CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '919f1309cb89252c',cH: 'oSzcuEQNrT1qgIDV04MnsbXhUJvmXzZuC5eJvc4Hqu4-1740899426-1.2.1.1-MCn.FErKY8z9WBhDcT47pv3Xc0nwzd0.P1gKMYtS3OPDcT2ZG_VN48RkbN07G_vk',cUPMDTk: "\/10004058\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=ydwMnmRKm64vEa2qK0lAqVDCS5vN3Q9Ky4FV4VnKsR8-1740899426-1.0.1.1-M0wf4g_a_WhQZtiagIK2mtJfWZr920IBDiFSn_uN5.w",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740899426',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10004058\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=ydwMnmRKm64vEa2qK0lAqVDCS5vN3Q9Ky4FV4VnKsR8-1740899426-1.0.1.1-M0wf4g_a_WhQZtiagIK2mtJfWZr920IBDiFSn_uN5.w",md: "XEl0NxsYIxj11ZfJope0YP7fGlDquJveF5xKDTYiArI-1740899426-1.2.1.1-c4vf9Syu.nWjMy.76wcfBYEScYCYYTntp9aiDRLQBTLUXSGoxvHECOOnVIDHQU2sSKMyMy5CElVdoG6pHwK49rGSVAezagBO9cjSEIxMzgyrTJVs7Of.0ifJbqQA80ulijZWg3Avz0tJJ2epcoA2zLjBo6KyYdiPINhvrdTTC3NkJTolR37jUbyU3aMrFtEMhPkEaZ1jb5mkkSfylHJPWdEW9RFY9nPbyw_pUVaPYHPa3AnLzxkzYTbKvN8i1NyLDVbv7hv0pCz0xj1YGmMxW_fF3ydkFHytpjhwmx..9w9PJAWSRvUGVoEAz8rpKDxig5Dy8W6ofjD4tB1.sthDoZw4eaSsSE65XeLAi6kTFZ9MZ7VjrqPt37B_EGl0gFvi_wM5Iw7pmxKOwnQLwQD7.WKZERoc19fDLdjGZhLLYDsIhWDzSNCJJmzFDZKvehMcZI6qIkWsXjMY5Va7cCyH0NmRx.DveHnSDOP7z2wjE83Avp6nRQAM9s4XkBBlzO8CzwDzSWqh2xCJQmYqQumD4UjnpE3_r5RFFHN8lKF40R7dS_QIxWPtZC6zVp_0_xVs4Qig7k1awZrWLv3tDwdm0SQh9pAeD.3GDcM0JPw4PfdZDCrQV6hi95EoOfRUJHuIxKb58rE75mol36h1_O2kVlPunfcLNVKloe3GewB6JY0L2JTvdJobL47lUjufRzAzImqyga.pq56xA_TFPH4CJu2g78KAcCwGsOYOdKTyF4b66oI26Kw_INgVzvqIYNEYZqLrMFCxMl8hFcwfv_yAozZ6h9UkAJXprYA51NZ9iXNDdk1ypybWhrOudDwUY_t2SAfOSzkNpQeMre_snrskIJkPeHYxhRsTWZXuapnL76iJ3nzSfc4TFq3H39cNtdU6fpN21AcTeyq0MpXVe5VYvj.bj33Jnxd.mFYqNY03cHJYz6FAsOtazTbA7m4ljykC9uQG4HgOG0qJk1qb.2zZZvWtr0WdtXEuZJaGVAdLy1y_ggxoMtwwlcYS3De62TvXTEK7.GnQtcbQJJCnKBHjfjgN.jpHha8vxN7nMDN8sV9PsKQwA9ajKE5O9vJp_Wf_IzZFWbX8HhjdhfWYiCzSe1TBShnUVHnIEGBwXe_Cniq9CrxckiUY.3UHdfcovnfHMxrVxbHKq_n2oy74pzTaiK1Pql6NQlGEbwbTfgKbQkKxo.822eqJQ6ORmhbRY.uJ_dYuB0b9y8EPCEBP2PQqdv.w0pAgi7mJI7JmXxqCRL0",mdrd: "j49N.r090oOMP58pbb7_vwVQKW5sIqYFB_HaSIftf_s-1740899426-1.2.1.1-1NNx_QuejmQXpuzz0Zx6HBJ32vEn6_f_pnLBglNs9Qapu6Dn__fM0aYurIsI1mdVlbzAklRjRq7ISiVXaqj782X3Rg3XiDT6gE1Qo64ErSKLH4SOIL7jYA82YbR4p4joNqLPEfZHM9NCRGquMDbzwYHRaxOJ4nkoPtd6Pv776Tf31gUeuP0QE0FoxtP2Z6k8Awn0y1MA_oM5oL5eLgtdknbw5yzZrZUlQ89VXeo1UKB96rFkGqaLi4o3Mg27pXj4sWX4sG0nW9qNxcrPfNiHZzklqzMUN3n18CS2zpzCuP3dAW61ABfyuZ80qnRikDdnNzb5f_sRMsKhEtj5BUH_y9F2xiwl.m1v1aklFEftCGEJZqdANu8CZo2wbt4QpeyD6WwSGqp1SEX77BdMftP.Y2yArRa9MxhtuDqbbKMOt_MSFzUnDg1IhqM.pHm_ASagoE0lJH0SBUchm7YdU_aGa_ppz_IR4MLJ2O4LKbJ96COztrwrYDYf4DkFMbiYpzvwV3CIpe99YCTU02wZhyHMVdmCxK5XHYG5OO7oSlI9BGl7AXGwnqqczqD3cEKQhfJlQ7XD2PDZgeh.5Gu9UYWI05c4jJN1RYOK_FkCIbbj7yzvCs8mhZNlDEQGTEGXEcySlFjCxpCJIgxfvDZfAm1eO.Bb22cGa4bDMroCn0d_VHd4jQuKBx91BiAiCA_7NX0J8smqurwNjnXNJPUFlNEKDIi9vX32kV.dgqnH3sf8I2hUv8Wp2OpYneUncUJ0huSoBsssLKHn91SjTvDE3gfKgsfmFNbLUPEz9.MWb9BiXYPlRleRGUL9UQYsiw7grYvXXLolWwzV8uKk0k1MSqJGxvyjdy0lR4qVizstii3FyYJ6oEcvOJ8Y3Nr3zOkRkqdoFbx.h75WFbkwlqLH9RW.f4MyB_qaUmqWCtUrW3Ev3kC.I5fHxxvwOQcgfAU92QrhvRrGA25oftXLL0itHKTDZKcN9tI8GV3anMKpfdGcKldNmJAv2gl.vB1GWdq8.EBxj4x.VF3Rm.FwVAdF.MoA02Ro74GC0KWDjOblaavZU3Xas4NNFjqTL1K9gbmo2y45AVjWuw4gKbawuTVpiSiZeMa8hwH6K8g.afZoeQwKhjqIHoGI1oGDsuZ7MHyU1YtlwK6JXKsE9.XtFQMKPf4WSQVx_jNrYSwxspLpIqM1VWs7DGiWeq.pTd2mgYxdHUmjjOoVQl0Siigwox0lQEEmVKFabsMu7r1UXdHxa3rnXSFNGhe9Kzunm0ogPMpXvEpykUgkEtmkZAiuw7UE4WwfEcXkEmpbWnBHn5QHQijiCkn.WdjUG29Wg6D087ARhd2rwUxk8OM4nj0UIHyCYR218p9UP_zyPN6T7yLdHOvL1l9IU2oVfZPloKu3OAhvqd85Do6Q5n5vFFYlEgm_BdrQNxr9UH5Y4IBnni8.NWd9r7U4eAbZxYPCiXeHDskZRVYjtODcJxRMdQtMXzTVVMptgk6gnCCI2oPRcdwwmbodYe89CZJ9e1N07YZcmHUGvwUnYCJWrzeZfn62PrdJSU6Xg2dASK2bM0MEndsADWolDFprQowErGnOXUb8vV6PKF5_XXvwp8_jrEWnNyRFr9lt9Xq1LPNukiEEt3uBjD87HIyEEhrzu9ofDLeqUJi939wQSbW4buVV_NPwKyhAlsAjj9WGM9rnV4w7aEbS5taiIeLnvd_t39j0FeC22.mvI8J8q3iJ34FIAJg0BKxmUVHyQlF8WICb4ShyVAydSXrwOwuWSIXAlXl2h182kMGUYQz_KIE670_0rCaUrTnKM44U37LZGLynX6AQLKAm9o3ZfNIdzXY502awz94qG8m0Z7EutsAWeEMk1zgHRReoS3_OVEots4eNpnDb.oLPSGmFRAPPl5cXNlnbsCO8WEt3iqfVzD.gq9yRoJXPpMGwm1LD5aY3FRE4aBrnVPYOCpe75GU0yc_jrk_jbfYD2vJApRz7"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=919f1309cb89252c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10004058\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ydwMnmRKm64vEa2qK0lAqVDCS5vN3Q9Ky4FV4VnKsR8-1740899426-1.0.1.1-M0wf4g_a_WhQZtiagIK2mtJfWZr920IBDiFSn_uN5.w" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>