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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Carbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States_of_Guernsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_of_Guernsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>States of Guernsey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_of_Guernsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Legal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>External relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Structure of the population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Border control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Housing restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Local food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guernsey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قوئرنسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوئرنسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="গার্নসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গার্নসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_y_Garn" title="Ynys y Garn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys y Garn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey_saar" title="Guernsey saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guernsey saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Γκέρνζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέρνζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernezejo_(insulo)" title="Gernezejo (insulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gernezejo (insulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="گرنزی (جزیره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرنزی (جزیره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesey" title="Guernesey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guernesey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%84%AC" title="건지섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건지섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗರ್ನ್ಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗರ್ನ್ಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernsi" title="Gernsi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gernsi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Гернзи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гернзи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9si" title="Guernési – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Guernési" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesey" title="Guernesey – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Guernesey" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey_(wyspa)" title="Guernsey (wyspa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guernsey (wyspa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Guernsey" title="Insulele Guernsey – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Гернси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гернси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="گرنزي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرنزي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Гернзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гернзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="ၵႂၢၼ်းသီ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵႂၢၼ်းသီ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เกิร์นซีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกิร์นซีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="گرنزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرنزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guernsey" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF" title="根西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="根西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guernsey&params=49.45_N_2.58_W_type:isle_region:GG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.45°N 2.58°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.45; -2.58</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the eponymous island, the administrative unit, and the jurisdiction of Guernsey. For the whole Bailiwick, see <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guernsey (disambiguation)">Guernsey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Guernsey</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">Guernési</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernésiais language">Guernésiais</a>)</span></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Guernesey</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Guernsey"><img alt="Flag of Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/125px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/188px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/250px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Guernsey"><img alt="Official seal of Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: "<a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Sarnia Cherie</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Channel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guernsey is located in English Channel"><img alt="Guernsey is located in English Channel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/English_Channel_location_map.svg/250px-English_Channel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/English_Channel_location_map.svg/375px-English_Channel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/English_Channel_location_map.svg/500px-English_Channel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="665" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/2px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/3px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/4px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/6px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/9px-Redpoint2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/12px-Redpoint2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/1px-Location_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="1" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/2px-Location_circle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/2px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/3px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/4px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/6px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/9px-Redpoint2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/12px-Redpoint2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/5px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/8px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/10px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/10px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/15px-Redpoint2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/20px-Redpoint2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/10px-Location_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/15px-Location_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/20px-Location_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Guernsey (circled)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> (red)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey-Guernsey.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick"><img alt="Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guernsey-Guernsey.png/250px-Guernsey-Guernsey.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guernsey-Guernsey.png/375px-Guernsey-Guernsey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guernsey-Guernsey.png/500px-Guernsey-Guernsey.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="864" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Map of Guernsey within the Bailiwick</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Separation from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guernsey&params=49_27_36_N_2_32_7_W_type:city_region:GG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°27′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°32′7″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.46000°N 2.53528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.46000; -2.53528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>95.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> * 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Guernseyman</li><li>Guernseywoman</li><li>Giernésiais(e)</li></ul></div><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Duke of Normandy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, King of the United Kingdom">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cripwell" title="Richard Cripwell">Richard Cripwell</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_McMahon_(bailiff)" title="Richard McMahon (bailiff)">Sir Richard McMahon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">Chief Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Trott" title="Lyndon Trott">Lyndon Trott</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">62<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (24 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">63,950<sup id="cite_ref-population_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">207th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">965/km<sup>2</sup> (2,499.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2018 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£3.272 billion<sup id="cite_ref-2018_gdp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_gdp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£52,531<sup id="cite_ref-2018_gdp_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_gdp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (£) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">UTC+00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Guernsey">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom#Guernsey" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Crown_Dependencies" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/GY_postcode_area" title="GY postcode area">GY1–GY8</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GG" title="ISO 3166-2:GG">GG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.gg" title=".gg">.gg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guernsey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/En-Guernsey.ogg\/En-Guernsey.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Guernsey.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-Guernsey.ogg/En-Guernsey.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Guernsey.ogg" title="File:En-Guernsey.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GURN</span>-zee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>: <i>Guernési</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Guernesey</i>) is the second-largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, located 27 miles (43 km) west of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. It is the largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, which includes five other inhabited islands – <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> – and many small islets and rocks. The bailiwick has a population of 63,950,<sup id="cite_ref-population_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vast majority of whom live on Guernsey, and the island has a land area of 24 square miles (62 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-gov.gg_tax_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.gg_tax-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey was part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> until 1204, when the Channel Islands remained loyal to the English crown, splitting from mainland Normandy. In 1290, the Channel Islands were divided administratively and Guernsey became part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Guernsey was invaded and occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. After five years of occupation, the island was liberated on 9 May 1945, that date being celebrated annually as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a>. </p><p>Guernsey is administered as part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">dependency of the British Crown</a>. The island is thus not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, although the UK government has certain responsibilities for the Bailiwick. The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a> is the head of state<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the head of government is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President of the Policy and Resources Committee</a>. The jurisdiction's parliament and government is the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a>. The island is divided into <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">ten parishes</a>. It has one town, called <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>. The government variously defines the position of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> as "Head of State" or "successor to the Duke of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no document explicitly defines the Head of State as a "monarch", or the islands as a monarchy, all documents refer to the king by royal titles. </p><p>Guernsey's largest industry is <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>, followed by tourism and agriculture. The island is particularly well known for its <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cattle" title="Guernsey cattle">cattle</a>. Guernsey's culture is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, evident in its use of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> and the status of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as the primary native language. Norman and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a> also have an impact, such as the island's traditional language, <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>. In addition, French writer <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> spent fifteen years in exile in Guernsey, where he wrote some of his best-known works.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper192_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island's name, "Guernsey", like that of neighbouring "<a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>", is of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> origin. The second element of each word, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ey#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:ey">-ey</a>", is the Old Norse for "island",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the original root, "guern(s)", is of uncertain origin and meaning, possibly deriving from either a personal name such as Grani or Warinn, or from <i>gron</i>, meaning pine tree.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previous names for the Channel Islands vary over history, but include the <i>Lenur</i> islands,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Sarnia</i>; Sarnia for Guernsey, or <i>Lisia</i> (Guernsey) and <i>Angia</i> (Jersey). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">History of Guernsey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history of the Channel Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 6000 BC, rising seas created the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and separated the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a> that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmers then settled on its coast and built the <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> found in the islands today, providing evidence of human presence dating back to around 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of Roman settlements on the island, and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> area and Spain, show evidence of an intricate trading network with regional and long-distance trade.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings found in La Plaiderie, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">St. Peter Port</a> dating from 100 to 400 AD appear to be warehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of shipping was the discovery of a wreck of a ship in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">St Peter Port harbour</a>, which has been named <i>Asterix</i>. It is thought to be a 3rd-century Roman cargo vessel and was probably at anchor or grounded when a fire broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Sampson</a>, later the abbot of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, is credited with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 933, the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Avranchin" title="Avranchin">Avranchin</a>, which included the islands, were placed by the French <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">King Ranulf</a> under the control of <a href="/wiki/William_I_Longsword" class="mw-redirect" title="William I Longsword">William I</a>. The island of Guernsey and the other <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Island">Channel Islands</a> represent the last remnants of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the year 1030, the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert, Duke of Normandy</a>, which was to support the claim of his cousins <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward</a> to the English crown against <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Canute</a>, was scattered by a storm, and was driven down the Channel to Guernsey. The Duke was taken to St. Michael's Abbey. In gratitude for the abbot's hospitality, he gave all the lands within the Close of the Vale to the abbot forever as fief of St. Michael, with permission to extend this to the northwestern part of the island as soon as settlers could be found to clear and cultivate the land; and he gave them engineers and workmen to complete the castle of St. Michael and to erect such other forts as were deemed necessary. </p><p>Around the middle of the eleventh century, Guernsey was beset by a new breed of pirates who built a castle called Le Château des Sarrasins in the centre of the island near the present church of Catel; <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William of Normandy (later the Conqueror)</a> commissioned his Esquire Sampson d'Anneville to fight them. As a reward, in 1061 he received half of the western part of the island under the title of Fief d'Anneville. Sampson attracted many emigrants from Normandy to settle on his feudal estate, and Duke William distributed lands in Guernsey to other Norman landowners, such as the estates of Sausmarez, Les Bruniaux de St. Martin, Mauxmarquis, Rohais, etc. </p><p>Most of Guernsey was soon cultivated, and around this time the island was divided into ten parishes. Each free fief had a manorial court to hear disputes between tenants, and the Abbot of St. Michael and the Seigneur d'Anneville had the right of high jurisdiction and the privilege of trying and executing criminals, respectively, so that the civil order of the island was fully regulated even before the Norman conquest of England.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1204, when <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> lost the continental portion of the Duchy to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, the islands remained part of the Kingdom of England.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands were then recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">1259 Treaty of Paris</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>'s territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogier_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the island was a haven for pirates that would use the "lamping technique" to ground ships close to the island. This intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>, when, <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">starting in 1339</a>, the island was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetians</a> on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Guernsey Militia</a> was first mentioned as operational in 1331 and would help defend the island for a further 600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1372, the island was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragonese</a> mercenaries under the command of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> (remembered as <i>Yvon de Galles</i>), who was in the pay of the French king. Owain and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> from across the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the peace between England and France, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> issued in 1483 a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> granting the "Privilege of Neutrality'", by which "the Islands, their harbours and seas, as far as the eye can see," were considered neutral territory.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone molesting Islanders would be excommunicated. A <a href="/wiki/Royal_charters_applying_to_the_Channel_Islands" title="Royal charters applying to the Channel Islands">royal charter</a> in 1548 confirmed the neutrality. The French attempted to invade Jersey a year later in 1549 but were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Militia_of_the_Island_of_Jersey" title="Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey">militia</a>. The neutrality lasted another century, until <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> abolished the privilege due to <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> activity against Dutch ships.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> reformers from Normandy. During the <a href="/wiki/Marian_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian persecutions">Marian persecutions</a>, three women, the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the infant son of one of the women. The burning of the infant was ordered by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Hellier Gosselin fled the island to escape widespread outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet,_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg/300px-Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg/450px-Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg/600px-Jacob_Knyff_-_An_English_Ship_and_other_Shipping_off_Castle_Cornet%2C_Guernsey_-_WGA12219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> over the harbour of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a> in the second half of the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Guernsey sided with the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a>. The allegiance was not total, however; there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> was occupied by the Governor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Osborne_(1584-1653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Osborne (1584-1653)">Sir Peter Osborne</a>, and Royalist troops. In December 1651, with full honours of war, Castle Cornet surrendered—the last Royalist outpost anywhere in the British Isles to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wars against France and Spain during the 17th and 18th centuries allowed Guernsey shipowners and sea captains to exploit the island's proximity to mainland Europe by applying for <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque</a> and turning their <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo ships">cargo ships</a> into <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timewell_2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timewell_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernsey's residents were starting to settle in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular founding <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio" title="Guernsey County, Ohio">Guernsey County</a> in Ohio in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat of invasion by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> prompted many defensive structures to be built at the end of that century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early 19th century saw a dramatic increase in the prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global <a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime trade">maritime trade</a>, and the rise of the stone industry. Maritime trade suffered a major decline with the move away from sailing craft as materials such as iron and steel were not available on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Le Braye du Valle</a> was a tidal channel that made the northern extremity of Guernsey, Le Clos du Valle, a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">tidal island</a>. Le Braye du Valle was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the former channel became the town and harbour (from 1820) of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sampson,_Guernsey" title="Saint Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson's</a>, now the second biggest port in Guernsey. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre. The roadway called "The Bridge" across the end of the harbour at St Sampson's recalls the bridge that formerly linked the two parts of Guernsey at high tide. New roads were built and main roads were metalled for ease of use by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrastructure was funded by <a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">creating money</a> debt-free starting in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Guernsey_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>The islands of Guernsey, Herm and Sark (left to right) as seen from space</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg/220px-Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg/330px-Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg/440px-Guernsey_bunker_P1860645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>A German bunker from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, about 3,000 island men served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>. Of these, about 1,000 served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a> regiment formed from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 30 June 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Channel Islands were <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German troops</a>. Seventeen thousand people from Guernsey's total population of 41,000 were evacuated to England before the German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunting_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunting-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evacuees included 80 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Guernsey children</a> who lived with relatives or strangers in Great Britain during the war. Most children returned home after the war ended in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupying German forces <a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">deported over 1,000 Guernsey residents</a> to camps in southern Germany, notably to the <a href="/wiki/Oflag_V-B" title="Oflag V-B"><i>Lager Lindele</i></a> (Lindele Camp) near <a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach an der Riß</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Oflag_VII-C" title="Oflag VII-C">Oflag VII-C</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laufen,_Germany" title="Laufen, Germany">Laufen</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">Guernsey was very heavily fortified during World War II</a>, out of all proportion to the island's strategic value. German defences and alterations remain visible, particularly to Castle Cornet and around the northern coast of the island. Guernsey and Jersey were both liberated on 9 May 1945, now celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Channel_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Channel Islands)">Liberation Day</a> on the two islands.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1940s, the island repaired the damage caused to its buildings during the occupation. The tomato industry started up again and thrived until the 1970s when the significant increase in world oil prices led to a sharp, terminal decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomato_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomato-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism has remained important.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finance businesses grew in the 1970s and expanded in the next two decades and are important employers.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan17_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey's constitutional and trading relationships with the UK are largely unaffected by <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png/220px-GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png/330px-GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png/440px-GuernseySarkAndOthers2021OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="8703" data-file-height="4191" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of Guernsey and nearby islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated in <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Bay" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Bay">Mont Saint-Michel Bay</a> at around <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guernsey&params=49_35_N_2_20_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°20′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.583°N 2.333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.583; -2.333</span></span></span></a></span></span>, Guernsey, Herm and some other smaller islands together have a total area of 71 square kilometres (27 sq mi) and coastlines of about 46 kilometres (29 mi). Elevation varies from sea level to 110 m (360 ft) at Hautnez on Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg/220px-Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg/330px-Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg/440px-Guernsey_from_the_air_-_geograph.ci_-_371.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Guernsey from the air</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many smaller <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">islands, islets, rocks and reefs</a> in Guernsey waters. Combined with a tidal range of 10 metres (33 feet) and fast currents of up to 12 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a>, this makes sailing in local waters dangerous. The very large tidal variation provides an environmentally rich inter-tidal zone around the islands, and some sites have received <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> designation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tidal flows in the area are remarkable, owing to the flatness of the ground for nearly 32 km (20 mi) westward. Guernsey is the westernmost of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, and the jurisdiction is at the greatest distance from the coast of Normandy than any of the other islands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guernsey's climate is temperate with mild winters and mild, sunny summers. It is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, with a dry-summer trend, although marginally wetter than <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> summers. The warmest months are July and August, when temperatures are generally around 20 °C (68 °F) with some days occasionally going above 24 °C (75 °F). On average, the coldest month is February with an average air temperature of 6.9 °C (44.4 °F). Average air temperature reaches 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) in August. Snow rarely falls and is unlikely to settle, but is most likely to fall in February. The temperature rarely drops below freezing, although strong wind-chill from Arctic winds can sometimes make it feel like it. The rainiest months are December (average 119 mm (4.7 in)), November (average 107 mm (4.2 in)) and January (average 92 mm (3.6 in)). July is, on average, the sunniest month with 253 hours recorded sunshine; December the least with 58 hours recorded sunshine. </p><p>Sea temperatures have been rising and now vary between 8 °C (46 °F) in February to 20 °C (68 °F) in August.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average wind speeds vary between 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) with gusts over 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph) every 4–5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Guernsey (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.0<br />(3.62) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.8<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.9<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6<br />(2.23) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2<br />(2.17) </td> <td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.9<br />(3.85) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.7<br />(4.20) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.3<br />(4.70) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">860.9<br />(33.89) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.1 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.5 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.5 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">176.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #727272; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.6 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.1 </td> <td style="background: #919191; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #6A6A6A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,889.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 </td> <td style="background: #F2F213; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Guernsey Met Office<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon">Carbon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guernsey plans to reach <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2050, according to the Climate Change Policy & Action Plan adopted in August 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Geology of Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guernsey.jpg/220px-Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guernsey.jpg/330px-Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Guernsey.jpg/440px-Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Guernsey cliffs</figcaption></figure> <p>Guernsey has a geological history stretching further back into the past than most of Europe. It forms part of the geological province of France known as the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a broad geological division between the north and south of the island. The Southern Metamorphic Complex is elevated above the geologically younger, lower-lying Northern Igneous Complex. Guernsey has experienced a complex geological evolution (especially the rocks of the southern complex) with multiple phases of <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">deformation</a> recognisable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Guernsey is composed of nine main rock types; two of these are <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and the rest <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a></div> <p>Guernsey is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a> is the "representative of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in right of the <i>république</i> of the Bailiwick of Guernsey".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the Lieutenant Governor is Government House. Since 2022 the incumbent has been <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cripwell" title="Richard Cripwell">Richard Cripwell</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of St John">CStJ</a></span></span>. The post was created in 1835 as a result of the abolition of the office of Governor. Since that point, the Lieutenant Governor has always resided locally.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jurisdiction is not part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, although defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogier_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire jurisdiction lies within the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. Taken together with the separate jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> it forms the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_of_Guernsey">States of Guernsey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: States of Guernsey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg/220px-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg/330px-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg/440px-Lieutenant_Governor_and_Bailiff_of_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Bailiff Richard Collas (right) attending <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>'s birthday parade 2016 in his formal robes</figcaption></figure> <p>The deliberative assembly of the States of Guernsey (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">États de Guernesey</i></span>) is called the States of Deliberation (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">États de Délibération</i></span>) and consists of 38 People's Deputies, elected on an islandwide basis every four years.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also two representatives from <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, a semi-autonomous dependency of the Bailiwick, but <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> sends no representative since it has its own legislature. The <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff</a> or Deputy Bailiff preside in the assembly. There are also two non-voting members: H.M. Procureur (analogous to the role of <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a>) and H.M. Comptroller (analogous to <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a>), both appointed by the Crown and collectively known as the Law Officers of the Crown. </p><p>A <i>projet de loi</i> is the equivalent of a UK bill or a French <i>projet de loi</i>, and a law is the equivalent of a UK <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament in the UK">act of parliament</a> or a French <i>loi</i>. A draft law passed by the States can have no legal effect until formally approved by His Majesty in Council and promulgated by means of an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Order in council">order in council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws are given the Royal Sanction at regular meetings of the Privy Council in London, after which they are returned to the islands for formal registration at the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey#Royal_Court" title="Courts of Guernsey">Royal Court</a>. The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances (<i>Ordonnances</i>) and Orders (<i>ordres</i>) which do not require the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>. Commencement orders are usually in the form of ordinances. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">Policy and Resources Committee</a> is responsible for Guernsey's constitutional and external affairs, developing strategic and corporate policy and coordinating States business. It also examines proposals and Reports placed before Guernsey's Parliament (the States of Deliberation) by Departments and Non States Bodies. The President of the committee is the de facto head of government of Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-P&R_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&R-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guernsey" title="Law of Guernsey">Law of Guernsey</a></div> <p>Guernsey's legal system originates in Norman Customary Law, overlaid with principles taken from <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a> as well as from statute law enacted by the competent legislature(s) – usually, but not always, the States of Guernsey. Guernsey has almost complete autonomy over internal affairs and certain external matters. However, the Crown – that is to say, the UK Government – retains an ill-defined reserved power to intervene in the domestic affairs of any of the three Crown Dependencies within the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a> "in the interests of good government".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Parliament is also a source of Guernsey law for those matters which are reserved to the UK, namely defence and foreign affairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the bailiwick judiciary in Guernsey is the Bailiff, who, as well as performing the judicial functions of a Chief Justice, is also the head of the States of Guernsey and has certain civic, ceremonial and executive functions. The Bailiff's functions may be exercised by the Deputy Bailiff. The posts of Bailiff and Deputy Bailiff are Crown appointments. Sixteen Jurats, who need no specific legal training, are elected by the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Election" title="States of Election">States of Election</a> from among Islanders. They act as a jury, as judges in civil and criminal cases and fix the sentence in criminal cases. First mentioned in 1179, there is a list of Jurats who have served since 1299.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Courts of Guernsey</a> can be traced back to the 9th century. The principal court is the Royal Court and exercises both civil and criminal jurisdiction. Additional courts, such as the Magistrate's Court, which deals with minor criminal matters, and the Court of Appeal, which hears appeals from the Royal Court, have been added to the Island's legal system over the years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relations">External relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/External_relations_of_Guernsey" title="External relations of Guernsey">External relations of Guernsey</a></div> <p>Several European countries have a consular presence within the jurisdiction. The French Consulate is based at <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s former residence at <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the jurisdiction of Guernsey has complete autonomy over internal affairs and certain external matters, the topic of complete independence from the British Crown has been discussed widely and frequently, with ideas ranging from Guernsey obtaining independence as a Dominion to the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey uniting and forming an independent Federal State within the Commonwealth, whereby both islands retain their independence with regards to domestic affairs but internationally, the islands would be regarded as one state.<sup id="cite_ref-HoG_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it was not a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, it had a special relationship with it until <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. It had been treated as part of the European Community with access to the single market for the purposes of the free trade in goods. From 2021 with free travel to the continent ceasing, additional bureaucratic procedures come into force, including the need for international driving licences and green cards for vehicle insurance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parishes">Parishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_(zoom),_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg/450px-Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg/675px-Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg/900px-Guernsey_%28zoom%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>The parishes of Guernsey</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">Parishes of Guernsey</a></div> <p>Guernsey has ten <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a>, which act as civil administration districts with limited powers. Each parish is administered by a Douzaine, made up of twelve members or more, known as Douzeniers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douzeniers are elected for a four-year mandate, three, four or five Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at a parish meeting each year. The senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen (Dean). Two elected <a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table_(Jersey_and_Guernsey)" title="Connétable (Jersey and Guernsey)">Constables</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Connétables</i></span>) carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for between one and three years. The longer serving Constable is known as the Senior Constable and his or her colleague as the Junior Constable.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Douzaines levy an Occupiers Rate on properties to provide funding for running of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey's <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)" title="Parish (Church of England)">Church of England parishes</a> fall under the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Canterbury">See of Canterbury</a>, having split from the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Winchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Winchester">Bishopric of Winchester</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest parish is Castel, while the most populated is St Peter Port.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financial services, such as banking, <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">fund management</a>, and insurance, account for about 37% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-www.gov.gg_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.gov.gg-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly tomatoes and cut flowers, especially <a href="/wiki/Freesia" title="Freesia">freesias</a>, have been declining.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomato_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomato-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light tax and death duties make Guernsey a popular <a href="/wiki/Offshore_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore finance">offshore finance</a> centre for <a href="/wiki/Private-equity_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity fund">private-equity funds</a>. </p><p>Guernsey does not have a Central Bank and it issues its own <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Guernsey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Guernsey pound">coinage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound#Banknotes" title="Guernsey pound">banknotes</a>. UK coinage and (English, Scottish and Northern Irish-faced) banknotes also circulate freely and interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total island investment funds, used to fund pensions and future island costs, amount to £2.7billion as at June 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island issued a 30-year bond in December 2015 for £330m, its first bond in 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island has been given a <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit rating</a> of AA-/A-1+ with a stable outlook from <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey has the official <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> code <b>GG</b> and the official <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1 alpha-3</a> code <b>GGY</b>; <a href="/wiki/Market_data" title="Market data">market data</a> vendors, such as <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, will report products related to Guernsey using the alpha-3 code.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016 there were over 32,291 people employed in Guernsey with 4,864 being self-employed and 2,453 employing businesses. 19.6% worked in the finance industry and median earnings were £31,215.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg/220px-Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg/330px-Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg/440px-Guernsey_Postbox_type_C_double_aperture_pillar_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A Guernsey Post pillar box</figcaption></figure> <p>Public services, such as water, wastewater, the two main harbours and the airport are owned and controlled by the States of Guernsey. </p><p>Electricity, and postal services have been commercialised and are now operated by companies <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Electricity" title="Guernsey Electricity">Guernsey Electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a> which are wholly owned by the States of Guernsey. </p><p>Gas is supplied by an independent private company. </p><p>In 1998, Guernsey and Jersey jointly formed the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Electricity_Grid" title="Channel Islands Electricity Grid">Channel Islands Electricity Grid</a> to operate and manage the submarine cables between Europe and the Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The installation of these cables was originally to provide the island with a secure form of backup power but now are effectively the primary source of power with the local diesel generators providing back-up.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Telecoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Telecoms">Guernsey Telecoms</a>, which provided telecommunications, was sold by the States to <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless plc</a>, rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Sure_(company)" title="Sure (company)">Sure</a> and was sold to <a href="/wiki/Batelco" title="Batelco">Batel co</a> in April 2013. Newtel was the first alternative telecommunications company on the island and was acquired by Wave Telecom in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Telecom">Jersey Telecom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Airtel-Vodafone" title="Airtel-Vodafone">Airtel-Vodafone</a> also provide a mobile network.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a> postal boxes (since 1969) and the telephone boxes (since 2002) are painted blue, but otherwise are identical to their British counterparts, the red <a href="/wiki/Pillar_box" title="Pillar box">pillar box</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_telephone_box" title="Red telephone box">red telephone box</a>. In 2009 the telephone boxes at the bus station were painted yellow just like they used to be when Guernsey Telecoms was state-owned. The oldest pillar box still in use in the British Isles can be found in Union Street, St Peter Port, and dates back to 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_(G-HUET)_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport,_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/220px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/330px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg/440px-ATR_42-500_of_Aurigny_Air_Services_%28G-HUET%29_takes_off_from_Bristol_Airport%2C_England_8Sept2016_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ATR_42-500" class="mw-redirect" title="ATR 42-500">ATR 42-500</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aurigny_Air_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurigny Air Services">Aurigny Air Services</a> takes off from <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Airport" title="Bristol Airport">Bristol Airport</a>, England (2016).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport in Guernsey</a></div> <p>The primary mode of transport on the island is the <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a>. Guernsey has an extensive network of lanes, some of which are distinguished as green lanes under the name 'Ruette Tranquille', translated to 'quiet street'. Pedestrians, cyclists, and horse riders have priority with the speed limit on these lanes at 15 mph. </p><p>Ports exist in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sampson,_Guernsey" title="Saint Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson</a>, and there is also an <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Forest,_Guernsey" title="Forest, Guernsey">Forest</a>. These are operated by Guernsey Ports.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Guernsey</a> wholly own their own airline, <a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a>. The decision to purchase the airline was made to protect important air links to and from the island and the sale was completed on 15 May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey has a public bus service, operated by CT Plus under the name 'buses.gg', owned by <a href="/wiki/Kelsian_Group" title="Kelsian Group">Kelsian Group</a> on behalf of the States of Guernsey Environment and Infrastructure Department.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme (EVie), which also operates in Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the finance industry forms the largest economic sector in Guernsey, generating around 40% of Guernsey's GDP and directly employing around 21% of its workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks began setting up operations in the island from the early 1960s onwards in order to avoid high onshore taxes and restrictive regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan17_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry regulator is the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Financial_Services_Commission" title="Guernsey Financial Services Commission">Guernsey Financial Services Commission</a>, which was established in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Bailiwick of Guernsey (in conjunction with Jersey) established the Channel Islands Financial Ombudsman (CIFO) to resolve consumer complaints about financial services provided in or from the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the growth of the finance industry, the island's main industries were quarrying and horticulture. The latter particularly declined as a result of the oil-price shocks of the 1970s and the introduction of cheap <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> gas that benefited Dutch growers.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossan17_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossan17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey is home to <a href="/wiki/Specsavers" title="Specsavers">Specsavers</a> Optical Group, and <a href="/wiki/Healthspan_(company)" title="Healthspan (company)">Healthspan</a> also has its headquarters in Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_towers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guernsey_towers.JPG/220px-Guernsey_towers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guernsey_towers.JPG/330px-Guernsey_towers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guernsey_towers.JPG/440px-Guernsey_towers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Towers in Guernsey</figcaption></figure> <p>Guernsey has been a tourist destination since at least the Victorian days, with the first tourist guide published in 1834. In the 19th century, two rail companies (<a href="/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway" title="London and South Western Railway">London and South Western Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ran competing boats from the UK to St Peter Port, with a race to the only convenient berth. This was halted with the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Stella_(1890)" title="SS Stella (1890)">SS <i>Stella</i></a> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey enters <a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Bloom" title="Britain in Bloom">Britain in Bloom</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin,_Guernsey" title="Saint Martin, Guernsey">St Martin</a> Parish winning the small town category twice in 2006 and 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a> winning the large coastal category in 2014 and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter,_Guernsey" title="Saint Peter, Guernsey">St Peter's</a> winning the small coastal prize in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herm has won Britain in Bloom categories several times:<sup id="cite_ref-BIB_2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIB_2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2002, 2008, and 2012, Herm won the Britain in Bloom Gold Award.<sup id="cite_ref-BIB_Dates_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIB_Dates-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military history of the island has left a number of fortifications, including <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_loophole_towers" title="Guernsey loophole towers">Guernsey loophole towers</a> and a large collection of <a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">German fortifications</a> with a number of museums. </p><p>The use of the roadstead in front of St Peter Port by over 100 cruise ships a year is bringing over 100,000 day-trip passengers to the island each year.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guernsey, Alderney and Sark each raise their own taxation,<sup id="cite_ref-MOJ_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOJ-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in 1949 Alderney (but not Sark) transferred its fiscal rights to Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal tax liability differs according to whether an individual is resident in the island or not. Individuals resident in the Jurisdiction of Guernsey (which does not include Sark) pay <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> at the rate of 20% on their worldwide income, whereas non-residents are only liable on income arising from activity or ownership within Guernsey. The income tax year in Guernsey aligns to the calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Guernsey-resident individuals are subject to an upper limit on their tax liability, which is known as the "tax cap". Individuals may elect either of the following; Tax on non-Guernsey-source income originally restricted to £110,000, plus tax on Guernsey-source income (excluding Guernsey bank interest), or Taxed on worldwide income originally restricted to £220,000, including Guernsey-source income. Income derived from Guernsey land and property is excluded from the tax cap, as from 1 January 2015, and is subject to tax at the normal rate of 20%. Only one cap applies per married couple.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As from 1 January 2019, these tax caps have increased to £130,000 and £260,000 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey has also introduced a new lower £50k tax cap for new residents for three years, subject to buying an Open Market Part A house with a document duty in excess of that amount, and not having lived in Guernsey or Alderney for three years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2008, Guernsey has operated three levels of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporation tax</a>, depending on the source of the income. </p> <ul><li>A 0% corporation tax rate on most companies.</li> <li>A 10% rate (income from banking business and, with effect from 1 January 2013, extended to domestic insurance business, fiduciary business, insurance intermediary business and insurance manager business).</li> <li>A 20% rate (income from trading activities regulated by the Office of the Director General of Utility Regulation, and income from the ownership of lands and buildings).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Guernsey levies no <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a>, capital transfer, value added (VAT / TVA) or general withholding taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey has thus been described a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 Budget, the UK announced that it would be ending Low Value Consignment Relief that was being used to sell goods VAT free to customers across the UK, with this legislation coming into force on 1 April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax revenues represent 22.4% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.gg_tax_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.gg_tax-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social Insurance Scheme payments are based on gross earnings and apply to all persons over school leaving age. Employees are subject to a rate of 6.8%, whilst the self-employed pay 11.3%. Both have upper and lower earnings limits.<sup id="cite_ref-GovGG1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovGG1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those classed as non-employed and under pension age pay a rate of 10.7%. Other categories have different rates.<sup id="cite_ref-GovGG2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovGG2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population is 63,026 (July 2016 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-population_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median age for males is 40 years and for females is 42 years. The population growth rate is 0.775% with 9.62 births/1,000 population, 8 deaths/1,000 population, and annual net migration of 6.07/1,000 population. The life expectancy is 80.1 years for males and 84.5 years for females.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bailiwick ranked 10th in the world in 2015 with an average life expectancy of 82.47 years.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_population">Structure of the population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Structure of the population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#EEBC35;">Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.III.2021):<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80pt">Age Group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">31 381 </td> <td align="right">32 067 </td> <td align="right">63 448 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">1 403 </td> <td align="right">1 295 </td> <td align="right">2 698 </td> <td align="right">4.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">1 692 </td> <td align="right">1 602 </td> <td align="right">3 294 </td> <td align="right">5.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">1 723 </td> <td align="right">1 581 </td> <td align="right">3 304 </td> <td align="right">5.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">1 620 </td> <td align="right">1 512 </td> <td align="right">3 132 </td> <td align="right">4.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">1 866 </td> <td align="right">1 778 </td> <td align="right">3 644 </td> <td align="right">5.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">1 976 </td> <td align="right">1 869 </td> <td align="right">3 845 </td> <td align="right">6.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">2 080 </td> <td align="right">2 052 </td> <td align="right">4 132 </td> <td align="right">6.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">2 033 </td> <td align="right">1 902 </td> <td align="right">3 935 </td> <td align="right">6.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">1 913 </td> <td align="right">1 987 </td> <td align="right">3 900 </td> <td align="right">6.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">2 095 </td> <td align="right">2 212 </td> <td align="right">4 307 </td> <td align="right">6.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">2 378 </td> <td align="right">2 601 </td> <td align="right">4 979 </td> <td align="right">7.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">2 467 </td> <td align="right">2 494 </td> <td align="right">4 961 </td> <td align="right">7.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">2 059 </td> <td align="right">2 172 </td> <td align="right">4 231 </td> <td align="right">6.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">1 763 </td> <td align="right">1 729 </td> <td align="right">3 492 </td> <td align="right">5.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">1 730 </td> <td align="right">1 882 </td> <td align="right">3 612 </td> <td align="right">5.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">1 095 </td> <td align="right">1 211 </td> <td align="right">2 306 </td> <td align="right">3.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">858 </td> <td align="right">1 030 </td> <td align="right">1 888 </td> <td align="right">2.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85–89 </td> <td align="right">419 </td> <td align="right">687 </td> <td align="right">1 106 </td> <td align="right">1.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">90–94 </td> <td align="right">172 </td> <td align="right">347 </td> <td align="right">519 </td> <td align="right">0.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">95+ </td> <td align="right">39 </td> <td align="right">124 </td> <td align="right">163 </td> <td align="right">0.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Per cent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">4 818 </td> <td align="right">4 478 </td> <td align="right">9 296 </td> <td align="right">14.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">20 487 </td> <td align="right">20 579 </td> <td align="right">41 066 </td> <td align="right">64.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">6 076 </td> <td align="right">7 010 </td> <td align="right">13 086 </td> <td align="right">20.62 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_control">Border control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Border control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The whole jurisdiction of Guernsey is part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For immigration and nationality purposes it is UK law, and not Guernsey law, which applies (technically the Immigration Act 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extended to Guernsey by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>). Guernsey may not apply different immigration controls from the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the United Kingdom left the European Union, from 1 January 2021 all EU nationals, other than British or Irish nationals, travelling for anything other than visitor purposes, are required to apply for a visa to enter the UK, Bailiwick of Guernsey, Jersey or the Isle of Man, prior to travel. People coming for employment to Guernsey require a Visa and a Population Management document.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_restrictions">Housing restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Housing restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guernsey undertakes a population management mechanism using restrictions over who may work in the island through control of which properties people may live in. The housing market is split between "local market" properties and a set number of "open market" properties.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone may live in an open market property, but local market properties can only be lived in by those who qualify – either through being born in Guernsey (to at least one local parent), by obtaining a housing licence, or by virtue of sharing a property with someone who does qualify (living <i>en famille</i>). Consequently, "open market'" properties are much more expensive both to buy and to rent. Housing licences are for fixed periods, often only valid for 4 years and only as long as the individual remains employed by a specified Guernsey employer. The licence will specify the type of accommodation and be specific to the address the person lives in,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often subject to a police record check. These restrictions apply equally regardless of whether the property is owned or rented, and only apply to occupation of the property. Thus, a person whose housing licence expires may continue to own a Guernsey property, but will no longer be able to live in it. There are no restrictions on who may own a property. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg/220px-Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg/330px-Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg/440px-Guernsey_July_2010_92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Coast of Guernsey</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of routes to qualifying as a "local" for housing purposes. Generally, it is sufficient to be born to at least one Guernsey parent and to live in the island for ten years in a twenty-year period. In a similar way a partner (married or otherwise) of a local can acquire local status. Multiple problems arise following early separation of couples, especially if they have young children or if a local partner dies; in these situations, personal circumstances and compassion can add weight to requests for local status. Once "local" status has been achieved it remains in place for life. Even a lengthy period of residence outside Guernsey does not invalidate "local" housing status.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Guernsey's inhabitants are full <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British citizens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union">UK's withdrawal from the EU</a>, an endorsement restricted the right of establishment in other European Union states was placed in the passport of British citizens connected solely with the Channel Islands and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. If it was classified with "Islander Status", the British passport was endorsed as follows: 'The holder is not entitled to benefit from EU provisions relating to employment or establishment'. Those who had a parent or grandparent born in the United Kingdom itself (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), or had lived in the United Kingdom for 5 years, were not subject to this restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Education in Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_College_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College,_Guernsey" title="Elizabeth College, Guernsey">Elizabeth College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port, Guernsey">St Peter Port, Guernsey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Teaching in Guernsey is based on the English National Curriculum. There are 10 primary schools, plus two junior schools and three infant schools. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the island no longer has the 11-plus exam, which was used to transfer pupils to one of four 11–16 secondary schools, or a co-educational grammar school.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also three fee-paying colleges with lower schools, for which pupils over 11 receive grant support from the States of Guernsey. In 2016, the States of Guernsey voted to end the use of the 11-plus exams from 2019 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also responsible for education on the neighbouring islands.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the school-leaving age was raised so the earliest date is the last Friday in June in the year a pupil turns 16, in line with England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This means pupils will be between 15 and 10 months and 16 and 10 months before being able to leave. Prior to this, pupils could leave school at the end of the term in which they turned 14, if they so wished: a letter was required to be sent to the Education department to confirm this. However, this option was undertaken by relatively few pupils, the majority choosing to complete their GCSEs and then either begin employment or continue their education. </p><p>Post-<a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> pupils have a choice of transferring to the state-run <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Grammar_School_and_Sixth_Form_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre">Grammar School & Sixth Form Centre</a>, or to the independent colleges for academic AS/A Levels/International Baccalureate Diploma Programme. They also have the option to study vocational subjects at the island's <i>Guernsey College of Further Education</i>. </p><p>There are no universities in the island. Students who attend university in the United Kingdom receive state support towards both maintenance and tuition fees. In 2007, the Education Department received the approval of the States Assembly to introduce student contributions to the costs of higher education, in the form of student loans, as apply in the UK. However, immediately after the general election of 2008, the States Assembly voted in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">Requête</a> which proposed abolishing the student loans scheme on the grounds that it was expensive to run and would potentially discourage students from going to, and then returning to the island from, university. In 2012, the Education Department reported to the States Assembly that it had no need to re-examine the basis of higher education funding at the present time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Culture of Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg/220px-George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg/330px-George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg/440px-George_M%C3%A9tivier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore,_Guernsey_(Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey)_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg/220px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg/330px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg/440px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Children_on_the_Seashore%2C_Guernsey_%28Enfants_au_bord_de_la_mer_%C3%A0_Guernesey%29_-_BF10_-_Barnes_Foundation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption><i>Children on the Beach of Guernsey</i> (1883) by Pierre-Auguste Renoir</figcaption></figure> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">impressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a> visited the island in late summer 1883. While on the island, he painted fifteen pictures of the views on the island, all featuring the bay and beach of Moulin Huet on the south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey_cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Guernsey_cow.jpg/220px-Guernsey_cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Guernsey_cow.jpg/330px-Guernsey_cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Guernsey_cow.jpg/440px-Guernsey_cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="3633" /></a><figcaption>A Guernsey cow</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey cow">Guernsey cattle</a> are an internationally famous icon of the island. As well as being prized for its rich creamy milk, which is claimed to hold health benefits over milk from other breeds,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey cattle are increasingly being raised for their distinctively flavoured and rich yellowy-fatted beef, with butter made from the milk of Guernsey cows also having a distinctive yellow colour.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1960s the number of individual islanders raising these cattle for private supply has diminished significantly, but Guernsey steers can still be occasionally seen grazing on L'Ancresse common.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey also hosts a breed of goat known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Guernsey" title="Golden Guernsey">Royal Golden Guernsey Goat</a>, distinguished by its golden-coloured coat. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Golden Guernsey had almost been rendered extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">interbreeding</a> on the island. The survival of this breed is largely credited to the work of a single woman, Miriam Milbourne, who successfully hid her herd from the Germans during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no longer considered to be <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, the breed remains on the watchlist of the <a href="/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust" title="Rare Breeds Survival Trust">Rare Breeds Survival Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional explanation for the donkey (<i>âne</i> in French and Guernésiais) is the steepness of St Peter Port streets that necessitated beasts of burden for transport (in contrast to the flat terrain of the rival capital of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> in Jersey), although it is also used in reference to Guernsey inhabitants' stubbornness. In turn, Guernseymen traditionally refer to Jerseymen as <i><a href="/wiki/Crapaud" title="Crapaud">crapauds</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Nerine_sarniensis" title="Nerine sarniensis">Guernsey lily</a>, <i>Nerine sarniensis</i>, is also used as a symbol of the island, although this species was introduced to the island from South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_food">Local food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Local food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A local delicacy is the <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">ormer</a> (<i>Haliotis tuberculata</i>), a variety of abalone harvested under strict laws from beaches at <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">low spring tides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Guernsey recipes include a stew called <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_bean_jar" title="Guernsey bean jar">Guernsey bean jar</a>, notably served at the annual <a href="/wiki/Viaer_Marchi" title="Viaer Marchi">Viaer Marchi</a> festival.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its chief ingredients include haricot and butter beans, pork, and shin beef. <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_g%C3%A2che" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey gâche">Guernsey gâche</a> (pronounced "gosh") is a special bread made with raisins, sultanas and mixed peel.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Gâche mélée</i> is a dessert consisting of spiced, chopped apples suspended in a sponge mix.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is the language in general use by the majority of the population, while <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> of the island, is spoken fluently by only about 2% of the population (according to 2001 census). However, 14% of the population claim some understanding of the language. Until the early 20th century, French was the only official language of the Bailiwick, and all deeds for the sale and purchase of real estate in Guernsey were written in French until 1971. Family and place names reflect this linguistic heritage. <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a>, a poet, wrote in Guernésiais. The loss of the island's language and the Anglicisation of its culture, which began in the 19th century and proceeded inexorably for a century, accelerated sharply when the majority of the island's school children were evacuated to the UK for five years during the German occupation of 1940–45.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, having arrived on Halloween 1855,<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper192_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote some of his best-known works while in exile in Guernsey, including <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>. His home in St Peter Port, Hauteville House, is now a museum administered by the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. In 1866, he published a novel set on Guernsey, <i>Travailleurs de la Mer</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i>), which he dedicated to the island. Guernsey was his home for fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper192_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Collins" title="Mabel Collins">Mabel Collins</a> (1851–1927), a <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">theosophist</a> and prolific author, was born in St Peter Port.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Guernseyman <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Basil_Edwards" title="Gerald Basil Edwards">G. B. Edwards</a> wrote a critically acclaimed novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Ebenezer_Le_Page" title="The Book of Ebenezer Le Page">The Book of Ebenezer Le Page</a></i>, that was published in 1981, including insights into Guernsey life during the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was affixed to the house on the Braye Road where Edwards was raised.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Henry Watson Fowler</a> moved to Guernsey in 1903. He and his brother <a href="/wiki/Francis_George_Fowler" title="Francis George Fowler">Francis George Fowler</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_English" title="The King's English">The King's English</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Oxford Dictionary">Concise Oxford Dictionary</a> and much of <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern English Usage">Modern English Usage</a></i> on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guernsey_Literary_and_Potato_Peel_Pie_Society" title="The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society">The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society</a></i>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shaffer" title="Mary Ann Shaffer">Mary Ann Shaffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Barrows" title="Annie Barrows">Annie Barrows</a>, describes the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a> of Germans during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Written in 2009, it is about a writer who begins corresponding with residents of the island, and becomes compelled to visit the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/The_Guernsey_Literary_and_Potato_Peel_Pie_Society_(film)" title="The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (film)">film adaptation</a> of <i>The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Lily_James" title="Lily James">Lily James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Brown_Findlay" title="Jessica Brown Findlay">Jessica Brown Findlay</a>, was released in 2018. </p><p>The 2022 British psychological thriller film <i>Marooned Awakening</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Murray_McArthur" title="Murray McArthur">Murray McArthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilly_Keeper" title="Tilly Keeper">Tilly Keeper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_McInnerny" title="Tim McInnerny">Tim McInnerny</a> was co-written by and stars Guernseyman, Cameron Ashplant. Ashplant produced the film through Across the Channel Productions Ltd, alongside London-based director Musaab Mustafa, and Guernsey co-producers Frances and Roger Le Tissier of Ivy Gate Films. Principal photography was completed entirely on Guernsey in September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film premiered on the island at Beau Séjour Theatre on 3 September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local TV coverage is provided by <a href="/wiki/BBC_South_West" title="BBC South West">BBC Channel Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a>. There are three relay transmitters in Guernsey (St Peter Port,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les Touillets<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Torteval<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which are transmitted from the <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Point_transmitting_station" title="Fremont Point transmitting station">Fremont Point</a> transmitter. </p><p>Guernsey has two radio stations: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Guernsey" title="BBC Radio Guernsey">BBC Radio Guernsey</a> on 93.2 FM and <a href="/wiki/Island_FM" title="Island FM">Island FM</a> on 104.7 FM which both broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">St. Peter Port</a>. </p><p>The main local newspaper for the island is served by the <i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Press" title="Guernsey Press">Guernsey Press</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guernsey" title="Sport in Guernsey">Sport in Guernsey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg/220px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg/330px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg/440px-Jersey_Town_Criterium_2010_53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Joshua Gosselin racing for the Guernsey Velo Club</figcaption></figure> <p>Guernsey participates in the biennial <a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a>, which it hosted in 1987 and 2003 at <a href="/wiki/Footes_Lane" title="Footes Lane">Footes Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernsey has also participated as a country in its own right in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>. Its first medals came in <a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a> with its first gold in <a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In those sporting events where Guernsey does not have international representation, but the British <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> are competing separately, highly skilled islanders may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations. There are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent other Home Nations. The football player <a href="/wiki/Matt_Le_Tissier" title="Matt Le Tissier">Matt Le Tissier</a>, for example, could have played for the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_football_team" title="Wales national football team">Welsh</a> football teams, but opted to play for <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Football in Guernsey is run by the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Football_Association" title="Guernsey Football Association">Guernsey Football Association</a>. The top tier of Guernsey football is the FNB <a href="/wiki/Priaulx_League" title="Priaulx League">Priaulx League</a> where there are eight teams (Alderney, Belgrave Wanderers, Northerners, Sylvans, St Martin's, Rovers, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Rangers_F.A.C." title="Guernsey Rangers F.A.C.">Rangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vale_Recreation_F.C." title="Vale Recreation F.C.">Vale Recreation</a>). The second tier is the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson League">Jackson League</a>. In the 2011–12 season, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_F.C." title="Guernsey F.C.">Guernsey F.C.</a> was formed and entered the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Counties_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Counties League">Combined Counties League</a> Division 1, becoming the first Channel Island club ever to compete in the English leagues. Guernsey became division champions comfortably on 24 March 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they won the Combined Counties Premier Challenge Cup on 4 May 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their second season saw them promoted again on the final day in front of 1,754 'Green Lions' fans, this time to Division One South of the Isthmian League,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite their fixtures being heavily affected not only by poor winter weather, but by their notable progression to the semi-finals of the FA Vase cup competition.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play in level 8 of the <a href="/wiki/English_football_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="English football pyramid">English football pyramid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corbet_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbet Field">Corbet Football Field</a>, donated by Jurat Wilfred Corbet in 1932, has fostered the sport greatly over the years. Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the island upgraded to a larger, better-quality stadium, in Footes Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey has the second oldest tennis club in the world, at Kings<sup id="cite_ref-kingstory_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstory-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (founded in 1857<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with courts built in 1875. The island has produced a world class tennis player in <a href="/wiki/Heather_Watson" title="Heather Watson">Heather Watson</a> as well as professional squash players in <a href="/wiki/Martine_Le_Moignan" title="Martine Le Moignan">Martine Le Moignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Opie" title="Lisa Opie">Lisa Opie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Simpson_(squash_player)" title="Chris Simpson (squash player)">Chris Simpson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstory_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstory-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guernsey was declared an affiliate member by the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a> (ICC) in 2005 and an associate member in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_cricket_team" title="Guernsey cricket team">Guernsey cricket team</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/World_Cricket_League" title="World Cricket League">World Cricket League</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Cricket_Championship" title="European Cricket Championship">European Cricket Championship</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Cricket_League" title="Sussex Cricket League">Sussex Cricket League</a>. </p><p>Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> take place on the island, including races on the sands on Vazon beach as well as a quarter-mile "sprint" along the Vazon coast road. Le Val des Terres, a steeply winding road rising south from St Peter Port to Fort George, is often the focus of both local and international <a href="/wiki/Hill-climb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-climb">hill-climb</a> races. The 2005, 2006 and 2007 World Touring Car Champion <a href="/wiki/Andy_Priaulx" title="Andy Priaulx">Andy Priaulx</a> is a Guernseyman.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racecourse">racecourse</a> on <a href="/wiki/L%27Ancresse" title="L'Ancresse">L'Ancresse</a> Common was re-established in 2004 after a gap of 13 years, with the first new race occurring on 2 May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Races are held on most May Day <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holidays</a>, with competitors from Guernsey as well as Jersey, France and the UK participating. <a href="/wiki/Sea_angling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea angling">Sea angling</a> around Guernsey and the other islands in the Bailiwick from shore or boat is a popular pastime for both locals and visitors with the Bailiwick boasting multiple UK records. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Guernsey" title="Outline of Guernsey">Outline of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guernsey-related_articles" title="Index of Guernsey-related articles">Index of Guernsey-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Guernsey" title="Bibliography of Guernsey">Bibliography of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Guernsey" title="List of people from Guernsey">List of people from Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Chapel" title="Little Chapel">Little Chapel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extinct language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comprising the island of Guernsey only.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guernsey pound is not a separate currency, but a local issue of standard pound sterling.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNHriNq-89QC&pg=PA314">The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy</a></i>, p. 314, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlY6unhtCEAC&pg=PA11">The Channel Islands</a></i>, p. 11, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=121362&p=0"><i>Guernsey Facts and Figures</i></a>, States of Guernsey, Data and Analysis, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guernsey+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=States+of+Guernsey%2C+Data+and+Analysis&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.gg%2FCHttpHandler.ashx%3Fid%3D121362%26p%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=Guernsey+Privateers&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1970.10658533&rft.aulast=Timewell&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1970.10658533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/channel_islands/guernsey/article_1.shtml">"Guernsey's emigrant children"</a>. <i>BBC Legacies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Legacies&rft.atitle=Guernsey%27s+emigrant+children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fimmig_emig%2Fchannel_islands%2Fguernsey%2Farticle_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamieson1986">Jamieson 1986</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.gov.gg/defences">"18th & 19th Century Defences"</a>. <i>Guernsey Museums & Galleries</i>. 19 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guernsey+Museums+%26+Galleries&rft.atitle=18th+%26+19th+Century+Defences&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museums.gov.gg%2Fdefences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamieson1986">Jamieson 1986</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossan2015">Crossan 2015</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Holloway" class="citation book cs1">Edward Holloway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/HowGuernseyBeatTheBankers"><i>How Guernsey Beat the Bankers</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Guernsey+Beat+the+Bankers&rft.au=Edward+Holloway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHowGuernseyBeatTheBankers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1992" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Edwin (1992). <i>Diex Aix: God Help Us – The Guernseymen who marched away 1914–1918</i>. 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London: Harper Collins. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002552426" title="Special:BookSources/0002552426"><bdi>0002552426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Model+Occupation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0002552426&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-11708270">"Evacuees from Guernsey recall life in Scotland"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Roles+of+the+Jersey+Crown+officers&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.je%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FGovernment%2520and%2520administration%2FR%2520Guernsey%2520LOs%2520Submission%252020100330%2520HR%2520v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossan2015">Crossan 2015</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-guernsey-55216328">"Guernsey Election 2020: Island-wide vote 'successful'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Cricket+Council&rft.atitle=Guernsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cricket.com%2Fabout%2Fmembers%2Feurope%2Fassociate%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipganassiracing.com/Drivers/Andy-Priaulx.aspx">"Andy Priaulx"</a>. <i>Chip Ganassi Racing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chip+Ganassi+Racing&rft.atitle=Andy+Priaulx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chipganassiracing.com%2FDrivers%2FAndy-Priaulx.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2004" class="citation news cs1">Connaughton, Mick (31 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/racing-guernsey-racecourse-ready-for-revival-after-gap-of-13-years-558472.html">"Racing: Guernsey racecourse ready for revival after gap of 13 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Racing%3A+Guernsey+racecourse+ready+for+revival+after+gap+of+13+years&rft.date=2004-08-31&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fgeneral%2Fracing-guernsey-racecourse-ready-for-revival-after-gap-of-13-years-558472.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2006" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Glynis (2006). <i>Foul deeds & suspicious deaths in Guernsey</i>. Wharncliffe Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845630089" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845630089"><bdi>978-1845630089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foul+deeds+%26+suspicious+deaths+in+Guernsey&rft.pub=Wharncliffe+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845630089&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Glynis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan2015" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, Rose-Marie (2015). <i>Poverty and Welfare in Guernsey, 1560–2015</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783270408" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783270408"><bdi>978-1783270408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Welfare+in+Guernsey%2C+1560%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783270408&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=Rose-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, A.G. (1986). <i>A people of the sea</i>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0416405408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0416405408"><bdi>978-0416405408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people+of+the+sea&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0416405408&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebire2005" class="citation book cs1">Sebire, Heather (2005). <i>The Archaeology and Early history of the Channel Islands</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752434490" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752434490"><bdi>978-0752434490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+and+Early+history+of+the+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0752434490&rft.aulast=Sebire&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernsey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guernsey#Q3311985" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Guernsey">Guernsey</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/guernsey" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/guernsey">guernsey</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gg/">States of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governmenthouse.gg/">Government House Guernsey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitguernsey.com/">VisitGuernsey/ Guernsey tourism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Channel_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_Islands" title="Template:Channel Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Channel_Islands" title="Template talk:Channel Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Channel_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Channel Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Channel_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Casquets" title="Les Casquets">Les Casquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortac" title="Ortac">Ortac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquorobert" title="Caquorobert">Caquorobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevichon" title="Crevichon">Crevichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Hanois" title="Les Hanois">Les Hanois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmets" title="Houmets">Les Houmets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Motte,_Jersey" title="La Motte, Jersey">La Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Pierres de Lecq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Braye du Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Jews in Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Guernsey" title="List of windmills in Guernsey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Witch trials</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Guernsey" title="Fortifications of Guernsey">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_des_Marais,_Guernsey" title="Chateau des Marais, Guernsey">Chateau des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_Monument" title="Doyle Monument">Doyle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet" title="Fort Hommet">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Castle,_Guernsey" title="Vale Castle, Guernsey">Vale Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Occupation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet_10.5_cm_Coastal_Defence_Gun_Casement_Bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">German fortification of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castel,_Guernsey" title="Castel, Guernsey">Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Guernsey" title="Forest, Guernsey">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew, Guernsey">St Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin, Guernsey">St Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Guernsey">St Pierre du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Saviour,_Guernsey" title="Saint Saviour, Guernsey">St Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torteval,_Guernsey" title="Torteval, Guernsey">Torteval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Guernsey" title="Vale, Guernsey">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Grammar_School_and_Sixth_Form_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre">Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_Carteret_School" title="La Mare de Carteret School">La Mare de Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_High_School" title="St Sampson's High School">St Sampson's High</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchelande_College" title="Blanchelande College">Blanchelande College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College,_Guernsey" title="Elizabeth College, Guernsey">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_College,_Guernsey" title="The Ladies' College, Guernsey">The Ladies' College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Guernsey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Courts of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_of_Guernsey" title="List of laws of Guernsey">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy & Resources Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Election" title="States of Election">States of Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Guernsey" title="List of banks in Guernsey">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Guernsey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Guernsey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guernsey" title="Rail transport in Guernsey">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">Harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emergency Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Ambulance_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service">Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Fire and Rescue Service">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Lifeboat_Station" title="Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guernsey" title="Catholic Church in Guernsey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Guernsey">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Bean_Jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Bean Jar">Bean Jar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James,_Guernsey" title="St James, Guernsey">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Guernsey" title="Dean of Guernsey">Dean of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Church,_Guernsey" title="Town Church, Guernsey">Town Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Parish_Church,_Guernsey" title="St Martin's Parish Church, Guernsey">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_Church,_Guernsey" title="The Vale Church, Guernsey">Vale Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Apolline,_Guernsey" title="Chapel of St Apolline, Guernsey">Chapel of St Apolline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guernsey" title="Sport in Guernsey">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_RFC" title="Guernsey RFC">Rugby club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Guernsey">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerine_sarniensis" title="Nerine sarniensis">Floral emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Category:Bailiwick of Guernsey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a> <br />of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. <sup>2</sup> Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas<br />of internal<br />sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311985#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132128474">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022467-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82098821">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6a89d88d-cd53-3d32-b41e-f6c7ab14649b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guernsey&params=49.45_N_2.58_W_type:isle_region:GG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.45°N 2.58°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.45; -2.58</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&oldid=1257351845">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guernsey&oldid=1257351845</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guernsey" title="Category:Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Islands" title="Category:British Islands">British Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:English-speaking countries and 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