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transmittance</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: transmittance"> <meta name="keywords" content="transmittance"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="transmittance"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 116</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: transmittance</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Prototype for Measuring Blue Light Protection in Sunglasses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20D.%20Loureiro">A. D. Loureiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Ventura"> L. Ventura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Exposure to high-energy blue light has been strongly linked to the development of some eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. Over the past few years, people have become more and more concerned about eye damage from blue light and how it can be prevented. We developed a prototype that allows users to self-check the blue light protection of their sunglasses and determines if the protection is adequate. Weighting functions approximating those defined in ISO 12312-1 were used to measure the luminous transmittance and blue light transmittance of sunglasses. The blue light transmittance value must be less than 1.2 times the luminous transmittance to be considered adequate. The prototype consists of a Golden Dragon Ultra White LED from OSRAM and a TCS3472 photodetector from AMS TAOS. Together, they provide four transmittance values weighted with different functions. These four transmittance values were then linearly combined to produce transmittance values with weighting functions close to those defined in ISO 12312-1 for luminous transmittance and for blue light transmittance. To evaluate our prototype, we used a VARIAN Cary 5000 spectrophotometer, a gold standard in the field, to measure the luminous transmittance and the blue light transmittance of 60 sunglasses lenses. (and Bland-Altman analysis was performed) Bland-Altman analysis was performed and showed non-significant bias and narrow 95% limits of agreement within predefined tolerances for both luminous transmittance and blue light transmittance. The results show that the prototype is a viable means of providing blue light protection information to the general public and a quick and easy way for industry and retailers to test their products. In addition, our prototype plays an important role in educating the public about a feature to look for in sunglasses before purchasing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blue%20light" title="blue light">blue light</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunglasses" title=" sunglasses"> sunglasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20protective%20devices" title=" eye protective devices"> eye protective devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance%20measurement" title=" transmittance measurement"> transmittance measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standards" title=" standards"> standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO%2012312-1" title=" ISO 12312-1"> ISO 12312-1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163500/prototype-for-measuring-blue-light-protection-in-sunglasses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Modelling of Silicon Solar Cell with Anti-reflecting Coating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankita%20Gaur">Ankita Gaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouli%20Karmakar"> Mouli Karmakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyam"> Shyam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a silicon solar cell has been modeled and analyzed to enhance its electrical performance by improving the optical properties using an antireflecting coating (ARC). The dynamic optical reflectance, transmittance along with the net transmissivity absorptivity product of each layer are assessed as per the diurnal variation of the angle of incidence using MATLAB 2019. The model is tested with various Anti-Reflective coatings and the performance has also been compared with uncoated cells. ARC improves the optical transmittance of the photon. Higher transmittance of ⁓96.57% with lowest reflectance of ⁓ 1.74% at 12.00 hours was obtained with MgF₂ coated silicon cells. The electrical efficiency of the configured solar cell was evaluated for a composite climate of New Delhi, India, for all weather conditions. The annual electricity generation for Anti-reflective coated and uncoated crystalline silicon PV Module was observed to be 103.14 KWh and 99.51 KWh, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antireflecting%20coating" title="antireflecting coating">antireflecting coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20efficiency" title=" electrical efficiency"> electrical efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflectance" title=" reflectance"> reflectance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146866/modelling-of-silicon-solar-cell-with-anti-reflecting-coating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> Calibration Model of %Titratable Acidity (Citric Acid) for Intact Tomato by Transmittance SW-NIR Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Petcharaporn">K. Petcharaporn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kumchoo"> S. Kumchoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The acidity (citric acid) is one of the chemical contents that can refer to the internal quality and the maturity index of tomato. The titratable acidity (%TA) can be predicted by a non-destructive method prediction by using the transmittance short wavelength (SW-NIR). Spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 665-955 nm. The set of 167 tomato samples divided into groups of 117 tomatoes sample for training set and 50 tomatoes sample for test set were used to establish the calibration model to predict and measure %TA by partial least squares regression (PLSR) technique. The spectra were pretreated with MSC pretreatment and it gave the optimal result for calibration model as (R = 0.92, RMSEC = 0.03%) and this model obtained high accuracy result to use for %TA prediction in test set as (R = 0.81, RMSEP = 0.05%). From the result of prediction in test set shown that the transmittance SW-NIR spectroscopy technique can be used for a non-destructive method for %TA prediction of tomatoes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title="tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titratable%20acidity" title=" titratable acidity"> titratable acidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citric%20acid" title=" citric acid"> citric acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11536/calibration-model-of-titratable-acidity-citric-acid-for-intact-tomato-by-transmittance-sw-nir-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11536.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Prediction of the Transmittance of Various Bended Angles Lightpipe by Using Neural Network under Different Sky Clearness Condition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Zhang">Li Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuehong%20Su"> Yuehong Su</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lightpipe as a mature solar light tube technique has been employed worldwide. Accurately assessing the performance of lightpipe and evaluate daylighting available has been a challenging topic. Previous research had used regression model and computational simulation methods to estimate the performance of lightpipe. However, due to the nonlinear nature of solar light transferring in lightpipe, the methods mentioned above express inaccurate and time-costing issues. In the present study, a neural network model as an alternative method is investigated to predict the transmittance of lightpipe. Four types of commercial lightpipe with bended angle 0°, 30°, 45° and 60° are discussed under clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions respectively. The neural network is generated in MATLAB by using the outcomes of an optical software Photopia simulations as targets for networks training and testing. The coefficient of determination (R²) for each model is higher than 0.98, and the mean square error (MSE) is less than 0.0019, which indicate the neural network strong predictive ability and the use of the neural network method could be an efficient technique for determining the performance of lightpipe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title="neural network">neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bended%20lightpipe" title=" bended lightpipe"> bended lightpipe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Photopia" title=" Photopia"> Photopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99530/prediction-of-the-transmittance-of-various-bended-angles-lightpipe-by-using-neural-network-under-different-sky-clearness-condition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Optical and Electrochromic Properties of All-Solid-State Electrochromic Device Consisting of Amorphous WO₃ and Ni(OH)₂</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ta-Huang%20Sun">Ta-Huang Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Hao%20Hsieh"> Ming-Hao Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Chuan%20Wang"> Min-Chuan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Der-Jun%20Jan"> Der-Jun Jan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrochromism refers to the persistent and reversible change of optical properties by an applied voltage pulse. There are many transition metal oxides exhibiting electrochromism, e.g. oxides of W, Ni, Ir, V, Ti, Co and Mo. Organic materials especially some conducting polymers such as poly(aniline), poly(3, 4-propylene- dioxythiophene) also received much attention for electrochromic (EC) applications. Electrochromic materials attract considerable interest because of their potential applications, such as information displays, smart windows, variable reflectance mirrors, and variable-emittance thermal radiators. In this study, the EC characteristics are investigated on an all-solid-state EC device composed of a-WO₃ and Ni(OH)₂ with a Ta₂O₅ protective layer which is prepared by magnetron sputtering. It is found that the transmittance modulation increases with decreasing the film thickness of Ta₂O₅. On the other hand, the transmittance modulation is 57% as the Ni(OH)₂/ITO is prepared by the linear-sweep potential cycling of the sputter-deposited Ta₂O₅/NiO/ITO in a 0.5 M LiClO₄+H₂O electrolyte. However, when Ni(OH)₂/ITO is prepared by a 0.01 M HCl electrolyte, the transmittance modulation of EC device can be improved to 61%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochromic%20device" title="electrochromic device">electrochromic device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tungsten%20oxide" title=" tungsten oxide"> tungsten oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ta%E2%82%82O%E2%82%85" title=" Ta₂O₅"> Ta₂O₅</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52520/optical-and-electrochromic-properties-of-all-solid-state-electrochromic-device-consisting-of-amorphous-wo3-and-nioh2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Detection of Internal Mold Infection of Intact Tomatoes by Non-Destructive, Transmittance VIS-NIR Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Petcharaporn">K. Petcharaporn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The external characteristics of tomatoes, such as freshness, color and size are typically used in quality control processes for tomatoes sorting. However, the internal mold infection of intact tomato cannot be sorted based on a visible assessment and destructive method alone. In this study, a non-destructive technique was used to predict the internal mold infection of intact tomatoes by using transmittance visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra for 200 samples contained 100 samples for normal tomatoes and 100 samples for mold infected tomatoes were acquired in the wavelength range between 665-955 nm. This data was used in conjunction with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method to generate a classification model for tomato quality between groups of internal mold infection of intact tomato samples. For this task, the data was split into two groups, 140 samples were used for a training set and 60 samples were used for a test set. The spectra of both normal and internally mold infected tomatoes showed different features in the visible wavelength range. Combined spectral pretreatments of standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and smoothing (Savitzky-Golay) gave the optimal calibration model in training set, 85.0% (63 out of 71 for the normal samples and 56 out of 69 for the internal mold samples). The classification accuracy of the best model on the test set was 91.7% (29 out of 29 for the normal samples and 26 out of 31 for the internal mold tomato samples). The results from this experiment showed that transmittance VIS-NIR spectroscopy can be used as a non-destructive technique to predict the internal mold infection of intact tomatoes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title="tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mold" title=" mold"> mold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16784/detection-of-internal-mold-infection-of-intact-tomatoes-by-non-destructive-transmittance-vis-nir-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Detection of Internal Mold Infection of Intact For Tomatoes by Non-Destructive, Transmittance VIS-NIR Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Petcharaporn">K. Petcharaporn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Prathengjit"> N. Prathengjit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The external characteristics of tomatoes, such as freshness, color and size are typically used in quality control processes for tomatoes sorting. However, the internal mold infection of intact tomato cannot be sorted based on a visible assessment and destructive method alone. In this study, a non-destructive technique was used to predict the internal mold infection of intact tomatoes by using transmittance visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra for 200 samples contained 100 samples for normal tomatoes and 100 samples for mold infected tomatoes were acquired in the wavelength range between 665-955 nm. This data was used in conjunction with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method to generate a classification model for tomato quality between groups of internal mold infection of intact tomato samples. For this task, the data was split into two groups, 140 samples were used for a training set and 60 samples were used for a test set. The spectra of both normal and internally mold infected tomatoes showed different features in the visible wavelength range. Combined spectral pretreatments of standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and smoothing (Savitzky-Golay) gave the optimal calibration model in training set, 85.0% (63 out of 71 for the normal samples and 56 out of 69 for the internal mold samples). The classification accuracy of the best model on the test set was 91.7% (29 out of 29 for the normal samples and 26 out of 31 for the internal mold tomato samples). The results from this experiment showed that transmittance VIS-NIR spectroscopy can be used as a non-destructive technique to predict the internal mold infection of intact tomatoes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title="tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mold" title=" mold"> mold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19657/detection-of-internal-mold-infection-of-intact-for-tomatoes-by-non-destructive-transmittance-vis-nir-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">519</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">109</span> Estimation of Solar Radiation Power Using Reference Evaluation of Solar Transmittance, 2 Bands Model: Case Study of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benedictus%20Asriparusa">Benedictus Asriparusa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar radiation is a green renewable energy which has the potential to answer the needs of energy problems on the period. Knowing how to estimate the strength of the solar radiation force may be one solution of sustainable energy development in an integrated manner. Unfortunately, a fairly extensive area of Indonesia is still very low availability of solar radiation data. Therefore, we need a method to estimate the exact strength of solar radiation. In this study, author used a model Reference Evaluation of Solar Transmittance, 2 Bands (REST 2). Validation of REST 2 model has been performed in Spain, India, Colorado, Saudi Arabia, and several other areas. But it is not widely used in Indonesia. Indonesian region study area is represented by the area of Semarang, Central Java. Solar radiation values estimated using REST 2 model was then verified by field data and gives average RMSE value of 6.53%. Based on the value, it can be concluded that the model REST 2 can be used to estimate the value of solar radiation in clear sky conditions in parts of Indonesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimation" title="estimation">estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20radiation%20power" title=" solar radiation power"> solar radiation power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=REST%202" title=" REST 2"> REST 2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20transmittance" title=" solar transmittance"> solar transmittance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10026/estimation-of-solar-radiation-power-using-reference-evaluation-of-solar-transmittance-2-bands-model-case-study-of-semarang-central-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">108</span> Evaluation of TRIS-DMA-NVP Hydrogels for Making Silicone-Based Contact Lenses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20P.%20D.%20Tran">N. P. D. Tran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Q.%20D.%20Nguyen"> H. Q. D. Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Yang"> M. C. Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, contact lenses were prepared through the polymerization of tris-(trimethyl-silyl-propyl-methacrylate) (TRIS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA), N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), and cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA). The equilibrium water content (EWC), oxygen permeability (Dk), light transmittance, and <em>in vitro</em> cytotoxicity of TRIS-DMA-NVP with various ratios were measured. The results showed that the EWC increased while the Dk decreased with the increase of NVP content. For the sample with 25 wt% NVP, the EWC attained 53% whereas the Dk decreased to 46 barrers. All these lenses exhibited light transmittance over than 95%. In addition, all these lenses exhibited no inhibition to the growth of L292 fibroblasts. Thus, this study showed that TRIS-DMA-NVP can be applicable for making contact lens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DMA" title="DMA">DMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRIS" title=" TRIS"> TRIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NVP" title=" NVP"> NVP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicone%20hydrogel" title=" silicone hydrogel"> silicone hydrogel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contact%20lens" title=" contact lens"> contact lens</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74916/evaluation-of-tris-dma-nvp-hydrogels-for-making-silicone-based-contact-lenses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">107</span> High Aspect Ratio Sio2 Capillary Based On Silicon Etching and Thermal Oxidation Process for Optical Modulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Van%20Toan">Nguyen Van Toan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suguru%20Sangu"> Suguru Sangu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetsuro%20Saito"> Tetsuro Saito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naoki%20Inomata"> Naoki Inomata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takahito%20Ono"> Takahito Ono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the design and fabrication of an optical window for an optical modulator toward image sensing applications. An optical window consists of micrometer-order SiO2 capillaries (porous solid) that can modulate transmission light intensity by moving the liquid in and out of porous solid. A high optical transmittance of the optical window can be achieved due to refractive index matching when the liquid is penetrated into the porous solid. Otherwise, its light transmittance is lower because of light reflection and scattering by air holes and capillary walls. Silicon capillaries fabricated by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process are completely oxidized to form the SiO2 capillaries. Therefore, high aspect ratio SiO2 capillaries can be achieved based on silicon capillaries formed by DRIE technique. Large compressive stress of the oxide causes bending of the capillary structure, which is reduced by optimizing the design of device structure. The large stress of the optical window can be released via thin supporting beams. A 7.2 mm x 9.6 mm optical window area toward a fully integrated with the image sensor format is successfully fabricated and its optical transmittance is evaluated with and without inserting liquids (ethanol and matching oil). The achieved modulation range is approximately 20% to 35% with and without liquid penetration in visible region (wavelength range from 450 nm to 650 nm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20oxidation%20process" title="thermal oxidation process">thermal oxidation process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SiO2%20capillaries" title=" SiO2 capillaries"> SiO2 capillaries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20window" title=" optical window"> optical window</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20transmittance" title=" light transmittance"> light transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20sensor" title=" image sensor"> image sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20penetration" title=" liquid penetration"> liquid penetration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23896/high-aspect-ratio-sio2-capillary-based-on-silicon-etching-and-thermal-oxidation-process-for-optical-modulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">106</span> Influence of Thickness on Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Radio Frequency (RF) Sputtering Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Abdullahi">S. Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Momoh"> M. Momoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20U.%20Isah"> K. U. Isah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films of 75.5 nm and 130.5 nm were deposited at room temperature onto chemically and ultrasonically cleaned corning glass substrate by radio frequency technique and annealed at 150°C under nitrogen atmosphere for 60 minutes. The optical properties of the films were ascertained by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry. Influence of the thickness of the films on the optical properties was studied keeping other deposition parameters constant. The optical transmittance spectra reveal a maximum transmittance of 81.49% and 84.26% respectively. The band gap of the films is found to be direct allowed transition and decreases with the increase in thickness of the films. The band gap energy (Eg) is in the range of 3.28 eV to 3.31 eV, respectively. These thin films are suitable for solar cell applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20constants" title="optical constants">optical constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RF%20sputtering" title=" RF sputtering"> RF sputtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urbach%20energy" title=" Urbach energy"> Urbach energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide%20thin%20film" title=" zinc oxide thin film"> zinc oxide thin film</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10863/influence-of-thickness-on-optical-properties-of-zno-thin-films-prepared-by-radio-frequency-rf-sputtering-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">105</span> Optical and Dielectric Properties of Self-Assembled 0D Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Insulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kassou">S. Kassou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20El%20Mrabet"> R. El Mrabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Belaaraj"> A. Belaaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Guionneau"> P. Guionneau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Hadi"> N. Hadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Lamcharfi"> T. Lamcharfi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite-like [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub>ZnCl<sub>4</sub> (PEA-ZnCl<sub>4</sub>) was synthesized by saturated solutions method. X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible transmittance, and capacitance meter measurements have been used to characterize the structure, the functional groups, the optical parameters, and the dielectric constants of the material. The material has a layered structure. The optical transmittance (T %) was recorded and applied to deduce the absorption coefficient (α) and optical band gap (Eg). The hybrid shows an insulator character with a direct band gap about 4.46 eV, and presents high dielectric constants up to a frequency of about 10<sup>5</sup> Hz, which suggests a ferroelectric behavior. The reported optical and dielectric properties can help to understand the fundamental properties of perovskite materials and also to be used for optimizing or designing new devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20constants" title="dielectric constants">dielectric constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20band%20gap%20%28eg%29" title=" optical band gap (eg)"> optical band gap (eg)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20parameters" title=" optical parameters"> optical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20spectroscopy" title=" Raman spectroscopy"> Raman spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-assembly%20organic%20inorganic%20hybrid" title=" self-assembly organic inorganic hybrid"> self-assembly organic inorganic hybrid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65237/optical-and-dielectric-properties-of-self-assembled-0d-hybrid-organic-inorganic-insulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">104</span> Anti-Reflective Nanostructured TiO2/SiO2 Multilayer Coatings </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najme%20lari">Najme lari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahrokh%20Ahangarani"> Shahrokh Ahangarani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Shanaghi"> Ali Shanaghi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilayer structure of thin films by the sol–gel process attracts great attention for antireflection applications. In this paper, antireflective nanometric multilayer SiO2-TiO2 films are formed on both sides of the glass substrates by combining the sol–gel method and the dip-coating technique. SiO2 and TiO2 sols were prepared using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and tetrabutylorthotitanate (TBOT) as precursors and also nitric acid as catalyst. Prepared coatings were investigated by Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and UV–visible spectrophotometer. After evaluation, all of SiO2 top layer coatings showed excellent antireflection in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm where the transmittance of glass substrate is significantly lower. By increasing the number of double TiO2-SiO2 layers, the transmission of the coated glass increases due to applied multilayer coating properties. 6-layer sol–gel TiO2-SiO2 shows the highest visible transmittance about 99.25% at the band of 550-650 nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title="thin films">thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title=" optical properties"> optical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilayer" title=" multilayer"> multilayer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24215/anti-reflective-nanostructured-tio2sio2-multilayer-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Sol-Gel SiO2-TiO2 Multilayer Coatings for Anti-Reflective Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Najme%20Lari">Najme Lari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahrokh%20Ahangarani"> Shahrokh Ahangarani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Shanaghi"> Ali Shanaghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multilayer structure of thin films by the sol–gel process attracts great attention for antireflection applications. In this paper, antireflective nanometric multilayer SiO2-TiO2 films are formed on both sides of the glass substrates by combining the sol–gel method and the dip-coating technique. SiO2 and TiO2 sols were prepared using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and tetrabutylorthotitanate (TBOT) as precursors and nitric acid as catalyst. Prepared coatings were investigated by Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and UV–visible spectrophotometer. After evaluation, all of SiO2 top layer coatings showed excellent antireflection in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm where the transmittance of glass substrate is significantly lower. By increasing the number of double TiO2-SiO2 layers, the transmission of the coated glass increases due to applied multilayer coating properties. 6-layer sol–gel TiO2-SiO2 shows the highest visible transmittance about 99.25% at the band of 550-650 nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title="thin films">thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title=" optical properties"> optical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel" title=" sol-gel"> sol-gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilayer" title=" multilayer"> multilayer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23276/sol-gel-sio2-tio2-multilayer-coatings-for-anti-reflective-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> Investigating Optical Properties of Unsaturated Polyurethane Matrix and Its Glass Fiber Composite Under Extreme Temperatures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Ahmed">Saad Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeev%20Khannaa"> Sanjeev Khannaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass fiber reinforced polymers are widely used in structural systems as load-bearing elements at both high and low temperatures. This investigation presents the evaluation of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyurethane under harsh conditions of changing temperature and moisture content. This study Explores how these parameters affect the optical properties of the polymer matrix and the composite. Using the hand layup method, the polyurethane resin was modified by E-glass fibers (15 vol. %) to manufacture fiber-reinforced composite. This work includes the preparation of glass-like polyurethane resin sheets and estimates all light transmittance properties at high and very low temperatures and wet conditions. All-optical properties were retested to evaluate the level of improvement or failure. The results found that when comprising reinforced composite fiber to the unreinforced specimens, the reinforced composite shows a fair optical property at high temperatures and good performance at low temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsaturated%20polyurethane" title="unsaturated polyurethane">unsaturated polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extreme%20temperatures" title=" extreme temperatures"> extreme temperatures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20transmittance" title=" light transmittance"> light transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haze%20number" title=" haze number"> haze number</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120589/investigating-optical-properties-of-unsaturated-polyurethane-matrix-and-its-glass-fiber-composite-under-extreme-temperatures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> The Effect of the Deposition Parameters on the Microstructural and Optical Properties of Mn-Doped GeTe Chalcogenide Materials </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Abdalla%20Elbashir%20Adam">Adam Abdalla Elbashir Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaomin%20Cheng"> Xiaomin Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiang%20Shui%20Miao"> Xiang Shui Miao </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, the effect of the magnetron sputtering system parameters on the optical properties of the Mn doped GeTe were investigated. The optical properties of the Ge<sub>1-x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Te thin films with different thicknesses are determined by analyzing the transmittance and reflectance data. The energy band gaps of the amorphous Mn-doped GeTe thin films with different thicknesses were calculated. The obtained results demonstrated that the energy band gap values of the amorphous films are quite different and they are dependent on the films thicknesses. The extinction coefficients of amorphous Mn-doped GeTe thin films as function of wavelength for different thicknesses were measured. The results showed that the extinction coefficients of all films are varying inversely with their optical transmission. Moreover, the results emphasis that, not only the microstructure, electrical and magnetic properties of Mn doped GeTe thin films vary with the films thicknesses but also the optical properties differ with the film thickness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20change%20magnetic%20materials" title="phase change magnetic materials">phase change magnetic materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorbance" title=" absorbance"> absorbance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extinction%20coefficients" title=" extinction coefficients"> extinction coefficients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48213/the-effect-of-the-deposition-parameters-on-the-microstructural-and-optical-properties-of-mn-doped-gete-chalcogenide-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> Investigation of the Morphology and Optical Properties of CuAlO₂ Thin Film</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20M.%20Aminu">T. M. Aminu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Salisu"> A. Salisu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Abdu"> B. Abdu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20U.%20Alhassan"> H. U. Alhassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20H.%20Dharma"> T. H. Dharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin films of CuAlO2 were deposited on clean glass substrate using the chemical solution deposition (sol-gel) method of deposition with CuCl and AlCl3 taken as the starting materials. CuCl was dissolved in HCl while AlCl₃ in distilled water, pH value of the mixture was controlled by addition of NaOH. The samples were annealed at different temperatures in order to determine the effect of annealing temperatures on the morphological and optical properties of the deposited CuAlO₂ thin film. The surface morphology reveals an improved crystalline as annealing temperature increases. The results of the UV-vis and FT-IR spectrophotometry indicate that the absorbance for all the samples decreases sharply from a common value of about 89% at about 329 nm to a range of values of 56.2%-35.2% and the absorption / extinction coefficients of the films decrease with increase in annealing temperature from 1.58 x 10⁻⁶ to1.08 x 10⁻⁶ at about 1.14eV in the infrared region to about 1.93 x 10⁻⁶ to 1.29 x 10⁻⁶ at about 3.62eV in the visible region, the transmittance, reflectance and band gaps vary directly with annealing temperature, the deposited films were found to be suitable in optoelectronic applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20aluminium-oxide%20%28CuAlO2%29" title="copper aluminium-oxide (CuAlO2)">copper aluminium-oxide (CuAlO2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorbance" title=" absorbance"> absorbance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflectance" title=" reflectance"> reflectance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20gaps" title=" band gaps"> band gaps</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49351/investigation-of-the-morphology-and-optical-properties-of-cualo2-thin-film" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49351.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Effect of Gel Concentration on Physical Properties of an Electrochromic Device</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharan%20K.%20Indrakar">Sharan K. Indrakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aakash%20B.%20Prasad"> Aakash B. Prasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20Takshi"> Arash Takshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sesha%20Srinivasan"> Sesha Srinivasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elias%20K.%20Stefanakos"> Elias K. Stefanakos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we present an exclusive study on the effect of the feeding ratio of polyaniline-based redox-active gel layer on electrical and optical properties of innovative electrochromic devices (ECs). An electrochromic device consisting of polyaniline (PANI) has a redox-active gel electrolyte placed between two conducting transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates. The redox-active composite gel is a mixture of different concentrations of aniline (monomer), a water-soluble polymer poly (vinyl alcohol), hydrochloric acid, and an oxidant. The EC device shows the color change from dark green to transparent for the applied potential between -0.5 V to +2.0 V. The coloration and decoloration of the ECs were tested for electrochemical behavior using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The optical transparency of the EC devices was examined at two different biasing voltage conditions under UV-visible spectroscopic technique; the result showed 65% transmittance at 564 nm and zero transmittance when the cell was biased at 0.0 V and 2.0 V, the synthesized mol fraction gel was analyzed for surface morphology and structural properties by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transformer spectroscopy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochromic" title="electrochromic">electrochromic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gel%20electrolyte" title=" gel electrolyte"> gel electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyaniline" title=" polyaniline"> polyaniline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conducting%20polymer" title=" conducting polymer"> conducting polymer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136080/effect-of-gel-concentration-on-physical-properties-of-an-electrochromic-device" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Statistical Classifiers in Olive Sorting Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I%CC%87smail%20Kavd%C4%B1r">İsmail Kavdır</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Burak%20B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkcan"> M. Burak Büyükcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferhat%20Kurtulmu%C5%9F"> Ferhat Kurtulmuş</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Table olive is a valuable product especially in Mediterranean countries. It is usually consumed after some fermentation process. Defects happened naturally or as a result of an impact while olives are still fresh may become more distinct after processing period. Defected olives are not desired both in table olive and olive oil industries as it will affect the final product quality and reduce market prices considerably. Therefore it is critical to sort table olives before processing or even after processing according to their quality and surface defects. However, doing manual sorting has many drawbacks such as high expenses, subjectivity, tediousness and inconsistency. Quality criterions for green olives were accepted as color and free of mechanical defects, wrinkling, surface blemishes and rotting. In this study, it was aimed to classify fresh table olives using different classifiers and NIR spectroscopy readings and also to compare the classifiers. For this purpose, green (Ayvalik variety) olives were classified based on their surface feature properties such as defect-free, with bruised defect and with fly defect using FT-NIR spectroscopy and classification algorithms such as artificial neural networks, ident and cluster. Bruker multi-purpose analyzer (MPA) FT-NIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik, GmbH, Ettlingen Germany) was used for spectral measurements. The spectrometer was equipped with InGaAs detectors (TE-InGaAs internal for reflectance and RT-InGaAs external for transmittance) and a 20-watt high intensity tungsten–halogen NIR light source. Reflectance measurements were performed with a fiber optic probe (type IN 261) which covered the wavelengths between 780–2500 nm, while transmittance measurements were performed between 800 and 1725 nm. Thirty-two scans were acquired for each reflectance spectrum in about 15.32 s while 128 scans were obtained for transmittance in about 62 s. Resolution was 8 cm⁻¹ for both spectral measurement modes. Instrument control was done using OPUS software (Bruker Optik, GmbH, Ettlingen Germany). Classification applications were performed using three classifiers; Backpropagation Neural Networks, ident and cluster classification algorithms. For these classification applications, Neural Network tool box in Matlab, ident and cluster modules in OPUS software were used. Classifications were performed considering different scenarios; two quality conditions at once (good vs bruised, good vs fly defect) and three quality conditions at once (good, bruised and fly defect). Two spectrometer readings were used in classification applications; reflectance and transmittance. Classification results obtained using artificial neural networks algorithm in discriminating good olives from bruised olives, from olives with fly defect and from the olive group including both bruised and fly defected olives with success rates respectively changing between 97 and 99%, 61 and 94% and between 58.67 and 92%. On the other hand, classification results obtained for discriminating good olives from bruised ones and also for discriminating good olives from fly defected olives using the ident method ranged between 75-97.5% and 32.5-57.5%, respectfully; results obtained for the same classification applications using the cluster method ranged between 52.5-97.5% and between 22.5-57.5%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title="artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20classifiers" title=" statistical classifiers"> statistical classifiers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NIR%20spectroscopy" title=" NIR spectroscopy"> NIR spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflectance" title=" reflectance"> reflectance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74775/comparison-of-artificial-neural-networks-and-statistical-classifiers-in-olive-sorting-using-near-infrared-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Instant Data-Driven Robotics Fabrication of Light-Transmitting Ceramics: A Responsive Computational Modeling Workflow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunyi%20Yang">Shunyi Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingjing%20Yan"> Jingjing Yan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siyu%20Dong"> Siyu Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangguo%20Cui"> Xiangguo Cui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current architectural façade design practices incorporate various daylighting and solar radiation analysis methods. These emphasize the impact of geometry on façade design. There is scope to extend this knowledge into methods that address material translucency, porosity, and form. Such approaches can also achieve these conditions through adaptive robotic manufacturing approaches that exploit material dynamics within the design, and alleviate fabrication waste from molds, ultimately accelerating the autonomous manufacturing system. Besides analyzing the environmental solar radiant in building facade design, there is also a vacancy research area of how lighting effects can be precisely controlled by engaging the instant real-time data-driven robot control and manipulating the material properties. Ceramics carries a wide range of transmittance and deformation potentials for robotics control with the research of its material property. This paper presents one semi-autonomous system that engages with real-time data-driven robotics control, hardware kit design, environmental building studies, human interaction, and exploratory research and experiments. Our objectives are to investigate the relationship between different clay bodies or ceramics’ physio-material properties and their transmittance; to explore the feedback system of instant lighting data in robotic fabrication to achieve precise lighting effect; to design the sufficient end effector and robot behaviors for different stages of deformation. We experiment with architectural clay, as the material of the façade that is potentially translucent at a certain stage can respond to light. Studying the relationship between form, material properties, and porosity can help create different interior and exterior light effects and provide façade solutions for specific architectural functions. The key idea is to maximize the utilization of in-progress robotics fabrication and ceramics materiality to create a highly integrated autonomous system for lighting facade design and manufacture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20transmittance" title="light transmittance">light transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data-driven%20fabrication" title=" data-driven fabrication"> data-driven fabrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20design" title=" computational design"> computational design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamification%20for%20manufacturing" title=" gamification for manufacturing"> gamification for manufacturing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149149/instant-data-driven-robotics-fabrication-of-light-transmitting-ceramics-a-responsive-computational-modeling-workflow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Property of Fermented Sweet Potato Flour and Its Suitability for Composite Noodle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neti%20Yuliana">Neti Yuliana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srisetyani"> Srisetyani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Nurdjanah"> Siti Nurdjanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Sartika"> Dewi Sartika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoan%20Martiansari"> Yoan Martiansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Putri%20Nabila"> Putri Nabila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Naturally sweet potato flour usually requires a modification process to improve its inherent property for expanding its application in food system. The study was aimed to modify sweet potato flour (SPF), to increase its utilization for composite noodle production, trough fermentation of sweet potato slices before its flouring process. Fermentation were prepared with five different starters: pickle brine, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, mixed of Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides , and mixed of Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Samples were withdrawn every 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The fermented flours were characterized for swelling power, solubility, paste transmittance, pH, sensory properties (acidic aroma and whiteness), and the amount of broken composite noodle strips. The results indicated that there was no significant effect of different starters on fermented SPF characteristic and on the amount of broken noodle strip, while length of fermentation significantly affected. Longer fermentation, reaching 48-72 h, increased swelling power, pH, acidic aroma and whiteness of flour and reduced solubility, paste transmittance, and the amount of broken noodle strip. The results suggested that fermentation within 48-72 h period of time could provide great composite SPF for noodle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=starters" title="starters">starters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermented%20flour" title=" fermented flour"> fermented flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sweet%20potato" title=" sweet potato"> sweet potato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20noodle" title=" composite noodle"> composite noodle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41234/property-of-fermented-sweet-potato-flour-and-its-suitability-for-composite-noodle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41234.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Realization of Hybrid Beams Inertial Amplifier</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somya%20Ranjan%20Patro">Somya Ranjan Patro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhigna%20Bhatt"> Abhigna Bhatt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Banerjee"> Arnab Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Inertial amplifier has recently gained increasing attention as a new mechanism for vibration control of structures. Currently, theoretical investigations are undertaken by researchers to reveal its fundamentals and to understand its underline principles in altering the structural response of structures against dynamic loadings. This paper investigates experimental and analytical studies on the dynamic characteristics of hybrid beam inertial amplifier (HBIA). The analytical formulation of the HBIA has been derived by implementing the spectral element method and rigid body dynamics. This formulation gives the relation between dynamic force and the response of the structure in the frequency domain. Further, for validation of the proposed HBIA, the experiments have been performed. The experimental setup consists of a 3D printed HBIA of polylactic acid (PLA) material screwed at the base plate of the shaker system. Two numbers of accelerometers are used to study the response, one at the base plate of the shaker second one placed at the top of the inertial amplifier. A force transducer is also placed in between the base plate and the inertial amplifier to calculate the total amount of load transferred from the base plate to the inertial amplifier. The obtained time domain response from the accelerometers have been converted into the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The experimental transmittance values are successfully validated with the analytical results, providing us essential confidence in our proposed methodology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertial%20amplifier" title="inertial amplifier">inertial amplifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20fourier%20transform" title=" fast fourier transform"> fast fourier transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20frequencies" title=" natural frequencies"> natural frequencies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polylactic%20acid" title=" polylactic acid"> polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20absorbers" title=" vibration absorbers"> vibration absorbers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153357/realization-of-hybrid-beams-inertial-amplifier" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Calculation of Solar Ultraviolet Irradiant Exposure of the Cornea through Sunglasses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauro%20Masili">Mauro Masili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernanda%20O.%20Duarte"> Fernanda O. Duarte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liliane%20Ventura"> Liliane Ventura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic waves from 100 – 400 nm wavelength. The World Health Organization and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) recommend guidelines on the exposure of the eyes to UV radiation because it is correlated to ophthalmic diseases. Those exposure limits for an 8-h period are 1) UV radiant exposure should not exceed 30 J/m2 when irradiance is spectrally weighted using an actinic action spectrum; 2) unweighted radiant exposure in the UV-A spectral region 315 – 400 nm should not exceed 10 kJ/m2. Sunglasses play an important role in preventing eye injuries related to Sun exposure. We have calculated the direct and diffuse solar UV irradiance in a geometry that refers to an individual wearing a sunglass, in which the solar rays strike on a vertical surface. The diffuse rays are those scattered from the atmosphere and from the local environment. The calculations used the open-source SMARTS2 spectral model, in which we assumed a clear sky condition, aside from information about site location, date, time, ozone column, aerosols, and turbidity. In addition, we measured the spectral transmittance of a typical sunglasses lens and the global solar irradiance was weighted with the spectral transmittance profile of the lens. The radiant exposure incident on the eye’s surface was calculated in the UV and UV-A ranges following the ICNIRP’s recommendations for each day of the year. The tested lens failed the UV-A safe limit, while the UV limit failed to comply with this limit after the aging process. Hence, the ICNIRP safe limits should be considered in the standards to increase the protection against UV radiation on the eye. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICNIRP%20safe%20limits" title="ICNIRP safe limits">ICNIRP safe limits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO-12312-1" title=" ISO-12312-1"> ISO-12312-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunglasses" title=" sunglasses"> sunglasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultraviolet%20radiation" title=" ultraviolet radiation"> ultraviolet radiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163507/calculation-of-solar-ultraviolet-irradiant-exposure-of-the-cornea-through-sunglasses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Low-Surface Roughness and High Optical Quality CdS Thin Film Grown by Modified Chemical Surface Deposition Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Elsayed">A. Elsayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Dewaidar"> M. H. Dewaidar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ghali"> M. Ghali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We report on deposition of smooth, pinhole-free, low-surface roughness ( < 4nm) and high optical quality cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films on glass substrates using our new method based on chemical surface deposition principle. In this method, cadmium acetate and thiourea are used as reactants under special growth conditions for deposition of CdS films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were used to examine the crystal structure properties of the deposited CdS films. In addition, UV-vis transmittance and low-temperature (4K) photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed for quantifying optical properties of the deposited films. Interestingly, we found that XRD pattern of the deposited films has dramatically changed when the growth temperature was raised during the reaction. Namely, the XRD measurements reveal a structural change of CdS film from Cubic to Hexagonal phase upon increase in the growth temperature from 75 °C to 200 °C. Furthermore, the deposited films show high optical quality as confirmed from observation of both sharp edge in the transmittance spectra and strong PL intensity at room temperature. Also, we found a strong effect of the growth conditions on the optical band gap of the deposited films; where remarkable red-shift in the absorption edge with temperature is clearly seen in both transmission and PL spectra. Such tuning of both optical band gap and crystal structure of the deposited CdS films; can be utilized for tuning the electronic bands alignments between CdS and other light harvesting materials, like CuInGaSe or CdTe, for potential improvement in the efficiency of all-solution processed solar cells devices based on these heterostructures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film" title="thin film">thin film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CdS" title=" CdS"> CdS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20method" title=" new method"> new method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title=" optical properties"> optical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92398/low-surface-roughness-and-high-optical-quality-cds-thin-film-grown-by-modified-chemical-surface-deposition-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Highly Oriented and Conducting SNO2 Doped Al and SB Layers Grown by Automatic Spray Pyrolysis Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Boularouk">A.Boularouk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Chouikh"> F. Chouikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Lamri"> M. Lamri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Moualkia"> H. Moualkia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Bouznit"> Y. Bouznit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The principal aim of this study is to considerably reduce the resistivity of the SnO2 thin layers. In this order, we have doped tin oxide with aluminum and antimony incorporation with different atomic percentages (0 and 4%). All the pure and doped SnO2 films were grown by simple, flexible and cost-effective Automatic Spray Pyrolysis Method (ASPM) on glass substrates at a temperature of 350 °C. The microstructural, optical, morphological and electrical properties of the films have been studied. The XRD results demonstrate that all films have polycrystalline nature with a tetragonal rutile structure and exhibit the (200) preferential orientation. It has been observed that all the dopants are soluble in the SnO2 matrix without forming secondary phases. However, dopant introduction does not modify the film growth orientation. The crystallite size of the pure SnO2 film is about 36 nm. The films are highly transparent in the visible region with an average transmittance reaching up to 80% and it slightly reduces with increasing doping concentration (Al and Sb). The optical band gap value was evaluated between 3.60 eV and 3.75 eV as a function of doping. The SEM image reveals that all films are nanostructured, densely continuous, with good adhesion to the substrate. We note again that the surface morphology change with the type and concentration dopant. The minimum resistivity is 0.689*10-4, which is observed for SnO2 film doped 4% Al. This film shows better properties and is considered the best among all films. Finally, we concluded that the physical properties of the pure and doped SnO2 films grown on a glass substrate by ASPM strongly depend on the type and concentration dopant (Al and Sb) and have highly desirable optical and electrical properties and are promising materials for several applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tin%20oxide" title="tin oxide">tin oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20spray" title=" automatic spray"> automatic spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20and%20Sb%20doped" title=" Al and Sb doped"> Al and Sb doped</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MEB" title=" MEB"> MEB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD%20and%20UV-VIS" title=" XRD and UV-VIS"> XRD and UV-VIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169567/highly-oriented-and-conducting-sno2-doped-al-and-sb-layers-grown-by-automatic-spray-pyrolysis-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169567.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Effect of Fire Retardant Painting Product on Smoke Optical Density of Burning Natural Wood Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20N.%20Olimat">Abdullah N. Olimat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20S.%20Awad"> Ahmad S. Awad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20M.%20AL-Ghathian"> Faisal M. AL-Ghathian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural wood is used in many applications in Jordan such as furniture, partitions constructions, and cupboards. Experimental work for smoke produced by the combustion of certain wood samples was studied. Smoke generated from burning of natural wood, is considered as a major cause of death in furniture fires. The critical parameter for life safety in fires is the available time for escape, so the visual obscuration due to smoke release during fire is taken into consideration. The effect of smoke, produced by burning of wood, depends on the amount of smoke released in case of fire. The amount of smoke production, apparently, affects the time available for the occupants to escape. To achieve the protection of life of building occupants during fire growth, fire retardant painting products are tested. The tested samples of natural wood include Beech, Ash, Beech Pine, and white Beech Pine. A smoke density chamber manufactured by fire testing technology has been used to perform measurement of smoke properties. The procedure of test was carried out according to the ISO-5659. A nonflammable vertical radiant heat flux of 25 kW/m<sup>2</sup> is exposed to the wood samples in a horizontal orientation. The main objective of the current study is to carry out the experimental tests for samples of natural woods to evaluate the capability to escape in case of fire and the fire safety requirements. Specific optical density, transmittance, thermal conductivity, and mass loss are main measured parameters. Also, comparisons between samples with paint and with no paint are carried out between the selected samples of woods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extinction%20coefficient" title="extinction coefficient">extinction coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20density" title=" optical density"> optical density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visibility" title=" visibility"> visibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74414/effect-of-fire-retardant-painting-product-on-smoke-optical-density-of-burning-natural-wood-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Experimental Investigation of Beams Having Spring Mass Resonators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somya%20R.%20Patro">Somya R. Patro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Banerjee"> Arnab Banerjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20V.%20Ramana"> G. V. Ramana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A flexural beam carrying elastically mounted concentrated masses, such as engines, motors, oscillators, or vibration absorbers, is often encountered in mechanical, civil, and aeronautical engineering domains. To prevent resonance conditions, the designers must predict the natural frequencies of such a constrained beam system. This paper investigates experimental and analytical studies on vibration suppression in a cantilever beam with a tip mass with the help of spring-mass to achieve local resonance conditions. The system consists of a 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) beam screwed at the base plate of the shaker system. The top of the free end is connected by an accelerometer which also acts as a tip mass. A spring and a mass are attached at the bottom to replicate the mechanism of the spring-mass resonator. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm converts time acceleration plots into frequency amplitude plots from which transmittance is calculated as a function of the excitation frequency. The mathematical formulation is based on the transfer matrix method, and the governing differential equations are based on Euler Bernoulli's beam theory. The experimental results are successfully validated with the analytical results, providing us essential confidence in our proposed methodology. The beam spring-mass system is then converted to an equivalent two-degree of freedom system, from which frequency response function is obtained. The H2 optimization technique is also used to obtain the closed-form expression of optimum spring stiffness, which shows the influence of spring stiffness on the system's natural frequency and vibration response. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=euler%20bernoulli%20beam%20theory" title="euler bernoulli beam theory">euler bernoulli beam theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20fourier%20transform" title=" fast fourier transform"> fast fourier transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20frequencies" title=" natural frequencies"> natural frequencies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polylactic%20acid" title=" polylactic acid"> polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance" title=" transmittance"> transmittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration%20absorbers" title=" vibration absorbers"> vibration absorbers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153353/experimental-investigation-of-beams-having-spring-mass-resonators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Effect of Substrate Temperature on Some Physical Properties of Doubly doped Tin Oxide Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Battal">Ahmet Battal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Demet%20Tatar"> Demet Tatar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahattin%20D%C3%BCzg%C3%BCn"> Bahattin Düzgün</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are mostly used much applications due to many properties such as cheap, high transmittance/electrical conductivity etc. One of the clearest among TCOs, indium tin oxide (ITO), is the most widely used in many areas. However, as ITO is expensive and very low regarding reserve, other materials with suitable properties (especially SnO2 thin films) are be using instead of it. In this report, tin oxide thin films doubly doped with antimony and fluorine (AFTO) were deposited by spray at different substrate temperatures on glass substrate. It was investigated their structural, optical, electrical and luminescence properties. The substrate temperature was varied from 320 to 480 ˚C at the interval of 40 (±5) ºC. X-ray results were shown that the films are polycrystalline with tetragonal structure and oriented preferentially along (101), (200) and (210) directions. It was observed that the preferential orientations of crystal growth are not dependent on substrate temperature, but the intensity of preferential orientation was increased with increasing substrate temperature until 400 ºC. After this substrate temperature, they decreased. So, substrate temperature impact structure of these thin films. It was known from SEM analysis, the thin films have rough and homogenous and the surface of the films was affected by the substrate temperature i.e. grain size are increasing with increasing substrate temperature until 400 ºC. Also, SEM and AFM studies revealed the surface of AFTO thin films to be made of nanocrystalline particles. The average transmittance of the films in the visible range is 70-85%. Eg values of the films were investigated using the absorption spectra and found to be in the range 3,20-3,93 eV. The electrical resistivity decreases with increasing substrate temperature, then the electrical resistivity increases. PL spectra were found as a function of substrate temperature. With increasing substrate temperature, emission spectra shift a little bit to a UV region. Finally, tin oxide thin films were successfully prepared by this method and a spectroscopic characterization of the obtained films was performed. It was found that the films have very good physical properties. It was concluded that substrate temperature impacts thin film structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20films" title="thin films">thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20pyrolysis" title=" spray pyrolysis"> spray pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SnO2" title=" SnO2"> SnO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doubly%20doped" title=" doubly doped"> doubly doped</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28569/effect-of-substrate-temperature-on-some-physical-properties-of-doubly-doped-tin-oxide-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Synthesis of Flexible Mn1-x-y(CexLay)O2-δ Ultrathin-Film Device for Highly-Stable Pseudocapacitance from end-of-life Ni-MH batteries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samane%20Maroufi">Samane Maroufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasoul%20Khayyam%20Nekouei"> Rasoul Khayyam Nekouei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20Sefimofarah"> Sajjad Sefimofarah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veena%20Sahajwalla"> Veena Sahajwalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work details a three-stage strategy based on selective purification of rare earth oxide (REOs) isolated from end-of-life nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries leading to high-yield fabrication of defect-rich Mn1-x-y(CeₓLaᵧ)O2-δ film. In step one, major impurities (Fe and Al) were removed from a REE-rich solution. In step two, the resulting solution with trace content of Mn was further purified through electrodeposition which resulted in the synthesis of a non-stoichiometric Mn₋₁₋ₓ₋ᵧ(CeₓLaₓᵧ)O2-δ ultra-thin film, with controllable thicknesses (5-650 nm) and transmittance (~29-100%)in which Ce4+/3+ and La3+ ions were dissolved in MnO2-x lattice. Due to percolation impacts on the optoelectronic properties of ultrathin films, a representative Mn1-x-y(CexLay)O2-δ film with 86% transmittance exhibited an outstanding areal capacitance of 3.4 mF•cm-2, mainly attributed to the intercalation/de-intercalation of anionic O2- charge carriers through the atomic tunnels of the stratified Mn1-x-y(CexLay)O2-δ crystallites. Furthermore, the Mn1-x-y(CexLay)O2-δ exhibited excellent capacitance retention of ~90% after 16,000 cycles. Such stability was shown to be associated with intervalence charge transfers occurring among interstitial Ce/La cations and Mn oxidation states within the Mn₋₁₋ₓ₋ᵧ(CexLay)O2-δ structure. The energy and power densities of the transparent flexible Mn₋₁₋ₓ₋ᵧ(CexLay)O2-δ full-cell pseudocapacitor device with a solid-state electrolyte was measured to be 0.088 µWh.cm-2 and 843 µW.cm-2, respectively. These values showed insignificant changes under vigorous twisting and bending to 45-180˚, confirming these materials are intriguing alternatives for size-sensitive energy storage devices. In step three, the remaining solution purified further, that led to the formation of REOs (La, Ce, and Nd) nanospheres with ~40-50 nm diameter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20Ni-MH%20batteries" title="spent Ni-MH batteries">spent Ni-MH batteries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20energy" title=" green energy"> green energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20pseudocapacitor" title=" flexible pseudocapacitor"> flexible pseudocapacitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth%20elements" title=" rare earth elements"> rare earth elements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147761/synthesis-of-flexible-mn1-x-ycexlayo2-d-ultrathin-film-device-for-highly-stable-pseudocapacitance-from-end-of-life-ni-mh-batteries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Synthesis of Highly Stable Pseudocapacitors From Secondary Resources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samane%20Maroufi">Samane Maroufi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasoul%20Khayyam%20Nekouei"> Rasoul Khayyam Nekouei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20Mofarah"> Sajjad Mofarah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fabrication of the state-of-the-art portable pseudocapacitors with the desired transparency, mechanical flexibility, capacitance, and durability is challenging. In most cases, the fabrication of such devices requires critical elements which are either under the crisis of depletion or their extraction from virgin mineral ores have sever environmental impacts. This urges the use of secondary resources instead of virgin resources in fabrication of advanced devices. In this research, ultrathin films of defect-rich Mn1−x−y(CexLay)O2−δ with controllable thicknesses in the range between 5 nm to 627 nm and transmittance (≈29–100%) have been fabricated via an electrochemical chronoamperometric deposition technique using an aqueous precursor derived during the selective purification of rare earth oxide (REOs) isolated from end-of-life nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. Intercalation/de-intercalation of anionic O2− through the atomic tunnels of the stratified Mn1−x−y(CexLay)O2−δ crystallites was found to be responsible for outstanding areal capacitance of 3.4 mF cm−2 of films with 86% transmittance. The intervalence charge transfer among interstitial Ce/La cations and Mn oxidation states within the Mn1−x−y(CexLay)O2−δ structure resulted in excellent capacitance retention of ≈90% after 16 000 cycles. The synthesised transparent flexible Mn1−x−y(CexLay)O2−δ full-cell pseudocapacitor device possessed the energy and power densities of 0.088 μWh cm⁻² and 843 µW cm⁻², respectively. These values show insignificant changes under vigorous twisting and bending to 45–180° confirming these value-added materials are intriguing alternatives for size-sensitive energy storage devices. This research confirms the feasibility of utilisation of secondary waste resources for the fabrication of high-quality pseudocapacitors with engineered defects with the desired flexibility, transparency, and cycling stability suitable for size-sensitive portable electronic devices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudocapacitors" title="pseudocapacitors">pseudocapacitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage%20devices" title=" energy storage devices"> energy storage devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20and%20transparent" title=" flexible and transparent"> flexible and transparent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167635/synthesis-of-highly-stable-pseudocapacitors-from-secondary-resources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmittance&page=4">4</a></li> <li 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