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data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the third-largest practiced religion in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, accounting for 18% of the population according to the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian census">Indian census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-censusindia1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to traditional accounts, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a> in 52 AD and introduced Christianity to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Erwin_Fahlbusch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin_Fahlbusch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a minority, the Christian population of Kerala is proportionally much larger than that of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as a whole. A significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Indian Christian</a> population resides in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasrani_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/220px-Nasrani_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/330px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/440px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1473"></a><figcaption>Saint Thomas Cross (Mar Thoma Sleeha) indigenous to the Saint Thomas Syrian Christian community</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/220px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/330px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/440px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288"></a><figcaption>St.Thomas Christians</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Religious_education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religious education</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Denominations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Denominations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/300px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/300px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/450px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Mar Thoma Sleeha Pilgrim Church, <a href="/wiki/Kodungalloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodungalloor">Kodungalloor</a> where the relics of the right hand of the apostle is kept and venerated. This new church is built where it is believed that the first of the seven churches was built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> in AD 52.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition of origin among <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> relates to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a>, one of the 12 disciples of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, at the ancient seaport <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> on the Kerala coast in AD 52.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erwin_Fahlbusch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin_Fahlbusch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also possible for <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to make a trip to Kerala in the 1st century. The <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a> are known to have existed in Kerala around that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/248px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 248px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/248px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg" data-width="248" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/372px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/496px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marth_Mariam_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Arakuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha">Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha</a> was founded in 999</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a>, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>. The text describes Thomas' efforts in bringing Christianity to Northwest India, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to traditional accounts such as the "Thomma Parvam" ("Song of Thomas"), he is generally described as arriving in or around <a href="/wiki/Maliankara" title="Maliankara">Maliankara</a> and founding Seven Churches and half churches, or Ezharapallikal: Kodungallur, Kollam, <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilackal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilackal">Nilackal</a> (Chayal), Kokkamangalam, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkavu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkavu">Kottakkavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palayoor</a>, Thiruvithamcode Arappalli and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Aruvithura" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura">Aruvithura church</a> (half church). A number of 3rd- and 4th-century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> records that Clement of Alexandria's teacher <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> visited a Christian community in India using the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> in the 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebiusBook_V_Chapter_10_''"Pantaenus_the_Philosopher"''Frykenberg2008103BaumWinkler200352Medlycott1912Whitehouse187312–20_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebiusBook_V_Chapter_10_''%22Pantaenus_the_Philosopher%22''Frykenberg2008103BaumWinkler200352Medlycott1912Whitehouse187312%E2%80%9320-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> wrote of Syrian Christians he met in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Indicopleustes2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indicopleustes2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008105,_110_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008105,_110-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 883 the English king <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> reportedly sent a mission and gifts to Saint Thomas' tomb in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, distorted accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians and the Nestorian Church gave rise to the European legend of <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_education">Religious education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Religious_education_in_Kerala#Christianity" title="Religious education in Kerala">Religious education in Kerala § Christianity</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_education_in_Kerala&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> In 1815, British resident Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Munro,_9th_of_Teaninich" title="John Munro, 9th of Teaninich">John Munro</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Pazhaya_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary">seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> for the theological education of Jacobite Christian priests and invited the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> missionaries to teach there. From there, a connection was formed between the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of the <i>Puthenkuttukar,</i> or New Allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions were imposed on Saint Thomas Christian parishes in order to start new schools, and later on the Travancore Diwan after they attempted to take over the schools owned by the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_education_in_Kerala_Devika_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_education_in_Kerala_Devika-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The St. Joseph's LP School in Koonammavu was the first Catholic school for girls, and the first convent in Kerala was established in 1868 in a bamboo-mat house by <a href="/wiki/Eliswa_Vakayil" title="Eliswa Vakayil">Mother Eliswa</a>, who later established more schools for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Denominations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FFFF00; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 330.96544584163px; border-left-color:#00BFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00BFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#00BFFF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 48.057981843237px; border-left-color:#ADFF2F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ADFF2F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#ADFF2F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 29.25720360357px; border-left-color:#556B2F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#556B2F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#556B2F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.4452332299541px; border-left-color:#32CD32"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#32CD32"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#32CD32"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.422506430706px 26.50849399005px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF00FF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF00FF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.671205155883px 29.103616682827px 0 0; border-top-color:#9400D3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9400D3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:75.836191528872px 65.183372530088px 0 0; border-top-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:35.641187871325px 93.432894245661px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF1493"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF1493"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 718.81801016265px 100px 0; border-right-color:#DA70D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#DA70D6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 141.33965228623px 100px 0; border-right-color:#C71585"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#C71585"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Denominations among all Christians in Kerala </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C71585; color:white;"> </span> Syro-Malabar (40.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DA70D6; color:black;"> </span> Syro-Malankara (7.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF1493; color:black;"> </span> Malankara Orthodox Syrian (8.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> Jacobite Syriac Orthodox (7.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9400D3; color:white;"> </span> Syrian Marthoma (6.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> Chaldean Syrian Church (0.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#32CD32; color:black;"> </span> CSI (4.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#556B2F; color:white;"> </span> Pentecost (4.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black;"> </span> Dalit Christian (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black;"> </span> Latin Catholic (13.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Others (5.47%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian census">Indian census</a> found a total of 6,411,269 Christians in Kerala,<sup id="cite_ref-censusindia1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their various denominations as stated: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> (including multiple <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> bodies) constituted 70.73% of the Christians of Kerala, followed by <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholics_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholics of Kerala">Latin Catholics</a> at 13.3%, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism_in_Kerala" title="Pentecostalism in Kerala">Pentecostals</a> at 4.3%, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">CSI</a> at 4.5%, <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Christian" title="Dalit Christian">Dalit Christians</a> at 2.6% and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> churches) at 5.9%. </p><p>The Saint Thomas Christians (Nasrani) of Kerala primarily belong to churches which use the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>) and <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Anglicans" title="Saint Thomas Anglicans">Saint Thomas Anglicans</a> are theologically and liturgically similar to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians">Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians</a>, like other Pentecostals, are riteless (nonliturgical).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Saint Thomas Christians composed 12.5% of the total population of Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_(retuschiert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/220px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/220px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/330px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/440px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Martha Mariam Malankara Suriani Catholica Simhasanapalli, Pattom, Trivandrum, founded in 1950.</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> are <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Leustean_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leustean-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JamesonP_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesonP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> also maintains a presence in Kerala.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2016, 61% of Christians in the state were <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> and Latin Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The percentage of Catholics among Christians is the highest in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>. </p><p>Major Pentecostal denominations in Kerala include the <a href="/wiki/India_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pentecostal Church of God">India Pentecostal Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God in India">Assemblies of God in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Full_Gospel)_in_India" title="Church of God (Full Gospel) in India">Church of God (Full Gospel) in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_among_South_Asian_Christians" title="Caste system among South Asian Christians">Caste system among South Asian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indian_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="East Indian Catholics">East Indian Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Mangalorean Catholics</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stthoma.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+the+Apostole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstthoma.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400872589-003">"Syrian Christians in Muslim Society"</a>, <i>Syrian Christians in a Muslim Society: An Interpretation</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 1–98, 2015-12-31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400872589-003">10.1515/9781400872589-003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7258-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-7258-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Christians+in+a+Muslim+Society%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.atitle=Syrian+Christians+in+Muslim+Society&rft.pages=1-98&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400872589-003&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7258-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400872589-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJullien2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jullien, Christelle (2011-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.39686">"Origin of Christianity in India. A historiographical Critique. Delhi, Media House, 2007, 392 p."</a> <i>Abstracta Iranica</i>. <b>31</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.39686">10.4000/abstractairanica.39686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0240-8910">0240-8910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstracta+Iranica&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Christianity+in+India.+A+historiographical+Critique.+Delhi%2C+Media+House%2C+2007%2C+392+p.&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fabstractairanica.39686&rft.issn=0240-8910&rft.aulast=Jullien&rft.aufirst=Christelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fabstractairanica.39686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordier1920" class="citation book cs1">Cordier, Henri (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sermarcopolonote00corduoft/page/116/mode/2up?q=edessa&view=theater"><i>Marco Polo; notes and addenda to Sir Henry Yule's edition, containing the results of recent research and discovery</i></a>. <q>St. Ephraem the Syrian (born about A.D. 300, died about 378), who spent most of his life at Edessa, in Mesopotamia, states that the Apostle was martyred in ' India,' and that his relics were taken thence to Edessa. That St. Thomas evangelized the Parthians, is stated by Origen (born A.D. 185 or 186, died about 251-254). Eusebius (bishop of Caesarea Palaestinae from A.D. 315 to about 340) says the same</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%3B+notes+and+addenda+to+Sir+Henry+Yule%27s+edition%2C+containing+the+results+of+recent+research+and+discovery&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Cordier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsermarcopolonote00corduoft%2Fpage%2F116%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dedessa%26view%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebiusBook_V_Chapter_10_''"Pantaenus_the_Philosopher"''Frykenberg2008103BaumWinkler200352Medlycott1912Whitehouse187312–20-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebiusBook_V_Chapter_10_''%22Pantaenus_the_Philosopher%22''Frykenberg2008103BaumWinkler200352Medlycott1912Whitehouse187312%E2%80%9320_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEusebius">Eusebius</a>, Book V Chapter 10 <i>"Pantaenus the Philosopher"</i>; <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg (2008)</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler (2003)</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFMedlycott1912">Medlycott (1912)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWhitehouse1873">Whitehouse (1873)</a>, pp. 12–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4g.htm">"Indian Christianity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianchristianity.com%2Fhtml%2Fchap4%2Fchapter4g.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indicopleustes2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indicopleustes2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmas_Indicopleustes2010" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas Indicopleustes (24 June 2010). J. W. McCrindle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC&pg=PA119"><i>The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction</i></a> (2010 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48, 119–120, 365–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01295-9"><bdi>978-1-108-01295-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Topography+of+Cosmas%2C+an+Egyptian+Monk%3A+Translated+from+the+Greek%2C+and+Edited+with+Notes+and+Introduction&rft.pages=48%2C+119-120%2C+365-366&rft.edition=2010&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01295-9&rft.au=Cosmas+Indicopleustes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCp9S9o5lj5oC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2011">Walker (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008105,_110-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008105,_110_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg (2008)</a>, pp. 105, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008112_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg (2008)</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"># Silverberg, Robert (1996). <i>The Realm of Prester John</i>, pp. 29–34. Ohio University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-409-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-409-9">1-84212-409-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2004) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC"><i>A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521548854" title="Special:BookSources/9780521548854"><bdi>9780521548854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+The+Beginnings+to+AD+1707&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521548854&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH4VPgB__GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_education_in_Kerala_Devika-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_education_in_Kerala_Devika_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevikaVarghese2010" class="citation book cs1">Devika, J.; Varghese, V. J. (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526104825/http://cds.edu/download_files/wp427.pdf"><i>To Survive or to flourish? Minority rights and Syrian Christian assertions in 20th century Travancore</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.edu/download_files/wp427.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Survive+or+to+flourish%3F+Minority+rights+and+Syrian+Christian+assertions+in+20th+century+Travancore&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pub=Centre+for+Development+Studies&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Devika&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Varghese%2C+V.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.edu%2Fdownload_files%2Fwp427.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendranath2013" class="citation news cs1">Surendranath, Nidhi (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi//article60041454.ece">"A saint who pioneered girls' education remembered"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>.. The first convent was a simple bamboo-mat house at Koonammavu, on the land once administered by Vareed Vakayil. The congregation, under Mother Eliswa, was given the task of teaching girls who had no means to pursue education. St. Joseph's LP School at Koonammavu was set up in 1868 as the first Catholic school for girls in Malabar. Mother Eliswa's mission in life was to educate young girls and she set up several girls' schools here. ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+saint+who+pioneered+girls%27+education+remembered&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Surendranath&rft.aufirst=Nidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FKochi%2F%2Farticle60041454.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2018" class="citation book cs1">John, Stanley J. Valayil C. (19 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kntTDwAAQBAJ"><i>Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 167, 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36101-0"><bdi>978-90-04-36101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Religious+Organization+and+Practice%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis+of+Kerala+Pentecostal+Churches+in+Kuwait&rft.pages=167%2C+203&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36101-0&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.+Valayil+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkntTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonTang2005" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC&q=pentecostalism+kerala+syrian+christian&pg=PA196"><i>Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia</i></a>. OCMS. pp. 192 to 193, 195 to 196, 203 to 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-43-9"><bdi>978-1-870345-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+and+Pentecostal%3A+The+Charismatic+Face+of+Christianity+in+Asia&rft.pages=192+to+193%2C+195+to+196%2C+203+to+204&rft.pub=OCMS&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-870345-43-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Tang%2C+Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDZgKELq7AoC%26q%3Dpentecostalism%2Bkerala%2Bsyrian%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergunder2008" class="citation book cs1">Bergunder, Michael (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC&q=Pentecostal+evangelical+saint+thomas+syrian+christian"><i>The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15 to 16, 26 to 30, 37 to 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2734-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-2734-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+Pentecostal+Movement+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=15+to+16%2C+26+to+30%2C+37+to+57&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2734-0&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGiv3riaunQC%26q%3DPentecostal%2Bevangelical%2Bsaint%2Bthomas%2Bsyrian%2Bchristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2014" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican"><i>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEastern%2BChristianity%2Band%2BPolitics%2Bin%2Bthe%2BTwenty-First%2BCentury%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Banglican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonP-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JamesonP_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallikunnil2017" class="citation book cs1">Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ&q=nature+and+identity+of+mar+thoma+church&pg=PT48"><i>The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</i></a>. pp. 48, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0"><bdi>978-1-5246-7652-0</bdi></a>. <q>Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it "a Protestant Church in an oriental grab."...As a reformed Oriental Church, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches. Therefore, there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West. As the Church now sees it, just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church, the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church. At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices, it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Thus, it is regarded as a "bridging Church".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eucharistic+Liturgy%3A+A+Liturgical+Foundation+for+Mission+in+the+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft.pages=48%2C+53&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5246-7652-0&rft.aulast=Pallikunnil&rft.aufirst=Jameson+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hSODgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnature%2Band%2Bidentity%2Bof%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf">"Religious denominations of Kerala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+denominations+of+Kerala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2FWP468.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler" title="Dietmar W. Winkler">Winkler, Dietmar W.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius. Knight, Kevin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm"><i>Church History</i></a>. Translated by McGiffert, Arthur Cushman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span>. Book V Chapter 10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198263777" title="Special:BookSources/9780198263777"><bdi>9780198263777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780198263777&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlycott1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Medlycott" title="Adolph Medlycott">Medlycott, A</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm">"St. Thomas Christians"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Thomas+Christians&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Medlycott&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14678a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Joel T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Fars">"Fars"</a>. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</i>. Gorgias Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fars&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Joel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FFars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse1873" class="citation book cs1">Whitehouse, Thomas (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ"><i>Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar</i></a>. William Brown and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingerings+of+light+in+a+dark+land%3A+Researches+into+the+Syrian+church+of+Malabar&rft.pub=William+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIe4CAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Kerala" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Kerala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>George K.M.,`Christianity in India Through the Centuries`, Authentic Books, Secunderabad, 2007, 2009.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7362-786-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7362-786-6">978-81-7362-786-6</a>).</li> <li>Benedict Vadakkekara,`Origin of Christianity in India`, Media House, Delhi, 2007.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7495-258-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7495-258-6">81-7495-258-6</a>.</li> <li>Agur C.M.,`Church History of Travancore`, Madras,1903 Reprint:Asian Educational Services, New Delhi,1990. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0594-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0594-2">81-206-0594-2</a>).</li> <li>Visvanathan Susan,`The Christians of Kerala`, Oxford University Press, Delhi1993, 1999.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195647998" title="Special:BookSources/0195647998">0195647998</a>)</li> <li>George Menachery,`The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India`, SARAS, Ed.Prof. George Menachery, Ollur, Vol.I 1982, Vol.II 1973, Vol. III 2009.</li> <li>George Menachery,`Indian Church History Classics`, SARAS, Ed.Prof. George Menachery, Ollur, Vol.I The Nazranies 1998.</li> <li>C. I. Issac, The Evolution of Christian Church in India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B81%2B7255%2B056%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+81+7255+056+1">978 81 7255 056 1</a> 2014, Soorygatha Publishers, PB No 3517, Kochi 682 035</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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