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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Department of Energy projections and estimates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Department_of_Energy_projections_and_estimates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Department of Energy projections and estimates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Energy_projections_and_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estimates_of_oil_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimates_of_oil_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Estimates of oil reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimates_of_oil_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projected_impact_on_global_oil_price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projected_impact_on_global_oil_price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Projected impact on global oil price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projected_impact_on_global_oil_price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_drilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_drilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Support for drilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_drilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_drilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_drilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition to drilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_drilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&params=69_52_27_N_144_09_55_W_source:wikimapia_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°52′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">144°09′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.87417°N 144.16528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">69.87417; -144.16528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Question of whether to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_(ANWR),_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_(41004364390).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_%28ANWR%29%2C_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_%2841004364390%29.png/310px-Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_%28ANWR%29%2C_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_%2841004364390%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_%28ANWR%29%2C_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_%2841004364390%29.png/465px-Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_%28ANWR%29%2C_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_%2841004364390%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Northern_Alaska_National_Wildlife_Range_%28ANWR%29%2C_Coastal_Plain_1002_Area_%2841004364390%29.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>ANWR and known oil deposits in northern Alaska</figcaption></figure> <p>The question of whether to <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">drill for oil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a> (ANWR) has been an ongoing political controversy in the United States since 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> have attempted to allow drilling in ANWR almost fifty times, finally being successful with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ANWR comprises 19 million acres (7.7 million ha) of the north <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay,_Alaska" title="Prudhoe Bay, Alaska">Prudhoe Bay</a> to the west. It is the largest <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">protected</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> in the United States and was created by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a> of 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 1002 of that act deferred a decision on the management of oil and gas exploration and development of 1.5 million acres (610,000 ha) in the coastal plain, known as the "1002 area".<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy surrounds <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">drilling for oil</a> in this subsection of ANWR. </p><p>Much of the debate over whether to drill in the 1002 area of ANWR rests on the amount of economically recoverable oil, as it relates to world oil markets, weighed against the potential harm <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">oil exploration</a> might have upon the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">natural wildlife</a>, in particular the calving ground of the <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">Porcupine caribou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo01_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo01-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Being_Caribou" title="Being Caribou">Being Caribou</a></i> the Porcupine herd was followed in its yearly migration by author and wildlife biologist Karsten Heuer and filmmaker Leanne Allison to provide a broader understanding of what is at stake if the oil drilling should happen and educating the public. There has been controversy over the scientific reports' methodology and transparency of information during the Trump administration. Although there have been complaints from employees within the Department of the Interior,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the reports remain the central evidence for those who argue that the drilling operation will not have a detrimental impact on local wildlife. </p><p>On December 3, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM) gave notice of sale for the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in the ANWR with a <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">livestream video</a> drilling rights lease sale scheduled for January 6, 2021. The Trump administration issued the first leases on January 19, 2021. On President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s first day in Office, he issued an executive order for a temporary moratorium on drilling activity in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 2021, Secretary of Interior <a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> suspended all Trump-era oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pending a review of how fossil fuel drilling would impact the remote landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Angelo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Angelo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 6, 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaskaoildrilling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alaskaoildrilling.jpg/220px-Alaskaoildrilling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alaskaoildrilling.jpg/330px-Alaskaoildrilling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Alaskaoildrilling.jpg/440px-Alaskaoildrilling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Mars Ice Island, a 60-day offshore exploratory well off Cape Halkett, over 30 miles (48 km) from <a href="/wiki/Nuiqsut,_Alaska" title="Nuiqsut, Alaska">Nuiqsut, Alaska</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg/220px-Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg/330px-Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg/440px-Brooks_Range_Mountains_ANWR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Area 1002 of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a> coastal plain, looking south toward the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a> mountains </figcaption></figure> <p>Before Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959, virtually all 375 million acres (152 million ha) of the Territory of Alaska was federal land and wilderness. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">act granting statehood</a> gave Alaska the right to select 103 million acres (42 million ha) for use as an economic and tax base.<sup id="cite_ref-ANCSA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANCSA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> protested a federal oil and gas lease sale of lands on the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">North Slope</a> claimed by Natives. Late that year, Secretary of the interior <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> ordered the lease sale suspended. Shortly thereafter announced a 'freeze' on the disposition of all federal land in Alaska, pending congressional settlement of Native land claims.<sup id="cite_ref-ANCSA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANCSA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These claims were settled in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a>, which granted them 44 million acres (18 million ha). The act also froze development on federal lands, pending a final selection of parks, monuments, and refuges. The law was set to expire in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of 1976, with the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> virtually complete, major conservation groups shifted their attention to how best to protect the hundreds of millions of acres of Alaskan wilderness unaffected by the pipeline.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 16, 1979, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> approved a conservationist-backed bill that would have protected more than 125 million acres (51 million ha) of federal lands in Alaska, including the calving ground of the nation's largest caribou herd. Backed by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Mo_Udall" title="Mo Udall">Morris K. Udall</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a>, the bill would have prohibited all commercial activity in 67 million acres (270,000 km<sup>2</sup>) designated as wilderness areas. The U.S. Senate had opposed similar legislation in the past and filibusters were threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 2, 1980, Carter signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a>, which created more than 104 million acres (42 million ha) of national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas from federal holdings in that state. The bill allowed drilling in ANWR, but not without Congress's approval and the completion of an Environmental Impact Study (EIS).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides of the controversy announced they would attempt to change it in the next session of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1002 of the act stated that a comprehensive inventory of fish and wildlife resources would be conducted on 1.5 million acres (0.61 million ha) of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain (1002 Area). Potential petroleum reserves in the 1002 Area were to be evaluated from surface geological studies and seismic exploration surveys. No exploratory drilling was allowed. These studies and recommendations for future management of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain were to be prepared in a report to Congress. </p><p>In 1985, Chevron drilled a 15,000 foot (4,600 m) test bore, known as KIC-1, on a private tract inside the border of ANWR. The well was capped, and the drilling platform, dismantled. The results are a closely held secret.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribou_calving_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Caribou_calving_map.jpg/300px-Caribou_calving_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Caribou_calving_map.jpg/450px-Caribou_calving_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Caribou_calving_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">Caribou</a> calving grounds, 1983–2001 </figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1986, a draft report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> recommended that all of the coastal plain within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge be opened for oil and gas development. It also proposed to trade the mineral rights of 166,000 acres (67,000 ha) in the refuge for surface rights to 896,000 acres (363,000 ha) owned by corporations of six Alaska native groups, including <a href="/wiki/Aleut_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut people">Aleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingits</a>. The report said that the <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> potentials of the coastal plain were needed for the country's economy and <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabecoff1986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabecoff1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservationists</a> said that oil development would unnecessarily threaten the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">Porcupine caribou</a> by cutting off the <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a> from calving areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also expressed concerns that oil operations would erode the fragile ecological systems that support wildlife on the tundra of the Arctic plain. The proposal faced stiff opposition in the House of Representatives. Morris Udall, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources" title="United States House Committee on Natural Resources">House Interior Committee</a>, said he would reintroduce legislation to turn the entire coastal plain into a wilderness area, effectively giving the refuge permanent protection from development.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabecoff1986_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabecoff1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anwr.jpg/220px-Anwr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Anwr.jpg/330px-Anwr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Anwr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>The ANWR 1002 area coastal plain</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 17, 1987, the United States and the Canadian government signed the "Agreement on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd," a treaty designed to protect the species from damage to its habitat and migration routes.<sup id="cite_ref-untreaty_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untreaty-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada has a special interest in the region because its <a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vuntut_National_Park" title="Vuntut National Park">Vuntut National Park</a> borders the refuge. The treaty required an impact assessment and required that where activity in one country is "likely to cause significant long-term adverse impact on the Porcupine Caribou Herd or its habitat, the other Party will be notified and given an opportunity to consult prior to final decision".<sup id="cite_ref-untreaty_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untreaty-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This focus on the Porcupine caribou led to the animal becoming a visual rhetoric or symbol of the drilling issue much in the same way the polar bear has become the image of global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1989, a bill permitting drilling in the reserve was "sailing through the Senate and had been expected to come up for a vote"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a> delayed and ultimately derailed the process.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the Republican-majority House and Senate voted to allow drilling in ANWR, but this legislation was <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">vetoed</a> by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Toward the end of his presidential term, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> pressed Clinton to declare the Arctic Refuge a <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Monument">U.S. National Monument</a>. Doing so would have permanently closed the area to oil exploration. While Clinton did create several refuge monuments, the Arctic Refuge was not among them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwr_marsh_creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Anwr_marsh_creek.jpg/170px-Anwr_marsh_creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Anwr_marsh_creek.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Oil-stained sandstone near crest of Marsh Creek anticline, 1002 area</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1998 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> estimated that there was between 5.7 billion barrels (910,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) and 16.0 billion barrels (2.54<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of technically recoverable oil in the designated 1002 area, and that most of the oil would be found west of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Alaska" title="List of rivers of Alaska">Marsh Creek</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_fs-0028-01_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_fs-0028-01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term technically recoverable oil is based on the price per barrel where oil that is more costly to drill becomes viable with rising prices.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When non-federal and Native areas are excluded, the estimated amounts of technically recoverable oil are reduced to 4.3 billion barrels (680,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) and 11.8 billion barrels (1.88<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>). These figures differed from an earlier 1987 USGS report that estimated smaller quantities of oil and that it would be found in the southern and eastern parts of the 1002 area. However, the 1998 report warned that the "estimates cannot be compared directly because different methods were used in preparing those parts of the 1987 Report to Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_fs-0028-01_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_fs-0028-01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> repeatedly voted on the status of the refuge. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> pushed to perform exploratory drilling for <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in and around the refuge. The House of Representatives voted in August 2001 to allow drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2002, the Senate rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C._Waller" title="Douglas C. Waller">Douglas C. Waller</a> said the Arctic Refuge drilling issue has been used by both <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> as a political device, especially through contentious election cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Waller2001_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waller2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican-controlled House of Representatives again approved Arctic Refuge drilling as part of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">2005 energy bill</a> on April 21, 2005, but the House-Senate <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Conference committee">conference committee</a> later removed the Arctic Refuge provision. The Republican-controlled Senate passed Arctic Refuge drilling on March 16, 2005, as part of the federal budget resolution for the fiscal year 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That Arctic Refuge provision was removed during the reconciliation process due to Democrats in the House of Representatives who signed a letter stating they would oppose any version of the budget that had Arctic Refuge drilling in it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 15, 2005, Republican Alaska Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a> attached an Arctic Refuge drilling amendment to the annual defense appropriations bill. A group of Democratic senators led a successful <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> of the bill on December 21, and the language was subsequently removed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 18, 2008, President George W. Bush pressed Congress to reverse the ban on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in addition to approving the extraction of oil from <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> on federal lands. Despite his previous stance on the issue, Bush said the growing <a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">energy crisis</a> was a major factor for reversing the presidential executive order issued by President George H. W. Bush in 1990, which banned coastal oil exploration, and oil and gas leasing on most of the outer <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. In conjunction with the presidential order, the Congress had enacted a moratorium on drilling in 1982 and renewed it annually.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> proposed declaring an additional 5 million acres of the refuge as a <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">wilderness area</a>, which would put a total of 12.8 million acres (5.2 million ha) of the refuge permanently off-limits to drilling or other development, including the coastal plain where oil exploration has been sought.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Republican-controlled House and Senate included in <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">tax legislation</a> a provision that would open the 1002 area of ANWR to oil and gas drilling. It passed both the Senate and House of Representatives on December 20, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-ShankmanDec2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShankmanDec2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Trump signed it into law on December 22, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, the Trump administration said they would like to see the entire coastal plain opened for gas and oil exploration, the most aggressive of the suggested development options. The Interior Department's Bureau of Land Management BLM filed a final <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statement</a> and planned to start granting leases by the end of 2019. In a review of the statement, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said the BLM's final statement underestimated the climate impacts of the oil leases because they viewed global warming as cyclical rather than human-made. The administration's plan calls for "the construction of as many as four places for airstrips and well pads, 175 miles of roads, vertical supports for pipelines, a seawater-treatment plant and a barge landing and storage site."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 17, 2020, the Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/David_Bernhardt" title="David Bernhardt">David Bernhardt</a> announced that the required reviews were complete and oil and gas drilling leases in the ANWR's coastal plain could now be put up for auction.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20200817_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20200817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Republican governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dunleavy_(politician)" title="Mike Dunleavy (politician)">Mike Dunleavy</a> and the Republican senators <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Dan Sullivan</a> approved the sales of the leases.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20200817_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20200817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been no recent seismic studies of how much oil there is in the area. Previous studies undertaken in the 1980s used older technologies that were "relatively primitive", according to the <i>New York Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20200817_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20200817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also unknown how many oil and gas companies would bid on the leases, which would involve years of litigation. <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a>, and other banks stated they would not finance drilling in the ANWR, after a public outcry in support of the native <a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin" title="Gwichʼin">Gwichʼin people</a> and against the potential impact it would have on climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20200817_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20200817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, the attorneys general of 15 states, led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Bob Ferguson (politician)">Bob Ferguson</a>, filed a federal lawsuit to stop any drilling, alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> had been violated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 3, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> gave notice of sale for the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in the ANWR, with the Federal Register Notice published on December 7.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The livestream video <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling rights">drilling rights</a> lease sale was scheduled for January 6, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the twenty-two tracts up for auction, full bids were offered for only eleven tracts. An Alaskan state entity, the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority, won the bids on nine tracts. Two small independent companies, Knik Arm Services LLC and Regenerate Alaska Inc, won one tract each. The auction generated $14.4 million, lower than the $1.8 billion estimate from the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> in 2019, and the auction did not receive bids from any oil and gas companies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 1, 2021, Secretary of Interior <a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> suspended all Trump-era oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge pending a review of how fossil fuel drilling would impact the remote landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Angelo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Angelo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous and conservation groups urged Biden to make the suspension permanent. On September 6 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Department_of_Energy_projections_and_estimates">Department of Energy projections and estimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Department of Energy projections and estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimates_of_oil_reserves">Estimates of oil reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Estimates of oil reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png/300px-2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png/450px-2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png/600px-2_USGA_ANWR_Oil.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Projected levels of increased oil production from ANWR to mean Alaskan production volumes<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1998, the USGS estimated that between 5.7 and 16.0 billion barrels (2.54<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of technically recoverable crude oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquids">natural gas liquids</a> are in the coastal plain area of ANWR, with a mean estimate of 10.4 billion barrels (1.65<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), of which 7.7 billion barrels (1.22<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) lie within the Federal portion of the ANWR 1002 Area.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy1998_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_fs-0028-01_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_fs-0028-01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the estimated volume of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil in the rest of the United States is about 120 billion barrels (1.9<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ANWR and undiscovered estimates are categorized as <a href="/wiki/Contingent_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent resources">prospective resources</a> and therefore, not <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves#Proven_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">proven oil reserves</a>. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) reports U.S. proved reserves are roughly 29 billion barrels (4.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of crude and natural gas liquids, of which 21 billion barrels (3.3<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) are crude.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of sources compiled by the DOE estimate world proved oil and gas condensate reserves to range from 1.1 to 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">trillion barrels</a> (170<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> to 210<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m<sup>3</sup></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DOE reported there is uncertainty about the underlying resource base in ANWR. "The USGS oil resource estimates are based largely on the oil productivity of geologic formations that exist in the neighboring State lands and which continue into ANWR. Consequently, there is considerable uncertainty regarding both the size and quality of the oil resources that exist in ANWR. Thus, the potential ultimate oil recovery and potential yearly production are highly uncertain."<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the USGS revised an estimate of the oil in the <a href="/wiki/National_Petroleum_Reserve%E2%80%93Alaska" title="National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska">National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska</a> (NPRA), concluding that it contained approximately "896 million barrels of conventional, undiscovered oil".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NPRA is west of ANWR. The reason for the decrease is because of new exploratory drilling, which showed that many areas that were believed to hold oil actually hold natural gas. </p><p>The opening of the ANWR 1002 Area to oil and natural gas development is projected to increase U.S. crude oil production starting in 2018. In the mean ANWR oil resource case, additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR reaches 780,000 barrels per day (124,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2027 and then declines to 710,000 barrels per day (113,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2030. In the low and high ANWR oil resource cases, additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR peaks in 2028 at 510,000 and 1.45 million barrels per day (231,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2018 and 2030, cumulative additional oil production is projected to be 2.6 billion barrels (410,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) for the mean oil resource case, while the low and high resource cases project a cumulative additional oil production of 1.9 and 4.3 billion barrels (680,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the United States consumed 19.877 million barrels per day (3,160,200 m<sup>3</sup>/d) of petroleum products. It produced roughly 9.355 million barrels per day (1,487,300 m<sup>3</sup>/d) of crude oil, and imported 7.912 million barrels per day (1,257,900 m<sup>3</sup>/d) of crude and 2.163 million barrels per day (343,900 m<sup>3</sup>/d) of petroleum products.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projected_impact_on_global_oil_price">Projected impact on global oil price</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Projected impact on global oil price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total production from ANWR would be between 0.4 and 1.2 percent of total world oil consumption in 2030. Consequently, ANWR oil production is not projected to have any significant impact on world oil prices.<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> does not feel ANWR will affect the global price of oil when past behaviors of the oil market are considered. "The opening of ANWR is projected to have its largest oil price reduction impacts as follows: a reduction in low-sulfur, light crude oil prices of $0.41 per barrel (2006 dollars) in 2026 for the low oil resource case, $0.75 per barrel in 2025 for the mean oil resource case, and $1.44 per barrel in 2027 for the high oil resource case, relative to the reference case."<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Assuming that world oil markets continue to work as they do today, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) could neutralize any potential price impact of ANWR oil production by reducing its oil exports by an equal amount."<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_drilling">Support for drilling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Support for drilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Donald Trump said that he had little interest in drilling in the Arctic Refuge until a friend "who's in that world and in that business" called and told him Republicans have been trying to do so for decades — so he had it included in the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a>. "After that I said, 'Oh, make sure that's in the [tax] bill,'" he said in a speech at the GOP congressional retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush's administration</a> supported drilling in the Arctic Refuge, saying that it could "keep [America]'s economy growing by creating jobs and ensuring that businesses can expand [and] it will make America less dependent on foreign sources of energy", and that "scientists have developed innovative techniques to reach ANWR's oil with virtually no impact on the land or local wildlife."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of Alaska's U.S. senators, Republicans <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. Senator)">Dan Sullivan</a>, have indicated they support ANWR drilling. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_the_Arctic_I%C3%B1upiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice of the Arctic Iñupiat (page does not exist)">Voice of the Arctic Iñupiat</a>, a nonprofit organization that advocates for <a href="/wiki/Inupiaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq">Iñupiaq people and culture</a>, supports ANWR development.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A June 29, 2008, Pew Research Poll reported that 50% of Americans favor drilling of oil and gas in ANWR while 43% oppose (compared to 42% in favor and 50% opposed in February of the same year).<sup id="cite_ref-pollreport_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollreport-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A CNN opinion poll conducted on August 31, 2008, reported 59% favor drilling for oil in ANWR, while 39% oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-pollreport_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollreport-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the state of Alaska, residents receive <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund_Dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend">annual dividends from a permanent fund</a> funded partially by oil-lease revenues. In 2013, the dividend came to $900 per resident.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Department of Energy estimates that ANWR oil production between 2018 and 2030 would reduce the cumulative net expenditures on imported crude oil and liquid fuels by an estimated $135 to $327 billion (2006 dollars), reducing the foreign trade deficit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arctic Power cites a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report stating that 77 of the 567 wildlife refuges in 22 states had oil and gas activities. Louisiana had the most with 19 units, followed by Texas, which had 11 units. Furthermore, oil or gas was produced in 45 of the 567 units located in 15 states. The number of producing wells in each unit ranged from one to more than 300 in the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_drilling">Opposition to drilling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to drilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwrmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anwrmap.jpg/300px-Anwrmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anwrmap.jpg/450px-Anwrmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anwrmap.jpg/600px-Anwrmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Boundary of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>President Joe Biden signed an executive order to halt new Arctic drilling on his first day in office. Biden subsequently suspended oil drilling leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in June 2021. "President Biden believes America's national treasures are cultural and economic cornerstones of our country," White House National Climate Advisor <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> said in a statement.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 6 2023, the Biden administration cancelled the leases.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> also opposed drilling in the Arctic Refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a> questionnaire, Obama said, "I strongly reject drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because it would irreversibly damage a protected national wildlife refuge without creating sufficient oil supplies to meaningfully affect the global market price or have a discernible impact on U.S. energy security." Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, while running for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_presidential_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Republican presidential nomination">2008 Republican presidential nomination</a>, said, "As far as ANWR is concerned, I don't want to drill in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, and I don't want to drill in the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>. This is one of the most pristine and beautiful parts of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> reported uncertainties about the USGS oil estimates for ANWR and the projected effects on oil price and supplies. "There is little direct knowledge regarding the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">petroleum geology</a> of the ANWR region. ... ANWR oil production is not projected to have a large impact on world <a href="/wiki/Oil_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil prices">oil prices</a>. ... Additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR would be only a small portion of total world oil production, and would likely be offset in part by somewhat lower production outside the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-doeeia_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doeeia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DOE reported that annual United States consumption of crude oil and petroleum products was 7.55 billion barrels (1.200<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the USGS estimated that the ANWR reserve contains 10.4 billion barrels (1.65<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), although only 7.7 billion barrels (1.22<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) were thought to be within the proposed drilling region.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy1998_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_fs-0028-01_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_fs-0028-01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Environmentalists and most congressional Democrats have resisted drilling in the area because the required network of oil platforms, pipelines, roads and support facilities, not to mention the threat of foul spills, would play havoc on wildlife. The coastal plain, for example, is a calving home for some 129,000 caribou."<sup id="cite_ref-Waller2001_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waller2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">NRDC</a> has said that drilling would not take place in a compact, 2,000-acre (810 ha) space as proponents say, but would create "a spiderweb of industrial sprawl across the whole of the refuge's 1.5-million-acre (0.61-million ha) coastal plain, including drill sites, airports and roads, and gravel mines, spreading across more than 640,000 acres (260,000 ha). The NRDC also said there is danger of oil spills in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> has said that the 1002 area has a "greater degree of ecological diversity than any other similar sized area of <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">Alaska's north slope</a>". The FWS also states, "Those who campaigned to establish the Arctic Refuge recognized its wild qualities and the significance of these spatial relationships. Here lies an unusually diverse assemblage of large animals and smaller, less-appreciated life forms, tied to their physical environments and to each other by natural, undisturbed ecological and evolutionary processes."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2008, 39% of the residents of the United States<sup id="cite_ref-pollreport_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollreport-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a majority of Canadians opposed drilling in the refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alaska Inter-Tribal Council (AI-TC), which represents 229 <a href="/wiki/Native_Alaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Alaskan">Native Alaskan</a> tribes, officially opposes any development in ANWR.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2005, Luci Beach, the executive director of the steering committee for the Native Alaskan and Canadian <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a> tribe (a member of the AI-TC), during a trip to Washington D.C., while speaking for a unified group of 55 Alaskan and Canadian indigenous peoples, said that drilling in ANWR is "a human rights issue and it's a basic Aboriginal human rights issue".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gwich'in tribe adamantly believes that drilling in ANWR would have serious negative effects on the calving grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_caribou" title="Porcupine caribou">Porcupine caribou</a> herd that they partially rely on for food.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A part of the <a href="/wiki/Inupiat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat people">Inupiat</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Kaktovik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaktovik">Kaktovik</a>, and 5,000 to 7,000 Gwich'in peoples feel their lifestyle would be disrupted or destroyed by drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inupiat from <a href="/wiki/Point_Hope,_Alaska" title="Point Hope, Alaska">Point Hope, Alaska</a> recently passed resolutions<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizing that drilling in ANWR would allow resource exploitation in other wilderness areas. The Inupiat, Gwitch'in, and other tribes are calling for sustainable energy practices and policies. The <a href="/wiki/Tanana_Chiefs_Conference" title="Tanana Chiefs Conference">Tanana Chiefs Conference</a> (representing 42 Alaska Native villages from 37 tribes) opposes drilling, as do at least 90 Native American tribes. The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> (representing 250 tribes), the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a> as well as some Canadian tribes also oppose drilling in the 1002 area. </p><p>In May 2006, a resolution was passed in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kaktovik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaktovik">Kaktovik</a> calling <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell Oil Company</a> "a hostile and dangerous force" that authorized the mayor to take legal and other actions necessary to "defend the community".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution also calls on all North Slope communities to oppose Shell owned offshore leases unrelated to the ANWR controversy until the company becomes more respectful of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-petroleumnews_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petroleumnews-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayor Sonsalla says Shell has failed to work with the villagers on how the company would protect <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whales</a>, which are part of Native culture, subsistence life, and diet.<sup id="cite_ref-petroleumnews_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petroleumnews-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moderate Republican House of Representatives member <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Curbelo" title="Carlos Curbelo">Carlos Curbelo</a> and eleven others sent a letter to the Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>, urging him to not include drilling in the December 2017 major tax rewrite, but the language remained in Senate-passed bill. Rep. Curbelo still voted for the final bill that included drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Petroleum_Reserve%E2%80%93Alaska" title="National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska">National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Arctic policy of the United States">Arctic policy of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oil_on_Ice" title="Oil on Ice">Oil on Ice</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Being_Caribou" title="Being Caribou">Being Caribou</a></i>, two documentary films about the Arctic Refuge drilling controversy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShogren" class="citation news cs1">Shogren, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2005/11/10/5007819/for-30-years-a-political-battle-over-oil-and-anwr">"For 30 Years, a Political Battle Over Oil and ANWR"</a>. <i>All Things Considered</i>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=For+30+Years%2C+a+Political+Battle+Over+Oil+and+ANWR&rft.aulast=Shogren&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2005%2F11%2F10%2F5007819%2Ffor-30-years-a-political-battle-over-oil-and-anwr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Refuge+drilling+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2017" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Christopher (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/environment/drilling-crown-jewel-arctic-refuge-grows-closer/">"The ANWR Drilling Rights Tucked into the Tax-Reform Bill"</a>. <i>Outside Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outside+Online&rft.atitle=The+ANWR+Drilling+Rights+Tucked+into+the+Tax-Reform+Bill&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2Foutdoor-adventure%2Fenvironment%2Fdrilling-crown-jewel-arctic-refuge-grows-closer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Refuge+drilling+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burger, Joel. "Adequate science: Alaska's Arctic refuge". <i>Conservation Biology</i> 15 (2): 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. <a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th Congress</a>. "Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act". Fws.gov <<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828211846/http://alaska.fws.gov/asm/anilca/toc.html">"ANILCA Table of Contents"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alaska.fws.gov/asm/anilca/toc.html">the original</a> on 2008-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(6 December 2017). "House moderates oppose allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article188094939.html">McClatchy DC website</a> Retrieved 11 December 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_blocks_Alaska_refuge_drilling" class="extiw" title="wikinews:U.S. Senate blocks Alaska refuge drilling"> U.S. Senate blocks Alaska refuge drilling</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218140751/http://arctic.fws.gov/index.htm">Official ANWR website, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilonice.org"><i>Oil on Ice</i></a>, an anti-drilling documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg68508/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg68508.pdf">ANWR: Jobs, Energy, and Deficit Reduction, Parts 1 and 2: Oversight Hearings before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, Wednesday, September 21, 2011 (Part 1); Friday, November 18, 2011 (Part 2)</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy&params=69_52_27_N_144_09_55_W_source:wikimapia_scale:2000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°52′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">144°09′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.87417°N 144.16528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">69.87417; -144.16528</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">Energy independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">Energy law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_energy_law" title="New York energy law">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy#Allocation_of_subsidies_in_the_United_States" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Hydropower policy of the United States">Hydropower policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_wind_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States wind energy policy">Wind energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate" title="United States offshore drilling debate">Offshore drilling debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">Renewable portfolio standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Smart grid policy of the United States">Smart grid policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy by state<br /> or territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_California" title="Energy in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guam" title="Energy in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iowa" title="Energy in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ohio" title="Energy in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oregon" title="Energy in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vermont" title="Energy in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_States" title="Biofuel in the United States">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">Renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">Solar by<br /> state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alabama" title="Solar power in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alaska" title="Solar power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arizona" title="Solar power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arkansas" title="Solar power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_California" title="Solar power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Colorado" title="Solar power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Connecticut" title="Solar power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Delaware" title="Solar power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Florida" title="Solar power in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Solar power in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Hawaii" title="Solar power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Idaho" title="Solar power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Illinois" title="Solar power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Indiana" title="Solar power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Iowa" title="Solar power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kansas" title="Solar power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kentucky" title="Solar power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Louisiana" title="Solar power in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maine" title="Solar power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maryland" title="Solar power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Solar power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Michigan" title="Solar power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Minnesota" title="Solar power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mississippi" title="Solar power in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Missouri" title="Solar power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Montana" title="Solar power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nebraska" title="Solar power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nevada" title="Solar power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Solar power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Solar power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Solar power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_York" title="Solar power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Solar power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Solar power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ohio" title="Solar power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Solar power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oregon" title="Solar power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Solar power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Solar power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Carolina" title="Solar power in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Solar power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Tennessee" title="Solar power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Texas" title="Solar power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Utah" title="Solar power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Vermont" title="Solar power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Virginia" title="Solar power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington_(state)" title="Solar power in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Solar power in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Solar power in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Solar power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wyoming" title="Solar power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">Wind by<br /> state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Alaska" title="Wind power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arizona" title="Wind power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arkansas" title="Wind power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_California" title="Wind power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Colorado" title="Wind power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Connecticut" title="Wind power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Delaware" title="Wind power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Hawaii" title="Wind power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Idaho" title="Wind power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Illinois" title="Wind power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Indiana" title="Wind power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iowa" title="Wind power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas" title="Wind power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kentucky" title="Wind power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maine" title="Wind power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maryland" title="Wind power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Wind power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Michigan" title="Wind power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Minnesota" title="Wind power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Missouri" title="Wind power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Montana" title="Wind power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nebraska" title="Wind power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nevada" title="Wind power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Wind power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Wind power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Wind power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_York" title="Wind power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Wind power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Wind power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Ohio" title="Wind power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Wind power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oregon" title="Wind power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Wind power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Wind power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Wind power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Tennessee" title="Wind power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Utah" title="Wind power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Vermont" title="Wind power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Virginia" title="Wind power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Washington" title="Wind power in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Wind power in West Virginia"> West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Wind power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wyoming" title="Wind power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">CAFE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions">State and territory CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_vehicle_emission_standards" title="United States vehicle emission standards">Vehicle emission standards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">CARB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">EERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">EIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">NREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity" title="Office of Electricity">OE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">FERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration" title="Power Marketing Administration">PMAs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">BPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Power_Administration" title="Southeastern Power Administration">SEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Power_Administration" title="Southwestern Power Administration">SWPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">WAPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">TVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Renewable_Energy" title="American Council on Renewable Energy">ACORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Power_Association" title="American Public Power Association">APPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solar_Energy_Society" title="American Solar Energy Society">ASES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Wind_Energy_Association" title="American Wind Energy Association">AWEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_Thermal_Energy_Council" title="Biomass Thermal Energy Council">BTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">EBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">EEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_and_Energy_Study_Institute" title="Environmental and Energy Study Institute">EESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">EPRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">NEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Electric_Cooperative_Association" title="National Rural Electric Cooperative Association">NRECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_Fuels_Institute" title="Pellet Fuels Institute">PFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMI_(energy_organization)" title="RMI (energy organization)">RMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peak_oil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peak_oil" title="Template:Peak oil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peak_oil" title="Template talk:Peak oil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peak_oil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peak oil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peak_oil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">Predicting the timing of peak oil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/120px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/180px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/240px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results/responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global energy crisis (2021–present)">Global energy crisis (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Land_Model" title="Export Land Model">Export Land Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_Plan" title="Pickens Plan">Pickens Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_protocol" title="Rimini protocol">Rimini protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">Albert Allen Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)" title="Colin Campbell (geologist)">Colin J. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Deffeyes" title="Kenneth S. Deffeyes">Kenneth S. Deffeyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodstein" title="David Goodstein">David Goodstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Greer" title="John Michael Greer">John Michael Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinberg" title="Richard Heinberg">Richard Heinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Jean Laherrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett" title="Jeremy Leggett">Jeremy Leggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allen_Pfeiffer" title="Dale Allen Pfeiffer">Dale Allen Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rainwater" title="Richard Rainwater">Richard Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruppert" title="Michael Ruppert">Michael Ruppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Matthew Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Oil" title="Beyond Oil">Beyond Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Oil" title="The End of Oil">The End of Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Emergency" title="The Long Emergency">The Long Emergency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Gas:_The_End_of_the_Age_of_Oil" title="Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil">Out of Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Party%27s_Over:_Oil,_War,_and_the_Fate_of_Industrial_Societies" title="The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies">The Party's Over</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Down:_Options_and_Actions_for_a_Post-Carbon_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World">Power Down</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Desert" title="Twilight in the Desert">Twilight in the Desert</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentary films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Crude_Awakening:_The_Oil_Crash" title="A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash">A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_(film)" title="Collapse (film)"><i>Collapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_(2007_film)" title="Crude (2007 film)"><i>Crude</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Suburbia" title="The End of Suburbia">The End of Suburbia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Suburbia" title="Escape from Suburbia">Escape from Suburbia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_(film)" title="Fuel (film)"><i>Fuel</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GasHole" title="GasHole">GasHole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Factor" title="The Oil Factor">The Oil Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PetroApocalypse_Now%3F" title="PetroApocalypse Now?">PetroApocalypse Now?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Community:_How_Cuba_Survived_Peak_Oil" title="The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil">The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire" title="What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire">What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Watch_Group" title="Energy Watch Group">Energy Watch Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Drum" title="The Oil Drum">The Oil Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Carbon_Institute" title="Post Carbon Institute">Post Carbon Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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