Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries

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It is noted that this requires \"a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century\"\n 1\n . This either calls for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or a balance between positive and negative emissions (NE)2,3. Roadmaps and socio-economic scenarios compatible with a 2 °C or 1.5 °C goal depend upon NE via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to balance remaining GHG emissions4–7. However, large-scale deployment of BECCS would imply significant impacts on many Earth system components besides atmospheric CO2 concentrations8,9. Here we explore the feasibility of NE via BECCS from dedicated plantations and potential trade-offs with planetary boundaries (PBs)10,11 for multiple socio-economic pathways. We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows. Biomass-based negative emissions can help to address the planetary boundary (PB) for climate change. However, side-effects likely include pushing us closer to the PBs for freshwater use and further transgression of the PBs for biosphere integrity, land-system change, and biogeochemical flows.","datePublished":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2018-03-14T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"151","pageEnd":"155","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y","keywords":["Biogeochemistry","Environmental impact","Environment","general","Climate Change","Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts","Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y/MediaObjects/41558_2017_64_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y/MediaObjects/41558_2017_64_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y/MediaObjects/41558_2017_64_Fig3_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","issn":["1758-6798","1758-678X"],"volumeNumber":"8","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Vera Heck","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5924","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","address":{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin","address":{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"heck@pik-potsdam.de","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Dieter Gerten","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","address":{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin","address":{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Wolfgang Lucht","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","address":{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin","address":{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human–Environment Systems","address":{"name":"Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human–Environment Systems, Berlin, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexander Popp","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","address":{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0064-y"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41558"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Climate Change 2018 8:2"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2018-01-22"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2018 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2018 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Under the Paris Agreement, 195 nations have committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to strive to limit the increase to 1.5 °C (ref. 1 ). It is noted that this requires "a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century" 1 . This either calls for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or a balance between positive and negative emissions (NE)2,3. Roadmaps and socio-economic scenarios compatible with a 2 °C or 1.5 °C goal depend upon NE via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to balance remaining GHG emissions4–7. However, large-scale deployment of BECCS would imply significant impacts on many Earth system components besides atmospheric CO2 concentrations8,9. Here we explore the feasibility of NE via BECCS from dedicated plantations and potential trade-offs with planetary boundaries (PBs)10,11 for multiple socio-economic pathways. We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows. Biomass-based negative emissions can help to address the planetary boundary (PB) for climate change. 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We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows. Biomass-based negative emissions can help to address the planetary boundary (PB) for climate change. 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c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Vera-Heck-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Vera-Heck-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Heck, Vera" data-corresp-id="c1">Vera Heck<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5924"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-9381-5924</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dieter-Gerten-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Dieter-Gerten-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Gerten, Dieter">Dieter Gerten</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Wolfgang-Lucht-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Wolfgang-Lucht-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Lucht, Wolfgang">Wolfgang Lucht</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexander-Popp-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Alexander-Popp-Aff1" data-author-search="Popp, Alexander">Alexander Popp</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nclimate" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Climate Change</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 8</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>151–155 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2018</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">9586 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">437 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/biogeochemistry" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Biogeochemistry</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/environmental-impact" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Environmental impact</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <span class="c-status-message__icon"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> </span> <p class="u-mt-0">An <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0107-z" class="relation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view linked article" data-track-label="link">Author Correction</a> to this article was published on 14 March 2018</p> </div> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <span class="c-status-message__icon"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> </span> <p class="u-mt-0">This article has been <a href="#change-history">updated</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Under the Paris Agreement, 195 nations have committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to strive to limit the increase to 1.5 °C (ref. <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="
 Adoption of the Paris Agreement FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev1 (UNFCCC, 2015)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e358">1</a></sup>). It is noted that this requires "a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of the century"<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="
 Adoption of the Paris Agreement FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev1 (UNFCCC, 2015)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e362">1</a></sup>. This either calls for zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or a balance between positive and negative emissions (NE)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Rogelj, J. et al. Zero emission targets as long-term global goals for climate protection. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 105007 (2015)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e366">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Sanderson, B. M., O’Neill, B. C. & Tebaldi, C. What would it take to achieve the Paris temperature targets? Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 7133–7142 (2016)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e369">3</a></sup>. Roadmaps and socio-economic scenarios compatible with a 2 °C or 1.5 °C goal depend upon NE via bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to balance remaining GHG emissions<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Rockström, J. et al. A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science 355, 1269–1271 (2017)." href="#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e373">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Fuss, S. et al. Betting on negative emissions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 850–853 (2014)." href="#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e373_1">5</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Gasser, T., Guivarch, C., Tachiiri, K., Jones, C. D. & Ciais, P. Negative emissions physically needed to keep global warming below 2 °C. Nat. Commun. 6, 7958 (2015)." href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e373_2">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Popp, A. et al. Land-use futures in the shared socio-economic pathways. Glob. Environ. Chang. 42, 331–345 (2017)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e376">7</a></sup>. However, large-scale deployment of BECCS would imply significant impacts on many Earth system components besides atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Vaughan, N. E. & Lenton, T. M. A review of climate geoengineering proposals. Climatic Change 109, 745–790 (2011)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e383">8</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W. & Boysen, L. R. Is extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal a ‘green’ form of geoengineering? A global modelling study. Glob. Planet. Chang. 137, 123–130 (2016)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e386">9</a></sup>. Here we explore the feasibility of NE via BECCS from dedicated plantations and potential trade-offs with planetary boundaries (PBs)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Rockström, J. et al. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, 472–475 (2009)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e390">10</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Steffen, W. et al. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347, 1259855 (2015)." href="/articles/s41558-017-0064-y#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d150648958e393">11</a></sup> for multiple socio-economic pathways. We show that while large-scale BECCS is intended to lower the pressure on the PB for climate change, it would most likely steer the Earth system closer to the PB for freshwater use and lead to further transgression of the PBs for land-system change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41558-017-0064-y" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> 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class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="change-history">Change history</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="change-history-content"><ul class="c-article-change-list"><li class="c-article-change-list__item u-mb-24" id="chg1"><ins datetime="2018-03-14"><h3 class="c-article-change-list__heading u-h3 u-pr-8 u-display-inline">14 March 2018</h3><div class="c-article-change-list__details"><p>In the version of this Letter originally published, in Fig. 2, the labels for the yellow and green areas were swapped: the yellow areas should have been labelled ‘Global uncertainty zones’ and the green areas should have been labelled ‘Global safe zones’. This has now been corrected in the online versions of the Letter.</p></div></ins></li></ul></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1"> <i>Adoption of the Paris Agreement</i> FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev1 (UNFCCC, 2015).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Rogelj, J. et al. 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Kreft and C. Meyer for providing the endemism richness data sets and B. Bodirsky for discussions on the planetary boundary for biogeochemical flows. This research was funded by the DFG in the context of the CE-Land and CEMICS2 projects of the Priority Program 'Climate Engineering: Risks, Challenges, Opportunities?' (SPP 1689). We acknowledge the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Land Brandenburg for supporting this project by providing resources on the high-performance computer system at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Vera Heck, Dieter Gerten, Wolfgang Lucht & Alexander Popp</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Vera Heck, Dieter Gerten & Wolfgang Lucht</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human–Environment Systems, Berlin, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Wolfgang Lucht</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Vera-Heck-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Vera Heck</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Vera%20Heck" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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V.H. developed the methodology, performed all simulations, analysed the results and created the figures. Land-use data from MAgPIE were provided by A.P. V.H. led the writing process with contributions from D.G., W.L. and A.P.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:heck@pik-potsdam.de">Vera Heck</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note:</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><p>A correction to this article is available online at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0107-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0107-z</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec14-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec14">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec14-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y/MediaObjects/41558_2017_64_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Tables 1–2, Supplementary Figure 1–7 and Supplementary References.</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Biomass-based%20negative%20emissions%20difficult%20to%20reconcile%20with%20planetary%20boundaries&author=Vera%20Heck%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=1758-678X&publicationDate=2018-01-22&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W. <i>et al.</i> Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries. <i>Nature Clim Change</i> <b>8</b>, 151–155 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-09-23">23 September 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-12-18">18 December 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-01-22">22 January 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-02">February 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span 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