CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Berkelium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"992f5911-6b5c-44d4-9d74-6a954f9bfafe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Berkelium","wgTitle":"Berkelium","wgCurRevisionId":1282179415,"wgRevisionId":1282179415,"wgArticleId":3758,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Webarchive template wayback links","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons link from Wikidata","Good articles","Berkelium","Chemical elements","Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure","Actinides","Synthetic elements"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Berkelium","wgRelevantArticleId":3758,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1882","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Berkelium_metal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="759"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Berkelium_metal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="506"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="405"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Berkelium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Berkelium rootpage-Berkelium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Berkelium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Berkelium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Berkelium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Berkelium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allotropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allotropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Allotropes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allotropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Synthesis and extraction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthesis and extraction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation_of_isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_of_isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Preparation of isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_of_isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Separation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk_metal_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk_metal_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bulk metal preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_metal_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organoberkelium_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organoberkelium_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Organoberkelium compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organoberkelium_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fuel_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nuclear fuel cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fuel_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Berkelium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" > 131 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="በርከሊየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በርከሊየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بركيليوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بركيليوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Berkeliu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Berkeliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklium" title="Berklium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berklium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Berkélium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বার্কিলিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্কিলিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Берклій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берклій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бэркль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэркль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelij" title="Berkelij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berkelij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliom" title="Berkeliom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Berkeliom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Berkeli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelyo" title="Berkelyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Berkelyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Berkeliu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berceliwm" title="Berceliwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berceliwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بيركيليوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيركيليوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeelium" title="Berkeelium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berkeelium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μπερκέλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπερκέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="برکلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برکلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berkélium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Berkeli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirc%C3%A9iliam" title="Beircéiliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beircéiliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercelium" title="Bercelium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bercelium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="બર્કેલીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બર્કેલીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Берклиүм – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Берклиүм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="버클륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버클륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բերկլիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերկլիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelij" title="Berkelij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berkelij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImBeke" title="ImBeke – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImBeke" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berkelio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ברקליום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברקליום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆರ್ಕೆಲಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆರ್ಕೆಲಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბერკელიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერკელიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliom" title="Berkeliom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Berkeliom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Berkeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8kely%C3%B2m" title="Bèkelyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bèkelyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklijs" title="Berklijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Berklijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklis" title="Berklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchelio" title="Berchelio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Berchelio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklii" title="Berklii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Berklii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrberkeli" title="jinmrberkeli – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrberkeli" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berkélium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берклиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берклиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബെർകിലിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർകിലിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्किलियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्किलियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بركيليوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بركيليوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Беркли – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Беркли" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဘာကီလီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာကီလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="バークリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バークリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeelium" title="Berkeelium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Berkeelium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklium" title="Berklium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Berklium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ବର୍କେଲିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବର୍କେଲିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkliy" title="Berkliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berkliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬਰਕੀਲੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਕੀਲੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="برکیلیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برکیلیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بېرکېليوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېرکېليوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Berkeli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkel" title="Berkel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berkel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berqu%C3%A9lio" title="Berquélio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berquélio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Berkeliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkilyu" title="Pirkilyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pirkilyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берклиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Берклиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्केलियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बर्केलियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berch%C3%A8liu" title="Berchèliu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Berchèliu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliumi" title="Berkeliumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Berkeliumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Berkeliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berkélium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelij" title="Berkelij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berkelij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="بەرکیلیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرکیلیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берклијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берклијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklijum" title="Berklijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berklijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berkelium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkilyo" title="Berkilyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Berkilyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர்க்கிலியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்க்கிலியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బెర్కీలియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెర్కీలియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เบอร์คีเลียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์คีเลียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Берклий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelyum" title="Berkelyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berkelyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Берклій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берклій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="برکیلیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برکیلیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%83%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A" title="بېركېلىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېركېلىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklii" title="Berklii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Berklii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Berkeli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%87" title="錇 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="錇" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelyo" title="Berkelyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Berkelyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rk%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Bẹ́rkẹ́líọ̀m – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bẹ́rkẹ́líọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B3" title="鉳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1882#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Berkelium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Berkelium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Berkelium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&oldid=1282179415" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Berkelium&id=1282179415&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkelium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkelium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Berkelium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1882" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Berkelium, 97Bk</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkelium_metal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Berkelium_metal.jpg/250px-Berkelium_metal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Berkelium_metal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="179" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Berkelium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin: 0; text-align: left;"><ul><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bərˈkiːliəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bər-KEE-lee-əm</a>)</li><li style="margin: 0; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɜːrkliəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BUR-klee-əm</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[247]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Berkelium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> ↑ Bk ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> ← berkelium → <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">97</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f9 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">beta: 1259 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (986 °C, 1807 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">beta: 2900 K (2627 °C, 4760 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">alpha: 14.78 g/cm3 beta: 13.25 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.92 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> (calculated)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 +2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-1">[1]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 601 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 170 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:97_(Bk_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/97_%28Bk_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/250px-97_%28Bk_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/97_%28Bk_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/500px-97_%28Bk_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of berkelium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">double hexagonal close-packed</a> (dhcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Double hexagonal close packed crystal structure for berkelium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-40-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, where it was discovered</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (1949)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium" title="Isotopes of berkelium">Isotopes of berkelium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_berkelium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox berkelium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_berkelium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox berkelium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">245Bk </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.94 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-245" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-245">245Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-241" title="Americium-241">241Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">246Bk </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.8 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-242" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-242">242Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-246" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-246">246Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">247Bk </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1380 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-243" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-243">243Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">248Bk </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">>9 y<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-244" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-244">244Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">249Bk </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">330 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Californium-249" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium-249">249Cf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Americium-245" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium-245">245Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Berkelium" title="Category:Berkelium">Category: Berkelium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_berkelium" title="Template:Infobox berkelium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_berkelium" title="Template talk:Infobox berkelium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_berkelium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox berkelium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Berkelium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Bk and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 97. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> series. It is named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, the location of the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> Radiation Laboratory) where it was discovered in December 1949. Berkelium was the fifth transuranium element discovered after <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>. The major <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of berkelium, 249Bk, is synthesized in minute quantities in dedicated high-flux <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, mainly at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, United States, and at the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Research Institute of Atomic Reactors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Russia">Dimitrovgrad, Russia</a>. The longest-lived and second-most important isotope, 247Bk, can be synthesized via irradiation of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">244Cm</a> with high-energy <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>. Just over one gram of berkelium has been produced in the United States since 1967. There is no practical application of berkelium outside scientific research which is mostly directed at the synthesis of heavier <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>. A 22-milligram batch of berkelium-249 was prepared during a 250-day irradiation period and then purified for a further 90 days at Oak Ridge in 2009. This sample was used to synthesize the new element <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a> for the first time in 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, after it was bombarded with <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a> ions for 150 days. This was the culmination of the Russia–US collaboration on the synthesis of the heaviest elements on the periodic table. Berkelium is a soft, silvery-white, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> metal. The berkelium-249 isotope emits low-energy <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and thus is relatively safe to handle. It decays with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 330 days to <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>-249, which is a strong emitter of ionizing alpha particles. This gradual transformation is an important consideration when studying the properties of elemental berkelium and its chemical compounds, since the formation of californium brings not only chemical contamination, but also free-radical effects and self-heating from the emitted alpha particles. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closest_packing_ABAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sequential layers of spheres arranged from top to bottom: GRGBGRGB (G=green, R=red, B=blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/250px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/330px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/500px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Double-hexagonal close packing with the layer sequence ABAC in the crystal structure of α-berkelium (A: green, B: blue, C: red)</figcaption></figure> Berkelium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> metal. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, it is located to the right of the actinide <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>, to the left of the actinide <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> and below the lanthanide <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> with which it shares many similarities in physical and chemical properties. Its density of 14.78 g/cm3 lies between those of curium (13.52 g/cm3) and californium (15.1 g/cm3), as does its melting point of 986 °C, below that of curium (1340 °C) but higher than that of californium (900 °C).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a> Berkelium is relatively soft and has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk moduli</a> among the actinides, at about 20 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> (2×1010 Pa).<a href="#cite_note-pressure-6">[6]</a> Berkelium(III) ions shows two sharp <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> peaks at 652 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometers</a> (red light) and 742 nanometers (deep red – <a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared" title="Infrared">near-infrared</a>) due to internal transitions at the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">f-electron shell</a>. The relative intensity of these peaks depends on the excitation power and temperature of the sample. This emission can be observed, for example, after dispersing berkelium ions in a silicate glass, by melting the glass in presence of berkelium oxide or halide.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Between 70 K and room temperature, berkelium behaves as a <a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss</a> paramagnetic material with an effective magnetic moment of 9.69 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">Bohr magnetons</a> (μB) and a <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a> of 101 K. This magnetic moment is almost equal to the theoretical value of 9.72 μB calculated within the simple atomic <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum_coupling" title="Angular momentum coupling">L-S coupling model</a>. Upon cooling to about 34 K, berkelium undergoes a transition to an <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198445-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_change_of_solution" title="Enthalpy change of solution">enthalpy of dissolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> at standard conditions is −600 kJ/mol, from which the <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">standard enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH°) of aqueous <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Bk3+ ions is obtained as −601 kJ/mol. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk3+/Bk is −2.01 V.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization potential</a> of a neutral berkelium atom is 6.23 eV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198434-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> At ambient conditions, berkelium assumes its most stable α form which has a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal</a> symmetry, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P63/mmc, lattice parameters of 341 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> and 1107 pm. The crystal has a double-<a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close packing</a> structure with the layer sequence ABAC and so is <a href="/wiki/Isostructural" title="Isostructural">isotypic</a> (having a similar structure) with α-lanthanum and α-forms of actinides beyond curium.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-12">[12]</a> This crystal structure changes with pressure and temperature. When compressed at room temperature to 7 GPa, α-berkelium transforms to the β modification, which has a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) symmetry and space group Fm3m. This transition occurs without change in volume, but the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> increases by 3.66 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198444-13">[13]</a> Upon further compression to 25 GPa, berkelium transforms to an <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> γ-berkelium structure similar to that of α-uranium. This transition is accompanied by a 12% volume decrease and delocalization of the electrons at the <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">5f electron shell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pressure2-14">[14]</a> No further phase transitions are observed up to 57 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-pressure-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Upon heating, α-berkelium transforms into another phase with an fcc lattice (but slightly different from β-berkelium), space group Fm3m and the lattice constant of 500 pm; this fcc structure is equivalent to the closest packing with the sequence ABC. This phase is metastable and will gradually revert to the original α-berkelium phase at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-12">[12]</a> The temperature of the phase transition is believed to be quite close to the melting point.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fahey-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Like all <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>, berkelium dissolves in various aqueous inorganic acids, liberating gaseous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and converting into the berkelium(III) state. This <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#trivalent" title="Valence (chemistry)">trivalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> (+3) is the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#tetravalent" title="Valence (chemistry)">tetravalent</a> (+4),<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#pentavalent" title="Valence (chemistry)">pentavalent</a> (+5),<a href="#cite_note-5+-22">[22]</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#divalent" title="Valence (chemistry)">divalent</a> (+2) berkelium compounds are also known. The existence of divalent berkelium salts is uncertain and has only been reported in mixed <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_chloride" title="Lanthanum(III) chloride">lanthanum(III) chloride</a>-<a href="/wiki/Strontium_chloride" title="Strontium chloride">strontium chloride</a> melts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198455-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A similar behavior is observed for the lanthanide analogue of berkelium, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1950-25">[25]</a> Aqueous solutions of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk3+ ions are green in most acids. The color of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk4+ ions is yellow in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and orange-yellow in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198455-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071956-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971265-27">[27]</a> Berkelium does not react rapidly with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> at room temperature, possibly due to the formation of a protective oxide layer surface. However, it reacts with molten metals, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a> to form various binary compounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198445-9">[9]</a> In 2025 an <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic</a> compound containing berkelium was synthesized from 0.3 mg of berkelium and named berkelocene.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium" title="Isotopes of berkelium">Isotopes of berkelium</a></div> Nineteen isotopes and six <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> (excited states of an isotope) of berkelium have been characterized, with mass numbers ranging from 233 to 253 (except 235 and 237).<a href="#cite_note-nubase-29">[29]</a> All of them are radioactive. The longest <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> are observed for 247Bk (1,380 years), 248Bk (over 300 years), and 249Bk (330 days); the half-lives of the other isotopes range from microseconds to several days. The isotope which is the easiest to synthesize is berkelium-249. This emits mostly soft <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β-particles</a> which are inconvenient for detection. Its <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha radiation</a> is rather weak (1.45×10−3%) with respect to the β-radiation, but is sometimes used to detect this isotope. The second important berkelium isotope, berkelium-247, is an alpha-emitter, as are most actinide isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-TBE-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> All berkelium isotopes have a half-life far too short to be <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a>. Therefore, any primordial berkelium − that is, berkelium present on the Earth during its formation − has decayed by now. On Earth, berkelium is mostly concentrated in certain areas, which were used for the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons tests</a> between 1945 and 1980, as well as at the sites of nuclear incidents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> and <a href="/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash" title="1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash">1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash</a>. Analysis of the debris at the testing site of the first <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' first <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a>, (1 November 1952, <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a>), revealed high concentrations of various actinides, including berkelium. For reasons of military secrecy, this result was not published until 1956.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Nuclear reactors produce mostly, among the berkelium isotopes, berkelium-249. During the storage and before the fuel disposal, most of it <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decays</a> to californium-249. The latter has a half-life of 351 years, which is relatively long compared to the half-lives of other isotopes produced in the reactor,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and is therefore undesirable in the disposal products. The <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> from <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, including berkelium, occurred naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, but no longer do so.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-33">[33]</a> Berkelium is also one of the elements that have theoretically been detected in <a href="/wiki/Przybylski%27s_Star" title="Przybylski's Star">Przybylski's Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gopka08-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/250px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/330px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/500px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white picture of heavy machinery with two operators sitting aside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/250px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/330px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/500px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, in August 1939</figcaption></figure> Although very small amounts of berkelium were possibly produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">first intentionally synthesized</a>, isolated and identified in December 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gerald_Thompson" title="Stanley Gerald Thompson">Stanley Gerald Thompson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Street_Jr." title="Kenneth Street Jr.">Kenneth Street Jr.</a> They used the 60-inch <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Similar to the nearly simultaneous discovery of <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> (element 95) and <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> (element 96) in 1944, the new elements berkelium and <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> (element 98) were both produced in 1949–1950.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1950-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The name choice for element 97 followed the previous tradition of the Californian group to draw an analogy between the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> element positioned above it in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. Previously, americium was named after a continent as its analogue <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>, and curium honored scientists <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> as the lanthanide above it, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, was named after the explorer of the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>. Thus, the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: "It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where the rare earth minerals were first found."<a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a> This tradition ended with berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered actinide, <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, was not related to its lanthanide analogue <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>, but after the discovery place.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The most difficult steps in synthesising berkelium were its separation from the final products and the production of sufficient quantities of americium for the target material. First, americium (<a href="/wiki/Americium-241" title="Americium-241">241Am</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> solution was coated on a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> foil, the solution was evaporated and the residue converted by annealing to <a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">americium dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />AmO2). This target was irradiated with 35 MeV <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> for 6 hours in the 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. The (α,2n) reaction induced by the irradiation yielded the 243Bk isotope and two free <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>:<a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a> <dl><dd>241 95Am + 4 2He → 243 97Bk + 2 1 0n </dd></dl> After the irradiation, the coating was dissolved with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and then precipitated as the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> using concentrated aqueous <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">ammonia solution</a>. The product was <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugated</a> and re-dissolved in nitric acid. To separate berkelium from the unreacted americium, this solution was added to a mixture of aqueous <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> and heated in the presence of atmospheric oxygen to convert all the dissolved americium into the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +6. Unoxidized residual americium was precipitated by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> as americium(III) <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />AmF3). This step yielded a mixture of the accompanying product curium and the expected element 97 in form of trifluorides. The mixture was converted to the corresponding hydroxides by treating it with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>, and after centrifugation, was dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graphs showing similar elution curves (metal amount vs. drops) for (top vs. bottom) terbium vs. berkelium, gadolinium vs. curium, europium vs. americium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/220px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/330px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png/440px-Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">elution</a> curves revealing the similarity between the lanthanides <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> (Tb), <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> (Gd), and <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> (Eu) (top graph) and their corresponding actinides berkelium (Bk), <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> (Cm), and <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> (Am) (bottom graph)<a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> Further separation was carried out in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer solution</a> in a weakly acidic medium (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> ≈ 3.5), using <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> at elevated temperature. The <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatographic</a> separation behavior was unknown for element 97 at the time but was anticipated by analogy with terbium. The first results were disappointing because no alpha-particle emission signature could be detected from the elution product. With further analysis, searching for <a href="/wiki/K-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="K-alpha">characteristic X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">conversion electron</a> signals, a berkelium isotope was eventually detected. Its <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> was uncertain between 243 and 244 in the initial report,<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1950-25">[25]</a> but was later established as 243.<a href="#cite_note-E97-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_extraction">Synthesis and extraction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Synthesis and extraction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_of_isotopes">Preparation of isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preparation of isotopes">edit</a>]</div> Berkelium is produced by bombarding lighter actinides <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (238U) or <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> (239Pu) with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. In a more common case of uranium fuel, plutonium is produced first by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> (the so-called (n,γ) reaction or neutron fusion) followed by beta-decay:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{239}_{92}U ->[\beta^-][23.5 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{239}_{93}Np ->[\beta^-][2.3565 \ {\ce {d}}] ^{239}_{94}Pu}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>92</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>23.5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Np</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>93</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>2.3565</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{239}_{92}U ->[\beta^-][23.5 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{239}_{93}Np ->[\beta^-][2.3565 \ {\ce {d}}] ^{239}_{94}Pu}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3bbed5e5d26a63ad32fb67d74f21abc531a8455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:43.649ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{238}_{92}U ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{239}_{92}U ->[\beta^-][23.5 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{239}_{93}Np ->[\beta^-][2.3565 \ {\ce {d}}] ^{239}_{94}Pu}}}" /> (the times are <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a>)</dd></dl> Plutonium-239 is further irradiated by a source that has a high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a>, several times higher than a conventional nuclear reactor, such as the 85-megawatt <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">High Flux Isotope Reactor</a> (HFIR) at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in Tennessee, US. The higher flux promotes fusion reactions involving not one but several neutrons, converting 239Pu to 244Cm and then to 249Cm: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu ->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma)}}] ^{243}_{94}Pu ->[\beta^-][4.956 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{243}_{95}Am ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{244}_{95}Am ->[\beta^-][10.1 \ {\ce {h}}]}}&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm}}\\&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {5(n,\gamma)}}] ^{249}_{96}Cm}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>94</mn> <mn>239</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Pu</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>94</mn> <mn>243</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>4.956</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Am</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>95</mn> <mn>243</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Am</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>95</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>10.1</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu ->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma)}}] ^{243}_{94}Pu ->[\beta^-][4.956 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{243}_{95}Am ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{244}_{95}Am ->[\beta^-][10.1 \ {\ce {h}}]}}&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm}}\\&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {5(n,\gamma)}}] ^{249}_{96}Cm}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ae383930de75f37348e2081ce1b59ad18c6e36a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; margin-top: -0.315ex; width:72.059ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {^{239}_{94}Pu ->[{\ce {4(n,\gamma)}}] ^{243}_{94}Pu ->[\beta^-][4.956 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{243}_{95}Am ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{244}_{95}Am ->[\beta^-][10.1 \ {\ce {h}}]}}&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm}}\\&{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {5(n,\gamma)}}] ^{249}_{96}Cm}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> Curium-249 has a short half-life of 64 minutes, and thus its further conversion to 250Cm has a low probability. Instead, it transforms by beta-decay into 249Bk:<a href="#cite_note-nubase-29">[29]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{96}Cm->[{\beta ^{-}}][64.15\ {\ce {min}}]_{97}^{249}Bk->[\beta ^{-}][330\ {\ce {d}}]_{98}^{249}Cf}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>64.15</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>97</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>249</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>330</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>98</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>249</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cf</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{96}Cm->[{\beta ^{-}}][64.15\ {\ce {min}}]_{97}^{249}Bk->[\beta ^{-}][330\ {\ce {d}}]_{98}^{249}Cf}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a07bc265a52a831017357d804a615edf3ce3e4e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.948ex; margin-right: -0.153ex; margin-bottom: -0.39ex; width:33.321ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{96}Cm->[{\beta ^{-}}][64.15\ {\ce {min}}]_{97}^{249}Bk->[\beta ^{-}][330\ {\ce {d}}]_{98}^{249}Cf}}}" /></dd></dl> The thus-produced 249Bk has a long half-life of 330 days and thus can capture another neutron. However, the product, 250Bk, again has a relatively short half-life of 3.212 hours and thus does not yield any heavier berkelium isotopes. It instead decays to the californium isotope 250Cf:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{250}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][3.212 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{250}_{98}Cf}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>249</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>250</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>3.212</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>98</mn> <mn>250</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{250}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][3.212 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{250}_{98}Cf}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8664bd3ec0ab04f2e41f8207ace7bedce5ada556" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-right: -0.153ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:30.221ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{249}_{97}Bk ->[{\ce {(n,\gamma)}}] ^{250}_{97}Bk ->[\beta^-][3.212 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{250}_{98}Cf}}}" /></dd></dl> Although 247Bk is the most stable isotope of berkelium, its production in nuclear reactors is very difficult because its potential progenitor 247Cm has never been observed to undergo beta decay.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-43">[43]</a> Thus, 249Bk is the most accessible isotope of berkelium, which still is available only in small quantities (only 0.66 grams have been produced in the US over the period 1967–1983<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198430-44">[44]</a>) at a high price of the order 185 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> per microgram.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a> It is the only berkelium isotope available in bulk quantities, and thus the only berkelium isotope whose properties can be extensively studied.<a href="#cite_note-bk-45">[45]</a> The isotope 248Bk was first obtained in 1956 by bombarding a mixture of curium isotopes with 25 MeV α-particles. Although its direct detection was hindered by strong signal interference with 245Bk, the existence of a new isotope was proven by the growth of the decay product 248Cf which had been previously characterized. The half-life of 248Bk was estimated as 23±5 hours,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> though later 1965 work gave a half-life in excess of 300 years (which may be due to an isomeric state).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Berkelium-247 was produced during the same year by irradiating 244Cm with alpha-particles:<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,n)}}] ^{247}_{98}Cf ->[\epsilon][3.11 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\\{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,p)}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>n</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cf</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>98</mn> <mn>247</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>3.11</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>h</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>247</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Cm</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>96</mn> <mn>244</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>p</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>247</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,n)}}] ^{247}_{98}Cf ->[\epsilon][3.11 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\\{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,p)}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ed2822b74972e2b9b63aa02d020f6529ff68a31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.202ex; margin-top: -0.308ex; margin-bottom: -0.302ex; width:32.963ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,n)}}] ^{247}_{98}Cf ->[\epsilon][3.11 \ {\ce {h}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\\{\ce {^{244}_{96}Cm ->[{\ce {(\alpha,p)}}] ^{247}_{97}Bk}}\end{cases}}}" /></dd></dl> Berkelium-242 was synthesized in 1979 by bombarding 235U with 11B, 238U with 10B, 232Th with 14N or 232Th with 15N. It converts by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to 242Cm with a half-life of 7.0±1.3 minutes. A search for an initially suspected isotope 241Bk was then unsuccessful;<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 241Bk has since been synthesized.<a href="#cite_note-nucleonica-50">[50]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{235}_{92}U + ^{11}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{14}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}\\{\ce {^{238}_{92}U + ^{10}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 6^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{15}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 5^{1}_{0}n}}\end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>92</mn> <mn>235</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>B</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>5</mn> <mn>11</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Th</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>90</mn> <mn>232</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>N</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>7</mn> <mn>14</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>U</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>92</mn> <mn>238</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>B</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>5</mn> <mn>10</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Th</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>90</mn> <mn>232</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>N</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>7</mn> <mn>15</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Bk</mtext> <none></none> <none></none> <mprescripts></mprescripts> <mn>97</mn> <mn>242</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <msubsup> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{235}_{92}U + ^{11}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{14}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}\\{\ce {^{238}_{92}U + ^{10}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 6^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{15}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 5^{1}_{0}n}}\end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c8b9fadd4b0a1b04cf6cce0dc74f02a8abb9052" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:62.208ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\ce {^{235}_{92}U + ^{11}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{14}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 4^{1}_{0}n}}\\{\ce {^{238}_{92}U + ^{10}_{5}B -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 6^{1}_{0}n}}&{\ce {^{232}_{90}Th + ^{15}_{7}N -> ^{242}_{97}Bk + 5^{1}_{0}n}}\end{cases}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation">Separation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Separation">edit</a>]</div> The fact that berkelium readily assumes <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +4 in solids, and is relatively stable in this state in liquids greatly assists separation of berkelium away from many other actinides. These are inevitably produced in relatively large amounts during the nuclear synthesis and often favor the +3 state. This fact was not yet known in the initial experiments, which used a more complex separation procedure. Various inorganic oxidation agents can be applied to the berkelium(III) solutions to convert it to the +4 state, such as <a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">bromates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BrO−3), <a href="/wiki/Bismuthate" title="Bismuthate">bismuthates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BiO−3), <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">chromates</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CrO2−4 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Cr2O2−7), silver(I) thiolate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Ag2S2O8), lead(IV) oxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />PbO2), <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />O3), or photochemical oxidation procedures. More recently, it has been discovered that some organic and bio-inspired molecules, such as the chelator called 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), can also oxidize Bk(III) and stabilize Bk(IV) under mild conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> Berkelium(IV) is then extracted with <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a>, extraction <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> or liquid-liquid extraction using HDEHP (bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid), <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate" title="Tributyl phosphate">tributyl phosphate</a> or various other reagents. These procedures separate berkelium from most trivalent actinides and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, except for the lanthanide <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> (lanthanides are absent in the irradiation target but are created in various <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> decay chains).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198432-51">[51]</a> A more detailed procedure adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> was as follows: the initial mixture of actinides is processed with ion exchange using <a href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</a> reagent, then precipitated as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a>, filtered and dissolved in nitric acid. It is then treated with high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">elution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">cation exchange</a> resins, and the berkelium phase is oxidized and extracted using one of the procedures described above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198432-51">[51]</a> Reduction of the thus-obtained berkelium(IV) to the +3 oxidation state yields a solution, which is nearly free from other actinides (but contains cerium). Berkelium and cerium are then separated with another round of ion-exchange treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198433–34-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulk_metal_preparation">Bulk metal preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bulk metal preparation">edit</a>]</div> In order to characterize chemical and physical properties of solid berkelium and its compounds, a program was initiated in 1952 at the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Material Testing Reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arco,_Idaho" title="Arco, Idaho">Arco, Idaho</a>, US. It resulted in preparation of an eight-gram plutonium-239 target and in the first production of macroscopic quantities (0.6 micrograms) of berkelium by Burris B. Cunningham and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gerald_Thompson" title="Stanley Gerald Thompson">Stanley Gerald Thompson</a> in 1958, after a continuous reactor irradiation of this target for six years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198430-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> This irradiation method was and still is the only way of producing weighable amounts of the element, and most solid-state studies of berkelium have been conducted on microgram or submicrogram-sized samples.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198438-54">[54]</a> The world's major irradiation sources are the 85-megawatt High Flux Isotope Reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in Tennessee, USA,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and the SM-2 loop reactor at the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Research Institute of Atomic Reactors</a> (NIIAR) in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Russia">Dimitrovgrad, Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> which are both dedicated to the production of transcurium elements (atomic number greater than 96). These facilities have similar power and flux levels, and are expected to have comparable production capacities for transcurium elements,<a href="#cite_note-Es-57">[57]</a> although the quantities produced at NIIAR are not publicly reported. In a "typical processing campaign" at Oak Ridge, tens of grams of <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> are irradiated to produce <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">decigram</a> quantities of <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">milligram</a> quantities of berkelium-249 and <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">picogram</a> quantities of <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971262-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In total, just over one gram of berkelium-249 has been produced at Oak Ridge since 1967.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a> The first berkelium metal sample weighing 1.7 micrograms was prepared in 1971 by the reduction of berkelium(III) fluoride with <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> vapor at 1000 °C; the fluoride was suspended on a tungsten wire above a <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> crucible containing molten lithium. Later, metal samples weighing up to 0.5 milligrams were obtained with this method.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441-60">[60]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF3 + 3 Li → Bk + 3 LiF</dd></dl> Similar results are obtained with berkelium(IV) fluoride.<a href="#cite_note-pressure2-14">[14]</a> Berkelium metal can also be produced by the reduction of berkelium(IV) oxide with <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berkelium_compounds" title="Berkelium compounds">Berkelium compounds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> Two oxides of berkelium are known, with the berkelium <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> state of +3 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk2O3) and +4 (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkO2</a>).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Berkelium(IV) oxide is a brown solid,<a href="#cite_note-BK_OX-63">[63]</a> while berkelium(III) oxide is a yellow-green solid with a melting point of 1920 °C<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071972-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-BK_OX-63">[63]</a> and is formed from BkO2 by <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> with molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />2 BkO2 + H2 → Bk2O3 + H2O</dd></dl> Upon heating to 1200 °C, the oxide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk2O3 undergoes a phase change; it undergoes another phase change at 1750 °C. Such three-phase behavior is typical for the actinide <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxides</a>. Berkelium(II) oxide, BkO, has been reported as a brittle gray solid but its exact chemical composition remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198451-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>, berkelium assumes the oxidation states +3 and +4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071969-66">[66]</a> The +3 state is the most stable, especially in solutions, while the tetravalent halides <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF4 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Cs2BkCl6 are only known in the solid phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447-67">[67]</a> The coordination of berkelium atom in its trivalent fluoride and chloride is tricapped <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry#Trigonal_prismatic_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">trigonal prismatic</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination number</a> of 9. In trivalent bromide, it is bicapped trigonal prismatic (coordination 8) or <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral</a> (coordination 6),<a href="#cite_note-conv-68">[68]</a> and in the iodide it is octahedral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align: center; text-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation number </th> <th>F </th> <th>Cl </th> <th>Br </th> <th>I </th></tr> <tr> <th>+4 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF4 (yellow<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Cs2BkCl6 (orange<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198451-65">[65]</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>+3 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF3 (yellow<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkCl3 (green<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Cs2NaBkCl6<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448-70">[70]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkBr3<a href="#cite_note-conv-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> (yellow-green<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkI3 (yellow<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">[69]</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> Berkelium(IV) fluoride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF4) is a yellow-green ionic solid and is isotypic with <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">uranium tetrafluoride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrafluoride" title="Zirconium tetrafluoride">zirconium tetrafluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-BKF_3_4-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-f1-73">[73]</a> Berkelium(III) fluoride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkF3) is also a yellow-green solid, but it has two crystalline structures. The most stable phase at low temperatures is isotypic with <a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_fluoride" title="Yttrium(III) fluoride">yttrium(III) fluoride</a>, while upon heating to between 350 and 600 °C, it transforms to the structure found in <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_trifluoride" title="Lanthanum trifluoride">lanthanum trifluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-BKF_3_4-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Visible amounts of <a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_chloride" title="Berkelium(III) chloride">berkelium(III) chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkCl3) were first isolated and characterized in 1962, and weighed only 3 billionths of a <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>. It can be prepared by introducing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> vapors into an evacuated quartz tube containing berkelium oxide at a temperature about 500 °C.<a href="#cite_note-o1-75">[75]</a> This green solid has a melting point of 600 °C,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071969-66">[66]</a> and is isotypic with <a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_chloride" title="Uranium(III) chloride">uranium(III) chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Upon heating to nearly melting point, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkCl3 converts into an orthorhombic phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198452-78">[78]</a> Two forms of berkelium(III) bromide are known: one with berkelium having coordination 6, and one with coordination 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198438-54">[54]</a> The latter is less stable and transforms to the former phase upon heating to about 350 °C. An important phenomenon for radioactive solids has been studied on these two crystal forms: the structure of fresh and aged 249BkBr3 samples was probed by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a> over a period longer than 3 years, so that various fractions of berkelium-249 had <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decayed</a> to californium-249. No change in structure was observed upon the 249BkBr3—249CfBr3 transformation. However, other differences were noted for 249BkBr3 and 249CfBr3. For example, the latter could be reduced with hydrogen to 249CfBr2, but the former could not – this result was reproduced on individual 249BkBr3 and 249CfBr3 samples, as well on the samples containing both bromides.<a href="#cite_note-conv-68">[68]</a> The intergrowth of californium in berkelium occurs at a rate of 0.22% per day and is an intrinsic obstacle in studying berkelium properties. Beside a chemical contamination, 249Cf, being an alpha emitter, brings undesirable self-damage of the crystal lattice and the resulting self-heating. The chemical effect however can be avoided by performing measurements as a function of time and extrapolating the obtained results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_inorganic_compounds">Other inorganic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other inorganic compounds">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen#Compounds" title="Pnictogen">pnictides</a> of berkelium-249 of the type BkX are known for the elements <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-n1-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>. They crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">rock-salt structure</a> and are prepared by the reaction of either berkelium(III) hydride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkH3) or metallic berkelium with these elements at elevated temperature (about 600 °C) under high vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Berkelium(III) sulfide, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk2S3, is prepared by either treating berkelium oxide with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> vapors at 1130 °C, or by directly reacting metallic berkelium with elemental sulfur. These procedures yield brownish-black crystals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198453-81">[81]</a> Berkelium(III) and berkelium(IV) hydroxides are both stable in 1 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar</a> solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>. Berkelium(III) <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkPO4) has been prepared as a solid, which shows strong <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> under excitation with a green light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198439–40-82">[82]</a> Berkelium hydrides are produced by reacting metal with hydrogen gas at temperatures about 250 °C.<a href="#cite_note-n1-79">[79]</a> They are non-stoichiometric with the nominal formula BkH 2+x (0 < x < 1).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198453-81">[81]</a> Several other salts of berkelium are known, including an oxysulfide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk2O2S), and hydrated <a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_nitrate" title="Berkelium(III) nitrate">nitrate</a> (Bk(NO 3) 3·4H 2O), chloride (BkCl 3·6H 2O), <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> (Bk 2(SO 4) 3·12H 2O) and <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> (Bk 2(C 2O 4) 3·4H 2O).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447-67">[67]</a> Thermal decomposition at about 600 °C in an <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> atmosphere (to avoid oxidation to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />BkO2) of Bk 2(SO 4) 3·12H 2O yields the crystals of berkelium(III) oxysulfate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Bk2O2SO4). This compound is thermally stable to at least 1000 °C in inert atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198454-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoberkelium_compounds">Organoberkelium compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organoberkelium compounds">edit</a>]</div> Berkelium forms a trigonal (η5–C5H5)3Bk <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocene</a> complex with three <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_complex" title="Cyclopentadienyl complex">cyclopentadienyl</a> rings, which can be synthesized by reacting berkelium(III) chloride with the molten <a href="/wiki/Beryllocene" title="Beryllocene">beryllocene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Be(C5H5)2) at about 70 °C. It has an amber color and a density of 2.47 g/cm3. The complex is stable to heating to at least 250 °C, and sublimates without melting at about 350 °C. The high radioactivity of berkelium gradually destroys the compound (within a period of weeks).<a href="#cite_note-o1-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> One cyclopentadienyl ring in (η5–C5H5)3Bk can be substituted by chlorine to yield <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />[Bk(C5H5)2Cl]2. The optical absorption spectra of this compound are very similar to those of (η5–C5H5)3Bk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441,_54-85">[85]</a> Berkelium also forms Berkelocene, an <a href="/wiki/Actinocene" title="Actinocene">actinocene</a> complex, with substituted cyclooctatetraenides.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A very small sample of a blue liquid in a plastic pipette held by a hand wearing heavy protection equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/250px-Berkelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/330px-Berkelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/500px-Berkelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>22 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">milligrams</a> of berkelium (as <a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_nitrate" title="Berkelium(III) nitrate">nitrate</a>) prepared at <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">HFIR</a> in 2009 at a cost of approximately one million dollars, used for the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> There is currently no use for any isotope of berkelium outside basic scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a> Berkelium-249 is a common target nuclide to prepare still heavier <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">superheavy elements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-88">[88]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a> It is also useful as a source of the isotope californium-249, which is used for studies on the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> in preference to the more radioactive californium-252 that is produced in neutron bombardment facilities such as the HFIR.<a href="#cite_note-H&P-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A 22 milligram batch of berkelium-249 was prepared in a 250-day irradiation and then purified for 90 days at Oak Ridge in 2009. This target yielded the first 6 atoms of <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR), <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia, after bombarding it with calcium ions in the U400 cyclotron for 150 days. This synthesis was a culmination of the Russia-US collaboration between JINR and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> on the synthesis of elements 113 to 118 which was initiated in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_fuel_cycle">Nuclear fuel cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nuclear fuel cycle">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> properties of berkelium are different from those of the neighboring actinides curium and californium, and they suggest berkelium to perform poorly as a fuel in a nuclear reactor. Specifically, berkelium-249 has a moderately large neutron capture <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">cross section</a> of 710 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature#Thermal" title="Neutron temperature">thermal neutrons</a>, 1200 barns <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">resonance integral</a>, but very low fission cross section for thermal neutrons. In a thermal reactor, much of it will therefore be converted to berkelium-250 which quickly decays to californium-250.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In principle, berkelium-249 can sustain a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor#Fast_breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">fast breeder reactor</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> is relatively high at 192 kg, which can be reduced with a water or steel reflector but would still exceed the world production of this isotope.<a href="#cite_note-irsn-95">[95]</a> Berkelium-247 can maintain a chain reaction both in a thermal-neutron and in a fast-neutron reactor, however, its production is rather complex and thus the availability is much lower than its critical mass, which is about 75.7 kg for a bare sphere, 41.2 kg with a water reflector and 35.2 kg with a steel reflector (30 cm thickness).<a href="#cite_note-irsn-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health issues">edit</a>]</div> Little is known about the effects of berkelium on human body, and analogies with other elements may not be drawn because of different radiation products (<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> for berkelium and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, or both for most other actinides). The low energy of electrons emitted from berkelium-249 (less than 126 keV) hinders its detection, due to signal interference with other decay processes, but also makes this isotope relatively harmless to humans as compared to other actinides. However, berkelium-249 transforms with a half-life of only 330 days to the strong alpha-emitter californium-249, which is rather dangerous and has to be handled in a <a href="/wiki/Glovebox" title="Glovebox">glovebox</a> in a dedicated laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Most available berkelium toxicity data originate from research on animals. Upon ingestion by rats, only about 0.01% of berkelium ends in the blood stream. From there, about 65% goes to the bones, where it remains for about 50 years, 25% to the lungs (biological half-life about 20 years), 0.035% to the testicles or 0.01% to the ovaries where berkelium stays indefinitely. The balance of about 10% is excreted.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In all these organs berkelium might promote cancer, and in the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>, its radiation can damage red blood cells. The maximum permissible amount of berkelium-249 in the human skeleton is 0.4 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples" title="Kilogram">nanograms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GE28-1"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovács2018-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Kovács2018_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKovácsDauMarçaloGibson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9195b5hh">"Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States"</a>. Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1631597">1631597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040397">30040397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51717837">51717837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Curium%2C+Berkelium%2C+and+Californium+in+Nitrate+Complexes%3A+Extending+Actinide+Chemistry+and+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9453-%3C%2Fspan%3E9467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30040397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51717837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1631597%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Dau%2C+Phuong+D.&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7alo%2C+Joaquim&rft.au=Gibson%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9195b5hh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-3"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilstedFriedmanStevens1965" class="citation journal cs1">Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4">10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=The+alpha+half-life+of+berkelium-247%3B+a+new+long-lived+isomer+of+berkelium-248&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4&rft.aulast=Milsted&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_5-2">c</a> Hammond C. R. "The elements" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressure-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pressure_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1984" class="citation journal cs1">Benedict, U. (1984). "Study of actinide metals and actinide compounds under high pressures". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 100: 153–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5088%2884%2990061-4">10.1016/0022-5088(84)90061-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Less+Common+Metals&rft.atitle=Study+of+actinide+metals+and+actinide+compounds+under+high+pressures&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5088%2884%2990061-4&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssefaHaireStump1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Assefa, Z.; Haire, R. G.; Stump, N. A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1260149">"Emission profile of Bk(III) in a silicate matrix: anomalous dependence on excitation power"</a>. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 271–273: 854–858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2898%2900233-3">10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00233-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=Emission+profile+of+Bk%28III%29+in+a+silicate+matrix%3A+anomalous+dependence+on+excitation+power&rft.volume=271-273&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E854-%3C%2Fspan%3E858&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0925-8388%2898%2900233-3&rft.aulast=Assefa&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Stump%2C+N.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1260149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Rita Cornelis, Joe Caruso, Helen Crews, Klaus Heumann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PmjurlE6KkC&pg=PA553">Handbook of elemental speciation II: species in the environment, food, medicine & occupational health. Volume 2 of Handbook of Elemental Speciation</a>, John Wiley and Sons, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-85598-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-85598-3">0-470-85598-3</a> p. 553 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198445-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198445_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198445_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFugerHairePeterson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fuger, J.; Haire, R. G.; Peterson, J. R. (1981). "A new determination of the enthalpy of solution of berkelium metal and the standard enthalpy of formation of Bk3+ (aq)". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 43 (12): 3209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2881%2980090-5">10.1016/0022-1902(81)80090-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+new+determination+of+the+enthalpy+of+solution+of+berkelium+metal+and+the+standard+enthalpy+of+formation+of+Bk3%2B+%28aq%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3209&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2881%2980090-5&rft.aulast=Fuger&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198434-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198434_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonFaheyBaybarz1971" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, J. R.; Fahey, J. A.; Baybarz, R. D. (1971). "The crystal structures and lattice parameters of berkelium metal". J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33 (10): 3345–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2871%2980656-5">10.1016/0022-1902(71)80656-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Inorg.+Nucl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structures+and+lattice+parameters+of+berkelium+metal&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3345-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2871%2980656-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Fahey%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Baybarz%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198444-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198444_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-pressure2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pressure2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pressure2_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFItiePetersonHaireDufour1985" class="citation journal cs1">Itie, J. P.; Peterson, J. R.; Haire, R. G.; Dufour, C.; Benedict, U. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1235718">"Delocalisation of 5f electrons in berkelium-californium alloys under pressure"</a>. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics. 15 (9): L213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JPhF...15L.213I">1985JPhF...15L.213I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0305-4608%2F15%2F9%2F001">10.1088/0305-4608/15/9/001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+F%3A+Metal+Physics&rft.atitle=Delocalisation+of+5f+electrons+in+berkelium-californium+alloys+under+pressure&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=L213&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0305-4608%2F15%2F9%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985JPhF...15L.213I&rft.aulast=Itie&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Dufour%2C+C.&rft.au=Benedict%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1235718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Young, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2HVYh6wLBcC&pg=PA228">Phase diagrams of the elements</a>, University of California Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07483-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07483-1">0-520-07483-1</a> p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-H&P-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&P_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHobartPeterson2006" class="citation book cs1">Hobart, David E.; Peterson, Joseph R. (2006). "Berkelium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717153832/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/berkelium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1444–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_10">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/berkelium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berkelium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1444-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Joseph+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Fberkelium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahey-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Fahey_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaheyPetersonBaybarz1972" class="citation journal cs1">Fahey, J. A.; Peterson, J. R.; Baybarz, R. D. (1972). "Some properties of berkelium metal and the apparent trend toward divalent character in the transcurium actinide metals". Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 8 (1): 101–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-1650%2872%2980092-8">10.1016/0020-1650(72)80092-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorg.+Nucl.+Chem.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Some+properties+of+berkelium+metal+and+the+apparent+trend+toward+divalent+character+in+the+transcurium+actinide+metals&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-1650%2872%2980092-8&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Baybarz%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardKleinschmidtHaire1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, John W.; Kleinschmidt, Phillip D.; Haire, Richard G. (1982). "Vapor pressure and thermodynamics of Bk-249 metal". J. Chem. Phys. 77 (3): 1464–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JChPh..77.1464W">1982JChPh..77.1464W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.443975">10.1063/1.443975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Vapor+pressure+and+thermodynamics+of+Bk-249+metal&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1464-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.443975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JChPh..77.1464W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Kleinschmidt%2C+Phillip+D.&rft.au=Haire%2C+Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeblondeKelleySuBatista2018" class="citation journal cs1">Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Kelley, Morgan P.; Su, Jing; Batista, Enrique R.; Yang, Ping; Booth, Corwin H.; Abergel, Rebecca J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201709183">"Spectroscopic and Computational Characterization of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid/Transplutonium Chelates: Evidencing Heterogeneity in the Heavy Actinide(III) Series"</a>. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 57 (17): 4521–4526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201709183">10.1002/anie.201709183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773">1521-3773</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29473263">29473263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Spectroscopic+and+Computational+Characterization+of+Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic+Acid%2FTransplutonium+Chelates%3A+Evidencing+Heterogeneity+in+the+Heavy+Actinide%28III%29+Series&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4521-%3C%2Fspan%3E4526&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1521-3773&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29473263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201709183&rft.aulast=Deblonde&rft.aufirst=Gauthier+J.-P.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Morgan+P.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Batista%2C+Enrique+R.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ping&rft.au=Booth%2C+Corwin+H.&rft.au=Abergel%2C+Rebecca+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fanie.201709183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelleyDeblondeSuBooth2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, Morgan P.; Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Su, Jing; Booth, Corwin H.; Abergel, Rebecca J.; Batista, Enrique R.; Yang, Ping (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/4tc1b0xz">"Bond Covalency and Oxidation State of Actinide Ions Complexed with Therapeutic Chelating Agent 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)"</a>. Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (9): 5352–5363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b00345">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-1669">0020-1669</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1458511">1458511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29624372">29624372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Bond+Covalency+and+Oxidation+State+of+Actinide+Ions+Complexed+with+Therapeutic+Chelating+Agent+3%2C4%2C3-LI%281%2C2-HOPO%29&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5352-%3C%2Fspan%3E5363&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29624372&rft.issn=0020-1669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1458511%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b00345&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Morgan+P.&rft.au=Deblonde%2C+Gauthier+J.-P.&rft.au=Su%2C+Jing&rft.au=Booth%2C+Corwin+H.&rft.au=Abergel%2C+Rebecca+J.&rft.au=Batista%2C+Enrique+R.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4tc1b0xz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeblondeSturzbecher-HoehneRupertAn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Deblonde, Gauthier; Sturzbecher-Hoehne, Manuel; Rupert, Peter; An, Dahlia; Illy, Marie-Claire; Ralston, Corie; brabec, Jiri; de Jong, Wibe; Strong, Roland; Abergel, Rebecca (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9zn3q96n">"Chelation and stabilization of berkelium in oxidation state +IV"</a>. Nature Chemistry. 9 (9): 843–849. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCh...9..843D">2017NatCh...9..843D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2759">10.1038/nchem.2759</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1436161">1436161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837177">28837177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Chelation+and+stabilization+of+berkelium+in+oxidation+state+%2BIV&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E843-%3C%2Fspan%3E849&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2759&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28837177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1436161%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCh...9..843D&rft.aulast=Deblonde&rft.aufirst=Gauthier&rft.au=Sturzbecher-Hoehne%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Rupert%2C+Peter&rft.au=An%2C+Dahlia&rft.au=Illy%2C+Marie-Claire&rft.au=Ralston%2C+Corie&rft.au=brabec%2C+Jiri&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Wibe&rft.au=Strong%2C+Roland&rft.au=Abergel%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9zn3q96n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5+-22"><a href="#cite_ref-5+_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttila_KovácsPhuong_D._DauJoaquim_MarçaloJohn_K._Gibson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Attila Kovács; Phuong D. Dau; Joaquim Marçalo; John K. Gibson (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt9195b5hh/qt9195b5hh.pdf">"Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States"</a> (PDF). Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (15). ACS Publications: 9453–9467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450">10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1631597">1631597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040397">30040397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51717837">51717837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Pentavalent+Curium%2C+Berkelium%2C+and+Californium+in+Nitrate+Complexes%3A+Extending+Actinide+Chemistry+and+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9453-%3C%2Fspan%3E9467&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30040397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51717837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1631597%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.inorgchem.8b01450&rft.au=Attila+Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.au=Phuong+D.+Dau&rft.au=Joaquim+Mar%C3%A7alo&rft.au=John+K.+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt9195b5hh%2Fqt9195b5hh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198455-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198455_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198455_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivanSchmidtMorssPippin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Jim C.; Schmidt, K. H.; Morss, L. R.; Pippin, C. G.; Williams, C. (1988). "Pulse radiolysis studies of berkelium(III): preparation and identification of berkelium(II) in aqueous perchlorate media". Inorganic Chemistry. 27 (4): 597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00277a005">10.1021/ic00277a005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Pulse+radiolysis+studies+of+berkelium%28III%29%3A+preparation+and+identification+of+berkelium%28II%29+in+aqueous+perchlorate+media&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00277a005&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jim+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Morss%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Pippin%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Williams%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1950-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1950_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1950_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1950_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSeaborg1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gerald_Thompson" title="Stanley Gerald Thompson">Thompson, Stanley G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg, Glenn T.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/932812">"Chemical properties of berkelium"</a>. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F932812">10.2172/932812</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015086479683">2027/mdp.39015086479683</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/932812">932812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Lab&rft.atitle=Chemical+properties+of+berkelium&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015086479683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F932812%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F932812&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+Glenn+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F932812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071956-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071956_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollemanWiberg2007">Holleman & Wiberg 2007</a>, p. 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971265-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971265_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 1265. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussoGaiserPriceSergentu2025" class="citation journal cs1">Russo, Dominic R.; Gaiser, Alyssa N.; Price, Amy N.; Sergentu, Dumitru-Claudiu; Wacker, Jennifer N.; Katzer, Nicholas; Peterson, Appie A.; Branson, Jacob A.; Yu, Xiaojuan; Kelly, Sheridon N.; Ouellette, Erik T.; Arnold, John; Long, Jeffrey R.; Lukens, Wayne W.; Teat, Simon J. (28 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3346">"Berkelium–carbon bonding in a tetravalent berkelocene"</a>. Science. 387 (6737): 974–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346">10.1126/science.adr3346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Berkelium%E2%80%93carbon+bonding+in+a+tetravalent+berkelocene&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=6737&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E974-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Dominic+R.&rft.au=Gaiser%2C+Alyssa+N.&rft.au=Price%2C+Amy+N.&rft.au=Sergentu%2C+Dumitru-Claudiu&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Jennifer+N.&rft.au=Katzer%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Appie+A.&rft.au=Branson%2C+Jacob+A.&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaojuan&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Sheridon+N.&rft.au=Ouellette%2C+Erik+T.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+John&rft.au=Long%2C+Jeffrey+R.&rft.au=Lukens%2C+Wayne+W.&rft.au=Teat%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nubase-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudiKondevWangHuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/NUBASE2016.pdf">"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2016%2FNUBASE2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBE-30"><a href="#cite_ref-TBE_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._Myasoedov1972" class="citation book cs1">B. Myasoedov; et al. (1972). Analytical chemistry of transplutonium elements. Moscow: Nauka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-62715-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-62715-0"><bdi>978-0-470-62715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytical+chemistry+of+transplutonium+elements&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-470-62715-0&rft.au=B.+Myasoedov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFieldsStudierDiamondMech1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, P. R.; Studier, M. H.; Diamond, H.; et al. (1956). "Transplutonium Elements in Thermonuclear Test Debris". Physical Review. 102 (1): 180–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PhRv..102..180F">1956PhRv..102..180F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.180">10.1103/PhysRev.102.180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Transplutonium+Elements+in+Thermonuclear+Test+Debris&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PhRv..102..180F&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Studier%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Inghram%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+G.+L.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Fried%2C+S.&rft.au=Manning%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.+G.&rft.au=Higgins%2C+G.+H.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNNDC2008" class="citation web cs1">Alejandro A. Sonzogni (Database Manager), ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010070007/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">"Chart of Nuclides"</a>. Upton, New York: National Nuclear Data Center, <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">the original</a> on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chart+of+Nuclides&rft.place=Upton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=National+Nuclear+Data+Center%2C+Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-33"><a href="#cite_ref-emsley_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gopka08-34"><a href="#cite_ref-gopka08_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopkaYushchenkoYushchenkoPanov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gopka, V. F.; Yushchenko, A. V.; Yushchenko, V. A.; Panov, I. V.; Kim, Ch. (15 May 2008). "Identification of absorption lines of short half-life actinides in the spectrum of Przybylski's star (HD 101065)". Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies. 24 (2): 89–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008KPCB...24...89G">2008KPCB...24...89G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3103%2FS0884591308020049">10.3103/S0884591308020049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120526363">120526363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kinematics+and+Physics+of+Celestial+Bodies&rft.atitle=Identification+of+absorption+lines+of+short+half-life+actinides+in+the+spectrum+of+Przybylski%27s+star+%28HD+101065%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120526363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3103%2FS0884591308020049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008KPCB...24...89G&rft.aulast=Gopka&rft.aufirst=V.+F.&rft.au=Yushchenko%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Yushchenko%2C+V.+A.&rft.au=Panov%2C+I.+V.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ch.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonGhiorsoSeaborg1950" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.77.838.2">"Element 97"</a>. Physical Review. 77 (6): 838. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...77..838T">1950PhRv...77..838T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.77.838.2">10.1103/PhysRev.77.838.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Element+97&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=838&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.77.838.2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950PhRv...77..838T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.77.838.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E97-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E97_36-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonGhiorsoSeaborg1950" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0045.pdf">"The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97)"</a> (PDF). Physical Review. 80 (5): 781. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...80..781T">1950PhRv...80..781T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.781">10.1103/PhysRev.80.781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0045.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Element+Berkelium+%28Atomic+Number+97%29&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=781&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.781&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950PhRv...80..781T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Faccomplishments%2Fdocuments%2FfullText%2FACC0045.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0045&numPages=38&fp=N">Abstract</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonCunninghamSeaborg1950" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S. G.; Cunningham, B. B.; Seaborg, G. T. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc896202/">"Chemical Properties of Berkelium"</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 72 (6): 2798. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JAChS..72R2798T">1950JAChS..72R2798T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01162a538">10.1021/ja01162a538</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015086479683">2027/mdp.39015086479683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Chemical+Properties+of+Berkelium&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2798&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015086479683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01162a538&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950JAChS..72R2798T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+B.+B.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc896202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1950/04/08/comment-3910">"Comment"</a>. The New Yorker. April 1950. Retrieved 4 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Comment&rft.date=1950-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1950%2F04%2F08%2Fcomment-3910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeiserman1992" class="citation book cs1">Heiserman, David L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC">"Element 98: Californium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis">Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds</a>. TAB Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/347">347</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9"><bdi>978-0-8306-3018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Element+98%3A+Californium&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24l-Cpal9oIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompsonGhiorsoHarveyChoppin1954" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2wj6c5kh">"Transcurium Isotopes Produced in the Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium"</a>. Physical Review. 93 (4): 908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...93..908T">1954PhRv...93..908T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.908">10.1103/PhysRev.93.908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Transcurium+Isotopes+Produced+in+the+Neutron+Irradiation+of+Plutonium&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=908&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.93.908&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...93..908T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+B.&rft.au=Choppin%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2wj6c5kh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnussonStudierFieldsStevens1954" class="citation journal cs1">Magnusson, L.; Studier, M.; Fields, P.; Stevens, C.; Mech, J.; Friedman, A.; Diamond, H.; Huizenga, J. (1954). "Berkelium and Californium Isotopes Produced in Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium". Physical Review. 96 (6): 1576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PhRv...96.1576M">1954PhRv...96.1576M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1576">10.1103/PhysRev.96.1576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Berkelium+and+Californium+Isotopes+Produced+in+Neutron+Irradiation+of+Plutonium&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1576&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.1576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PhRv...96.1576M&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Studier%2C+M.&rft.au=Fields%2C+P.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+H.&rft.au=Huizenga%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastwoodButlerCabellJackson1957" class="citation journal cs1">Eastwood, T.; Butler, J.; Cabell, M.; Jackson, H.; Schuman, R.; Rourke, F.; Collins, T. (1957). "Isotopes of Berkelium and Californium Produced by Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium". Physical Review. 107 (6): 1635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PhRv..107.1635E">1957PhRv..107.1635E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.107.1635">10.1103/PhysRev.107.1635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Isotopes+of+Berkelium+and+Californium+Produced+by+Neutron+Irradiation+of+Plutonium&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1635&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.107.1635&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957PhRv..107.1635E&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Butler%2C+J.&rft.au=Cabell%2C+M.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+H.&rft.au=Schuman%2C+R.&rft.au=Rourke%2C+F.&rft.au=Collins%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2016-43"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudiKondevWangHuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/NUBASE2016.pdf">"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2016%2FNUBASE2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198430-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198430_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198430_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-bk-45"><a href="#cite_ref-bk_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrabesinger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Trabesinger, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2845">"Peaceful berkelium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a>. 9 (9): 924. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCh...9..924T">2017NatCh...9..924T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2845">10.1038/nchem.2845</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837169">28837169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Peaceful+berkelium&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=924&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28837169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2845&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCh...9..924T&rft.aulast=Trabesinger&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnchem.2845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHulet1956" class="citation journal cs1">Hulet, E. (1956). "New Isotope of Berkelium". Physical Review. 102 (1): 182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PhRv..102..182H">1956PhRv..102..182H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.182">10.1103/PhysRev.102.182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=New+Isotope+of+Berkelium&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.182&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PhRv..102..182H&rft.aulast=Hulet&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilstedFriedmanStevens1965" class="citation journal cs1">Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965NucPh..71..299M">1965NucPh..71..299M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4">10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=The+alpha+half-life+of+berkelium-247%3B+a+new+long-lived+isomer+of+berkelium-248&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965NucPh..71..299M&rft.aulast=Milsted&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilstedFriedmanStevens1965" class="citation journal cs1">Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965NucPh..71..299M">1965NucPh..71..299M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4">10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=The+alpha+half-life+of+berkelium-247%3B+a+new+long-lived+isomer+of+berkelium-248&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0029-5582%2865%2990719-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965NucPh..71..299M&rft.aulast=Milsted&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSeaborg1979" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Kimberly; Seaborg, Glenn (1979). "New isotope 242Bk". Physical Review C. 19 (5): 1794. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PhRvC..19.1794W">1979PhRvC..19.1794W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.19.1794">10.1103/PhysRevC.19.1794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=New+isotope+%3Csup%3E242%3C%2Fsup%3EBk&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1794&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.19.1794&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979PhRvC..19.1794W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nucleonica-50"><a href="#cite_ref-nucleonica_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNucleonica2007–2011" class="citation web cs1">Nucleonica (2007–2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx">"Nucleonica: Universal Nuclide Chart"</a>. Nucleonica. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nucleonica%3A+Universal+Nuclide+Chart&rft.pub=Nucleonica&rft.date=2007%2F2011&rft.au=Nucleonica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nucleonica.net%2Func.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198432-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198432_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198432_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198433–34-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198433–34_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> S. G. Thompson, BB Cunningham: "First Macroscopic Observations of the Chemical Properties of Berkelium and californium," supplement to Paper P/825 presented at the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 1958 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198438-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198438_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198438_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/HFIR/">"High Flux Isotope Reactor"</a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Flux+Isotope+Reactor&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneutrons.ornl.gov%2Ffacilities%2FHFIR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niiar.ru/?q=radioisotope_application">"Радионуклидные источники и препараты"</a>. Research Institute of Atomic Reactors. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=Research+Institute+of+Atomic+Reactors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niiar.ru%2F%3Fq%3Dradioisotope_application&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Es-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Es_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Einsteinium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717154427/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/einsteinium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1577–1620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_12">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/einsteinium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Einsteinium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1577-%3C%2Fspan%3E1620&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_12&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Haire&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Feinsteinium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971262-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971262_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 1262. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterRileyVandergriftFelker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, C. E.; Riley, F. D. Jr.; Vandergrift, R. D.; Felker, L. K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1234415">"Fermium Purification Using Teva Resin Extraction Chromatography"</a>. Sep. Sci. Technol. 32 (1–4): 83–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01496399708003188">10.1080/01496399708003188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sep.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Fermium+Purification+Using+Teva+Resin+Extraction+Chromatography&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01496399708003188&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Riley%2C+F.+D.+Jr.&rft.au=Vandergrift%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Felker%2C+L.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpirletPetersonAsprey1987" class="citation book cs1">Spirlet, J. C.; Peterson, J. R.; Asprey, L. B. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116400835595_31/page/1">Preparation and Purification of Actinide Metals</a>. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 31. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116400835595_31/page/1">1–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960220-2">10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60220-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120236312" title="Special:BookSources/9780120236312"><bdi>9780120236312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+and+Purification+of+Actinide+Metals&rft.series=Advances+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960220-2&rft.isbn=9780120236312&rft.aulast=Spirlet&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Asprey%2C+L.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116400835595_31%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonCunningham1967" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, J.; Cunningham, B. B. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mv047vq">"Crystal structures and lattice parameters of the compounds of berkelium I. Berkelium dioxide and cubic berkelium sesquioxide"</a>. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 3 (9): 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-1650%2867%2980037-0">10.1016/0020-1650(67)80037-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+and+lattice+parameters+of+the+compounds+of+berkelium+I.+Berkelium+dioxide+and+cubic+berkelium+sesquioxide&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=327&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-1650%2867%2980037-0&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+B.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5mv047vq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BK_OX-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BK_OX_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BK_OX_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaybarz1968" class="citation journal cs1">Baybarz, R. D. (1968). "The berkelium oxide system". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 30 (7): 1769–1773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980352-5">10.1016/0022-1902(68)80352-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+berkelium+oxide+system&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1769-%3C%2Fspan%3E1773&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980352-5&rft.aulast=Baybarz&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071972-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071972_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollemanWiberg2007">Holleman & Wiberg 2007</a>, p. 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198451-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198451_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198451_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071969-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071969_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollemanWiberg20071969_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollemanWiberg2007">Holleman & Wiberg 2007</a>, p. 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198447_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-conv-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conv_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conv_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conv_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungHairePetersonEnsor1980" class="citation journal cs1">Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G.; Peterson, J. R.; Ensor, D. D.; Fellows, R. L. (1980). "Chemical consequences of radioactive decay. 1. Study of californium-249 ingrowth into crystalline berkelium-249 tribromide: a new crystalline phase of californium tribromide". Inorganic Chemistry. 19 (8): 2209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50210a003">10.1021/ic50210a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Chemical+consequences+of+radioactive+decay.+1.+Study+of+californium-249+ingrowth+into+crystalline+berkelium-249+tribromide%3A+a+new+crystalline+phase+of+californium+tribromide&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2209&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50210a003&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Ensor%2C+D.+D.&rft.au=Fellows%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971270_69-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 1270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198448_70-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurnsPetersonStevenson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, J.; Peterson, J. R.; Stevenson, J. N. (1975). "Crystallographic studies of some transuranic trihalides: 239PuCl3, 244CmBr3, 249BkBr3 and 249CfBr3". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 37 (3): 743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2875%2980532-X">10.1016/0022-1902(75)80532-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Crystallographic+studies+of+some+transuranic+trihalides%3A+239PuCl3%2C+244CmBr3%2C+249BkBr3+and+249CfBr3&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=743&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2875%2980532-X&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BKF_3_4-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BKF_3_4_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BKF_3_4_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnsorPetersonHaireYoung1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ensor, D.; Peterson, J. R.; Haire, R. G.; Young, J. P. (1981). "Absorption spectrophotometric study of berkelium(III) and (IV) fluorides in the solid state". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 43 (5): 1001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2881%2980164-9">10.1016/0022-1902(81)80164-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Absorption+spectrophotometric+study+of+berkelium%28III%29+and+%28IV%29+fluorides+in+the+solid+state&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1001&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2881%2980164-9&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Young%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-f1_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeenanAsprey1969" class="citation journal cs1">Keenan, Thomas K.; Asprey, Larned B. (1969). "Lattice constants of actinide tetrafluorides including berkelium". Inorganic Chemistry. 8 (2): 235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50072a011">10.1021/ic50072a011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Lattice+constants+of+actinide+tetrafluorides+including+berkelium&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50072a011&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft.au=Asprey%2C+Larned+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonCunningham1968" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, J. R.; Cunningham, B. B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mn5c30t">"Crystal structures and lattice parameters of the compounds of berkelium—IV berkelium trifluoride☆"</a>. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 30 (7): 1775. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980353-7">10.1016/0022-1902(68)80353-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+and+lattice+parameters+of+the+compounds+of+berkelium%E2%80%94IV+berkelium+trifluoride%E2%98%86&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1775&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980353-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+B.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1mn5c30t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o1-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o1_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-o1_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaubereauBurns1970" class="citation journal cs1">Laubereau, Peter G.; Burns, John H. (1970). "Microchemical preparation of tricyclopentadienyl compounds of berkelium, californium, and some lanthanide elements". Inorganic Chemistry. 9 (5): 1091. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50087a018">10.1021/ic50087a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Microchemical+preparation+of+tricyclopentadienyl+compounds+of+berkelium%2C+californium%2C+and+some+lanthanide+elements&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1091&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50087a018&rft.aulast=Laubereau&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft.au=Burns%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonCunningham1968" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, J. R.; Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Crystal structures and lattice parameters of the compounds of berkelium—IIBerkelium trichloride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 30 (3): 823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980443-9">10.1016/0022-1902(68)80443-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+and+lattice+parameters+of+the+compounds+of+berkelium%E2%80%94IIBerkelium+trichloride&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=823&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2868%2980443-9&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+B.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonYoungEnsorHaire1986" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, J. R.; Young, J. P.; Ensor, D. D.; Haire, R. G. (1986). "Absorption spectrophotometric and x-ray diffraction studies of the trichlorides of berkelium-249 and californium-249". Inorganic Chemistry. 25 (21): 3779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00241a015">10.1021/ic00241a015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Absorption+spectrophotometric+and+x-ray+diffraction+studies+of+the+trichlorides+of+berkelium-249+and+californium-249&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3779&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic00241a015&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Young%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Ensor%2C+D.+D.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198452-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198452_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-n1-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensonPeterson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, J.; Peterson, J. (1979). "Preparation and structural studies of elemental curium-248 and the nitrides of curium-248 and berkelium-249". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 66 (2): 201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5088%2879%2990229-7">10.1016/0022-5088(79)90229-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Less+Common+Metals&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+structural+studies+of+elemental+curium-248+and+the+nitrides+of+curium-248+and+berkelium-249&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5088%2879%2990229-7&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamienHairePeterson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Damien, D.; Haire, R. G.; Peterson, J. R. (1980). "Preparation and lattice parameters of 249Bk monopnictides". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 42 (7): 995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2880%2980390-3">10.1016/0022-1902(80)80390-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+lattice+parameters+of+%3Csup%3E249%3C%2Fsup%3EBk+monopnictides&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=995&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2880%2980390-3&rft.aulast=Damien&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Haire%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198453-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198453_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198453_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198439–40-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198439–40_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198454-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198454_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Christoph Elschenbroich Organometallic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiesbaden 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8351-0167-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8351-0167-8">978-3-8351-0167-8</a>, pp. 583–584 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441,_54-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonHobart198441,_54_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonHobart1984">Peterson & Hobart 1984</a>, pp. 41, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussoGaiserPriceSergentu2025" class="citation journal cs1">Russo, Dominic R.; Gaiser, Alyssa N.; Price, Amy N.; Sergentu, Dumitru-Claudiu; Wacker, Jennifer N.; Katzer, Nicholas; Peterson, Appie A.; Branson, Jacob A.; Yu, Xiaojuan; Kelly, Sheridon N.; Ouellette, Erik T.; Arnold, John; Long, Jeffrey R.; Lukens, Wayne W.; Teat, Simon J. (28 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3346">"Berkelium–carbon bonding in a tetravalent berkelocene"</a>. Science. 387 (6737): 974–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346">10.1126/science.adr3346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Berkelium%E2%80%93carbon+bonding+in+a+tetravalent+berkelocene&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=6737&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E974-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Dominic+R.&rft.au=Gaiser%2C+Alyssa+N.&rft.au=Price%2C+Amy+N.&rft.au=Sergentu%2C+Dumitru-Claudiu&rft.au=Wacker%2C+Jennifer+N.&rft.au=Katzer%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Appie+A.&rft.au=Branson%2C+Jacob+A.&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaojuan&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Sheridon+N.&rft.au=Ouellette%2C+Erik+T.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+John&rft.au=Long%2C+Jeffrey+R.&rft.au=Lukens%2C+Wayne+W.&rft.au=Teat%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adr3346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/04/finally-element-117-is-here.html">Finally, Element 117 Is Here!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030102347/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/04/finally-element-117-is-here.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science Now, 7 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_88-0">^</a> Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 211. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508083-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508083-1">0-19-508083-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717154045/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/californium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1499–1576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_11">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/californium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Californium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1499-%3C%2Fspan%3E1576&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_11&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Haire&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Fcalifornium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://str.llnl.gov/OctNov10/shaughnessy.html">Collaboration Expands the Periodic Table, One Element at a Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718033621/https://str.llnl.gov/OctNov10/shaughnessy.html">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Science and Technology Review, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October/November 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100406181611.htm">Nuclear Missing Link Created at Last: Superheavy Element 117</a>, Science daily, 7 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> G. Pfennig, H. Klewe-Nebenius, W. Seelmann Eggebert (Eds.): Karlsruhe <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a>, 7 Edition, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwickObložinskýHermanGreene2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chadwick, M. B.; Obložinský, P.; Herman, M.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc888955/">"ENDF/B-VII.0: Next Generation Evaluated Nuclear Data Library for Nuclear Science and Technology"</a>. Nuclear Data Sheets. 107 (12): 2931–3060. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NDS...107.2931C">2006NDS...107.2931C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nds.2006.11.001">10.1016/j.nds.2006.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Data+Sheets&rft.atitle=ENDF%2FB-VII.0%3A+Next+Generation+Evaluated+Nuclear+Data+Library+for+Nuclear+Science+and+Technology&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2931-%3C%2Fspan%3E3060&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nds.2006.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006NDS...107.2931C&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft.au=Oblo%C5%BEinsk%C3%BD%2C+P.&rft.au=Herman%2C+M.&rft.au=Greene%2C+N.+M.&rft.au=McKnight%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc888955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoningAvrigeanuAvrigeanuBatistoni2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Koning, A. J.; Avrigeanu, M.; Avrigeanu, V.; et al. (2007). "The JEFF evaluated nuclear data project". ND2007. Vol. ND2007. pp. 721–726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fndata%3A07476">10.1051/ndata:07476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+JEFF+evaluated+nuclear+data+project&rft.btitle=ND2007&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E721-%3C%2Fspan%3E726&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fndata%3A07476&rft.aulast=Koning&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Avrigeanu%2C+M.&rft.au=Avrigeanu%2C+V.&rft.au=Batistoni%2C+P.&rft.au=Bauge%2C+E.&rft.au=B%C3%A9%2C+M.-M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-irsn-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irsn_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irsn_95-1">b</a> Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/transport/doc/irsn_sect03_146.pdf">"Evaluation of nuclear criticality safety. data and limits for actinides in transport"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519171204/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/transport/doc/irsn_sect03_146.pdf">Archived</a> 19 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Emeleus, H. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5_LSQqeZ_IC&pg=PA32">Advances in inorganic chemistry</a>, Academic Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-023631-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-023631-1">0-12-023631-1</a> p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> International Commission on Radiological Protection <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTxcCV4w0VEC&pg=PA14">Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers, Part 4, Volume 19, Issue 4</a>, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN, 0080368867 p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals McGraw-Hill, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-049439-8">0-07-049439-8</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Nils (2007). Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry (102nd ed.). Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=102nd&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017770-1&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersonHobart1984" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, J. R.; Hobart, D. E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&pg=PA29">"The Chemistry of Berkelium"</a>. In Emeléus, Harry Julius (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesininorga0000unse_p1d0/page/29">Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry</a>. Vol. 28. Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancesininorga0000unse_p1d0/page/29">29–64</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960204-4">10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-023628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-023628-2"><bdi>978-0-12-023628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Berkelium&rft.btitle=Advances+in+inorganic+chemistry+and+radiochemistry&rft.pages=29-64&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0898-8838%2808%2960204-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-023628-2&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hobart%2C+D.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-YOlLVuV1YC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerkelium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/097.htm">Berkelium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Berkelium" class="extiw" title="commons:Berkelium">Berkelium</a>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1882#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4511718-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012004283">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007597623305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&oldid=1282179415">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&oldid=1282179415</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berkelium" title="Category:Berkelium">Berkelium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_double_hexagonal_close-packed_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure">Chemical elements with double hexagonal close-packed structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actinides" title="Category:Actinides">Actinides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_elements" title="Category:Synthetic elements">Synthetic elements</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 March 2025, at 20:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkelium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Berkelium</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 131 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-n89vj","wgBackendResponseTime":255,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.091","walltime":"2.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43240,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":711601,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52791,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":331511,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2159.986 1 -total"," 62.73% 1354.916 2 Template:Infobox"," 45.48% 982.439 1 Template:Infobox_berkelium"," 45.25% 977.425 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 21.18% 457.504 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.96% 452.646 1 Template:Infobox_berkelium_isotopes"," 20.79% 449.151 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 19.64% 424.187 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 18.52% 400.069 141 Template:Trim"," 16.24% 350.754 47 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.116","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14120058,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAssefaHaireStump1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttila_KovácsPhuong_D._DauJoaquim_MarçaloJohn_K._Gibson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Myasoedov1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaybarz1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedict1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnsPetersonStevenson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwickObložinskýHermanGreene2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamienHairePeterson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeblondeKelleySuBatista2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeblondeSturzbecher-HoehneRupertAn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastwoodButlerCabellJackson1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsorPetersonHaireYoung1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaheyPetersonBaybarz1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldsStudierDiamondMech1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFugerHairePeterson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopkaYushchenkoYushchenkoPanov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaire2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeiserman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobartPeterson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWiberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulet1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItiePetersonHaireDufour1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenanAsprey1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyDeblondeSuBooth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoningAvrigeanuAvrigeanuBatistoni2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaubereauBurns1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnussonStudierFieldsStevens1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilstedFriedmanStevens1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNNDC2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNucleonica2007–2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonCunningham1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonCunningham1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonFaheyBaybarz1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonHobart1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonYoungEnsorHaire1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterRileyVandergriftFelker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussoGaiserPriceSergentu2025\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpirletPetersonAsprey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensonPeterson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanSchmidtMorssPippin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonCunninghamSeaborg1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonGhiorsoHarveyChoppin1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonGhiorsoSeaborg1950\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonSeaborg1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrabesinger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardKleinschmidtHaire1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSeaborg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungHairePetersonEnsor1980\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 6,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox berkelium\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"NUBASE2016\"] = 2,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 23,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuclide\"] = 4,\n [\"Overline\"] = 2,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"RubberBible86th\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 41,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","36.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","16.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.1"],["date","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","20","1.3"],["[others]","180","11.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-b5fx7","timestamp":"20250329202330","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Berkelium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berkelium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1882","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1882","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T14:32:45Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T20:55:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Berkelium_metal.jpg","headline":"element with the atomic number of 97"}</script> </body> </html>