2Fidocs-nph%2Fsearch%2FpdfViewerForm.html%3Fargs%3D5C7QrtC22wG2VoOPmnoFKHdtvSoClrL8EhFB1EBb5qvtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijKVYy2sLBZn3aiD-sjs-iPxrjrnAk5QLNlCsym5MzA2t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreekReporter-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreekReporter_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreekReporter_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsolakidou2013" class="citation news cs1">Tsolakidou, Stella (18 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/05/18/may-19-pontian-greek-genocide-remembrance-day/">"May 19, Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day"</a>. <i>Greek Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek+Reporter&rft.atitle=May+19%2C+Pontian+Greek+Genocide+Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft.aulast=Tsolakidou&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreece.greekreporter.com%2F2013%2F05%2F18%2Fmay-19-pontian-greek-genocide-remembrance-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOI-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOI_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOI_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216215805/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/6046D398A419F3A2C2257B71003D2313?OpenDocument">"Government Spokesman's written statement on the Greek Pontiac Genocide, yesterday"</a>. Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/6046D398A419F3A2C2257B71003D2313?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43961-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43961-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43961-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+nationalism+since+1780+programme%2C+myth%2C+reality&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43961-9&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009637-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009637_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTravis2009">Travis 2009</a>, p. 637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers2000-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers2000_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid Biles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+Noel&rft.au=Myers%2C+Allen+C.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Astrid+Biles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hout2011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hout2011_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Hout2011" class="citation book cs1">van den Hout, Theo (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PA1"><i>The Elements of Hittite</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50178-1"><bdi>978-1-139-50178-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Hittite&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50178-1&rft.aulast=van+den+Hout&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDJNg5Nyef0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainAdamsJanse2002" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). <i>Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 246–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924506-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+in+Ancient+Society%3A+Language+Contact+and+the+Written+Word&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=246-266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924506-2&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Janse%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioğlu,_M._Şükrü_2010_36-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioğlu,_M._Şükrü_2010_36_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu2010" class="citation book cs1">Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2010). <i>A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14617-1"><bdi>978-0-691-14617-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Ottoman state never sought to impose Turkish on subject peoples…Some ethno-religious groups, when outnumbered by Turks, did accept Turkish vernacular through a gradual process of acculturation. While the Greeks of the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Thrace, and west Anatolian littoral continued to speak and write in Greek, The Greeks of Cappadocia (Karaman) spoke Turkish and wrote Turkish in Greek script. Similarly, a large majority of Armenians in the empire adopted Turkish as their vernacular and wrote Turkish in Armenian characters, all efforts to the contrary by the Mkhitarist order notwithstanding. The first novels published in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-nineteenth century were by Armenians and Cappadocian Greeks; they wrote them in Turkish, using the Armenian and Greek alphabets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14617-1&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFAlexandris1999">Alexandris 1999</a>, p. 54</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKostópoulos2007">Kostópoulos 2007</a>, pp. 170–171</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKarpat1985">Karpat 1985</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexandris1999">Alexandris 1999</a>, pp. 71–72 states that the 1918 <i>Ethnological Map Illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor</i>, composed by Greek archaeologist Georgios Soteriades, was an instance of the usual practice of inflating the numbers of ethnic groups living in disputed territories in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace conference</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201268_f-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201268_f_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 68 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201230-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201230_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201271-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201271_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201280–82_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_f-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_f_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 84 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdBKN1j-QhMC"><i>The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691159560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691159560"><bdi>978-0691159560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turks%27+Crime+against+Humanity%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+%28Human+Rights+and+Crimes+against+Humanity%29&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08&rft.isbn=978-0691159560&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdBKN1j-QhMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstourianKévorkian2020" class="citation book cs1">Astourian, Stephan H.; Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ3UDwAAQBAJ"><i>Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789204506" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789204506"><bdi>978-1789204506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+and+State+Violence+in+Turkey%3A+The+Construction+of+a+National+Identity+from+Empire+to+Nation-State&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1789204506&rft.aulast=Astourian&rft.aufirst=Stephan+H.&rft.au=K%C3%A9vorkian%2C+Raymond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJ3UDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201284_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/17/100321854.pdf">"Turks Slay 100 Greeks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 17 June 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turks+Slay+100+Greeks&rft.date=1914-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1914%2F06%2F17%2F100321854.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMatthias_Bjørnlund2009" class="citation">Matthias Bjørnlund. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q3cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA41">The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009">Schaller & Zimmerer (2009)</a>, pp. 34 ff.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Multidimensional_Analysis-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Multidimensional_Analysis_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Multidimensional_Analysis_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceb.revues.org/pdf/911">A Multidimensional Analysis of the Events in Eski Foça (Παλαιά Φώκαια) on the period of Summer 1914-Emre Erol</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMatthias_Bjørnlund2009" class="citation">Matthias Bjørnlund. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q3cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA41">The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009">Schaller & Zimmerer (2009)</a>, pp. 41 ff.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2005273-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHull2005273_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHull2005">Hull 2005</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1922437-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1922437_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1922">King 1922</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201265–7_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 65–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greece_and_Her_Refugees-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greece_and_Her_Refugees_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland1926" class="citation journal cs1">Howland, Charles P. (July 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68710/charles-p-howland/greece-and-her-refugees">"Greece and Her Refugees"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>4</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/The_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Council on Foreign Relations">The Council on Foreign Relations</a>: 613–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20028488">10.2307/20028488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028488">20028488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Greece+and+Her+Refugees&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-623&rft.date=1926-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20028488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20028488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F68710%2Fcharles-p-howland%2Fgreece-and-her-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201269-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201269_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201294–96-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201294–96_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 94–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperos_Vryonis2000" class="citation book cs1">Speros Vryonis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYppAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Great Catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna--September 1922; Constantinople-September 6–7, 1955</i></a>. Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle. <q>In effect this set off the beginning of the persecution of the Greek communities of Asia Minor, an event gradually spread from the Aegean Turkish coast, inland to Pontos and to Cappadocia and Cilicia in the south</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Catastrophes%3A+Asia+Minor%2FSmyrna--September+1922%3B+Constantinople-September+6%E2%80%937%2C+1955&rft.pub=Order+of+Saint+Andrew+the+Apostle&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Speros+Vryonis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article151010960">"Turkey. Massacre of Christians at Trebizond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maryborough_Chronicle,_Wide_Bay_and_Burnett_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser">Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser</a></i>. No. 12, 956. Queensland, Australia. 25 November 1914. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryborough+Chronicle%2C+Wide+Bay+and+Burnett+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Turkey.+Massacre+of+Christians+at+Trebizond&rft.issue=12%2C+956&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1914-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article151010960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201297-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201297_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam201299_f-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam201299_f_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 99 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012100_f-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012100_f_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 100 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012102–4-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012102–4_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 102–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian200940-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian200940_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvedian2009">Avedian 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERendel1922-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendel1922_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendel1922">Rendel 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1919326-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1919326_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgenthau1919">Morgenthau 1919</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012105_f-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012105_f_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 105 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012109_f-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012109_f_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 109 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_f-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012111_f_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 111 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2004146-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2004146_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2004">Akçam 2004</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012112-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012112_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113–116-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012113–116_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 113–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012116–119-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012116–119_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, pp. 116–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvedian200947-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvedian200947_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvedian2009">Avedian 2009</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMidlarsky2005">Midlarsky 2005</a>, pp. 342–343: "Many (Greeks), however, were massacred by the Turks, especially at Smyrna (today's İzmir) as the Greek army withdrew at the end of their headlong retreat from central Anatolia at the end of the Greco-Turkish War. Especially poorly treated were the Pontic Greeks in eastern Anatolia on the Black Sea. In 1920, as the Greek army advanced, many were deported to the Mesopotamian desert as had been the Armenians before them. Nevertheless, approximately 1,200,000 Ottoman Greek refugees arrived in Greece at the end of the war. When one adds to the total the Greeks of Constantinople who, by agreement, were not forced to flee, then the total number comes closer to the 1,500,000 Greeks in Anatolia and Thrace. Here, a strong distinction between intention and action is found. According to the Austrian consul at Amisos, Kwiatkowski, in his November 30, 1916, report to foreign minister Baron Burian: 'on 26 November Rafet Bey told me: "we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians..." on 28 November Rafet Bey told me: "today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight." I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year.' Or according to a January 31, 1917, report by Chancellor Hollweg of Austria: the indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger, and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks. Massacres most likely did take place at Amisos and other villages in Pontus. Yet given the large number of surviving Greeks, especially relative to the small number of Armenian survivors, the massacres apparently were restricted to Pontus, Smyrna, and selected other 'sensitive' regions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgtzidis1992164–165-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgtzidis1992164–165_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgtzidis1992">Agtzidis 1992</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010227–232-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010227–232_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorganopoulos2010">Georganopoulos 2010</a>, pp. 227–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010245–247-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorganopoulos2010245–247_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorganopoulos2010">Georganopoulos 2010</a>, pp. 245–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarianaLetiziaSaverio2014" class="citation book cs1">Mariana, Correia; Letizia, Dipasquale; Saverio, Mecca (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84PCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>VERSUS: Heritage for Tomorrow</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Firenze_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Firenze University Press">Firenze University Press</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788866557418" title="Special:BookSources/9788866557418"><bdi>9788866557418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VERSUS%3A+Heritage+for+Tomorrow&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Firenze+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788866557418&rft.aulast=Mariana&rft.aufirst=Correia&rft.au=Letizia%2C+Dipasquale&rft.au=Saverio%2C+Mecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84PCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumanis2013" class="citation book cs1">Doumanis, Nicholas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKtgGZYim-gC&pg=PA158"><i>Before the Nation: Muslim-Christian Coexistence and Its Destruction in Late-Ottoman Anatolia</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199547043" title="Special:BookSources/9780199547043"><bdi>9780199547043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Nation%3A+Muslim-Christian+Coexistence+and+Its+Destruction+in+Late-Ottoman+Anatolia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199547043&rft.aulast=Doumanis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKtgGZYim-gC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HofmannYalova-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HofmannYalova_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HofmannYalova_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmann, Tessa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22515869">"Yalova/Nicomedia 1920/1921. Massacres and Inter- Ethnic Conflict in a Failing State"</a>. <i>Institut für Diaspora- und Genozidforschung</i>: 3–5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Diaspora-+und+Genozidforschung&rft.atitle=Yalova%2FNicomedia+1920%2F1921.+Massacres+and+Inter-+Ethnic+Conflict+in+a+Failing+State&rft.pages=3-5&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F22515869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (1996). <i>Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die Türkische Nationalbewegung</i> [<i>Armenia and the Genocide: The Istanbul Trials and the Turkish National Movement</i>] (in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenien+und+der+V%C3%B6lkermord%3A+Die+Istanbuler+Prozesse+und+die+T%C3%BCrkische+Nationalbewegung&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Hamburger+Edition&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922270-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922270_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToynbee1922">Toynbee 1922</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rummel-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rummel_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rummel_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, R.J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">"Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, and Sources"</a>. <i>Statistics of Democide</i>. University of Hawaiʻi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%2C+Statistics+of+Turkey%27s+Democide+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+and+Sources&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Democide&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA322_322]_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2007">Akçam 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-etxMiFnkXAC&pg=PA322">322</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph_J._Rummel_1994_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph J.</a> (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". <i>Death by Government</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Genocidal+Purges&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-927-6&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC"><i>Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in 20th century Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00994-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00994-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+hatred%3A+Ethnic+cleansing+in+20th+century+Europe&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00994-3&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-QLXnX16kAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922312–313-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToynbee1922312–313_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToynbee1922">Toynbee 1922</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlamides2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hlamides, Nikolaos (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss3/9">"The Greek Relief Committee: America's Response to the Greek Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 375–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsp.3.3.375">10.3138/gsp.3.3.375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Relief+Committee%3A+America%27s+Response+to+the+Greek+Genocide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-383&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsp.3.3.375&rft.aulast=Hlamides&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol3%2Fiss3%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIHG-Aftermath-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIHG-Aftermath_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIHG-Aftermath_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624063538/http://www.aihgs.com/Aftermath.htm">"The Genocide and Its Aftermath"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihgs.com/Aftermath.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+and+Its+Aftermath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihgs.com%2FAftermath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTarchives-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTarchives_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=&srchst=p&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980&submit.x=0&submit.y=0"><i>The New York Times</i></a> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIHG-NYT-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIHG-NYT_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwoodO'Brien" class="citation web cs1">Westwood, Alexander; O'Brien, Darren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm">"Selected bylines and letters from <i>The New York Times</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+bylines+and+letters+from+The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aihgs.com%2FNew%2520York%2520Times.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihgs.com/">The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a>, 2006 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OtherNews-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OtherNews_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kateb, Vahe Georges (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710075144/http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/uploads/approved/adt-NWU20050117.121611/public/02Whole.pdf">Australian Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide 1915–1923</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>, Graduate School of Journalism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Morgenthau Calls for Check on Turks", <i>The New York Times</i>, p. 3, 5 September 1922</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morgenthau+Calls+for+Check+on+Turks&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1922-09-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1918[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzkRCZ2JnowcCdqitwasprobablyforthereasonthatthecivilizedworlddidnotpgPA201_201]-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthau1918[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzkRCZ2JnowcCdqitwasprobablyforthereasonthatthecivilizedworlddidnotpgPA201_201]_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgenthau1918">Morgenthau 1918</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkRCZ2JnowcC&dq=it+was+probably+for+the+reason+that+the+civilized+world+did+not&pg=PA201">201</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKırlı2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kırlı, Biray Kolluoğlu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://levantineheritage.com/pdf/Forgetting_the_Smyrna_Fire-Biray_Kolluoglu_Kirli.pdf">"Forgetting the Smyrna Fire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Workshop_Journal" title="History Workshop Journal">History Workshop Journal</a></i>. <b>60</b> (60): 25–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi005">10.1093/hwj/dbi005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131159279">131159279</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Forgetting+the+Smyrna+Fire&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=25-44&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131159279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1rl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Biray+Kolluo%C4%9Flu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flevantineheritage.com%2Fpdf%2FForgetting_the_Smyrna_Fire-Biray_Kolluoglu_Kirli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoessel2001" class="citation book cs1">Roessel, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3L_icA5UEEC&pg=327"><i>In Byron's Shadow : Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination: Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 327–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198032908" title="Special:BookSources/9780198032908"><bdi>9780198032908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Byron%27s+Shadow+%3A+Modern+Greece+in+the+English+and+American+Imagination%3A+Modern+Greece+in+the+English+and+American+Imagination&rft.pages=327-328&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780198032908&rft.aulast=Roessel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3L_icA5UEEC%26pg%3D327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzanski1960" class="citation book cs1">Buzanski, Peter Michael (1960). <i>Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish-American Relations, 1919–1922</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Mark+L.+Bristol+and+Turkish-American+Relations%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Buzanski&rft.aufirst=Peter+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton1926267-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton1926267_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorton1926">Horton 1926</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarketos2006" class="citation web cs1">Marketos, James L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709140054/http://ahiworld.org/pdfs/George_Horton_remarks.pdf">"George Horton: An American Witness in Smyrna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AHI World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahiworld.org/pdfs/George_Horton_remarks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Horton%3A+An+American+Witness+in+Smyrna&rft.pub=AHI+World&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Marketos&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahiworld.org%2Fpdfs%2FGeorge_Horton_remarks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenk2012" class="citation book cs1">Shenk, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y72rtTlfGgAC"><i>America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919–1923</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612510538" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612510538"><bdi>978-1612510538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Black+Sea+Fleet%3A+The+U.S.+Navy+Amidst+War+and+Revolution%2C+1919%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1612510538&rft.aulast=Shenk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY72rtTlfGgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naimark47-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naimark47_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (2002). <i>Fires of hatred: ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&dq=atrocities+against+turks+occupation&pg=PA46">47–52</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+hatred%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+twentieth-century+Europe&rft.pages=47-52&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Year_Genocide" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide"><i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010150–51-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010150–51_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, pp. 150–51: "By the beginning of the First World War, a majority of the region's ethnic Greeks still lived in present-day Turkey, mostly in Thrace (the only remaining Ottoman territory in Europe, abutting the Greek border), and along the Aegean and Black Sea coasts. They would be targeted both prior to and alongside the Armenians of Anatolia and Assyrians of Anatolia and Mesopotamia ... The major populations of 'Anatolian Greeks' include those along the Aegean coast and in Cappadocia (central Anatolia), but not the Greeks of the Thrace region west of the Bosphorus ... A 'Christian genocide' framing acknowledges the historic claims of Assyrian and Greek peoples, and the movements now stirring for recognition and restitution among Greek and Assyrian diasporas. It also brings to light the quite staggering cumulative death toll among the various Christian groups targeted ... of the 1.5 million Greeks of Asia minor – Ionians, Pontians, and Cappadocians – approximately 750,000 were massacred and 750,000 exiled. Pontian deaths alone totaled 353,000."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, R. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">"Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, and Sources"</a>. <i>Statistics of Democide</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB5.1A.GIF">Table 5.1A</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB5.1B.GIF">Table 5.1B</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.TAB10.2.GIF">Table 10.2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%2C+Statistics+of+Turkey%27s+Democide+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+and+Sources&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Democide&rft.pages=Table+5.1A%2C+Table+5.1B%2C+Table+10.2&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span><blockquote><p>"Not only did the Turks murder Armenians, but Greeks as well. Estimates of this are far fewer (lines 201 to 203), but we do have assessments of those deported (lines 193 to 197) from which to calculate the possible toll (line 198). The actual percentages from which I make this calculation reflect the relevant historical bits and pieces in the sources. Combining this calculation and the sum of the estimates (line 204) suggest a likely genocide of 84,000 Greeks."</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>"In the table I next list partial estimates (lines 367 to 374) for the genocide of the Greek. There is one calculation of Turkey's Anatolian (Asia Minor) Greek population deficit during 1912 to 1922, taking into account emigration and deportation from Turkey (line 378). Subtracting from this the WWI Greek genocide I calculated from previous totals (line 379), I get the range of post-WWI losses shown (line 380). This then provides an alternative to the sum of the specific mortality estimates (line 381). From these alternative ranges I calculated a final Greek genocide for this period in the usual way (line 382). Most probably, the Nationalists Turks murdered 264,000 Greeks;"</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20052-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20052_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatzidimitriou2005">Hatzidimitriou 2005</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010150-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010150_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierstadt192467-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierstadt192467_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBierstadt1924">Bierstadt 1924</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA107_107]-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-etxMiFnkXACpgPA107_107]_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2007">Akçam 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-etxMiFnkXAC&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010166-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010166_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 166: "An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period. Most surviving Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the tumultuous 'population exchanges' that set the seal on a heavily 'Turkified' state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2004124-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2004124_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2004">Peterson 2004</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValavanis192524-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValavanis192524_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValavanis1925">Valavanis 1925</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotiadis2015" class="citation book cs1">Fotiadis, Konstantinos (2015). <i>The Genocide of the Pontian Greeks</i>. Thessaloniki: K. & M. Antonis Stamoulis Publications. pp. 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Pontian+Greeks&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=K.+%26+M.+Antonis+Stamoulis+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fotiadis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/sevres1.html">"Treaty of Sevres, 1920"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Sevres%2C+1920&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fversa%2Fsevres1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMbiedpEFzbYCdqgenocide2BgreekpgPA63_62–63]-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassiouni1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMbiedpEFzbYCdqgenocide2BgreekpgPA63_62–63]_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassiouni1999">Bassiouni 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbiedpEFzbYC&dq=genocide+%2Bgreek&pg=PA63">62–63</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geniki Statistiki Ypiresia tis Ellados (Statistical Annual of Greece), <i>Statistia apotelesmata tis apografis sou plithysmou tis Ellados tis 15–16 Maiou 1928</i>, pg.41. Athens: National Printing Office, 1930. Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontogiorgi2006" class="citation book cs1">Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth (17 August 2006). <i>Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia: The Forced Settlement of Refugees 1922–1930</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 96, footnote 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927896-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Exchange+in+Greek+Macedonia%3A+The+Forced+Settlement+of+Refugees+1922%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=96%2C+footnote+56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927896-1&rft.aulast=Kontogiorgi&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscherson1995185-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscherson1995185_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscherson1995">Ascherson 1995</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofosÖzkirimli2008" class="citation book cs1">Sofos, Spyros A.; <a href="/wiki/Umut_%C3%96zkirimli" class="mw-redirect" title="Umut Özkirimli">Özkirimli, Umut</a> (2008). <i>Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey</i>. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-899-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-899-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-899-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+by+History%3A+Nationalism+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-899-3&rft.aulast=Sofos&rft.aufirst=Spyros+A.&rft.au=%C3%96zkirimli%2C+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/23/archives/yarn-of-a-cargo-of-human-bones.html">"Yarn of a Cargo of Human Bones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 December 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yarn+of+a+Cargo+of+Human+Bones&rft.date=1924-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F12%2F23%2Farchives%2Fyarn-of-a-cargo-of-human-bones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Zayas,_Alfred-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Zayas,_Alfred_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Zayas2007" class="citation journal cs1">de Zayas, Alfred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1206&context=gsp">"The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2/4). <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a>: 137–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Istanbul+Pogrom+of+6%E2%80%937+September+1955+in+the+Light+of+International+Law&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2%2F4&rft.pages=137-154&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=de+Zayas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1206%26context%3Dgsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVryonis2000" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis, Speros (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYppAAAAMAAJ"><i>The great catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna--September 1922; Constantinople—September 6&7, 1955 : a lecture</i></a>. Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle. p. 5. <q>It is remarkable to what degree the Orthodox hierarchs and clergy shared the fate of the people and were martyred. According to statistics of the church, of the 459 bishops, metropolitans and clergy of the metropolitanate of Smyrna, some 347 were murdered in an atrocious manner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+catastrophes%3A+Asia+Minor%2FSmyrna--September+1922%3B+Constantinople%E2%80%94September+6%267%2C+1955+%3A+a+lecture&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Order+of+Saint+Andrew+the+Apostle&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vryonis&rft.aufirst=Speros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcdonnellMoses2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mcdonnell, M. A.; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. D.</a> (December 2005). "Raphael Lemkin as historian of genocide in the Americas". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): 501–529. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.496.7975">10.1.1.496.7975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500349951">10.1080/14623520500349951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72663247">72663247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+as+historian+of+genocide+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-529&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.496.7975%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72663247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500349951&rft.aulast=Mcdonnell&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Moses%2C+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Genocide", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 26 August 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20051-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatzidimitriou20051_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatzidimitriou2005">Hatzidimitriou 2005</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravis2009659–660_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTravis2009">Travis 2009</a>, pp. 659–660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Bruce (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA112"><i>Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsion that Forged Modern Greece and Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 112–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023680" title="Special:BookSources/9780674023680"><bdi>9780674023680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice+a+Stranger%3A+The+Mass+Expulsion+that+Forged+Modern+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=112-114&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674023680&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVZ3sLBEPEcC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118231442/http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf">"International Genocide Scholars Association officially recognises Assyrian, Greek Genocides"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). IAGS. 16 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Genocide+Scholars+Association+officially+recognises+Assyrian%2C+Greek+Genocides&rft.pub=IAGS&rft.date=2007-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org%2Fimages%2FPRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20071215131949.htm">"International Genocide Scholars Association officially recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_International_News_Agency" title="Assyrian International News Agency">Assyrian International News Agency</a>. 15 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Genocide+Scholars+Association+officially+recognizes+Assyrian%2C+Greek+Genocides&rft.date=2007-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20071215131949.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Sj%C3%B6berg_(historian)" title="Erik Sjöberg (historian)">Sjöberg, Erik</a> (2011). <i>Battlefields of Memory: The Macedonian Conflict and Greek Historical Culture</i>. Umeå Studies in History and Education. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a>. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battlefields+of+Memory%3A+The+Macedonian+Conflict+and+Greek+Historical+Culture&rft.series=Ume%C3%A5+Studies+in+History+and+Education&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Ume%C3%A5+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012123-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam2012123_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkçam2012">Akçam 2012</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmann, Tessa (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/690">"The Genocide against the Ottoman Armenians: German Diplomatic Correspondence and Eyewitness Testimonies"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Studies_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Studies International (page does not exist)">Genocide Studies International</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 22–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.03">10.3138/gsi.9.1.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152834321">152834321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+against+the+Ottoman+Armenians%3A+German+Diplomatic+Correspondence+and+Eyewitness+Testimonies&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-60&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152834321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournal%2F690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg20164-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjöberg20164_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjöberg2016">Sjöberg 2016</a>, p. 4: "=Meanwhile, despite the predictable Turkish efforts to discredit it, Greek mainstream historians, educators and influential commentators oppose this claim as founded upon "ahistorical and anti-scientific opinion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitroeff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kitroeff, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historicalReview/article/view/4114/3893">"The Genocide of the Ottoman Greeks"</a>. <i>The Historical Review / La Revue Historique</i>. <b>11</b>: 201–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.338">10.12681/hr.338</a></span>. <q>There is also an institutional split, with those disputing the usefulness of the term genocide belonging to the mainstream of the historical profession in Greece. As its title suggests, this volume falls clearly on the side of those who wish to affirm that genocide was committed against the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire between 1912 and 1922. The publisher, Aristide Caratzas, summarizes the purpose of this book in a prefatory note: "The efforts to eliminate the Greeks, the Armenians and the Assyrians, peoples whose biological presence in that geographic space goes back millennia before recorded history, are integral to the process that led to the creation of what became the modern Turkish Republic. The predatory methods used, and indeed what may be called a policy of effective physical elimination of populations, as well as of the cultural traces of their presence in areas they inhabited, bespeak of planning at the highest levels of government and its systematic implementation." Further on he adds, "Greek scholars, with some significant exceptions, have been less active in researching the subject of the violent elimination of the Greek presence in Asia Minor and eastern Thrace, which spanned three millennia. The avoidance of the subject of the genocide by many mainline academics in Greece is a convergence of factors, which range from governmental reticence to criticize Turkey to spilling over into the academic world, to ideological currents promoting a diffuse internationalism cultivated by a network of NGOs, often supported by western governments and western interests." Then he concludes: "This volume represents a kind of scholarly opening statement to an international audience on the subject of the extermination or expulsion of Ottoman Greeks, as part of the genocide of the Christians of Asia Minor." (pp. ix-x) Thus, this book has a dual purpose, to present information that highlights the extent of the massacres suffered by the Greeks, and to argue that the massacres qualify as a genocide and, also, to implicitly criticize those who do not agree with this perspective.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Review+%2F+La+Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Ottoman+Greeks&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=201-202&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fhr.338&rft.aulast=Kitroeff&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2FhistoricalReview%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4114%2F3893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenBartrop2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul Robert</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_02aVgTaFDYC&pg=PA337"><i>Dictionary of Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32967-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32967-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Genocide&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32967-8&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Bartrop%2C+Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_02aVgTaFDYC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZe'eviMorris2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (4 November 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2021-11-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/then-came-the-chance-the-turks-have-been-waiting-for-to-get-rid-of-christians/0000017f-f0ac-da6f-a77f-f8ae1c9c0000">"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Then+Came+the+Chance+the+Turks+Have+Been+Waiting+For%3A+To+Get+Rid+of+Christians+Once+and+for+All&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Ze%27evi&rft.aufirst=Dror&rft.au=Morris%2C+Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2F2021-11-04%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fthen-came-the-chance-the-turks-have-been-waiting-for-to-get-rid-of-christians%2F0000017f-f0ac-da6f-a77f-f8ae1c9c0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostópoulos2007266–267-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostópoulos2007266–267_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKostópoulos2007">Kostópoulos 2007</a>, pp. 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekklisiaonline.gr/nea/o-kilkisiou-vartholomeos-gia-tin-ekdimia-tou-teos-ypourgou-g-daskalaki/">"Kilkisiou Bartholomeos on the resignation of former Minister G. Daskalakis"</a>. <i>Ekklisia Online</i> (in Greek). 16 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ekklisia+Online&rft.atitle=Kilkisiou+Bartholomeos+on+the+resignation+of+former+Minister+G.+Daskalakis&rft.date=2022-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekklisiaonline.gr%2Fnea%2Fo-kilkisiou-vartholomeos-gia-tin-ekdimia-tou-teos-ypourgou-g-daskalaki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a> (13 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701033913/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/athens-and-ankara-at-odds-over-genocide-691559.html">"Athens and Ankara at odds over genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/athens-and-ankara-at-odds-over-genocide-691559.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Athens+and+Ankara+at+odds+over+genocide&rft.date=2001-02-13&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fathens-and-ankara-at-odds-over-genocide-691559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsibiridou2009" class="citation book cs1">Tsibiridou, Fotini (2009). "Writing about Turks and Powerful Others: Journalistic Heteroglossia in Western Thrace". In Theodossopoulos, Dimitrios (ed.). <i>When Greeks Think About Turks: The View from Anthropology</i>. Routledge. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+about+Turks+and+Powerful+Others%3A+Journalistic+Heteroglossia+in+Western+Thrace&rft.btitle=When+Greeks+Think+About+Turks%3A+The+View+from+Anthropology&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tsibiridou&rft.aufirst=Fotini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabelias2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karabelias, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ardin.gr/?q=node/1285">"Katastrofí í Genoktonía" <bdi lang="el">Καταστροφή ή Γενοκτονία</bdi></a> [Catastrophe or Genocide?]. <i>Άρδην [Arden]</i> (in Greek) (38–39). <q>Kai eán i Kyvérnisi gia lógous politikís skopimótitas tha aposýrei to P.D., i Aristerá tha analávei, ópos pánta, na prosférei ta ideologiká ópla tou polémou. O Ángelos Elefántis tha grápsei sto ídio téfchos ton Néon pos den ypárchei kanénas lógos na anagoréfsome tin 14 Septemvríou tou 1922 oúte kan se iméra ethnikís mnímis.</q> <bdi lang="el">Και εάν η Κυβέρνηση για λόγους πολιτικής σκοπιμότητας θα αποσύρει το Π.Δ., η Αριστερά θα αναλάβει, όπως πάντα, να προσφέρει τα ιδεολογικά όπλα του πολέμου. Ο Άγγελος Ελεφάντης θα γράψει στο ίδιο τεύχος των Νέων πως δεν υπάρχει κανένας λόγος να αναγορεύσομε την 14 Σεπτεμβρίου του 1922 ούτε καν σε ημέρα εθνικής μνήμης.</bdi> [And while the Government for the sake of political expediency withdraws the Presidential Decree, the Left undertakes, as always, to offer the ideological weapons for this war. Angelos Elefantis writes in the same page of the NEA newspaper (24 Feb. 2001) that there is no reason to proclaim 14 September of 1922 not even to a day of national memory.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BD+%5BArden%5D&rft.atitle=Katastrof%C3%AD+%C3%AD+Genokton%C3%ADa+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE+%CE%AE+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.issue=38%E2%80%9339&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Karabelias&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardin.gr%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F1285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5093265&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91">Pontic Genocide, Responsible is the imperialistic opportunism, 20 May 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=5660070&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91">Day in Memory of the Pontic Greeks Genocide. The poor in the center of powerful confrontations. 20 May 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrizospastis.gr_–_Synchroni_Epochi2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">rizospastis.gr – Synchroni Epochi (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.rizospastis.gr/story.do?id=4554792&textCriteriaClause=%2B%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Oi laoí prépei na thymoúntai" – POLITIKI – RIZOSPASTIS" <bdi lang="el">"Οι λαοί πρέπει να θυμούνται" – ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ – ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ</bdi></a> ["The people must remember" – POLITICS – RADICAL]. <i>ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motion+2008%2F09%3AU332+Genocide+of+Armenians%2C+Assyrians%2FSyriacs%2FChaldeans+and+Pontiac+Greeks+in+1915&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Riksdag&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friksdagen.se%2Ftemplates%2FR_PageExtended____21484.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/158131/">"Fred Nile: Genocide motion not against modern State of Turkey"</a>. <i>PanARMENIAN.Net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PanARMENIAN.Net&rft.atitle=Fred+Nile%3A+Genocide+motion+not+against+modern+State+of+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarmenian.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2F158131%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/798768">"Adoption of declaration to certify Armenia recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocides: Eduard Sharmanazov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenpress" title="Armenpress">Armenpress</a>. 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adoption+of+declaration+to+certify+Armenia+recognizes+Greek+and+Assyrian+genocides%3A+Eduard+Sharmanazov&rft.pub=Armenpress&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F798768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.greekreporter.com/2015/04/11/dutch-parliament-recognizes-greek-assyrian-and-armenian-genocide/">"Dutch Parliament Recognizes Greek, Assyrian and Armenian Genocide"</a>. Greek Reporter. 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dutch+Parliament+Recognizes+Greek%2C+Assyrian+and+Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=2015-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.greekreporter.com%2F2015%2F04%2F11%2Fdutch-parliament-recognizes-greek-assyrian-and-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20150422150043.htm">"Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian, Assyrian, Greek Genocide"</a>. Assyrian International News Agency. 22 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austrian+Parliament+Recognizes+Armenian%2C+Assyrian%2C+Greek+Genocide&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20150422150043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotiadis2004-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotiadis2004_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotiadis2004">Fotiadis 2004</a>: As summarized by Theophanis Malkidis in his presentation of the 14th volume of Fodiadis' work on the Greek Genocide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emvolos.gr/%ce%b7-%ce%b3%ce%b5%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%ba%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%84%cf%89%ce%bd-%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%ae%ce%bd%cf%89%ce%bd-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85-%cf%80%cf%8c%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%ba%ce%b1/">"I genoktonía ton Ellínon tou Póntou kai i genoktonías tis mnímis – Istorikí anadromí kai ektimíseis" <bdi lang="el">Η γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου και η γενοκτονίας της μνήμης – Ιστορική αναδρομή και εκτιμήσεις</bdi></a> [The Genocide of the Pontic Greeks and the Genocide of Memory – Historical Review and Assessments]. <i>Έμβολος</i> (in Greek). 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.atitle=I+genokton%C3%ADa+ton+Ell%C3%ADnon+tou+P%C3%B3ntou+kai+i+genokton%C3%ADas+tis+mn%C3%ADmis+%E2%80%93+Istorik%C3%AD+anadrom%C3%AD+kai+ektim%C3%ADseis+%CE%97+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femvolos.gr%2F%25ce%25b7-%25ce%25b3%25ce%25b5%25ce%25bd%25ce%25bf%25ce%25ba%25cf%2584%25ce%25bf%25ce%25bd%25ce%25af%25ce%25b1-%25cf%2584%25cf%2589%25ce%25bd-%25ce%25b5%25ce%25bb%25ce%25bb%25ce%25ae%25ce%25bd%25cf%2589%25ce%25bd-%25cf%2584%25ce%25bf%25cf%2585-%25cf%2580%25cf%258c%25ce%25bd%25cf%2584%25ce%25bf%25cf%2585-%25ce%25ba%25ce%25b1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatz2003-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatz2003_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Tatz, Colin Martin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13"><i>With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9"><bdi>978-1-85984-550-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Turkey, still struggling to achieve its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East, does everything possible to deny its genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontian Greeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Intent+to+Destroy%3A+Reflections+on+Genocide&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-550-9&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhCffgX1NPIC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanWhite2006" class="citation cs2">Coleman, Elizabeth Burns; White, Kevin (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/whole-book1.pdf"><i>Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ANU E Press, pp. 82–83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1920942472" title="Special:BookSources/978-1920942472"><bdi>978-1920942472</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+the+Sacred%3A+Blasphemy+and+Sacrilege+in+a+Multicultural+Society&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1920942472&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Burns&rft.au=White%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F03%2Fwhole-book1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014153–155-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014153–155_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>, pp. 153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraveli2018" class="citation book cs1">Karaveli, Halil Magnus (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1nth9s"><i>Why Turkey is authoritarian: from Atatürk to Erdoğan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1nth9s">10.2307/j.ctv1nth9s</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-266-8"><bdi>978-1-78680-266-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1nth9s">j.ctv1nth9s</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158405214">158405214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Turkey+is+authoritarian%3A+from+Atat%C3%BCrk+to+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1nth9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158405214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1nth9s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-78680-266-8&rft.aulast=Karaveli&rft.aufirst=Halil+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1nth9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014145-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014145_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>, p. 145: "Atatürk and the New Turkey were constant reference points for the Nazis as part of their own biography, as an example of the perfect Führer story, and as examples of völkisch "good practice" in a variety of aspects</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014207-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014207_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>, p. 207: "The vast discussion of the Turkish role model and the New Turkey in the Third Reich media and publications means that the Third Reich had, at least implicitly, continually highlighted the "benefits" of "ethnic cleansing" and genocide."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangbehnSalama2011" class="citation book cs1">Langbehn, Volker Max; Salama, Mohammad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxRgOxY3bbsC&pg=PA137"><i>German Colonialism: Race, the Holocaust, and Postwar Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14973-0"><bdi>978-0-231-14973-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Colonialism%3A+Race%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+Postwar+Germany&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14973-0&rft.aulast=Langbehn&rft.aufirst=Volker+Max&rft.au=Salama%2C+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxRgOxY3bbsC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig201471-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig201471_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>, p. 71: "Just a few days later, on December 16, 1920, the very day the paper was bought by the NSDAP, the Völkischer Beobachter did a complete turnaround and admiringly called Atatürk's movement "the Turkish nationalists." Now that it had become the official Nazi party paper, its general interpretation was to change fundamentally. On January 1, 1921, it featured the headline "Heroic Turkey."21 Barely a month later the paper featured an article with the headline "Turkey— The Role Model" (or "The Pioneer," Der Vorkämpfer). The Völkischer Beobachter exclaimed: "Today the Turks are the most youthful nation. The German nation will one day have no other choice but to resort to Turkish methods as well."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014183–184-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIhrig2014183–184_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIhrig2014">Ihrig 2014</a>, pp. 183–184: "The minority problem in Anatolia was solved in a very simple fashion... "Only through the annihilation of the Greek and the Armenian tribes in Anatolia was the creation of a Turkish national state and the formation of an unflawed Turkish body of society within one state possible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006122805/http://pontosworld.com/index.php/genocide/monuments">"Greek Genocide Memorials"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontosworld.com/index.php/genocide/monuments">the original</a> on 6 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Genocide+Memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fgenocide%2Fmonuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817173829/http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/image/monuments">"Greek Genocide Monuments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/image/monuments">the original</a> on 17 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Genocide+Monuments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-genocide.net%2Findex.php%2Fimage%2Fmonuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pontos-news.gr/article/128080/synenteyxi-i-sano-halo-i-giagia-ton-pontion-mesa-apo-ta-matia-tis-thia-halo">"Synéntefxi: I Sáno Chálo, i "Giagiá ton Pontíon", mésa apó ta mátia tis Thía Chálo" <bdi lang="el">Συνέντευξη: Η Σάνο Χάλο, η "Γιαγιά των Ποντίων", μέσα από τα μάτια της Θία Χάλο</bdi></a> [Interview: Sano Halo, the "Grandmother of the Pontians", through the eyes of Aunt Halo] (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syn%C3%A9ntefxi%3A+I+S%C3%A1no+Ch%C3%A1lo%2C+i+%22Giagi%C3%A1+ton+Pont%C3%ADon%22%2C+m%C3%A9sa+ap%C3%B3+ta+m%C3%A1tia+tis+Th%C3%ADa+Ch%C3%A1lo+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7%3A+%CE%97+%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF+%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%2C+%CE%B7+%22%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD%22%2C+%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%98%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pontos-news.gr%2Farticle%2F128080%2Fsynenteyxi-i-sano-halo-i-giagia-ton-pontion-mesa-apo-ta-matia-tis-thia-halo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2014/05/04/obituary-sano-themia-halo-1909-2014/">"Obituary: Sano Themia Halo (1909–2014)"</a>. 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary%3A+Sano+Themia+Halo+%281909%E2%80%932014%29&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2014%2F05%2F04%2Fobituary-sano-themia-halo-1909-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges2000" class="citation news cs1">Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425190228/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html">"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/17/nyregion/a-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Few+Words+in+Greek+Tell+of+a+Homeland+Lost&rft.date=2000-09-17&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F09%2F17%2Fnyregion%2Fa-few-words-in-greek-tell-of-a-homeland-lost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924013905/http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/281-to-noumero-31328">"The Number 31328: The Book of Slavery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/281-to-noumero-31328">the original</a> on 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Number+31328%3A+The+Book+of+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-genocide.net%2Findex.php%2Fbibliography%2Fbooks%2F281-to-noumero-31328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAINA2015a" class="citation web cs1">AINA (2015a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20150422150043.htm">"Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian, Assyrian, Greek Genocide"</a>. aina.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austrian+Parliament+Recognizes+Armenian%2C+Assyrian%2C+Greek+Genocide&rft.pub=aina.org&rft.date=2015&rft.au=AINA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20150422150043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAINA2015b" class="citation web cs1">AINA (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20150410044601.htm">"Dutch Parliament Recognizes Assyrian, Greek and Armenian Genocide"</a>. aina.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Parliament+Recognizes+Assyrian%2C+Greek+and+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=aina.org&rft.date=2015&rft.au=AINA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20150410044601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmenpress2015" class="citation web cs1">Armenpress (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/798768">"Adoption of declaration to certify that Armenia recognizes Greek and Assyrian genocide: Eduard Sharmazanov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenpress" title="Armenpress">Armenpress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adoption+of+declaration+to+certify+that+Armenia+recognizes+Greek+and+Assyrian+genocide%3A+Eduard+Sharmazanov&rft.pub=Armenpress&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Armenpress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F798768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Greeks</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_accounts_2">Contemporary accounts</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton1926" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Horton" title="George Horton">Horton, George</a> (1926), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/"><i>The Blight of Asia</i></a>, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blight+of+Asia&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fdocs%2FHorton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1922" class="citation cs2">King, William C (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801073622/http://www.greek-genocide.org/article_1500000_greek_christians.html"><i>Complete History of the World War: Visualizing the Great Conflict in all Theaters of Action 1914–1918</i></a>, Massachusetts, United States: The History Associates, archived from the original on 1 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+History+of+the+World+War%3A+Visualizing+the+Great+Conflict+in+all+Theaters+of+Action+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Massachusetts%2C+United+States&rft.pub=The+History+Associates&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=William+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-genocide.org%2Farticle_1500000_greek_christians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1918" class="citation cs2">Morgenthau, Henry sr (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124114426/http://www.antibaro.gr/references/Ambassador_Morgenthau_Story_1918.pdf"><i>Ambassador Morgenthau's Story</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antibaro.gr/references/Ambassador_Morgenthau_Story_1918.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambassador+Morgenthau%27s+Story&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Co&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+sr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antibaro.gr%2Freferences%2FAmbassador_Morgenthau_Story_1918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1919" class="citation cs2">——— (1919) [1918], <i>Ambassador Morgenthau's Story</i>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambassador+Morgenthau%27s+Story&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Co&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+sr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriarchate_of_Constantinople1919" class="citation cs2">Patriarchate of Constantinople (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121170818/http://greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/258-persecution-of-the-greeks-in-turkey-1914-1918"><i>Persecution of the Greeks in Turkey</i></a>, Istanbul, Turkey: Greek Patriarchate, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/258-persecution-of-the-greeks-in-turkey-1914-1918">the original</a> on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+of+the+Greeks+in+Turkey&rft.place=Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.pub=Greek+Patriarchate&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Patriarchate+of+Constantinople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreek-genocide.net%2Findex.php%2Fbibliography%2Fbooks%2F258-persecution-of-the-greeks-in-turkey-1914-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persecutionofgre00consrich/page/n3/mode/2up">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendel1922" class="citation cs2">Rendel, G. W. (20 March 1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416110339/http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/252-memorandum-by-mr-rendel-on-turkish-massacres-and-persecutions-of-minorities-since-the-armistice"><i>Memorandum by Mr. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice</i></a> (memorandum), <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/bibliography/books/252-memorandum-by-mr-rendel-on-turkish-massacres-and-persecutions-of-minorities-since-the-armistice">the original</a> on 16 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorandum+by+Mr.+Rendel+on+Turkish+Massacres+and+Persecutions+of+Minorities+since+the+Armistice&rft.pub=British+Foreign+Office&rft.date=1922-03-20&rft.aulast=Rendel&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-genocide.net%2Findex.php%2Fbibliography%2Fbooks%2F252-memorandum-by-mr-rendel-on-turkish-massacres-and-persecutions-of-minorities-since-the-armistice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1922" class="citation cs2">Toynbee, Arnold J. (1922), <i>The Western question in Greece and Turkey: a study in the contact of civilisations</i>, Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+question+in+Greece+and+Turkey%3A+a+study+in+the+contact+of+civilisations&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValavanis1925" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valavanis, G. K. (1925), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108234007/http://pontosworld.com/index.php/books/greek/748-2013-08-28-00-01-03"><i>Sýnchronos Genikí Istoría tou Póntou</i> <bdi lang="el">Σύγχρονος Γενική Ιστορία του Πόντου</bdi></a> [<i>Contemporary General History of Pontus</i>] (in Greek), Athens: Pamprosfygiki, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontosworld.com/index.php/books/greek/748-2013-08-28-00-01-03">the original</a> on 8 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BDnchronos+Genik%C3%AD+Istor%C3%ADa+tou+P%C3%B3ntou+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Pamprosfygiki&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Valavanis&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fbooks%2Fgreek%2F748-2013-08-28-00-01-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2004). <i>From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Empire+to+Republic%3A+Turkish+Nationalism+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (21 August 2007). <a href="/wiki/A_Shameful_Act:_The_Armenian_Genocide_and_the_Question_of_Turkish_Responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility"><i>A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-3212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-3212-1"><bdi>978-1-4668-3212-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Question+of+Turkish+Responsibility&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-3212-1&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks%27_Crime_Against_Humanity:_The_Armenian_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire"><i>The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1st+Panhellenic+History+Congress&rft.atitle=I+prosp%C3%A1theia+s%C3%BDstasis+ellinik%C3%ADs+merarch%C3%ADas+Kafk%C3%A1sou+to+1917+kai+oi+l%C3%B3goi+tis+apotych%C3%ADas+tis+%CE%97+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%84%CE%BF+1917+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=227-251&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Georganopoulos&rft.aufirst=Evripidis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistsociety.web.auth.gr%2Fpraktika-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandris1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexandris, Alexis (1999). "The Greek census of Anatolia and Thrace (1910–1912): a contribution to Ottoman Historical Demography". In Gondicas, Dimitri; Issawi, Charles (eds.). <i>Ottoman Greeks in the age of nationalism: Politics, Economy and Society in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin. pp. 45–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+census+of+Anatolia+and+Thrace+%281910%E2%80%931912%29%3A+a+contribution+to+Ottoman+Historical+Demography&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Greeks+in+the+age+of+nationalism%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Society+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=45-76&rft.pub=Darwin&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Alexandris&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Ascherson, Neal</a> (1995), <i>Black Sea</i>, New York: Hill and Wang, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3043-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3043-8"><bdi>0-8090-3043-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8090-3043-8&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvedian2009" class="citation cs2">Avedian, Vahagn (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenica.org/material/master_thesis_vahagn_avedian.pdf"><i>The Armenian Genocide 1915: From a Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (unpublished master thesis paper), <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+1915%3A+From+a+Neutral+Small+State%27s+Perspective%3A+Sweden&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Avedian&rft.aufirst=Vahagn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenica.org%2Fmaterial%2Fmaster_thesis_vahagn_avedian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassiouni1999" class="citation book cs1">Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1999). <i>Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law</i>. The Hague: Kluwer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+Against+Humanity+in+International+Criminal+Law&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bassiouni&rft.aufirst=M.+Cherif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierstadt1924" class="citation book cs1">Bierstadt, Edward Hale (1924). <i>The Great Betrayal; A Survey of the Near East Problem</i>. New York: RM McBride & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Betrayal%3B+A+Survey+of+the+Near+East+Problem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=RM+McBride+%26+Co&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Bierstadt&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2005). <i>The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Game+of+Genocide%3A+Imperialism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Ottoman+Armenians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial"><i>The War of the World: Twentieth-century Conflict And the Descent of the West</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4"><bdi>978-1-59420-100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-century+Conflict+And+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-100-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofworldtwenti00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotiadis2004" class="citation book cs1">Fotiadis, Constantinos Emm (2004). <i>The Genocide of the Pontus Greeks by the Turks</i>. Volumes 13, 14. Thessaloniki: Herodotus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6180012729" title="Special:BookSources/978-6180012729"><bdi>978-6180012729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Pontus+Greeks+by+the+Turks&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.series=Volumes+13%2C+14&rft.pub=Herodotus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-6180012729&rft.aulast=Fotiadis&rft.aufirst=Constantinos+Emm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzidimitriou2005" class="citation book cs1">Hatzidimitriou, Constantine G. (2005). <i>American Accounts Documenting the Destruction of Smyrna by the Kemalist Turkish Forces: September 1922</i>. New Rochelle, NY: Caratzas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Accounts+Documenting+the+Destruction+of+Smyrna+by+the+Kemalist+Turkish+Forces%3A+September+1922&rft.place=New+Rochelle%2C+NY&rft.pub=Caratzas&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hatzidimitriou&rft.aufirst=Constantine+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulse2007" class="citation news cs1">Hulse, Carl (26 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/washington/26cong.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=todayspaper&adxnnlx=1218637709-3ZKHw2PW5e7+L2WSj2ViLg&oref=slogin">"U.S. and Turkey Thwart Armenian Genocide Bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Turkey+Thwart+Armenian+Genocide+Bill&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.aulast=Hulse&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2Fwashington%2F26cong.html%3F_r%3D1%26adxnnl%3D1%26ref%3Dtodayspaper%26adxnnlx%3D1218637709-3ZKHw2PW5e7%2BL2WSj2ViLg%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_V._Hull" title="Isabel V. Hull">Hull, Isabel V.</a> (2005). <i>Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany</i>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+Destruction%3A+Military+Culture+and+the+Practices+of+War+in+Imperial+Germany&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Isabel+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2014" class="citation book cs1">Ihrig, Stefan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_Q9BQAAQBAJ"><i>Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8"><bdi>978-0-674-36837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+in+the+Nazi+Imagination&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36837-8&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_Q9BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2006). <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">——— (2010) [2006]. <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48618-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48618-7"><bdi>978-0-415-48618-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48618-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010a" class="citation book cs1">——— (2010a) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a> (revised ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4"><bdi>978-0-203-84696-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672333335">672333335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672333335&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84696-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kBZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Karpat" title="Kemal Karpat">Karpat, Kemal</a> (1985). <i>Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics</i>. Madison: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madison_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madison University Press (page does not exist)">Madison University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Population%2C+1830%E2%80%931914%3A+Demographic+and+Social+Characteristics&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=Madison+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostópoulos2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kostópoulos, Tásos (2007). <i>Pólemos kai Ethnokátharsi: I xechasméni plevrá mias dekaetoús ethnikís exórmisis (1912-1922)</i> <bdi lang="el">Πόλεμος και Εθνοκάθαρση: Η ξεχασμένη πλευρά μιας δεκαετούς εθνικής εξόρμησης (1912-1922)</bdi> [<i>War and Ethnic Cleansing: The Forgotten Side of a Ten-Year National Expedition (1912-1922)</i>] (in Greek). Athens: Βιβλιόραμα.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%B3lemos+kai+Ethnok%C3%A1tharsi%3A+I+xechasm%C3%A9ni+plevr%C3%A1+mias+dekaeto%C3%BAs+ethnik%C3%ADs+ex%C3%B3rmisis+%281912-1922%29+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7%3A+%CE%97+%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC+%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82+%281912-1922%29&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kost%C3%B3poulos&rft.aufirst=T%C3%A1sos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (Winter 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003213503/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393">"Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 393–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393">10.1093/hgs/12.3.393</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393">the original</a> on 3 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Modern+%22Zone+of+Genocide%22%3A+The+Impact+of+Nation-+and+State-Formation+on+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1878%E2%80%931923&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-433&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgs.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F12%2F3%2F393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidlarsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Midlarsky, Manus I. (2005). <i>The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81545-1"><bdi>978-0-521-81545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Trap%3A+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81545-1&rft.aulast=Midlarsky&rft.aufirst=Manus+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (2001). <i>Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe</i>. Cambridge and London: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+Hatred%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Twentieth-Century+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge+and+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2004" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merrill D. (2004). <i>Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After</i>. Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starving+Armenians%3A+America+and+the+Armenian+Genocide%2C+1915%E2%80%931930+and+After&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q3cAAAAQBAJ"><i>Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish Population and Extermination Policies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48012-3"><bdi>978-0-415-48012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ottoman+Genocides%3A+The+Dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+Population+and+Extermination+Policies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48012-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Q3cAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Sj%C3%B6berg_(historian)" title="Erik Sjöberg (historian)">Sjöberg, Erik</a> (2016). <i>The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2"><bdi>978-1-78533-326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Greek+Genocide%3A+Contested+Memories+of+the+Ottoman+Greek+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-326-2&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Tatz, Colin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13"><i>With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide</i></a>. Essex: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9"><bdi>978-1-85984-550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Intent+to+Destroy%3A+Reflections+on+Genocide&rft.place=Essex&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-550-9&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhCffgX1NPIC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Travis, Hannibal (2009). "The Cultural and Intellectual Property Interests of the Indigenous Peoples of Turkey and Iraq". <i>Texas Wesleyan Law Review</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 601–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37419%2FTWLR.V15.I2.6">10.37419/TWLR.V15.I2.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1549804">1549804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Wesleyan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+and+Intellectual+Property+Interests+of+the+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Turkey+and+Iraq&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=601-80&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1549804%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37419%2FTWLR.V15.I2.6&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li>Andreadis, George, <i>Tamama: The Missing Girl of Pontos</i>, Athens: Gordios, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1943" class="citation cs2">Barton, James L. (1943), <i>The Near East Relief, 1915–1930</i>, New York: Russell Sage Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+East+Relief%2C+1915%E2%80%931930&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonSarafian1998" class="citation cs2">———; Sarafian, Ara (December 1998), <i>"Turkish Atrocities": Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Turkish+Atrocities%22%3A+Statements+of+American+Missionaries+on+the+Destruction+of+Christian+Communities+in+Ottoman+Turkey%2C+1915%E2%80%931917&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Sarafian%2C+Ara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Compton, Carl C. <i>The Morning Cometh</i>, New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Inter-Allied_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_the_Greek_Occupation_of_Smyrna_and_Adjoining_Territories" class="citation cs2">The Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Adjoining Territories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005065241/http://www.ataa.org/reference/iacom.pdf"><i>Documents of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Adjoining Territories</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataa.org/reference/iacom.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+Inter-Allied+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+Greek+Occupation+of+Smyrna+and+Adjoining+Territories&rft.au=The+Inter-Allied+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+Greek+Occupation+of+Smyrna+and+Adjoining+Territories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataa.org%2Freference%2Fiacom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotiadis2002–2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fotiadis, Konstantinos (2002–2004). <i>I genoktonía ton Ellínon tou Póntou</i> <bdi lang="el">Η γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου</bdi> [<i>The Genocide of the Greeks of Pontus</i>] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Herodotos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+genokton%C3%ADa+ton+Ell%C3%ADnon+tou+P%C3%B3ntou+%CE%97+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Herodotos&rft.date=2002%2F2004&rft.aulast=Fotiadis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span>. In fourteen volumes, including eleven volumes of materials (volumes 4–14).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarayinnides1978" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karayinnides, Ioannis (1978), <i>O golgothás tou Póntou</i> <bdi lang="el">Ο γολγοθάς του Πόντου</bdi> [<i>The Golgotha of Pontus</i>] (in Greek), Salonica: Panpontian Union</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+golgoth%C3%A1s+tou+P%C3%B3ntou+%CE%9F+%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.place=Salonica&rft.pub=Panpontian+Union&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Karayinnides&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2005). <i>The Black Sea: A History</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Koromila, Marianna (2002). <i>The Greeks and the Black Sea</i>, Panorama Cultural Society.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Morgenthau, Henry sr</a> (1974) [1918], <i>The Murder of a Nation</i>, New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Armenian+General+Benevolent+Union+of+America&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+sr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1929" class="citation cs2">——— (1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/docs/Morgenthau/"><i>I Was Sent to Athens</i></a>, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Was+Sent+to+Athens&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+sr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fdocs%2FMorgenthau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1930" class="citation cs2">——— (1930), <i>An International Drama</i>, London: Jarrolds</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Drama&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jarrolds&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+sr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmann, Tessa, ed. (2004). <i>Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912–1922</i> [<i>Persecution, expulsion and extermination of Christians in the Ottoman Empire 1912–1922</i>] (in German). Münster: LIT. pp. 177–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7823-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-7823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verfolgung%2C+Vertreibung+und+Vernichtung+der+Christen+im+Osmanischen+Reich+1912%E2%80%931922&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=177-221&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-7823-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Housepian Dobkin, Marjorie. <i>Smyrna 1922: the Destruction of a City</i>, New York, New York: Newmark Press, 1998.</li> <li>Lieberman, Benjamin (2006). <i>Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</i>, Ivan R. Dee.</li> <li>de Murat, Jean. <i>The Great Extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: the historic and systematic deception of world opinion concerning the hideous Christianity's uprooting of 1922</i>, Miami, Florida (Athens, Greece: A. Triantafillis) 1999.</li> <li>Papadopoulos, Alexander. <i>Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European War: on the basis of official documents</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, American branch, 1919.</li> <li>Pavlides, Ioannis. <i>Pages of History of Pontus and Asia Minor</i>, Salonica, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">GR</a>, 1980.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_J._Shaw" title="Stanford J. Shaw">Shaw, Stanford J.</a>; Shaw, Ezel Kural. <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shenk, Robert. "America's Black Sea Fleet - The U.S. Navy Amid War and Revolution,1919-1923", Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2012</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenJacobs2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Jacobs, Steven L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g26NmNNWK1QC&q=pontian+isbn&pg=PA210"><i>Pioneers of Genocide Studies (Clt)</i></a>. New Brunswick, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0151-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Genocide+Studies+%28Clt%29&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0151-7&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg26NmNNWK1QC%26q%3Dpontian%2Bisbn%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tsirkinidis, Harry. <i>At last we uprooted them... The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French archives</i>, Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros, 1999.</li> <li>Ward, Mark H. <i>The Deportations in Asia Minor 1921–1922</i>, London: Anglo-Hellenic League, 1922.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjornlund2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bjornlund, Matthias (March 2008). "The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 41–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520701850286">10.1080/14623520701850286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72975930">72975930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+1914+cleansing+of+Aegean+Greeks+as+a+case+of+violent+Turkification&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-58&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520701850286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72975930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bjornlund&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlamides2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hlamides, Nikolaos (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103204312/http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/w038mv3252147668/?p=a13d1603c4e24e4b93b9dea7b171f496&pi=6">"The Greek Relief Committee: America's Response to the Greek Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 375–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsp.3.3.375">10.3138/gsp.3.3.375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146310206">146310206</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/w038mv3252147668/?p=a13d1603c4e24e4b93b9dea7b171f496&pi=6">the original</a> on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Relief+Committee%3A+America%27s+Response+to+the+Greek+Genocide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-183&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsp.3.3.375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146310206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hlamides&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fw038mv3252147668%2F%3Fp%3Da13d1603c4e24e4b93b9dea7b171f496%26pi%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapsis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Klapsis, Antonis (2014). "Violent Uprooting and Forced Migration: A Demographic Analysis of the Greek Populations of Asia Minor, Pontus and Eastern Thrace". <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): 622–639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2014.901218">10.1080/00263206.2014.901218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145325597">145325597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Violent+Uprooting+and+Forced+Migration%3A+A+Demographic+Analysis+of+the+Greek+Populations+of+Asia+Minor%2C+Pontus+and+Eastern+Thrace&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=622-639&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2014.901218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145325597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Klapsis&rft.aufirst=Antonis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourelos1985" class="citation journal cs1">Mourelos, Yannis (1985). "The 1914 Persecutions and the first Attempt at an Exchange of Minorities between Greece and Turkey". <i>Balkan Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 389–413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1914+Persecutions+and+the+first+Attempt+at+an+Exchange+of+Minorities+between+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-413&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Mourelos&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVryonis2007" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis, Speros (2007). "Greek Labor Battalions in Asia Minor". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). <i>The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 275–290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Labor+Battalions+in+Asia+Minor&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Ethical+Legacies&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=275-290&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Vryonis&rft.aufirst=Speros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaner2009" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner, Akçam</a> (7 November 2009). <i>The Greek 'Deportations' and Massacres of 1913–1914, A Trial Run for the Armenian Genocide</i>. The Academic Conference on the Asia Minor Catastrophe. Rosemont, IL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Greek+%27Deportations%27+and+Massacres+of+1913%E2%80%931914%2C+A+Trial+Run+for+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.place=Rosemont%2C+IL&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft.aulast=Taner&rft.aufirst=Ak%C3%A7am&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSait2010" class="citation conference cs1">Sait, Çetinoğlu (17–19 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309012202/http://pontosworld.com/index.php/genocide/sait-cetinoglu/437-the-pontus-independence-movement-and-the-greek-genocide"><i>The Pontus Independence Movement and the Greek Genocide</i></a>. Three Genocides, One Strategy. Athens. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pontosworld.com/index.php/genocide/sait-cetinoglu/437-the-pontus-independence-movement-and-the-greek-genocide">the original</a> on 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Pontus+Independence+Movement+and+the+Greek+Genocide&rft.place=Athens&rft.date=2010-09-17%2F2010-09-19&rft.aulast=Sait&rft.aufirst=%C3%87etino%C4%9Flu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpontosworld.com%2Findex.php%2Fgenocide%2Fsait-cetinoglu%2F437-the-pontus-independence-movement-and-the-greek-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/06/107032352.pdf">Reports Massacres of Greeks in Pontus; Central Council Says They Attend Execution of Prominent Natives for Alleged Rebellion</a>." <i>The New York Times.</i> Sunday 6 November 1921.</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Events">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(left-wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">20th century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">21st century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_genocide&oldid=1258528930">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_genocide&oldid=1258528930</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_genocide" title="Category:Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greeks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire">Greeks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia">Genocide of 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