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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Late medieval Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_medieval_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lollardy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lollardy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Lollardy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lollardy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Humanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Lutheranism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henrician_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henrician_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Henrician Reformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Henrician_Reformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Henrician Reformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Henrician_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annulment_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annulment_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Annulment controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annulment_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_against_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_against_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Actions against clergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_against_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_from_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_from_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Separation from Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_from_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderate_religious_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderate_religious_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Moderate religious reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderate_religious_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Dissolution of the monasteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_monasteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Civil unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure_of_all_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure_of_all_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Closure of all houses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure_of_all_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_reversed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_reversed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Reforms reversed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_reversed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edwardian_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edwardian_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Edwardian Reformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edwardian_Reformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Edwardian Reformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Edwardian_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iconoclasm_and_abolition_of_chantries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconoclasm_and_abolition_of_chantries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iconoclasm and abolition of chantries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconoclasm_and_abolition_of_chantries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1549_prayer_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1549_prayer_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1549 prayer book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1549_prayer_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imposition_of_liturgical_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imposition_of_liturgical_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Imposition of liturgical changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imposition_of_liturgical_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Further reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1552_prayer_book_and_parish_confiscations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1552_prayer_book_and_parish_confiscations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 1552 prayer book and parish confiscations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1552_prayer_book_and_parish_confiscations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward's_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward's_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Edward's succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward's_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marian_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Marian Restoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marian_Restoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marian Restoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marian_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconciling_with_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciling_with_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reconciling with Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciling_with_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Catholic recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Obstacles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elizabethan_Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabethan_Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Elizabethan Settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabethan_Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiograpical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiograpical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Historiograpical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiograpical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">English Reformation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="إصلاح إنجليزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إصلاح إنجليزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_anglicana" title="Reforma anglicana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reforma anglicana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэфармацыя ў Англіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэфармацыя ў Англіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Английска реформация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Английска реформация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A1_reformace" title="Anglická reformace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglická reformace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwygiad_Lloegr" title="Diwygiad Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwygiad Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationen_i_England" title="Reformationen i England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reformationen i England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αγγλική Μεταρρύθμιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλική Μεταρρύθμιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_anglicana" title="Reforma anglicana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reforma anglicana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla_Reformacio" title="Angla Reformacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angla Reformacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreforma_anglikanoa" title="Erreforma anglikanoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreforma anglikanoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اصلاحات انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصلاحات انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_anglaise" title="Réforme anglaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réforme anglaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90_%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81" title="잉글랜드의 종교 개혁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드의 종교 개혁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռեֆորմացիան Անգլիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեֆորմացիան Անգլիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इंग्लैण्ड में धर्मसुधार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड में धर्मसुधार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Inggris" title="Reformasi Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scisma_anglicano" title="Scisma anglicano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scisma anglicano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="הרפורמציה באנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפורמציה באנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინგლისის რეფორმაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისის რეფორმაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatio_Anglica" title="Reformatio Anglica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reformatio Anglica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Англиска реформација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англиска реформација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Inggeris" title="Reformasi Inggeris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_(1)_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/220px-Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/330px-Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/440px-Henry_VIII_%281%29_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>King Henry VIII initiated the separation of the English Church from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> by declaring himself, not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thyssen-Bornemisza_Museum" title="Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum">Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum</a>, Madrid.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Reformation" title="Category:Protestant Reformation">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/250px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/375px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/500px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="488" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1517</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Precursors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Beginning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contributing factors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theologies of seminal figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers" title="List of Protestant Reformers">Many others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva#Reformation" title="History of Geneva">Geneva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Zürich</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_Reformation" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Czech Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania#Reformation" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_modern_period" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden and Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#The_Reformation" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#German_period,_1185–1561" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Austria_in_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation_(1517–1564)" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy" title="Reformation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Poland">Poland-Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major political leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I of Hesse</a></li></ul> Electors of Saxony <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Counter-Reformation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible#16th_century" title="Censorship of the Bible">Censorship of the Bible § 16th century</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li></ul></div> Holy Roman Emperors <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Political and religious conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Art and literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Painting and sculpture <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism,_politics_and_religion" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance#Art" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art#Renaissance_and_Baroque_art" title="Swedish art">Swedish art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_North_after_Dürer" title="Old master print">Woodcuts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li></ul></div> Building <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> Literature <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500-1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-Nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th century Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div> Theater <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Forms <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles#Reformation" title="Early music of the British Isles">Music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland#Impact_of_the_Reformation" title="Church music in Scotland">Scottish church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">Normative principle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">Falsobordone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">Verse anthem</a></li></ul> </div> Liturgies <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship#General_principles_and_historical_overview" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship#John_Calvin's_Liturgy" title="Regulative principle of worship">Calvin's liturgy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Renaissance" title="Mass (music)">Lutheran and Anglican Mass</a> in music</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Roman</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum</a> Rites</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequence</a> (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)</li></ul></div> Hymnals <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Second</a> Lutheran hymnals</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">First Wittenberg hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souterliedekens" title="Souterliedekens">Souterliedekens</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnbooks_of_the_Church_of_Scotland#Scottish_Psalter_(1564)" title="Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland">Scottish Psalter</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Book of Psalms">Whole Book of Psalms</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conclusion and commemorations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Conclusion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_confessions_of_faith" title="Creed">Confessionalization</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Century_Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:17th Century Scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li>Simultaneous rise of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> Monuments <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></li></ul></div> Calendrical commemoration <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/160px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/240px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/320px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="2395" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican doctrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Lambeth_Quadrilateral" title="Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ministry and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a> <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>) <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a> <a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad</a>) <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a> <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background and history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" 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href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism" title="Template:Anglicanism"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Category:History of the Church of England">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">History of the Church of England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/180px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/270px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/360px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Westminster Abbey (1749) by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages (597–1500)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Medieval_England" title="Religion in Medieval England">Religion in Medieval England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocations of Canterbury and York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_development_of_Church_of_England_dioceses" title="Historical development of Church of England dioceses">Development of dioceses</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformation (1509–1559)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">Book of Common Prayer (1549)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">Book of Common Prayer (1552)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">Book of Common Prayer (1559)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Elizabeth_I" title="History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I">History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marprelate_Controversy" title="Marprelate Controversy">Marprelate Controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Jacobean period (1603–1625)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I_and_religious_issues" title="James VI and I and religious issues">James I and religious issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History of the Puritans under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">Book of Common Prayer (1604)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Caroline period (1625–1649)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History of the Puritans under King Charles I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1649–1688</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">History of the Puritans from 1649</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Conference" title="Savoy Conference">Savoy Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">Book of Common Prayer (1662)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1700–1950</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy" title="Bangorian Controversy">Bangorian Controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Revival">Evangelical Revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_England)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)">Prayer Book Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">History of the Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template talk:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The English Reformation took place in <a href="/wiki/16th-century_England" class="mw-redirect" title="16th-century England">16th-century England</a> when the King wished to divorce his Spanish wife (who had delivered no male children) and marry Anne Boleyn. The English Church then broke away first from the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and bishops <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">over the King</a> and then from some doctrines and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It then became the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> rather than a regional division of the Catholic church. The English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute.<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> In 1527, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> requested an annulment of his marriage, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> refused. In response, the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> (1529–1536) passed laws abolishing papal authority in England and declared Henry to be <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a>. Final authority in doctrinal disputes now rested with the monarch. Though a religious traditionalist himself, Henry relied on Protestants to support and implement his religious agenda. The <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a> of the Church of England became markedly Protestant during the reign of Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> (1547–1553) largely along lines laid down by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> (1553–1558), Catholicism was briefly restored. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a> reintroduced the Protestant religion but in a more moderate manner. Nevertheless, disputes over the structure, theology, and worship of the Church of England continued for generations. The English Reformation is generally considered to have concluded during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603), but scholars also speak of a "Long Reformation" stretching into the 17th and 18th centuries. This time period includes the violent disputes over religion during the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a>, most famously the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> which resulted in the rule of <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, the Church of England remained the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established church</a>, but a number of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> churches now existed whose members suffered various <a href="/wiki/Civil_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil disabilities">civil disabilities</a> until these were removed many years later. These events were part of the wider European <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>: various religious and political movements that affected both the practice of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and relations between church and state. A substantial but dwindling minority of people from the late 16th to early 19th centuries remained <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholics in England</a> – their church organization remained illegal until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competing_religious_ideas">Competing religious ideas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Competing religious ideas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">History of Christianity in England</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Calendar of saints (Church of England)</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Early</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury#History_and_mythology" title="Glastonbury">Legend of Christ in Britain</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain#Christianity" title="Roman Britain">Christianity in Roman Britain</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Medieval_England" title="Religion in Medieval England">Religion in Medieval England</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reformation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> <a href="/wiki/Marian_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian persecutions">Marian persecutions</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Martyrs" title="Oxford Martyrs">Oxford Martyrs</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-Reformation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England#18th_century" title="History of the Church of England">18th-century Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England#19th_century" title="History of the Church of England">19th-century Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England#Recent_history" title="History of the Church of England">Church of England (recent)</a> </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity_in_England" title="Template:History of Christianity in England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity_in_England" title="Template talk:History of Christianity in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_medieval_Catholicism">Late medieval Catholicism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Late medieval Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Medieval_England" title="Religion in Medieval England">Religion in Medieval England</a></div> The medieval English church was part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The dominant view of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> in the late medieval church taught that <a href="/wiki/Contrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrite">contrite</a> persons should cooperate with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>'s grace towards their salvation (see <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a>) by performing <a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">charitable acts</a>, which would <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">merit reward in Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210-2">[1]</a> God's <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> was ordinarily given through the seven <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>—<a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20177-3">[2]</a> The Eucharist was celebrated during the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, the central act of Catholic worship. In this service, a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priest</a> consecrated bread and wine to become the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Christ</a> through <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>. The church taught that, in the name of the congregation, the priest offered to God the same <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">sacrifice of Christ on the cross</a> that provided <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20178–9-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling202197–98-5">[4]</a> The Mass was also an offering of prayer by which the living could help <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20011–2-6">[5]</a> While genuine penance removed the guilt attached to sin, Catholicism taught that a penalty could remain in the case of <a href="/wiki/Imperfect_contrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfect contrition">imperfect contrition</a>. It was believed that most people would end their lives with these penalties unsatisfied and would have to spend "time" in purgatory. Time in purgatory could be lessened through <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayers_for_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayers for the dead">prayers for the dead</a>, which were made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">communion of saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201716–17-7">[6]</a> Religious <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> sponsored intercessory Masses for their members through <a href="/wiki/Chantries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantries">chantries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198933-8">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> who lived in <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> prayed for souls as well. By popular demand, "prayer for the dead dominated Catholic devotion in much of northern Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201719-9">[8]</a> English Catholicism was strong and popular in the early 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199328-10">[9]</a> One measure of popular engagement is financial contribution. Besides paying obligatory <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>, English people voluntarily donated large amounts of money to their <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201720-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lollardy">Lollardy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lollardy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></div> Lollardy anticipated some Protestant teachings. This <a href="/wiki/Anticlerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlerical">anticlerical</a> movement originated from the teachings of theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> (died 1384), and the Catholic Church considered it <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a>. Lollards believed in the <a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">primacy of scripture</a> and that the Bible should be available in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>. They prioritised <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preaching</a> scripture over the sacraments and did not believe in transubstantiation. In addition, they condemned prayers for the dead and denied that confession to a priest was necessary for salvation. Lollards believed the Catholic Church was a false church, but they outwardly conformed to Catholicism to evade persecution. When Lollards gathered together, they read the <a href="/wiki/Wycliffite_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffite Bible">Wycliffite Bible</a>, an English translation of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden200085–89-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198948-13">[12]</a> In 1401, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/De_heretico_comburendo" title="De heretico comburendo">Suppression of Heresy Act</a>, the first English law authorising the <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning</a> of unrepentant or reoffending heretics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201721–22-14">[13]</a> In reaction to Lollardy, the 1409 <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Oxford" title="Constitutions of Oxford">Constitutions of Oxford</a> prohibited vernacular Bible translations unless authorised by the bishops. This effectively became a total ban as the bishops never did authorise an official English translation. At the same time, the Bible was available in most other European languages. As literacy rates increased, a growing number of orthodox laity who could read English but not Latin resorted to reading the Wycliffite Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201724-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden200086-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198932-17">[16]</a> Lollards were forced underground and survived as a tiny movement of peasants and artisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201722-18">[17]</a> It "helped to create popular reception-areas for the newly imported Lutheranism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198914-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanism">Humanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humanism">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanists">Renaissance humanists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> (who lived in England for a time), <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, called for a return <a href="/wiki/Ad_fontes" title="Ad fontes">ad fontes</a> ("back to the sources") of Christian faith—the scriptures as understood through textual, linguistic, classical and patristic scholarship<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201729–32-20">[19]</a>—and wanted to make the Bible available in the vernacular. Humanists criticised so-called <a href="/wiki/Superstitious" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitious">superstitious</a> practices and clerical corruption, while emphasising inward piety over religious ritual. Some of the early Protestant leaders went through a humanist phase before embracing the new movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201769-21">[20]</a> A notable early use of the English word reformation came in 1512, when the English bishops were called together by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, notionally to discuss the extirpation of the rump Lollard heresy. John Colet (then working with Erasmus on the establishment of his school) gave a <a href="/wiki/John_Colet#Colet's_convocation_sermon_(1512)" title="John Colet">notoriously confrontational sermon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Romans_12:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans 12:2">Romans 12:2</a> ("Be ye not conformed to this world, but be ye reformed in the newness of your minds") saying that the first to reform must be the bishops themselves, then the clergy, and only then the laity.<a href="#cite_note-Seebohm-22">[21]</a>: 250  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lutheranism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a>. By the early 1520s, Luther's views were known and disputed in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199627-23">[22]</a> The main plank of <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Luther's theology</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith alone</a> rather than by faith with good works. In other words, justification is a gift from God received through <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling202196-24">[23]</a> If Luther was correct, then the Mass, the sacraments, charitable acts, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer to saints">prayers to saints</a>, prayers for the dead, <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, and the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> do not mediate divine favour. To believe otherwise would be superstition at best and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> at worst.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling202197-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017126-26">[25]</a> Early Protestants portrayed Catholic practices such as confession to priests, <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)">clerical celibacy</a>, and requirements to <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">fast</a> and keep <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">vows</a> as burdensome and spiritually oppressive. Not only did purgatory lack any biblical basis according to Protestants, but the clergy were also accused of leveraging the fear of purgatory to make money from prayers and masses. The Catholics countered that justification by faith alone was a "licence to sin".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017146-27">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg/220px-Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg/330px-Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg/440px-Tyndale_Bible_Stevage.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Tyndale Bible was the basis for later English translations.</figcaption></figure> The publication of <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>'s English New Testament in 1526 helped to spread Protestant ideas. Printed abroad and smuggled into the country, the <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a> was the first English Bible to be mass produced; there were probably 16,000 copies in England by 1536. Tyndale's translation was highly influential, forming the basis of all subsequent English translations until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003203-28">[27]</a> An attack on traditional religion, Tyndale's translation included an epilogue explaining Luther's theology of justification by faith, and many translation choices were designed to undermine traditional Catholic teachings. Tyndale translated the Greek word charis as favour rather than grace to de-emphasize the role of grace-giving sacraments. His choice of love rather than charity to translate <a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a> de-emphasized good works. When rendering the Greek verb <a href="/wiki/Metanoia_(theology)" title="Metanoia (theology)">metanoeite</a> into English, Tyndale used <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repent</a> rather than do penance. The former word indicated an internal turning to God, while the latter translation supported the sacrament of confession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017132-29">[28]</a> The Protestant ideas were popular among some parts of the English population, especially among academics and merchants with connections to continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003202–203-30">[29]</a> Protestant thought was better received at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> than <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201769-21">[20]</a> A group of reform-minded Cambridge students (known by moniker "Little Germany") met at the White Horse tavern from the mid-1520s. Its members included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnes_(martyr)" title="Robert Barnes (martyr)">Robert Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frith_(martyr)" title="John Frith (martyr)">John Frith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilney" title="Thomas Bilney">Thomas Bilney</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Joye" title="George Joye">George Joye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur_(dramatist)" title="Thomas Arthur (dramatist)">Thomas Arthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199358-31">[30]</a> Those who held Protestant sympathies remained a religious minority until political events intervened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199320,28-32">[31]</a> As heretics in the eyes of church and state, early Protestants were persecuted. Between 1530 and 1533, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hitton" title="Thomas Hitton">Thomas Hitton</a> (England's first Protestant <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>), Thomas Bilney, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bayfield" title="Richard Bayfield">Richard Bayfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tewkesbury" title="John Tewkesbury">John Tewkesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bainham" title="James Bainham">James Bainham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Benet_(martyr)" title="Thomas Benet (martyr)">Thomas Benet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harding" title="Thomas Harding">Thomas Harding</a>, John Frith and Andrew Hewet were burned to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017186-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tracy_(JP)" title="William Tracy (JP)">William Tracy</a> was posthumously convicted of heresy for denying purgatory and affirming justification by faith, and his corpse was disinterred and burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017188-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Henrician_Reformation">Henrician Reformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Henrician Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annulment_controversy">Annulment controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annulment controversy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n,_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/220px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/330px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/440px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, Henry VIII's first wife. Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Corvus" title="Joannes Corvus">Joannes Corvus</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> acceded to the English throne in 1509 at the age of 17. He made a dynastic marriage with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, widow of his brother <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a>, in June 1509, just before his coronation on <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer's Day</a>. Unlike his <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">father</a>, who was secretive and conservative, the young Henry appeared the epitome of chivalry and sociability. An observant Catholic, he heard up to five masses a day (except during the hunting season);[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of "powerful but unoriginal mind", he let himself be influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day. He was thus susceptible to whoever had his ear.<a href="#cite_note-35">[note 2]</a> This contributed to a state of hostility between his young contemporaries and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>. As long as Wolsey had his ear, Henry's Catholicism was secure: in 1521, he had defended the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's accusations of heresy in a book he wrote—probably with considerable help from the conservative <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">Bishop of Rochester</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201787-36">[34]</a>—entitled The <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Seven_Sacraments" title="Defence of the Seven Sacraments">Defence of the Seven Sacraments</a>, for which he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" (<a href="/wiki/Fidei_Defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei Defensor">Fidei Defensor</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> (Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present, even after the Anglican Church broke away from Catholicism, in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544, after the split.) Wolsey's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> ideas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000111-38">[36]</a> among whom was the attractive, charismatic <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Anne arrived at court in 1522 as <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_honour" title="Maid of honour">maid of honour</a> to Queen Catherine, having spent some years in France being educated by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Claude" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Claude">Queen Claude</a> of France. She was a woman of "charm, style and wit, with will and savagery which made her a match for Henry".<a href="#cite_note-39">[note 3]</a> Anne was a distinguished French conversationalist, singer, and dancer. She was cultured and is the disputed author of several songs and poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnicke198338-40">[37]</a> By 1527, Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">annulled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[note 4]</a> She had not produced a male heir who survived longer than two months, and Henry wanted a son to secure the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a>. Before Henry's father (<a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>) ascended the throne, England had been beset by <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">civil warfare</a> over rival claims to the English crown. Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey197270-42">[38]</a> Catherine of Aragon's only surviving child was <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Princess Mary</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_boleyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/220px-Anne_boleyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/330px-Anne_boleyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/440px-Anne_boleyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, Henry VIII's second wife, by an unknown artist. National Portrait Gallery, London.</figcaption></figure> Henry claimed that this lack of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips199120-43">[39]</a> Catherine had been his <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">late brother</a>'s wife, and it was therefore <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)#Mosaic_law" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">against biblical teachings</a> for Henry to have married her (<a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 20:21); a special <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (Catholic Church)">dispensation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> had been needed to allow the wedding in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacey197217-44">[40]</a> Henry argued the marriage was never valid because the biblical prohibition was part of unbreakable divine law, and even popes could not dispense with it.<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 5]</a> In 1527, Henry asked <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused. According to <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>, the Pope could not annul a marriage on the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Canonical_impediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical impediment">canonical impediment</a> previously dispensed. Clement also feared the wrath of Catherine's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, whose troops earlier that year had <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked Rome</a> and briefly taken the Pope prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998166-46">[41]</a> The combination of Henry's "scruple of conscience" and his captivation by Anne Boleyn made his desire to rid himself of his queen compelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000114-47">[42]</a> The indictment of his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 for <a href="/wiki/Praemunire" title="Praemunire">praemunire</a> (taking the authority of the papacy above the Crown) and Wolsey's subsequent death in November 1530 on his way to London to answer a charge of high treason left Henry open to both the influences of the supporters of the queen and the opposing influences of those who sanctioned the abandonment of the Roman allegiance, for whom an annulment was but an opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199393–94-48">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actions_against_clergy">Actions against clergy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Actions against clergy">edit</a>]</div> In 1529, the King summoned <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> to deal with the annulment and other grievances against the church. The Catholic Church was a powerful institution in England with a number of privileges. The King could not tax or sue clergy in civil courts. The church could also grant fugitives <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary#Church_sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a>, and many areas of the law – such as family law – were controlled by the church. For centuries, kings had attempted to reduce the church's power, and the English Reformation was a continuation of this power struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShagan201729-49">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> sat from 1529 to 1536 and brought together those who wanted reform but who disagreed what form it should take. There were common lawyers who resented the privileges of the clergy to summon <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199373-50">[45]</a> and there were those who had been influenced by Lutheranism and were hostile to the theology of Rome. Henry's chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, successor to Wolsey, also wanted reform: he wanted new laws against heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000116-51">[46]</a> Lawyer and member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> saw how Parliament could be used to advance royal supremacy over the church and further Protestant beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003199-52">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromwell,Thomas(1EEssex)01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/220px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/330px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/440px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex">Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1485–1540), Henry VIII's chief minister (1532–1540).</figcaption></figure> Initially, Parliament passed minor legislation to control ecclesiastical fees, <a href="/wiki/Clerical_pluralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical pluralism">clerical pluralism</a>, and sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199389,_98-53">[48]</a> In the matter of the annulment, no progress seemed possible. The Pope seemed more afraid of Emperor Charles V than of Henry. Anne, Cromwell and their allies wished simply to ignore the Pope, but in October 1530 a meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that Parliament could not empower the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> to act against the Pope's prohibition. Henry thus resolved to bully the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993105–106-54">[49]</a> Having first charged eight bishops and seven other clerics with <a href="/wiki/Praemunire" title="Praemunire">praemunire</a>, the King decided in 1530 to proceed against the whole clergy for violating the 1392 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Praemunire" title="Statute of Praemunire">Statute of Praemunire</a>, which forbade obedience to the Pope or any foreign ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998172-55">[50]</a> Henry wanted the clergy of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Canterbury province</a> to pay £100,000 for their pardon; this was a sum equal to the Crown's annual income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShagan201730-56">[51]</a> This was agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocation of Canterbury</a> on 24 January 1531. It wanted the payment spread over five years, but Henry refused. The convocation responded by withdrawing their payment altogether and demanded Henry fulfil certain guarantees before they would give him the money. Henry refused these conditions, agreeing only to the five-year period of payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993106-57">[52]</a> On 7 February, Convocation was asked to agree to five articles that specified that: <ol><li>The clergy recognise Henry as the "sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy"</li> <li>The King was responsible for the souls of his subjects</li> <li>The privileges of the church were upheld only if they did not detract from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> and the laws of the realm</li> <li>The King pardoned the clergy for violating the Statute of Praemunire</li> <li>The laity were also pardoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993107-58">[53]</a></li></ol> In Parliament, Bishop Fisher championed Catherine and the clergy, inserting into the first article the phrase "as far as the word of God allows".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000118-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner1930-60">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On 11 February, <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury, presented the revised wording to Convocation. The clergy were to acknowledge the King to be "singular protector, supreme lord and even, so far as the law of Christ allows, supreme head of the English Church and clergy". When Warham requested a discussion, there was silence. Warham then said, "He who is silent seems to consent", to which a bishop responded, "Then we are all silent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993108-61">[56]</a> The Convocation granted consent to the King's five articles and the payment on 8 March 1531.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later, the <a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocation of York</a> agreed to the same on behalf of the clergy of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">York province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993108-61">[56]</a> That same year, Parliament passed the Pardon to Clergy Act 1531.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1532, Cromwell was responsible for managing government business in the House of Commons. He authored and presented to the Commons the <a href="/wiki/Supplication_against_the_Ordinaries" title="Supplication against the Ordinaries">Supplication against the Ordinaries</a>, which was a list of grievances against the bishops, including abuses of power and Convocation's independent legislative authority. After passing the Commons, the Supplication was presented to the King as a petition for reform on 18 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993111–112-62">[57]</a> On 26 March, the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates mandated the clergy pay no more than five percent of their first year's revenue (<a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">annates</a>) to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973167-63">[58]</a> On 10 May, the King demanded of Convocation that the church renounce all authority to make laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993114-64">[59]</a> On 15 May, Convocation renounced its authority to make canon law without royal assent—the so called <a href="/wiki/Submission_of_the_Clergy" title="Submission of the Clergy">Submission of the Clergy</a>. (Parliament subsequently gave this statutory force with the <a href="/wiki/Submission_of_the_Clergy_Act_1533" title="Submission of the Clergy Act 1533">Submission of the Clergy Act</a>.) The next day, More resigned as lord chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShagan201731-65">[60]</a> This left Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. (Cromwell never became chancellor. His power came—and was lost—through his informal relations with Henry.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_from_Rome">Separation from Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Separation from Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4667" data-file-height="5807" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, with <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> the leader of political resistance against the break with Rome. Both were executed in 1535.</figcaption></figure> Archbishop Warham died in August 1532. Henry wanted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>—a Protestant who could be relied on to oppose the papacy—to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShagan201733-66">[61]</a> The Pope reluctantly approved Cranmer's appointment, and he was consecrated on 30 March 1533. By this time, Henry was secretly married to a pregnant Anne. The impending birth of an heir gave new urgency to annulling his marriage to Catherine. Nevertheless, a decision continued to be delayed because Rome was the final authority in all ecclesiastical matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973167-63">[58]</a> To address this issue, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute in Restraint of Appeals">Act in Restraint of Appeals</a>, which outlawed appeals to Rome on ecclesiastical matters and declared that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the Imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality and Temporality, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1982353-67">[62]</a></blockquote> This declared England an independent country in every respect. English historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Geoffrey Elton</a> called this act an "essential ingredient" of the "Tudor revolution" in that it expounded a theory of <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1991160-68">[63]</a> Cranmer was now able to grant an annulment of the marriage to Catherine as Henry required, pronouncing on 23 May the judgment that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley196259–63-69">[64]</a> The Pope responded by <a href="/wiki/Excommunication#Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication">excommunicating</a> Henry on 11 July 1533. Anne gave birth to a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Princess Elizabeth</a>, on 7 September 1533.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168-70">[65]</a> In 1534, Parliament took further action to limit papal authority in England. A new Heresy Act ensured that no one could be punished for speaking against the Pope and also made it more difficult to convict someone of heresy; however, <a href="/wiki/Sacramentarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentarian">sacramentarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a> continued to be vigorously persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017208,_221-71">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Act_in_Absolute_Restraint_of_Annates" class="mw-redirect" title="Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates">Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates</a> outlawed all annates to Rome and also ordered that if <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> refused the King's nomination for bishop, they would be liable to punishment by praemunire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1982364–365-72">[67]</a> The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Pope to the Crown. The <a href="/wiki/Act_Concerning_Peter%27s_Pence_and_Dispensations" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations">Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations</a> outlawed the annual payment by landowners of <a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a> to the Pope, and transferred the power to grant dispensations and licences from the Pope to the Archbishop of Canterbury. This Act also reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg1970-73">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168-70">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="First Act of Supremacy">First Act of Supremacy</a> made Henry <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a> and disregarded any "usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority [or] prescription".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1982364–365-72">[67]</a> In case this should be resisted, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Treasons_Act_1534" title="Treasons Act 1534">Treasons Act 1534</a>, which made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The following year, Thomas More and John Fisher were executed under this legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993119–120-74">[69]</a> Finally, in 1536, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_against_the_Pope%27s_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Act against the Pope's Authority">Act against the Pope's Authority</a>, which removed the last part of papal authority still legal. This was Rome's power in England to decide disputes concerning <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderate_religious_reform">Moderate religious reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moderate religious reform">edit</a>]</div> The break with Rome gave Henry VIII power to administer the English Church, tax it, appoint its officials, and control its laws. It also gave him control over the church's doctrine and ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1991162-75">[70]</a> While Henry remained a traditional Catholic, his most important supporters in breaking with Rome were the Protestants. Yet, not all of his supporters were Protestants. Some were traditionalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a>, opposed to the new theology but felt <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a> was not essential to the Church of England's identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShagan201733–34-76">[71]</a> The King relied on Protestants, such as Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer, to carry out his religious programme and embraced the language of the continental Reformation, while maintaining a middle way between religious extremes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1990185-77">[72]</a> What followed was a period of doctrinal confusion as both conservatives and reformers attempted to shape the church's future direction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017238-78">[73]</a> The reformers were aided by Cromwell, who in January 1535 was made <a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a> in spirituals. Effectively the King's <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a>, Cromwell's authority was greater than that of bishops, even the Archbishop of Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017215-79">[74]</a> Largely due to Anne Boleyn's influence, a number of Protestants were appointed bishops between 1534 and 1536. These included Latimer, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Salcot" class="mw-redirect" title="John Salcot">John Salcot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shaxton" title="Nicholas Shaxton">Nicholas Shaxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="William Barlow (bishop of Chichester)">William Barlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hilsey" title="John Hilsey">John Hilsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Foxe" title="Edward Foxe">Edward Foxe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017216–217-80">[75]</a> During the same period, the most influential conservative bishop, Stephen Gardiner, was sent to France on a diplomatic mission and thus removed from an active role in English politics for three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996140-81">[76]</a> Cromwell's programme, assisted by Anne Boleyn's influence over episcopal appointments, was not merely against the clergy and the power of Rome. He persuaded Henry that safety from political alliances that Rome might attempt to bring together lay in negotiations with the German Lutheran princes of the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[note 6]</a> There also seemed to be a possibility that Emperor Charles V might act to avenge his rejected aunt (Queen Catherine) and enforce the Pope's excommunication. The negotiations did not lead to an alliance but did bring Lutheran ideas to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993125-83">[77]</a> In 1536, Convocation adopted the first doctrinal statement for the Church of England, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles#Ten_Articles_(1536)" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Ten Articles</a>. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles#Bishops'_Book_(1537)" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Bishops' Book</a> in 1537. These established a semi-Lutheran doctrine for the church. Justification by faith, qualified by an emphasis on good works following justification, was a core teaching. The traditional seven sacraments were reduced to three only—baptism, Eucharist and penance. Catholic teaching on praying to saints, purgatory and the use of <a href="/wiki/Religious_images_in_Christian_theology" title="Religious images in Christian theology">images</a> in worship was undermined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017254–256-84">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StPaul%27sCross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/StPaul%27sCross.jpg/220px-StPaul%27sCross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/StPaul%27sCross.jpg/330px-StPaul%27sCross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/StPaul%27sCross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's Cross (in the lower left corner of the painting) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Preaching_cross" title="Preaching cross">preaching cross</a> on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> In August 1536, the same month the Ten Articles were published, Cromwell issued a set of Royal Injunctions to the clergy. Minor <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast days</a> were changed into normal work days, including those celebrating a <a href="/wiki/Dedications_in_the_Church_of_England" title="Dedications in the Church of England">church's patron saint</a> and most feasts during harvest time (July through September). The rationale was partly economic as too many holidays led to a loss of productivity and were "the occasion of vice and idleness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993129-85">[79]</a> In addition, Protestants considered feast days to be examples of superstition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017241-86">[80]</a> Clergy were to discourage <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> and instruct the people to give to the poor rather than make offerings to images. The clergy were also ordered to place Bibles in both English and Latin in every church for the people to read.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993130-87">[81]</a> This last requirement was largely ignored by the bishops for a year or more due to the lack of any authorised English translation. The only complete vernacular version was the <a href="/wiki/Coverdale_Bible" title="Coverdale Bible">Coverdale Bible</a> finished in 1535 and based on Tyndale's earlier work. It lacked royal approval, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017241–242-88">[82]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> in his study of The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 argues that after 1537, "England's Reformation was characterized by its hatred of images, as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aston" title="Margaret Aston">Margaret Aston</a>'s work on iconoclasm and <a href="/wiki/Iconophobia" title="Iconophobia">iconophobia</a> has repeatedly and eloquently demonstrated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200157-89">[83]</a> In February 1538, the famous <a href="/wiki/Rood_of_Grace" title="Rood of Grace">Rood of Grace</a> was condemned as a mechanical fraud and destroyed at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a>. In July, the statues of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Our Lady of Walsingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ipswich" title="Our Lady of Ipswich">Our Lady of Ipswich</a>, and other Marian images were burned at Chelsea on Cromwell's orders. In September, Cromwell issued a second set of royal injunctions ordering the destruction of images to which pilgrimage offerings were made, the prohibition of lighting <a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">votive candles</a> before images of saints, and the preaching of sermons against the veneration of images and relics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993134-90">[84]</a> Afterwards, the shrine and bones of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, considered by many to have been martyred in defence of the church's liberties, were destroyed at Canterbury Cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996227-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the monasteries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fichale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fichale.jpg/220px-Fichale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fichale.jpg/330px-Fichale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fichale.jpg/440px-Fichale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Finchale_Priory" title="Finchale Priory">Finchale Priory</a>, a Benedictine monastery near Durham that was closed in 1535</figcaption></figure> For Cromwell and Cranmer, a step in the Protestant agenda was attacking <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, which was associated with the doctrine of purgatory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993131-92">[86]</a> One of the primary functions of monasteries was to pray for the souls of their benefactors and for the souls of all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201719-9">[8]</a> While the King was not opposed to <a href="/wiki/Religious_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious house">religious houses</a> on theological grounds, there was concern over the loyalty of the monastic orders, which were international in character and resistant to the Royal Supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017226-93">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscan Observant</a> houses were closed in August 1534 after that order refused to repudiate papal authority. Between 1535 and 1537, 18 <a href="/wiki/Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusians</a> were killed for doing the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993141-94">[88]</a> The Crown was also experiencing financial difficulties, and the wealth of the church, in contrast to its political weakness, made confiscation of church property both tempting and feasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1938vii-95">[89]</a> Seizure of monastic wealth was not unprecedented; it had happened before in 1295, 1337, and 1369.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993131-92">[86]</a> The church owned between one-fifth and one-third of the land in all England; Cromwell realised that he could bind the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">gentry</a> and nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling to them the huge amount of church lands, and that any reversion to pre-Royal Supremacy would entail upsetting many of the powerful people in the realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1991142-96">[90]</a> In 1534, Cromwell initiated a <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries#Visitation_of_the_monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">visitation of the monasteries</a> ostensibly to examine their character, but in fact, to value their assets with a view to expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1938vii-95">[89]</a> The visiting commissioners claimed to have uncovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety amongst the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>, which became the ostensible justification for their suppression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1991142-96">[90]</a> There were also reports of the possession and display of false relics, such as <a href="/wiki/Hailes_Abbey" title="Hailes Abbey">Hailes Abbey</a>'s vial of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Holy Blood</a>, upon investigation announced to be "honey clarified and coloured with saffron".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269-97">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Compendium_Competorum" title="Compendium Competorum">Compendium Competorum</a> compiled by the visitors documented ten pieces of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, seven portions of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>'s milk and numerous saints' girdles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017229-98">[92]</a> Leading reformers, led by Anne Boleyn, wanted to convert monasteries into "places of study and good letters, and to the continual relief of the poor", but this was not done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017232-99">[93]</a> In 1536, the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Religious_Houses_Act_1535" title="Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535">Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act</a> closed smaller houses valued at less than £200 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993130-87">[81]</a> Henry used the revenue to help build coastal defences (see <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a>) against expected invasion, and all the land was given to the Crown or sold to the aristocracy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Thirty-four houses were saved by paying for exemptions. Monks and nuns affected by closures were transferred to larger houses, and monks had the option of becoming <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993144–145-100">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chapel,_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg/220px-The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg/330px-The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg/440px-The_Chapel%2C_Forde_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forde_Abbey" title="Forde Abbey">Forde Abbey</a>, a Cistercian monastery closed in 1539 and converted into a country house</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_unrest">Civil unrest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil unrest">edit</a>]</div> The Royal Supremacy and the abolition of papal authority had not caused widespread unrest, but the attacks on monasteries and the abolition of saints' days and pilgrimages provoked violence. Mobs attacked those sent to break up monastic buildings. Suppression commissioners were attacked by local people in several places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993143–144-101">[95]</a> In Northern England, there were a series of uprisings against the dissolutions in late 1536 and early 1537. The <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincolnshire Rising">Lincolnshire Rising</a> occurred in October 1536 and culminated in a force of 40,000 rebels assembling at Lincoln. They demanded an end to taxation during peacetime, the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of uses">statute of uses</a>, an end to the suppression of monasteries, and that heresy be purged and heretics punished. Henry refused to negotiate, and the revolt collapsed as the nervous gentry convinced the common people to disperse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993145–146-102">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a> was a more serious matter. The pro-Catholic, anti-<a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Uses" title="Statute of Uses">land-tax</a> revolt began in October at Yorkshire and spread to the other northern counties. Around 50,000 strong, the rebels under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aske_(political_leader)" title="Robert Aske (political leader)">Robert Aske</a>'s leadership restored 16 of the 26 northern monasteries that had been dissolved. Due to the size of the rebellion, the King was persuaded to negotiate. In December, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a> offered the rebels a pardon and a parliament to consider their grievances. Aske then sent the rebels home. The promises made to them, however, were ignored by the King, and Norfolk was instructed to put the rebellion down. Forty-seven of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed, and 132 from the Pilgrimage of Grace. In Southern England, smaller disturbances took place in Cornwall and Walsingham in 1537.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993147–149-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closure_of_all_houses">Closure of all houses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Closure of all houses">edit</a>]</div> The failure of the Pilgrimage of Grace only sped up the process of dissolution and may have convinced Henry VIII that all religious houses needed to be closed. In 1540, the last monasteries were dissolved, wiping out an important element of traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003201-104">[98]</a> Former monks were given modest pensions from the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Augmentations" title="Court of Augmentations">Court of Augmentations</a>, and those that could sought work as parish priests. Former nuns received smaller pensions and, as they were still bound by vows of chastity, forbidden to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017282-105">[99]</a> Henry personally devised a plan to form at least thirteen new dioceses so that most counties had one based on a former monastery (or more than one), though this scheme was only partly carried out. New dioceses were established at Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Westminster_(Church_of_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Westminster (Church of England)">Westminster</a> and Chester, but not, for instance, at Shrewsbury, Leicester or <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_(abbey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Abbey (abbey)">Waltham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1952399–400-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_reversed">Reforms reversed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reforms reversed">edit</a>]</div> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(historian)" title="Peter Marshall (historian)">Peter Marshall</a>, Henry's religious reforms were based on the principles of "unity, obedience and the refurbishment of ancient truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017266-107">[101]</a> Yet, the outcome was disunity and disobedience. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform. Priests said Mass in English rather than Latin and were marrying in violation of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>. Not only were there divisions between traditionalists and reformers, but Protestants themselves were divided between establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs and radicals who held Anabaptist and Sacramentarian views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017269–270-108">[102]</a> Reports of dissension from every part of England reached Cromwell daily—developments he tried to hide from the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000132-109">[103]</a> In September 1538, Stephen Gardiner returned to England, and the official religious policy began to drift in a conservative direction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996229-110">[104]</a> This was due in part to the eagerness of establishment Protestants to disassociate themselves from religious radicals. In September, two Lutheran princes, the <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Landgrave of Hesse</a>, sent warnings of Anabaptist activity in England. A commission was swiftly created to seek out Anabaptists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996231-111">[105]</a> Henry personally presided at the trial of <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(Protestant_martyr)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lambert (Protestant martyr)">John Lambert</a> in November 1538 for denying the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">real presence</a> of Christ in the Eucharist. At the same time, he shared in the drafting of a proclamation ordering Anabaptists and Sacramentaries to get out of the country or face death. Discussion of the real presence (except by those educated in the universities) was forbidden, and priests who married were to be dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000132-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996233-112">[106]</a> It was becoming clear that the King's views on religion differed from those of Cromwell and Cranmer. Henry made his traditional preferences known during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Triduum" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Triduum">Easter Triduum</a> of 1539, where he crept to the cross on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996241-113">[107]</a> Later that year, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Articles (1539)">Six Articles</a> reaffirming the Catholic beliefs and practices such as <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, clerical celibacy, <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> to a priest, <a href="/wiki/Votive_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive mass">votive masses</a>, and withholding <a href="/wiki/Communion_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion wine">communion wine</a> from the laity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993153-114">[108]</a> On 28 June 1540 Cromwell, Henry's longtime advisor and loyal servant, was then executed. Different reasons were advanced: that Cromwell would not enforce the Act of Six Articles; that he had supported Robert Barnes, Hugh Latimer and other heretics; and that he was responsible for Henry's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, his fourth wife. Many other arrests under the Act followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000135-115">[109]</a> On the 30 July, the reformers Barnes, <a href="/wiki/William_Jerome" title="William Jerome">William Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerrard" title="Thomas Gerrard">Thomas Gerrard</a> were burned at the stake. In a display of religious impartiality, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abel_(martyr)" title="Thomas Abel (martyr)">Thomas Abell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Featherstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Featherstone">Richard Featherstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Powell_(martyr)" title="Edward Powell (martyr)">Edward Powell</a>—all Catholics—were <a href="/wiki/Hanged_and_quartered" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged and quartered">hanged and quartered</a> while the Protestants burned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017280–281-116">[110]</a> European observers were very shocked and bewildered. French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Marillac" title="Charles de Marillac">Charles de Marillac</a> wrote that Henry's religious policy was a "climax of evils" and that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[I]t is difficult to have a people entirely opposed to new errors which does not hold with the ancient authority of the Church and of the Holy See, or, on the other hand, hating the Pope, which does not share some opinions with the Germans. Yet the government will not have either the one or the other, but insists on their keeping what is commanded, which is so often altered that it is difficult to understand what it is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017281-117">[111]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chantry_Chapel,_Wakefield_Bridge_(7568910296).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg/220px-Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg/330px-Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg/440px-Chantry_Chapel%2C_Wakefield_Bridge_%287568910296%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Chantry_Chapel_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Wakefield" title="Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, Wakefield">Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin</a> in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Chantries were endowments that paid priests to say <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">masses for the dead</a> to lessen their time in purgatory.</figcaption></figure> Despite some setbacks, Protestants managed to win some victories. In May 1541, the King ordered copies of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a> to be placed in all churches; any failure to comply would result in a £2 fine. The Protestants could celebrate the growing access to vernacular scripture as most churches had Bibles by 1545.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017284-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993158-119">[113]</a> The iconoclastic policies of 1538 were continued in the autumn when the Archbishops of Canterbury and York were ordered to destroy all the remaining shrines in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996284-120">[114]</a> Furthermore, Cranmer survived formal charges of heresy in the <a href="/wiki/Prebendaries%27_Plot" title="Prebendaries' Plot">Prebendaries' Plot</a> of 1543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017286–287-121">[115]</a> Traditionalists, nevertheless, seemed to have the upper hand. By the spring of 1543, Protestant innovations had been reversed, and only the break with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993161-122">[116]</a> In May 1543, a new formulary was published to replace the Bishops' Book. This <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles#King's_Book_(1543)" title="Thirty-nine Articles">King's Book</a> rejected justification by faith alone and defended traditional ceremonies and the use of images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993160-123">[117]</a> This was followed days later by passage of the <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Advancement_of_True_Religion" title="Act for the Advancement of True Religion">Act for the Advancement of True Religion</a>, which restricted the Bible reading to men and women of noble birth. Henry expressed his fears to Parliament in 1545 that "the Word of God, is disputed, rhymed, sung and jangled in every ale house and tavern, contrary to the true meaning and doctrine of the same."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1966103-124">[118]</a> By the spring of 1544, the conservatives appeared to be losing influence once again. In March, Parliament made it more difficult to prosecute people for violating the Six Articles. Cranmer's <a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a>, the first official <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> service, was published in June 1544, and the King's Primer became the only authorised English <a href="/wiki/Prayer_book" title="Prayer book">prayer book</a> in May 1545. Both texts had a reformed emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[note 7]</a> After the death of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a> in September 1544, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a> replaced him as Archbishop of York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017292-126">[119]</a> In December 1545, the King was empowered to seize the property of <a href="/wiki/Chantries" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantries">chantries</a> (trust funds endowed to pay for priests to say <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">masses for the dead</a>). While Henry's motives were largely financial (England was at war with France and desperately in need of funds), the passage of the Chantries Act was "an indication of how deeply the doctrine of purgatory had been eroded and discredited".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017294-127">[120]</a> In 1546, the conservatives were once again in the ascendant. A series of controversial sermons preached by the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Edward_Crome" title="Edward Crome">Edward Crome</a> set off a persecution of Protestants that the traditionalists used to effectively target their rivals. It was during this time that <a href="/wiki/Anne_Askew" title="Anne Askew">Anne Askew</a> was tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and burnt at the stake. Even Henry's last wife, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Parr" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Parr">Katherine Parr</a>, was suspected of heresy but saved herself by appealing to the King's mercy. With the Protestants on the defensive, traditionalists pressed their advantage by banning Protestant books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993165–166-128">[121]</a> The conservative persecution of Queen Katherine, however, backfired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996356-129">[122]</a> By November 1546, there were already signs that religious policy was once again tilting towards Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-130">[note 8]</a> The King's will provided for a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> council to rule after his death, which would have been dominated by traditionalists, such as the Duke of Norfolk, Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_1st_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton">Wriothesly</a>, Bishop Gardiner and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Tunstall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993166-131">[123]</a> After a dispute with the King, Bishop Gardiner, the leading conservative churchman, was disgraced and removed as a councilor. Later, the Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful conservative nobleman, was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996359-132">[124]</a> By the time Henry died in 1547, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>, Henry's third wife (and therefore uncle to the future Edward VI), managed—by a number of alliances such as with <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dudley">Lord Lisle</a>—to gain control over the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993166–167-133">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edwardian_Reformation">Edwardian Reformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Edwardian Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>King Edward VI of England, in whose reign the reform of the English Church moved in a more Protestant direction</figcaption></figure> When Henry died in 1547, his nine-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>, inherited the throne. Because Edward was given a Protestant humanist education, Protestants held high expectations and hoped he would be like <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>, the biblical <a href="/wiki/King_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Judah">king of Judah</a> who destroyed the altars and images of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[note 9]</a> During the seven years of Edward's reign, a Protestant establishment would gradually implement religious changes that were "designed to destroy one Church and build another, in a religious revolution of ruthless thoroughness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996366-135">[126]</a> Initially, however, Edward was of little account politically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch199935ff-136">[127]</a> Real power was in the hands of the regency council, which elected <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset</a>, to be <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a>. The Protestant Somerset pursued reform hesitantly at first, partly because his powers were not unchallenged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993168–169-137">[128]</a> The Six Articles remained the law of the land, and a proclamation was issued on 24 May reassuring the people against any "innovations and changes in religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017305-138">[129]</a> Nevertheless, Seymour and Cranmer did plan to further the reformation of religion. In July, a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Homilies">Book of Homilies</a> was published, from which all clergy were to preach on Sundays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996372-139">[130]</a> The homilies were explicitly Protestant in their content, condemning relics, images, <a href="/wiki/Rosary_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary beads">rosary beads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch#Christianity" title="Palm branch">palms</a>, and other "papistical superstitions". It also directly contradicted the King's Book by teaching "we be justified by faith only, freely, and without works". Despite objections from Gardiner, who questioned the legality of bypassing both Parliament and Convocation, justification by faith had been made a central teaching of the English Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017308-140">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconoclasm_and_abolition_of_chantries">Iconoclasm and abolition of chantries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iconoclasm and abolition of chantries">edit</a>]</div> In August 1547, thirty commissioners—nearly all Protestants—were appointed to carry out a royal <a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">visitation</a> of England's churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017309–310-141">[132]</a> The Royal Injunctions of 1547 issued to guide the commissioners were borrowed from Cromwell's 1538 injunctions but revised to be more radical. Historian <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a> calls them a "significant shift in the direction of full-blown Protestantism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450-142">[133]</a> Church <a href="/wiki/Procession#Christian_processions" title="Procession">processions</a>—one of the most dramatic and public aspects of the traditional liturgy—were banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996375-143">[134]</a> The injunctions also attacked the use of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramentals</a>, such as holy water. It was emphasized that they imparted neither blessing nor healing but were only reminders of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005452-144">[135]</a> Lighting votive candles before saints' images had been forbidden in 1538, and the 1547 injunctions went further by outlawing those placed on the <a href="/wiki/Rood_loft" class="mw-redirect" title="Rood loft">rood loft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005451-145">[136]</a> Reciting the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> was also condemned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450-142">[133]</a> The injunctions set off a wave of iconoclasm in the autumn of 1547.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017310-146">[137]</a> While the injunctions only condemned images that were abused as objects of worship or devotion, the definition of abuse was broadened to justify the destruction of all images and relics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005458-147">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a>, shrines, statues, and <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">roods</a> were defaced or destroyed. Church walls were <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewashed</a> and covered with biblical texts condemning idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450–454-148">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/200px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/300px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/400px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>This statue in the Lady Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> was vandalized during the Reformation.</figcaption></figure> Conservative bishops <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> and Gardiner protested the visitation, and both were arrested. Bonner spent nearly two weeks in the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Prison" title="Fleet Prison">Fleet Prison</a> before being released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017311-149">[140]</a> Gardiner was sent to the Fleet Prison in September and remained there until January 1548. However, he continued to refuse to enforce the new religious policies and was arrested once again in June when he was sent to the Tower of London for the rest of Edward's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996376-150">[141]</a> When a new Parliament met in November 1547, it began to dismantle the laws passed during Henry VIII's reign to protect traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996377-151">[142]</a> The Act of Six Articles was repealed—decriminalizing denial of the real, physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017311–312-152">[143]</a> The old heresy laws were also repealed, allowing free debate on religious questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996422-153">[144]</a> In December, the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_Act_1547" title="Sacrament Act 1547">Sacrament Act</a> allowed the laity to receive <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">communion under both kinds</a>, the wine as well as the bread. This was opposed by conservatives but welcomed by Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017313-154">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chantry#Abolition_of_Chantries_Acts,_1545_and_1547" title="Chantry">Chantries Act 1547</a> abolished the remaining chantries and confiscated their assets. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Chantry_Act_1545" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantry Act 1545">Chantry Act 1545</a>, the 1547 act was intentionally designed to eliminate the last remaining institutions dedicated to praying for the dead. Confiscated wealth funded the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a> of Scotland. Chantry priests had served parishes as auxiliary clergy and schoolmasters, and some communities were destroyed by the loss of the charitable and pastoral services of their chantries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005454–456-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993171-156">[147]</a> Historians dispute how well this was received. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Geoffrey Dickens">A. G. Dickens</a> contended that people had "ceased to believe in intercessory masses for souls in purgatory",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1989235-157">[148]</a> but Eamon Duffy argued that the demolition of chantry chapels and the removal of images coincided with the activity of royal visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005481-158">[149]</a> The evidence is often ambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-159">[note 10]</a> In some places, chantry priests continued to say prayers and landowners to pay them to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993171–172-160">[150]</a> Some parishes took steps to conceal images and relics in order to rescue them from confiscation and destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005490-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh19931–2-162">[152]</a> Opposition to the removal of images was widespread—so much so that when during the Commonwealth, <a href="/wiki/William_Dowsing" title="William Dowsing">William Dowsing</a> was commissioned to the task of image breaking in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, his task, as he records it, was enormous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon199638-163">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1549_prayer_book">1549 prayer book</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1549 prayer book">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imposition_of_liturgical_changes">Imposition of liturgical changes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imposition of liturgical changes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">Book of Common Prayer (1549)</a></div> The second year of Edward's reign was a turning point for the English Reformation; many people identified the year 1548, rather than the 1530s, as the beginning of the English Church's <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> from the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005462-164">[154]</a> On 18 January 1548, the Privy Council abolished the use of candles on <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, ashes on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> and palms on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005457-165">[155]</a> On 21 February, the council explicitly ordered the removal of all church images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017315-166">[156]</a> On 8 March, a royal proclamation announced a more significant change—the first major reform of the Mass and of the Church of England's official <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">eucharistic theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996384-167">[157]</a> The "Order of the Communion" was a series of English exhortations and prayers that reflected Protestant theology and were inserted into the Latin Mass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993173-168">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005459-169">[159]</a> A significant departure from tradition was that individual confession to a priest—long a requirement before receiving the Eucharist—was made optional and replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Absolution#Anglican_Communion" title="Absolution">general confession</a> said by the congregation as a whole. The effect on religious custom was profound as a majority of laypeople, not just Protestants, most likely ceased confessing their sins to their priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017315-166">[156]</a> By 1548, Cranmer and other leading Protestants had moved from the Lutheran to the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Reformed position on the Eucharist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017322–323-170">[160]</a> Significant to Cranmer's change of mind was the influence of Strasbourg theologian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996380-171">[161]</a> This shift can be seen in the Communion order's teaching on the Eucharist. Laypeople were instructed that when receiving the sacrament they "spiritually eat the flesh of Christ", an attack on the belief in the real, bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996386-172">[162]</a> The Communion order was incorporated into the new prayer book largely unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996385-173">[163]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Common_Prayer,_1549_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/250px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/375px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/500px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer</figcaption></figure> That prayer book and liturgy, the Book of Common Prayer, was authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a>. It replaced the several regional Latin rites then in use, such as the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">Use of York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of Hereford">Use of Hereford</a> with an English-language liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017324-174">[164]</a> Authored by Cranmer, this first prayer book was a temporary compromise with conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996410-175">[165]</a> It provided Protestants with a service free from what they considered superstition, while maintaining the traditional structure of the mass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993174-176">[166]</a> The cycles and seasons of the <a href="/wiki/Church_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Church year">church year</a> continued to be observed, and there were texts for daily <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Matins</a> (Morning Prayer), Mass and <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Evening Prayer). In addition, there was a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">calendar of saints</a>' feasts with <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collects</a> and scripture readings appropriate for the day. Priests still wore <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>—the prayer book recommended the <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a>. Many of the services were little changed. Baptism kept a strongly sacramental character, including the blessing of water in the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a>, promises made by <a href="/wiki/Godparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Godparents">godparents</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> on the child's forehead, and wrapping it in a white <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a> cloth. The <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> and marriage services followed the Sarum rite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017324–325-177">[167]</a> There were also remnants of prayer for the dead and the Requiem Mass, such as the provision for celebrating holy communion at a funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017325-178">[168]</a> Nevertheless, the first Book of Common Prayer was a "radical" departure from traditional worship in that it "eliminated almost everything that had till then been central to lay Eucharistic piety".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005464–466-179">[169]</a> Communion took place without any <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation of the consecrated bread and wine</a>. The elevation had been the central moment of the old liturgy, attached as it was to the idea of real presence. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">prayer of consecration</a> was changed to reflect Protestant theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017324-174">[164]</a> Three sacrifices were mentioned; the first was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Christ's sacrifice on the cross</a>. The second was the congregation's sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, and the third was the offering of "ourselves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice" to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman198327-180">[170]</a> While the medieval <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass" title="Canon of the Mass">Canon of the Mass</a> "explicitly identified the priest's action at the altar with the sacrifice of Christ", the Prayer Book broke this connection by stating the church's offering of thanksgiving in the Eucharist was not the same as <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Christ's sacrifice on the cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017324–325-177">[167]</a> Instead of the priest offering the sacrifice of Christ to <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, the assembled offered their praises and thanksgivings. The Eucharist was now to be understood as merely a means of partaking in and receiving the benefits of Christ's sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWainwrightYarnoldBradshaw1992101–105-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1961234–236-182">[172]</a> There were other departures from tradition. At least initially, there was no music because it would take time to replace the church's body of Latin music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017325-178">[168]</a> Most of the liturgical year was simply "bulldozed away" with only the major feasts of Christmas, Easter and <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a> along with a few biblical saints' days (<a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>) and only two <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Purification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005464–466-179">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> and other festivals were gone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017325-178">[168]</a> In 1549, Parliament also legalized <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">clerical marriage</a>, something already practised by some Protestants (including Cranmer) but considered an abomination by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017323-183">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion">Rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rebellion">edit</a>]</div> Enforcement of the new liturgy did not always take place without a struggle. In the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer was the catalyst for a series of uprisings through the summer of 1549. There were smaller upheavals elsewhere from the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> was not only in reaction to the prayer book; the rebels demanded a full restoration of pre-Reformation Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005466-184">[174]</a> They were also motivated by economic concerns, such as <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000185-185">[175]</a> In East Anglia, however, the rebellions lacked a Catholic character. <a href="/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion" title="Kett's Rebellion">Kett's Rebellion</a> in Norwich blended Protestant piety with demands for economic reforms and social justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017332–333-186">[176]</a> The insurrections were put down only after considerable loss of life:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017334-187">[177]</a> in the Prayer Book Rebellion, up to 5,000 Catholic men were killed,<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> including 900 prisoners in a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion#Clyst_Heath_massacre" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">massacre</a>. Somerset was blamed for the rebellions and was removed from power in October. It was wrongly believed by both conservatives and reformers that the Reformation would be overturned. Succeeding Somerset as de facto regent was <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick">John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick</a>, newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Privy Council</a>. Warwick saw further implementation of the reforming policy as a means of gaining Protestant support and defeating his conservative rivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993176-189">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reform">Further reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reform">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_and_pope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ed_and_pope.png/220px-Ed_and_pope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ed_and_pope.png/330px-Ed_and_pope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ed_and_pope.png/440px-Ed_and_pope.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Edward VI and the Pope: An Allegory of the Reformation. This <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> work of propaganda depicts the handing over of power from Henry VIII, who lies dying in bed, to Edward VI, seated beneath a cloth of state with a slumping pope at his feet. In the top right of the picture is an image of men pulling down and smashing idols. At Edward's side are his uncle the Lord Protector <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a> and members of the Privy Council.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> From that point on, the Reformation proceeded apace. Since the 1530s, one of the obstacles to Protestant reform had been the bishops, bitterly divided between a traditionalist majority and a Protestant minority. This obstacle was removed in 1550–1551 when the episcopate was purged of conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993177–178-191">[181]</a> Edmund Bonner of London, <a href="/wiki/William_Rugg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rugg">William Rugg</a> of Norwich, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a> of Worcester, <a href="/wiki/John_Vesey" title="John Vesey">John Vesey</a> of Exeter, <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a> of Durham, <a href="/wiki/George_Day_(bishop)" title="George Day (bishop)">George Day</a> of Chichester and Stephen Gardiner of Winchester were either deprived of their bishoprics or forced to resign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017338-192">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996459-193">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thirlby" title="Thomas Thirlby">Thomas Thirlby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Westminster">Bishop of Westminster</a>, managed to stay a bishop only by being <a href="/wiki/Translation_(ecclesiastical)" title="Translation (ecclesiastical)">translated</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Norwich" title="Diocese of Norwich">Diocese of Norwich</a>, "where he did virtually nothing during his episcopate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996408-194">[184]</a> Traditionalist bishops were replaced by Protestants such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ponet" title="John Ponet">John Ponet</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Coverdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Coverdale">Miles Coverdale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005471-195">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996459-193">[183]</a> The newly enlarged and emboldened Protestant episcopate turned its attention to ending efforts by conservative clergy to "counterfeit the popish mass" through <a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">loopholes</a> in the 1549 prayer book. The Book of Common Prayer was composed during a time when it was necessary to grant compromises and concessions to traditionalists. This was taken advantage of by conservative priests who made the new liturgy as much like the old one as possible, including elevating the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017339-196">[186]</a> The conservative Bishop Gardiner endorsed the prayer book while in prison,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993174-176">[166]</a> and historian Eamon Duffy notes that many lay people treated the prayer book "as an English <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missal</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005470-197">[187]</a> To attack the mass, Protestants began demanding the removal of stone <a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">altars</a>. Bishop Ridley launched the campaign in May 1550 when he commanded all altars to be replaced with wooden <a href="/wiki/Communion_table" title="Communion table">communion tables</a> in his London diocese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017339-196">[186]</a> Other bishops throughout the country followed his example, but there was also resistance. In November 1550, the Privy Council ordered the removal of all altars in an effort to end all dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993176–177-198">[188]</a> While the prayer book used the term "altar", Protestants preferred a table because at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> Christ instituted the sacrament at a table. The removal of altars was also an attempt to destroy the idea that the Eucharist was Christ's sacrifice. During Lent in 1550, John Hooper preached, "as long as the altars remain, both the ignorant people, and the ignorant and evil-persuaded priest, will dream always of sacrifice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017339-196">[186]</a> In March 1550, a new <a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">ordinal</a> was published that was based on Martin Bucer's own treatise on the form of <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>. While Bucer had provided for only one service for all three orders of clergy, the English ordinal was more conservative and had separate services for <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, priests and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993176-189">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996460–461-199">[189]</a> During his consecration as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester" title="Bishop of Gloucester">bishop of Gloucester</a>, John Hooper objected to the mention of "all saints and the holy Evangelist" in the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> and to the requirement that he wear a black <a href="/wiki/Chimere" title="Chimere">chimere</a> over a white <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a>. Hooper was excused from invoking the saints in his oath, but he would ultimately be convinced to wear the offensive consecration garb. This was the first battle in the <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">vestments controversy</a>, which was essentially a conflict over whether the church could require people to observe ceremonies that were <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">neither necessary for salvation nor prohibited by scripture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017340–341-200">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1552_prayer_book_and_parish_confiscations">1552 prayer book and parish confiscations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1552 prayer book and parish confiscations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">Book of Common Prayer (1552)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> (1489–1556), Henry VIII's Archbishop of Canterbury and editor and co-author of the first and second <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Books of Common Prayer</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 1549 Book of Common Prayer was criticized by Protestants both in England and abroad for being too susceptible to Catholic re-interpretation. Martin Bucer identified 60 problems with the prayer book, and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a> provided his own complaints. Shifts in Eucharistic theology between 1548 and 1552 also made the prayer book unsatisfactory—during that time English Protestants achieved a consensus rejecting any real bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Some influential Protestants such as Vermigli defended <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a>'s symbolic view of the Eucharist. Less radical Protestants such as Bucer and Cranmer advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">spiritual presence</a> in the sacrament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993179-201">[191]</a> Cranmer himself had already adopted <a href="/wiki/Receptionism" title="Receptionism">receptionist</a> views on the Lord's Supper.<a href="#cite_note-202">[note 11]</a> In April 1552, a new <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1552" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1552">Act of Uniformity</a> authorized a revised Book of Common Prayer to be used in worship by November 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005472-203">[192]</a> This new prayer book removed many of the traditional elements in the 1549 prayer book, resulting in a more Protestant liturgy. The communion service was designed to remove any hint of consecration or change in the bread and wine. Instead of <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened</a> wafers, ordinary bread was to be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348-204">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">prayer of invocation</a> was removed, and the minister no longer said "the body of Christ" when delivering communion. Rather, he said, "Take and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith, with thanksgiving". Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper was a spiritual presence "limited to the subjective experience of the communicant".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348-204">[193]</a> Anglican bishop and scholar <a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(bishop)" title="Colin Buchanan (bishop)">Colin Buchanan</a> interprets the prayer book to teach that "the only point where the bread and wine signify the body and blood is at reception".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996507-205">[194]</a> Rather than <a href="/wiki/Reserved_sacrament" title="Reserved sacrament">reserving the sacrament</a> (which often led to <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a>), any leftover bread or wine was to be taken home by the <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> for ordinary consumption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005474-206">[195]</a> In the new prayer book, the last vestiges of prayers for the dead were removed from the funeral service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005475-207">[196]</a> Unlike the 1549 version, the 1552 prayer book removed many traditional sacramentals and observances that reflected belief in the <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">exorcism</a> of people and objects. In the baptism service, infants no longer received <a href="/wiki/Minor_exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Minor exorcism in Christianity">minor exorcism</a> and the white chrisom robe. <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">Anointing</a> was no longer included in the services for baptism, ordination and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">visitation of the sick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005473-208">[197]</a> These ceremonies were altered to emphasise the importance of faith, rather than trusting in rituals or objects. Clerical vestments were simplified—ministers were only allowed to wear the <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a> and bishops had to wear a rochet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348-204">[193]</a> Throughout Edward's reign, inventories of parish valuables, ostensibly for preventing embezzlement, convinced many the government planned to seize parish property, just as was done to the chantries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017320-209">[198]</a> These fears were confirmed in March 1551 when the Privy Council ordered the confiscation of church plate and vestments "for as much as the King's Majestie had neede [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] presently of a mass of money".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005476-210">[199]</a> No action was taken until 1552–1553 when commissioners were appointed. They were instructed to leave only the "bare essentials" required by the 1552 Book of Common Prayer—a surplice, tablecloths, communion cup and a bell. Items to be seized included copes, <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrismatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrismatory">chrismatories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">patens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monstrance" title="Monstrance">monstrances</a> and candlesticks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005477-211">[200]</a> Rich <a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">cloth of gold</a> fabrics were collected and sent to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stourton" title="Arthur Stourton">Arthur Stourton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wardrobe" title="Royal Wardrobe">Royal Wardrobe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[201]</a> Many parishes sold their valuables rather than have them confiscated at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017320-209">[198]</a> The money funded parish projects that could not be challenged by royal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-213">[note 12]</a> In many parishes, items were concealed or given to local gentry who had, in fact, lent them to the church.<a href="#cite_note-214">[note 13]</a> The confiscations caused tensions between Protestant church leaders and Warwick, now Duke of Northumberland. Cranmer, Ridley and other Protestant leaders did not fully trust Northumberland. Northumberland in turn sought to undermine these bishops by promoting their critics, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Laski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Laski">Jan Laski</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017350-215">[202]</a> Cranmer's plan for a revision of English <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformatio_legum_ecclesiasticarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum">Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum</a>, failed in Parliament due to Northumberland's opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017352-216">[203]</a> Despite such tensions, a new doctrinal statement to replace the King's Book was issued on royal authority in May 1553. The <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a> reflected the Reformed theology and practice taking shape during Edward's reign, which historian Christopher Haigh describes as a "restrained <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181-217">[204]</a> It affirmed <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a> and that the King of England was <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a> under Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017353–354-218">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward's_succession">Edward's succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Edward's succession">edit</a>]</div> King Edward became seriously ill in February and died in July 1553. Before his death, Edward was concerned that Mary, his devoutly Catholic sister, would overturn his religious reforms. A new plan of succession was created in which both of Edward's sisters Mary and Elizabeth were bypassed on account of <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a> in favour of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Jane_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Grey">Jane Grey</a>, the granddaughter of Edward's aunt <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a> and daughter in law of the Duke of Northumberland. This new succession violated the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a> of 1543 and was widely seen as an attempt by Northumberland to stay in power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017356–358-219">[206]</a> Northumberland was unpopular due to the church confiscations, and support for Jane collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993183-220">[207]</a> On 19 July, the Privy Council proclaimed Mary queen to the acclamation of the crowds in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017359-221">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marian_Restoration">Marian Restoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marian Restoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_I_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mary_I_of_England.jpg/220px-Mary_I_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mary_I_of_England.jpg/330px-Mary_I_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mary_I_of_England.jpg/440px-Mary_I_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Queen Mary I of England restored the English allegiance to Rome.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg/220px-Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg/330px-Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg/440px-Reginald_Pole_cardinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> presided over the English Church's reconciliation with Rome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciling_with_Rome">Reconciling with Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reconciling with Rome">edit</a>]</div> Both Protestants and Catholics understood that the accession of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> to the throne meant a restoration of traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017360-222">[209]</a> Before any official sanction, Latin Masses began reappearing throughout England, despite the 1552 Book of Common Prayer remaining the only legal liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017363-223">[210]</a> Mary began her reign cautiously by emphasising the need for tolerance in matters of religion and proclaiming that, for the time being, she would not compel religious conformity. This was in part Mary's attempt to avoid provoking Protestant opposition before she could consolidate her power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017362–363-224">[211]</a> While Protestants were not a majority of the population, their numbers had grown through Edward's reign. Historian Eamon Duffy writes that "Protestantism was a force to be reckoned with in London and in towns like Bristol, Rye, and Colchester, and it was becoming so in some northern towns such as Hessle, Hull, and Halifax."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005479-225">[212]</a> Following Mary's accession, the Duke of Norfolk along with the conservative bishops Bonner, Gardiner, Tunstall, Day and Heath were released from prison and restored to their former dioceses. By September 1553, Hooper and Cranmer were imprisoned. Northumberland himself was executed but not before his conversion to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017360,_363-226">[213]</a> The break with Rome and the religious reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI were achieved through parliamentary legislation and could only be reversed through Parliament. When Parliament met in October, Bishop Gardiner, now Lord Chancellor, initially proposed the repeal of all religious legislation since 1529. The House of Commons refused to pass this bill, and after heated debate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1981229-227">[214]</a> Parliament repealed all Edwardian religious laws, including clerical marriage and the prayer book, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Statute_of_Repeal" title="First Statute of Repeal">First Statute of Repeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017364-228">[215]</a> By 20 December, the Mass was reinstated by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993208-229">[216]</a> There were disappointments for Mary: Parliament refused to penalise non-attendance at Mass, would not restore confiscated church property, and left open the question of <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1981230-230">[217]</a> If Mary was to secure England for Catholicism, she needed an heir and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth had to be prevented from inheriting the Crown. On the advice of her cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, she married his son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, in 1554. There was opposition, and even a rebellion in Kent (led by <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyatt's Rebellion">Sir Thomas Wyatt</a>); even though it was provided that Philip would never inherit the kingdom if there was no heir, received no estates and had no coronation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003281-231">[218]</a> By the end of 1554, Henry VIII's religious settlement had been repealed, but England was still not reunited with Rome. Before reunion could occur, church property disputes had to be settled—which, in practice, meant letting the nobility and gentry who had bought confiscated church lands keep them. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>, the Queen's cousin, arrived in November 1554 as <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> to end England's schism with the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003281-231">[218]</a> On 28 November, Pole addressed Parliament to ask it to end the schism, declaring "I come not to destroy, but to build. I come to reconcile, not to condemn. I come not to compel, but to call again."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017390-232">[219]</a> In response, Parliament submitted a petition to the Queen the next day asking that "this realm and dominions might be again united to the Church of Rome by the means of the Lord Cardinal Pole".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017390-232">[219]</a> On 30 November, Pole spoke to both houses of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Absolution#Catholic_Church" title="Absolution">absolving</a> the members of Parliament "with the whole realm and dominions thereof, from all heresy and schism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993222-233">[220]</a> Afterwards, bishops absolved diocesan clergy, and they in turn absolved parishioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993223-234">[221]</a> On 26 December, the Privy Council introduced legislation repealing the religious legislation of Henry VIII's reign and implementing the reunion with Rome. This bill was passed as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Statute_of_Repeal" title="Second Statute of Repeal">Second Statute of Repeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1981232-235">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_recovery">Catholic recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Catholic recovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdmundBonner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/EdmundBonner.jpg/220px-EdmundBonner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/EdmundBonner.jpg/330px-EdmundBonner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/EdmundBonner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Conservative Bishop Edmund Bonner</figcaption></figure> The historian Eamon Duffy writes that the Marian religious "programme was not one of reaction but of creative reconstruction" absorbing whatever was considered positive in the reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005526-236">[223]</a> The result was "subtly but distinctively different from the Catholicism of the 1520s."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005526-236">[223]</a> According to historian Christopher Haigh, the Catholicism taking shape in Mary's reign "reflected the mature <a href="/wiki/Erasmian" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmian">Erasmian</a> Catholicism" of its leading clerics, who were all educated in the 1520s and 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993217-237">[224]</a> Marian church literature, church <a href="/wiki/Benefaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefaction">benefactions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Churchwarden" title="Churchwarden">churchwarden</a> accounts suggest less emphasis on saints, images and prayer for the dead. There was a greater focus on the need for inward contrition in addition to external acts of penance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993215,_217-238">[225]</a> Cardinal Pole himself was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Spirituali" title="Spirituali">Spirituali</a>, a Catholic reform movement that shared with Protestants an emphasis on man's total dependence on God's grace by faith and <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian</a> views on salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003214-239">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017368-240">[227]</a> Cardinal Pole would eventually replace Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556, jurisdictional issues between England and Rome having prevented Cranmer's removal. Mary could have had Cranmer tried and executed for treason—he had supported the claims of Lady Jane Grey—but she resolved to have him tried for heresy. His <a href="/wiki/Recantation" title="Recantation">recantations</a> of his Protestantism would have been a major coup. Unhappily for her, he unexpectedly withdrew his recantations at the last minute as he was to be burned at the stake, thus ruining her government's <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003282-241">[228]</a> As the papal legate, Pole possessed authority over both his <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Province of Canterbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">Province of York</a>, which allowed him to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> throughout all of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003283-242">[229]</a> He re-installed images, vestment and plate in churches. Around 2,000 married clergy were separated from their wives, but the majority of these were allowed to continue their work as priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003282-241">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993227-243">[230]</a> Pole was aided by some of the leading Catholic intellectuals, Spanish members of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Soto" title="Pedro de Soto">Pedro de Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Villagarc%C3%ADa" title="Juan de Villagarcía">Juan de Villagarcía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Carranza" title="Bartolomé Carranza">Bartolomé Carranza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003282-241">[228]</a> In 1556, Pole ordered clergy to read one chapter of Bishop Bonner's A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine to their parishioners every Sunday. Modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles#King's_Book_(1543)" title="Thirty-nine Articles">King's Book</a> of 1543, Bonner's work was a survey of basic Catholic teaching organized around the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a>, sacraments, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017398–399-244">[231]</a> Bonner also produced a children's catechism and a collection of homilies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993216-245">[232]</a> From December 1555 to February 1556, Cardinal Pole presided over a national legatine synod that produced a set of decrees entitled Reformatio Angliae or the Reformation of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017400-246">[233]</a> The actions taken by the synod anticipated many of the reforms enacted throughout the Catholic Church after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003283-242">[229]</a> Pole believed that ignorance and lack of discipline among the clergy had led to England's religious turmoil, and the synod's reforms were designed to remedy both problems. Clerical absenteeism (the practice of clergy failing to reside in their diocese or parish), <a href="/wiki/Benefice#Pluralism" title="Benefice">pluralism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a> were condemned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993225-247">[234]</a> Preaching was placed at the centre of the pastoral office,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017401-248">[235]</a> and all clergy were to provide sermons to the people (rectors and vicars who failed to were fined).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993225-247">[234]</a> The most important part of the plan was the order to establish a seminary in each diocese, which would replace the disorderly manner in which priests had been trained previously. The Council of Trent would later impose the seminary system upon the rest of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017401-248">[235]</a> It was also the first to introduce the altar <a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">tabernacle</a> used to reserve Eucharistic bread for devotion and adoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003283-242">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster-Abbey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Westminster-Abbey.JPG/220px-Westminster-Abbey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Westminster-Abbey.JPG/330px-Westminster-Abbey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Westminster-Abbey.JPG/440px-Westminster-Abbey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Westminster Abbey was one of seven monasteries re-founded during the Marian Restoration</figcaption></figure> Mary did what she could to restore church finances and land taken in the reigns of her father and brother. In 1555, she returned to the church the <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits_and_Tenths" class="mw-redirect" title="First Fruits and Tenths">First Fruits and Tenths</a> revenue, but with these new funds came the responsibility of paying the pensions of ex-religious. She restored six religious houses with her own money, notably <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syon_Abbey" title="Syon Abbey">Syon Abbey</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993226-249">[236]</a> However, there were limits to what could be restored. Only seven religious houses were re-founded between 1555 and 1558, though there were plans to re-establish more. Of the 1,500 ex-religious still living, only about a hundred resumed monastic life, and only a small number of chantries were re-founded. Re-establishments were hindered by the changing nature of charitable giving. A plan to re-establish <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_London" title="Greyfriars, London">Greyfriars</a> in London was prevented because its buildings were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a>, a school for orphaned children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017402–403-250">[237]</a> There is debate among historians over how vibrant the restoration was on the local level. According to historian A. G. Dickens, it was a time of "religious and cultural sterility",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1989311-251">[238]</a> though historian Christopher Haigh observed enthusiasm, marred only by poor harvests that produced poverty and want.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993214-252">[239]</a> Recruitment to the English clergy began to rise after almost a decade of declining ordinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993215-253">[240]</a> Repairs to long-neglected churches began. In the parishes, "restoration and repair continued, new bells were bought, and <a href="/wiki/Parish_ale" title="Parish ale">church ales</a> produced their bucolic profits".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993234-254">[241]</a> Great church feasts were restored and celebrated with plays, pageants and processions. However, Bishop Bonner's attempt to establish weekly processions in 1556 was a failure. Haigh writes that in years during which processions were banned people had discovered "better uses for their time" as well as "better uses for their money than offering candles to images".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993214–215-255">[242]</a> The focus was on "the crucified Christ, in the mass, the rood, and Corpus Christi devotion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993215-253">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obstacles">Obstacles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Obstacles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg/220px-Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg/330px-Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg/440px-Acts_and_monuments-1641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs</figcaption></figure> Protestants who refused to conform remained an obstacle to Catholic plans. Around 800 Protestants fled England to find safety in Protestant areas of Germany and Switzerland, establishing networks of independent congregations. Safe from persecution, these <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a> carried on a propaganda campaign against Catholicism and the Queen's Spanish marriage, sometimes calling for rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993228-256">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017386-257">[244]</a> Those who remained in England were forced to practise their faith in secret and meet in underground congregations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrave19827-258">[245]</a> In 1555, the initial reconciling tone of the regime began to harden with the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Heresy_Acts" title="Revival of the Heresy Acts">revival of the medieval heresy laws</a>, which authorized capital punishment as a penalty for heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017390–391-259">[246]</a> The persecution of heretics was uncoordinated—sometimes arrests were ordered by the Privy Council, others by bishops, and others by lay magistrates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017396-260">[247]</a> Protestants brought attention to themselves usually due to some act of dissent, such as denouncing the Mass or refusing to receive the sacrament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017394,_396-261">[248]</a> A particularly violent act of protest was <a href="/wiki/William_Flower_(martyr)" title="William Flower (martyr)">William Flower</a>'s stabbing of a priest during Mass on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1555.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017394-262">[249]</a> Individuals accused of heresy were examined by a church official and, if heresy was found, given the choice between death and signing a <a href="/wiki/Recantation" title="Recantation">recantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoddy201664-263">[250]</a> In some cases, Protestants were burnt at the stake after renouncing their recantation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017408-264">[251]</a> Around 284 Protestants were burnt at the stake for heresy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavill2013879-265">[252]</a> Several leading reformers were executed, including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ferrar" title="Robert Ferrar">Robert Ferrar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Taylor" title="Rowland Taylor">Rowland Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bradford" title="John Bradford">John Bradford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrave19827–8-266">[253]</a> Lesser known figures were also among the victims, including around 51 women such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Waste" title="Joan Waste">Joan Waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Prest" title="Agnes Prest">Agnes Prest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993230-267">[254]</a> Historian O. T. Hargrave writes that the Marian persecution was not "excessive" by "contemporary continental standards"; however, "it was unprecedented in the English experience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrave19828-268">[255]</a> Historian Christopher Haigh writes that it "failed to intimidate all Protestants", whose bravery at the stake inspired others; however, it "was not a disaster: if it did not help the Catholic cause, it did not do much to harm it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993234-254">[241]</a> After her death, the Queen became known as "Bloody Mary" due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, one of the Marian exiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades1989547-269">[256]</a> Published in 1563, <a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a> provided accounts of the executions, and in 1571 the Convocation of Canterbury ordered that Foxe's book should be placed in every cathedral in the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrave19829–10-270">[257]</a> Mary's efforts at restoring Catholicism were also frustrated by the church itself. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> declared war on Philip and recalled Pole to Rome to have him tried as a heretic. Mary refused to let him go. The support she might have expected from a grateful Pope was thus denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003284–285-271">[258]</a> From 1557, the Pope refused to confirm English bishops, leading to vacancies and hurting the Marian religious program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993225-247">[234]</a> Despite these obstacles, the 5-year restoration was successful. There was support for traditional religion among the people, and Protestants remained a minority. Consequently, Protestants secretly ministering to underground congregations, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bentham" title="Thomas Bentham">Thomas Bentham</a>, were planning for a long haul, a ministry of survival. Mary's death in November 1558, childless and without having made provision for a Catholic to succeed her, meant that her Protestant sister Elizabeth would be the next queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993235–236-272">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elizabethan_Settlement">Elizabethan Settlement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Elizabethan Settlement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation">List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/200px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/301px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/400px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth I of England reached a moderate religious settlement.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Puritans" title="Category:Puritans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield,_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/180px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/270px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/360px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="4169" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan_(statue)" title="The Puritan (statue)">The Puritan</a>, an 1887 statue by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Crucial themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Puritanism" title="Definitions of Puritanism">Definitions of Puritanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impropriation" title="Impropriation">Impropriation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_choir" title="Puritan choir">Puritan choir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_work_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan work ethic">Puritan work ethic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I">History under Queen Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History under King Charles I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">Cromwellian era and after</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">History in North America</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Confessions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">England</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrooby_Congregation" title="Scrooby Congregation">Scrooby Congregation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Archbishop_Laud" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Archbishop Laud">Trial of Archbishop Laud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">English Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">America</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Immigration to New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Puritan_culture_and_recreation" title="New England Puritan culture and recreation">Culture in New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Puritan_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Puritan New England">Christmas prohibition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Praying_town" title="Praying town">Praying town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Way_Covenant" title="Half-Way Covenant">Half-Way Covenant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism#Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Elsewhere</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Troubles_at_Frankfurt" title="Troubles at Frankfurt">Troubles at Frankfurt</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puritans" title="List of Puritans">Notable individuals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)">William Bradford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noyes" title="James Noyes">James Noyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(minister)" title="Thomas Parker (minister)">Thomas Parker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodford_(17th-century_diarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodford (17th-century diarist)">Robert Woodford</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Godly_Man%27s_Picture" title="The Godly Man's Picture">The Godly Man's Picture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Continuing movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">U.S.</a>)</li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puritans" title="Template:Puritans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puritans" title="Template talk:Puritans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> inherited a kingdom in which a majority of people, especially the political elite, were religiously conservative, and England's main ally was Catholic Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200124-273">[260]</a> For these reasons, the proclamation announcing her accession forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419–420-274">[261]</a> This was only temporary. The new Queen was Protestant, though a conservative one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200589-275">[262]</a> She also filled her new government with Protestants. The Queen's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">principal secretary</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Cecil">Sir William Cecil</a>, a moderate Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973200-276">[263]</a> Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993238-277">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419-278">[265]</a> In 1558, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy</a>, which re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome and conferred on Elizabeth the title of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1559" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1559">Act of Uniformity of 1559</a> authorised the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559 Book of Common Prayer</a>, which was a revised version of the 1552 Prayer Book from Edward's reign. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence and <a href="/wiki/Ornaments_Rubric" title="Ornaments Rubric">authorising the use</a> of traditional priestly vestments. In 1571, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> were adopted as a confessional statement for the church, and a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Homilies">Book of Homilies</a> was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Elizabethan Settlement established a church that was Reformed in doctrine but that preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Church choir">church choirs</a>, a formal liturgy contained in the Prayer Book, traditional vestments and episcopal polity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4-279">[266]</a> According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from this "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128-280">[267]</a> During the reigns of Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, several factions developed within the Church of England.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "Church <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">papists</a>" were Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Catholic authorities disapproved of such outward conformity. <a href="/wiki/Recusants" class="mw-redirect" title="Recusants">Recusants</a> were Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as required by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993256-281">[268]</a> Recusancy was punishable by fines of £20 a month (fifty times an <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a>'s wage).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263-282">[269]</a> By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England and a shortage of priests. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993261-283">[270]</a> The influx of foreign trained Catholic priests, the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Northern_Earls" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Northern Earls">Revolt of the Northern Earls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">excommunication of Elizabeth</a>, and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_plot" title="Ridolfi plot">Ridolfi plot</a> all contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treasonous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017487–495-284">[271]</a> Executions of Catholic priests became more common—the first in 1577, four in 1581, eleven in 1582, two in 1583, six in 1584, fifty-three by 1590, and seventy more between 1601 and 1608.<a href="#cite_note-285">[note 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2003392-286">[272]</a> In 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263-282">[269]</a> As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. By Elizabeth's death in 1603, Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993266-287">[273]</a> Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the Prayer Book shaped Elizabethan religious life. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (those who conformed their religious practice to the religious settlement) were becoming a majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017542–543-288">[274]</a> Calvinism appealed to many conformists, and Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries during Elizabeth's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–5-289">[275]</a> Other Calvinists were unsatisfied with elements of the Elizabethan Settlement and wanted further reforms to make the Church of England more like the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental Reformed churches</a>. These nonconformist Calvinists became known as <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>. Some Puritans refused to <a href="/wiki/Bowing" title="Bowing">bow</a> at the name of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, to make the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding rings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> music in church. They especially resented the requirement that clergy wear the white <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">clerical cap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig200837-290">[276]</a> Puritan clergymen preferred to wear <a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">black academic attire</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig200843–44-291">[277]</a> Many Puritans believed the Church of England should follow the example of Reformed churches in other parts of Europe and adopt <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian polity</a>, under which government by bishops would be replaced with government by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity#Elder" title="Presbyterian polity">elders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig200839–40-292">[278]</a> However, all attempts to enact further reforms through Parliament were blocked by the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig200842-293">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/220px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/330px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF/440px-Catalogue_of_Sects.GIF 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Polemical <a href="/wiki/Popular_print" title="Popular print">popular print</a> with a Catalogue of Sects, 1647.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, historians have dated the end of the English Reformation to Elizabeth's religious settlement. There are scholars who advocate for a "Long Reformation" that continued into the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeal200312-294">[280]</a> During the early <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a>, the Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a> disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a>. They looked to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 Prayer Book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200650-295">[281]</a> Due to their belief in <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, this new faction is known as the <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminian party</a>, but their <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> orientation was more controversial. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688-296">[282]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688-296">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a>, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book conformists, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200689-297">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan-dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200650-295">[281]</a> The Puritans, however, were divided among themselves and failed to agree on an alternative religious settlement. A variety of new religious movements appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seekers" title="Seekers">Seekers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muggletonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muggletonians">Muggletonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017576-298">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well, but the Church of England was fundamentally changed. The "<a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> consensus" was shattered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998235-299">[285]</a> Many Puritans were unwilling to conform and became <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenters</a>. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, and Baptists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer200927-300">[286]</a> After the Restoration, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> took shape as a recognisable tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236-301">[287]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, Anglicanism inherited a belief in the "positive spiritual value in ceremonies and rituals, and for an unbroken line of succession from the medieval Church to the latter day Church of England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017575-302">[288]</a> From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200185-303">[289]</a> The religious forces unleashed by the Reformation ultimately destroyed the possibility of religious uniformity. Protestant dissenters were allowed freedom of worship with the <a href="/wiki/Toleration_Act_1688" title="Toleration Act 1688">Toleration Act 1688</a>. It took Catholics longer to achieve toleration. <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal laws</a> that excluded Catholics from everyday life began to be repealed in the 1770s. Catholics were allowed to vote and sit as members of Parliament in 1829 (see <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017576–577-304">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></div> The historiography of the English Reformation has seen vigorous clashes among dedicated protagonists and scholars for five centuries. The main factual details at the national level have been clear since 1900, as laid out for example by <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[291]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Albert Pollard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[292]</a> Reformation historiography has seen many schools of interpretation with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> historians using their own religious perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar2005-307">[293]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In addition there has been a highly influential <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> interpretation, based on liberal secularized Protestantism, that depicted the Reformation in England, in the words of Ian Hazlett, as "the midwife delivering England from the Dark Ages to the threshold of modernity, and so a turning point of progress". Finally among the older schools was a neo-Marxist interpretation that stressed the economic decline of the old elites in the rise of the landed gentry and middle classes. All these approaches still have representatives, but the main thrust of scholarly historiography since the 1970s falls into four groupings or schools, according to Hazlett.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazlett1995-308">[294]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Geoffrey Elton</a> leads the first faction with an agenda rooted in political historiography. It concentrates on the top of the early modern church-state looking at it at the mechanics of policymaking and the organs of its implementation and enforcement. The key player for Elton was not Henry VIII, but rather his principal Secretary of State Thomas Cromwell. Elton downplays the prophetic spirit of the religious reformers in the theology of keen conviction, dismissing them as the meddlesome intrusions from fanatics and bigots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavin1990405–431-309">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[296]</a> Secondly, A. G. Dickens and others were motivated by a primarily religious perspective. They prioritize the religious and subjective side of the movement. While recognizing the Reformation was imposed from the top, just as it was everywhere else in Europe, it also responded to aspirations from below. Dickens has been criticized for underestimating the strength of residual and revived Catholicism, but has been praised for his demonstration of the close ties to European influences. In the Dickens school, <a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">David Loades</a> has stressed the theological importance of the Reformation for Anglo-British development.<a href="#cite_note-311">[297]</a> Revisionists comprise a third school, led by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Christopher Haigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Scarisbrick" title="Jack Scarisbrick">Jack Scarisbrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a> and numerous other scholars. Their main achievement was the discovery of an entirely new corpus of primary sources at the local level, leading them to the emphasis on Reformation as it played out on a daily and local basis, with much less emphasis on the control from the top. They emphasize turning away from elite sources, and instead rely on local parish records, diocesan files, guild records, data from boroughs, the courts, and especially telltale individual wills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006-312">[298]</a> The revisions picture pre-Reformation parish Catholicism as a "vibrant church that provided spiritual succour to the English people."<a href="#cite_note-313">[299]</a> Finally, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collinson" title="Patrick Collinson">Patrick Collinson</a> and others have brought much more precision to the theological landscape, with Calvinist Puritans who were impatient with the Anglican caution sent compromises. Indeed, the Puritans were a distinct subgroup who did not comprise all of Calvinism. The Church of England thus emerged as a coalition of factions, all of them Protestant inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-314">[300]</a> The more recent schools have decentred Henry VIII, and minimized hagiography. They have paid more attention to localities, Catholicism, radicals, and theological niceties. On Catholicism, the older schools focused on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1470–1535), to the neglect of other bishops and factors inside Catholicism. The older schools tended to concentrate on the capital of London, the newer ones look to the English villages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" 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title="Religion in England">Religion in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFScruton1996">Scruton (1996</a>, p. 470), "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden (2000</a>, p. 103) writes, "He ... believed he that he could keep his own secrets ... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden (2000</a>, p. 111) notes that Anne's music book contained an illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> pecking at a <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>: the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall (2017</a>, p. 164), "Henry wanted an annulment—a formal and legal declaration of the marriage's invalidity. Yet the word contemporaries used, divorce, captures better the legal and emotional turmoil." </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall (2017</a>, pp. 166–167) points out that "[i]nconveniently for Henry, another Old Testament verse (<a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Deut. 25:5</a>) seemingly qualified the Levitical prohibition, commanding a man to take to wife his deceased brother's widow, if there had been no child." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden (2000</a>, p. 107), Henry was no innocent: he sought influence in European affairs and, in pursuance of it, his relationship with the French was ambivalent and essentially treacherous. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh (1993</a>, p. 162) argues that the Litany and Primer were largely traditional devotions and that the popularity of the Primer "suggest a continued vitality in conventional religion". <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall (2017</a>, pp. 291, 293), however, argues that both the Litany and Primer were reformed in outlook, especially in their reduced emphasis on the invocation of saints. They were successful, he writes, in "taking an old-fashioned form and subverting its traditional purposes". <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy (2005</a>, pp. 446–447) agrees with Marshall. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch (1996</a>, pp. 356–357), Cranmer believed Henry would have pursued a radical iconoclastic policy and a transformation of the mass into a Protestant communion service if he had lived. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall (2017</a>, pp. 291, 304) lists among Edward's tutors the reformers <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy (2005</a>, p. 481) reports that in Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 but the same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch (1996</a>, pp. 461, 492) quotes Cranmer as explaining "And therefore in the book of the holy communion, we do not pray that the creatures of bread and wine may be the body and blood of Christ; but that they may be to us the body and blood of Christ" and also "I do as plainly speak as I can, that Christ's body and blood be given to us in deed, yet not corporally and carnally, but spiritually and effectually." </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Among many examples provided by <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy (2005</a>, pp. 484–485): in <a href="/wiki/Haddenham,_Cambridgeshire" title="Haddenham, Cambridgeshire">Haddenham, Cambridgeshire</a>, a chalice, paten and processional cross were sold and the proceeds devoted to flood defences; in the wealthy Rayleigh parish, £10 worth of plate was sold to pay for the cost of the required reforms—the need to buy a parish chest, Bible and communion table. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy (2005</a>, p. 490) writes that at Long Melford a church patron named Sir John Clopton bought up many of the images, probably to preserve them. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 262f: "...England judicially murdered more Catholics than any other country in Europe." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20177-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20177_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall20178–9-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20178–9_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling202197–98-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHefling202197–98_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHefling2021">Hefling 2021</a>, p. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20011–2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20011–2_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201716–17-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall201716–17_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198933-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens198933_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickens1989">Dickens 1989</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201719-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201719_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201719_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199328-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh199328_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201720-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201720_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden200085–89-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigden200085–89_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden 2000</a>, pp. 85–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198948-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens198948_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickens1989">Dickens 1989</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201721–22-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201721–22_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201724-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201724_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden200086-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigden200086_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden 2000</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198932-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens198932_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickens1989">Dickens 1989</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201722-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201722_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens198914-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens198914_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickens1989">Dickens 1989</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall201729–32-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall201729–32_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 29–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyrie201769-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201769_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyrie201769_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyrie2017">Ryrie 2017</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seebohm-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Seebohm_22-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeebohm1869" class="citation book cs1">Seebohm, Frederic (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformationchurch.org.uk/book_oxford-reformers_seebohm.php">The Oxford Reformers. John Colet, Erasmus and Thomas More</a> (3rd ed.). 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Pollard, Henry VIII (1905) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviii00pollgoog">online free</a>; Pollard, The History of England from the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth, 1547–1603 (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofenglandfr00polluoft">online free</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar2005-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidmar2005_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVidmar2005">Vidmar 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazlett1995-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazlett1995_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazlett1995">Hazlett 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavin1990405–431-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavin1990405–431_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlavin1990">Slavin 1990</a>, pp. 405–431. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaigh1997">Haigh (1997</a>, pp. 281–299) deals with Elton. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> A.G. Dickens, John Tonkin, and Kenneth Powell, eds., The Reformation in historical thought (1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2006_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2006">Duffy 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis2011" class="citation journal cs1">McGinnis, Scott (October 2011). "Review: Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. xiv+249 pp. $28.50 (cloth); $18.00 (paper)". The Journal of Religion. 91 (4): 554–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F662392">10.1086/662392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Duffy%2C+Eamon.+Fires+of+Faith%3A+Catholic+England+under+Mary+Tudor+.+New+Haven%2C+CT%3A+Yale+University+Press%2C+2009.+xiv%2B249+pp.+%2428.50+%28cloth%29%3B+%2418.00+%28paper%29.&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E555&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F662392&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, eds., Conflict in early Stuart England: studies in religion and politics 1603–1642 (Routledge, 2014). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aston" title="Margaret Aston">Aston, Margaret</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OV40AAAAIAAJ">The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521484572" title="Special:BookSources/9780521484572"><bdi>9780521484572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Bedpost%3A+Reformation+and+Iconography+in+a+Tudor+Group+Portrait&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780521484572&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOV40AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bernard" title="George W. Bernard">Bernard, G. W.</a> (June 1990). "The Church of England c.1529–c.1642". History. 75 (244). Wiley: 183–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420971">24420971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+England+c.1529%E2%80%93c.1642&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=244&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24420971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremer2009" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDnRCwAAQBAJ">Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199740871" title="Special:BookSources/9780199740871"><bdi>9780199740871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199740871&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDnRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigden2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brigden" title="Susan Brigden">Brigden, Susan</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYtcK49fgZkC">New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603</a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101563991" title="Special:BookSources/9781101563991"><bdi>9781101563991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Worlds%2C+Lost+Worlds%3A+The+Rule+of+the+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781101563991&rft.aulast=Brigden&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYtcK49fgZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Byford, Mark (1998). "The Birth of a Protestant Town: The Process of Reformation in Tudor Colchester, 1530–80". In Collinson, Patrick; Craig, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0k1dDwAAQBAJ">The Reformation in English Towns, 1500–1640</a>. Macmillan. pp. 23–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349268320" title="Special:BookSources/9781349268320"><bdi>9781349268320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+a+Protestant+Town%3A+The+Process+of+Reformation+in+Tudor+Colchester%2C+1530%E2%80%9380&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+English+Towns%2C+1500%E2%80%931640&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781349268320&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0k1dDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavill2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cavill, P. R. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/246098">"Heresy and Forfeiture in Marian England"</a>. The Historical Journal. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 879–907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X13000277">10.1017/S0018246X13000277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24528854">24528854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159856083">159856083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Heresy+and+Forfeiture+in+Marian+England&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E879-%3C%2Fspan%3E907&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159856083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24528854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X13000277&rft.aulast=Cavill&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F246098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffeyLim2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism</a>. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1"><bdi>978-0-521-67800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Puritanism&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67800-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGcgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2008" class="citation cs2">Craig, John (2008), "The Growth of English Puritanism", in Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism</a>, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1"><bdi>978-0-521-67800-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+English+Puritanism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Puritanism&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67800-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGcgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Dickens" title="A. G. Dickens">Dickens, A. G.</a> (1959). Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York 1509–1558. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197134085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197134085"><bdi>978-0197134085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollards+and+Protestants+in+the+Diocese+of+York+1509%E2%80%931558&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0197134085&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1966" class="citation book cs1">—— (1966). Reformation and Society in 16th-Century Europe. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+Society+in+16th-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1989" class="citation book cs1">—— (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishreformati0000agdi_j3v5">The English Reformation</a> (2nd ed.). London: BT Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=BT+Batsford&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishreformati0000agdi_j3v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E45TQd678hYC">The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300098259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300098259"><bdi>978-0300098259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voices+of+Morebath%3A+Reformation+and+Rebellion+in+an+English+Village&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0300098259&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE45TQd678hYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2005" class="citation book cs1">—— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K48k6JIcPrUC">The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400 – c. 1580</a> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10828-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stripping+of+the+Altars%3A+Traditional+Religion+in+England%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B1400%3C%2Fspan%3E+%E2%80%93+%3Cspan+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B1580%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10828-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK48k6JIcPrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2006" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/234301">"The English Reformation After Revisionism"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 59 (3): 720–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fren.2008.0366">10.1353/ren.2008.0366</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1353/ren.2008.0366">10.1353/ren.2008.0366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154375741">154375741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+English+Reformation+After+Revisionism&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E720-%3C%2Fspan%3E731&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154375741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1353%2Fren.2008.0366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fren.2008.0366&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F234301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, G. R.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJZZzoBJOfwC">The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521287579" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521287579"><bdi>978-0521287579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Constitution%3A+Documents+and+Commentary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0521287579&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJZZzoBJOfwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1_p3zn2LI0C">England Under the Tudors</a> (3rd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415065337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415065337"><bdi>978-0415065337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+the+Tudors&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0415065337&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1_p3zn2LI0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Graham-Dixon, Andrew</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBE2HPCN_1IC&pg=PA38">A History of British Art</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22376-9"><bdi>978-0-520-22376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+British+Art&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22376-9&rft.aulast=Graham-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBE2HPCN_1IC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Haigh, Christopher</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFmS2ng9z7wC">English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822162-3"><bdi>978-0-19-822162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Reformations%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+Under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822162-3&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFmS2ng9z7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1997" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1997). "Religion". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 7: 281–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679281">10.2307/3679281</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679281">3679281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrave1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrave, O. T. (March 1982). "Bloody Mary's Victims: The Iconography of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 51 (1). Historical Society of the Episcopal Church: 7–21. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42973872">42973872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Magazine+of+the+Protestant+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Bloody+Mary%27s+Victims%3A+The+Iconography+of+John+Foxe%27s+Book+of+Martyrs&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42973872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hargrave&rft.aufirst=O.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlett1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hazlett, W. Ian P. (1995). "Settlements: The British Isles". In Brady, Thomas A. Jr.; Oberman, Heiko A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HqoVsg6gycC">Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation</a>. Vol. 2: Visions, Programs and Outcomes. Brill. pp. 455–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097629" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097629"><bdi>9789004097629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settlements%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+European+History+1400%E2%80%931600%3A+Late+Middle+Ages%2C+Renaissance%2C+and+Reformation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004097629&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=W.+Ian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HqoVsg6gycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felicity_Heal" title="Felicity Heal">Heal, Felicity</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnjnCwAAQBAJ">Reformation in Britain and Ireland</a>. The Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198269242" title="Special:BookSources/0198269242"><bdi>0198269242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.series=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0198269242&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnjnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1995" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Karen (1995). Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530–1630. Tate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854371577" title="Special:BookSources/9781854371577"><bdi>9781854371577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynasties%3A+Painting+in+Tudor+and+Jacobean+England%2C+1530%E2%80%931630&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781854371577&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefling2021" class="citation book cs1">Hefling, Charles (2021). The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide. Guides to Sacred Texts. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190689681.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190689681" title="Special:BookSources/9780190689681"><bdi>9780190689681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Guide&rft.series=Guides+to+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190689681.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780190689681&rft.aulast=Hefling&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesWainwrightYarnoldBradshaw1992" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Cheslyn; Wainwright, Geoffrey; Yarnold, Edward; Bradshaw, Paul, eds. (1992). The Study of Liturgy (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520922-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520922-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520922-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Liturgy&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520922-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacey" title="Robert Lacey">Lacey, Robert</a> (1972). The Life and Times of Henry VIII. Book Club Associates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmberg1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Lehmberg" title="Stanford Lehmberg">Lehmberg, Stanford</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationparli0000lehm">The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521076555" title="Special:BookSources/9780521076555"><bdi>9780521076555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+Parliament%2C+1529%E2%80%931536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780521076555&rft.aulast=Lehmberg&rft.aufirst=Stanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformationparli0000lehm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoach1999" class="citation book cs1">Loach, Jennifer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhnAtumAHakC">Edward VI</a>. Yale English Monarchs. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300094091" title="Special:BookSources/9780300094091"><bdi>9780300094091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VI&rft.series=Yale+English+Monarchs&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780300094091&rft.aulast=Loach&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhnAtumAHakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1989" class="citation journal cs1">Loades, David (Winter 1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 21 (4). The North American Conference on British Studies: 547–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4049536">10.2307/4049536</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049536">4049536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Mary+Tudor%3A+Historiography+and+Research&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E558&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4049536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4049536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc">Thomas Cranmer: A Life</a> (revised ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300226577" title="Special:BookSources/9780300226577"><bdi>9780300226577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780300226577&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmerlif0000macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo8_2s84AkoC">The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520234024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520234024"><bdi>978-0520234024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boy+King%3A+Edward+VI+and+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0520234024&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFo8_2s84AkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterreformation00macc">The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603</a>. British History in Perspective (2nd ed.). Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333921395" title="Special:BookSources/9780333921395"><bdi>9780333921395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Reformation+in+England%2C+1547%E2%80%931603&rft.series=British+History+in+Perspective&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780333921395&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterreformation00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2003" class="citation book cs1">—— (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation:_A_History" title="The Reformation: A History">The Reformation: A History</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303538-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303538-1&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2005" class="citation journal cs1">—— (December 2005). "Putting the English Reformation on the Map". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 15. Cambridge University Press: 75–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440105000319">10.1017/S0080440105000319</a> (inactive 3 February 2025). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679363">3679363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162188544">162188544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Putting+the+English+Reformation+on+the+Map&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162188544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440105000319&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_February_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltby1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Maltby" title="Judith Maltby">Maltby, Judith</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6sELiM_s7QC">Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521793872" title="Special:BookSources/9780521793872"><bdi>9780521793872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prayer+Book+and+People+in+Elizabethan+and+Early+Stuart+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521793872&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6sELiM_s7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltby2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration"</a>. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prayer+Book+and+the+Parish+Church%3A+From+the+Elizabethan+Settlement+to+the+Restoration&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ">Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300170627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300170627"><bdi>978-0300170627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretics+and+Believers%3A+A+History+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300170627&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7S_DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Mackie" title="John Duncan Mackie">Mackie, J. D.</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPPjvveNsTQC">The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558</a>. Oxford History of England. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198217060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198217060"><bdi>978-0198217060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earlier+Tudors%2C+1485%E2%80%931558&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0198217060&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPPjvveNsTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Moorman" title="John Moorman">Moorman, John R. H.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdnFzfzpOxsC">A History of the Church in England</a> (3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0819214065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0819214065"><bdi>978-0819214065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+in+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0819214065&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdnFzfzpOxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1983" class="citation book cs1">—— (1983). The Anglican Spiritual Tradition. Darton, Longman and Todd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87243-125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87243-125-6"><bdi>978-0-87243-125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Spiritual+Tradition&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+and+Todd&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87243-125-6&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1998" class="citation book cs1">Morris, T. A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOSEAgAAQBAJ">Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134748204" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134748204"><bdi>978-1134748204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+England+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1134748204&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOSEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1991" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bibVS8_PDXMC">Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521423700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521423700"><bdi>978-0521423700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knot%3A+A+Short+History+of+Divorce&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521423700&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbibVS8_PDXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmer0000ridl">Thomas Cranmer</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/398369">398369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398369&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmer0000ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoddy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roddy, Kate (Winter 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33137%2Frr.v39i1.26543">"Recasting Recantation in 1540s England: Thomas Becon, Robert Wisdom, and Robert Crowley"</a>. Renaissance and Reformation. 39 (1): 63–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33137%2Frr.v39i1.26543">10.33137/rr.v39i1.26543</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43918982">43918982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.atitle=Recasting+Recantation+in+1540s+England%3A+Thomas+Becon%2C+Robert+Wisdom%2C+and+Robert+Crowley&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33137%2Frr.v39i1.26543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43918982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roddy&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33137%252Frr.v39i1.26543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyrie2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Ryrie" title="Alec Ryrie">Ryrie, Alec</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivniDQAAQBAJ">The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms, 1485–1603</a>. Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-27214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-27214-6"><bdi>978-1-315-27214-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reformation%3A+The+Tudor+and+Stewart+Realms%2C+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.series=Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Britain&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-27214-6&rft.aulast=Ryrie&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivniDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (1996). A Dictionary of Political Thought. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333647868" title="Special:BookSources/9780333647868"><bdi>9780333647868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780333647868&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShagan2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shagan, Ethan H. (2017). "The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553". In Milton, Anthony (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ">The Oxford History of Anglicanism</a>. Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199639731" title="Special:BookSources/9780199639731"><bdi>9780199639731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Church+of+England%2C+c.+1520%E2%80%931553&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780199639731&rft.aulast=Shagan&rft.aufirst=Ethan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WfODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Slavin, Arthur J. (1990). "G. R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution". The History Teacher. 23 (4): 405–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494396">10.2307/494396</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494396">494396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=G.+R.+Elton%3A+On+Reformation+and+Revolution&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F494396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1938" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Herbert Maynard (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6wCwAAQBAJ">Pre-Reformation England</a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349004065" title="Special:BookSources/9781349004065"><bdi>9781349004065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Reformation+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=9781349004065&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Maynard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo6wCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinks2006" class="citation book cs1">Spinks, Bryan (2006). "From Elizabeth I to Charles II". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Elizabeth+I+to+Charles+II&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+The+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robson_Tanner" title="Joseph Robson Tanner">Tanner, J. R.</a> (1930). Tudor Constitutional Documents A.D. 1485–1603: With an Historical Commentary (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107679405" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107679405"><bdi>978-1107679405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Constitutional+Documents+A.D.+1485%E2%80%931603%3A+With+an+Historical+Commentary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-1107679405&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1961" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Bard (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liturgiesofweste0000thom">Liturgies of the Western Church</a>. Meridian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-02077-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-529-02077-7"><bdi>0-529-02077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgies+of+the+Western+Church&rft.pub=Meridian+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-529-02077-7&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Bard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliturgiesofweste0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2005" class="citation book cs1">Vidmar, John (2005). English Catholic Historians and the English Reformation: 1585–1954. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54966133">54966133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Catholic+Historians+and+the+English+Reformation%3A+1585%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54966133&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Cedric (Autumn 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1981-3/1981-3-04.pdf">"The House of Commons and the Marian Reaction 1553–1558"</a> (PDF). Andrews University Seminary Studies. 19 (3). Andrews University Press: 227–241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928164442/https://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1981-3/1981-3-04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andrews+University+Seminary+Studies&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Commons+and+the+Marian+Reaction+1553%E2%80%931558&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Cedric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrews.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcar%2Fcardigital%2FPeriodicals%2FAUSS%2F1981-3%2F1981-3-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnicke1983" class="citation book cs1">Warnicke, Retha (1983). Women of the English Renaissance and Reformation. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23611-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-23611-2"><bdi>978-0-313-23611-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+English+Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-313-23611-2&rft.aulast=Warnicke&rft.aufirst=Retha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aston, Margaret (1988). England's Iconoclasts: Volume I: Laws Against Images.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Iconoclasts%3A+Volume+I%3A+Laws+Against+Images&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aston, Margaret (2016). Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Idols+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collinson, Patrick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthpangsofprot00coll">The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02366-9"><bdi>978-0-312-02366-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birthpangs+of+Protestant+England%3A+Religious+and+Cultural+Change+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-312-02366-9&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthpangsofprot00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (2017). Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+Divided%3A+Catholics%2C+Protestants+and+the+Conversion+of+England&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorengland00john">Tudor England</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192852137" title="Special:BookSources/9780192852137"><bdi>9780192852137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780192852137&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorengland00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hazlett, Ian (2003). The Reformation in Britain and Ireland: An Introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kümin, Beat A. The shaping of a community: The rise and reformation of the English Parish c. 1400–1560 (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2018). Thomas Cromwell: A Revolutionary Life.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cromwell%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marshall, Peter. Religious identities in Henry VIII's England (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2012). Reformation England 1480–1642.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+England+1480%E2%80%931642&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Reformation-England-1480-1642-Reading-History/dp/184966529X/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Randell, Keith (2001). Henry VIII and the Reformation in England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+Reformation+in+England&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"> short textbook</li> <li>Ryrie, Alec. Worship and the parish church in early modern Britain (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sheils, William J. (2013). The English Reformation 1530–1570. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation+1530%E2%80%931570&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sheils&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Turvey, Roger; Randell, Keith (2008). Access to History: Henry VIII to Mary I: Government and Religion, 1509–1558. Hodder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+to+History%3A+Henry+VIII+to+Mary+I%3A+Government+and+Religion%2C+1509%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Randell%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tyacke, Nicholas, ed. (1997). England's Long Reformation: 1500–1800.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Long+Reformation%3A+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"> 12 essays by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Englands-Long-Reformation-1500-1800-Colloquium/dp/1857287568/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Whiting, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localresponsesto00robe">Local responses to the English Reformation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+responses+to+the+English+Reformation&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flocalresponsesto00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Whiting, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheReformationOfTheEnglishParishChurch">The Reformation of the English Parish Church</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+of+the+English+Parish+Church&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheReformationOfTheEnglishParishChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Richard (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605100905/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-244158792/thomas-cranmer-the-yes-man-who-said-no-richard-wilkinson">"Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism"</a>. History Review (68). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5048524774">the original</a> on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+The+Yes-Man+Who+Said+No%3A+Richard+Wilkinson+Elucidates+the+Paradoxical+Career+of+One+of+the+Key+Figures+of+English+Protestantism&rft.issue=68&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D5048524774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (2012). A Brief History of the English Reformation: Religion, Politics and Fear: How England was Transformed by the Tudors. Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-646-9"><bdi>978-1-84529-646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+English+Reformation%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Fear%3A+How+England+was+Transformed+by+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-646-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiograpical">Historiograpical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historiograpical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Christopher (December 1982). "The Recent Historiography of the English Reformation". Historical Journal. 25 (4): 995–1007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00021385">10.1017/S0018246X00021385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638647">2638647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154848886">154848886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Recent+Historiography+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E995-%3C%2Fspan%3E1007&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154848886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00021385&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Peter (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/97/1/WRAP_Marshall_redefining.pdf">"(Re)defining the English Reformation"</a> (PDF). Journal of British Studies. 48 (3): 564–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F600128">10.1086/600128</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752571">27752571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=%28Re%29defining+the+English+Reformation&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F600128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27752571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F97%2F1%2FWRAP_Marshall_redefining.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Walsham, Alexandra (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000362">"History, Memory, and the English Reformation"</a>. Historical Journal. 55 (4): 899–938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X12000362">10.1017/S0018246X12000362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=History%2C+Memory%2C+and+the+English+Reformation&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E899-%3C%2Fspan%3E938&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X12000362&rft.aulast=Walsham&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0018246X12000362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray1994" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Gerald, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGi6WWtzkJYC">Documents of the English Reformation, 1526–1701</a>. Library of Ecclesiastical History. James Clarke and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227172391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227172391"><bdi>978-0227172391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+English+Reformation%2C+1526%E2%80%931701&rft.series=Library+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.pub=James+Clarke+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0227172391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGi6WWtzkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">King, John N., ed. (2004). Voices of the English Reformation: A Sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/265599728">265599728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+English+Reformation%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F265599728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Reformation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Reformation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:English_Reformation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The History of the Reformation of the Church of England by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a> (Oxford University Press, 1829): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat02burngoog">Volume I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat07burngoog">Volume I, Part II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat06burngoog">Volume II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat00burngoog">Volume II, Part II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat04burngoog">Volume III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreformat05burngoog">Volume III, Part II</a></li> <li>Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, Under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and Queen Mary I by <a href="/wiki/John_Strype" title="John Strype">John Strype</a> (Clarendon Press, 1822): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalm05strygoog,">Vol. I, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalm02strygoog">Vol. I, Pt. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalm03strygoog">Vol. II, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalm01strygoog">Vol. II, Pt. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalm04strygoog">Vol. III, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalm00strygoog">Vol. III, Pt. II</a></li> <li>Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England, During Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign by <a href="/wiki/John_Strype" title="John Strype">John Strype</a> (1824 ed.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat11stry">Vol. I, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat0102stry">Vol. I, Pt. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat0201stry">Vol. II, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat0202stry">Vol. II., Pt. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat0301stry">Vol. III, Pt. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat0302stry">Vol. III, Pt. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofreformat04stry">Vol. IV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/links.html">Hanover College Historical Texts Collection: The English Reformation</a> – links to primary sources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/link-lists/prot.html">Hanover College Historical Texts Collection: The Protestant Reformation</a> – links to primary sources.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">England in the Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date">Temp. incert.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglican_liturgy657" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglican_liturgy" title="Template:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_liturgy" title="Template talk:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_liturgy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglican_liturgy657" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anglican liturgy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Daily Office</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Morning Prayer (Mattins)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prayer_During_the_Day" title="Prayer During the Day">Prayer During the Day</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer (Vespers or Evensong)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Compline#Anglican_usage" title="Compline">Night Prayer (Compline)</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)#Anglicanism" title="Mass (liturgy)">Eucharist</a> (also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Occasional</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick#Anglican_churches" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the sick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments#Baptism" title="Anglican sacraments">Baptism</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minor_exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Minor exorcism in Christianity">Minor exorcism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">Christian burial</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Requiem#Anglicanism" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Commination</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confirmation#Anglican_Communion" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Catechism#Anglican_catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Consecration#Protestant_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women#Anglican_Communion" title="Churching of women">Churching of women</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches#Anglican_forms" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication of a church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity#Anglicanism" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> liturgies <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)#Lutheran,_Anglican_and_Methodist_practice" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Presanctified" title="Mass of the Presanctified">Mass of the Presanctified</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday Prayer">Good Friday Prayer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Prayer_for_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday Prayer for the Jews">for the Jews</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Collects" title="Solemn Collects">Solemn Collects</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Improperia" title="Improperia">Reproaches</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seven_Last_Words_from_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Last Words from the Cross">Seven Last Words from the Cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Three_Hours%27_Agony" title="Three Hours' Agony">Three Hours' Agony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Exsultet" title="Exsultet">Exsultet</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments#Matrimony" title="Anglican sacraments">Marriage</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marriage_vows#Anglican" title="Marriage vows">Vows</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ordination#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox,_and_Anglican_churches" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Common</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">O Antiphons</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)#Anglicanism" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Episcopal blessing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">General Intercessions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Glory Be</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnus Dei (liturgy)">Lamb of God</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">Lesson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epistle#Liturgical_use" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)#Uses_in_the_Western_Churches" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Let us pray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">The Lord be with you</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Embolism_(liturgy)" title="Embolism (liturgy)">Embolism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psalms#Anglican_usage" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Processional_hymn" title="Processional hymn">Processional hymn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">Recessional hymn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Responsory" title="Responsory">Responsory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Preces" title="Preces">Versicle</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Divine Office</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canticle#Anglican" title="Canticle">Canticle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Invitatory" title="Invitatory">Invitatory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deus,_in_adiutorium_meum_intende" title="Deus, in adiutorium meum intende">O God, make speed to save us</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phos_hilarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phos hilarion">Phos hilarion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/To_Thee_before_the_close_of_day" class="mw-redirect" title="To Thee before the close of day">To Thee before the close of day</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eucharist</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphora</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">Anamnesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis#Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism" title="Epiclesis">Epiclesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Anglican_Communion" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bidding-prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidding-prayer">Bidding-prayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collect_for_Purity" title="Collect for Purity">Collect for Purity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria in Excelsis Deo">Glory to God in the highest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(liturgy)" title="Sentence (liturgy)">Sentence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">Oblation</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Humble_Access" title="Prayer of Humble Access">Prayer of Humble Access</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Lift up your hearts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Holy, Holy, Holy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace#Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tarping" title="Tarping">Tarping</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fraction_anthem" title="Fraction anthem">Fraction anthem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Four_Anglican_Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Four Anglican Hymns">Great Four Anglican Hymns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">List of Anglican church composers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination#Anglican" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of Anglican hymnals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Masses_written_for_the_Anglican_liturgy" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Service_(music)" title="Service (music)">Service (music)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_(music)" title="Voluntary (music)">Voluntary (music)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">altar server</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bishop#Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox_and_Anglican_churches" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">Crucifer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">Lector</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Priest#Anglican_or_Episcopalian" title="Priest">Priest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#Anglicanism" title="Reader (liturgy)">Reader</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verger" title="Verger">Verger</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Liturgical objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar#Anglican_churches" title="Altar">Altar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communion_table" title="Communion table">communion table</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Antependium" title="Antependium">Antependium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">candle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_cloth" title="Altar cloth">cloths</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_lamp" title="Altar lamp">lamp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">rail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday#Christian_use_of_ashes" title="Ash Wednesday">Ashes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">Aspergillum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">Baptismal font</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">Chalice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communion_cup" title="Communion cup">Communion cup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chrism#Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism" title="Chrism">Chrism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">Crosier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">Cruet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evangeliary" title="Evangeliary">Evangeliary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flagon" title="Flagon">Flagon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">Incense</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_use_of_lights#Anglican_usage" title="Ceremonial use of lights">Lights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palm_branch#Christianity" title="Palm branch">Palm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paten#Protestant_rites" title="Paten">Paten</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blessed_salt_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed salt in Christianity">Salt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">Sanctuary lamp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle#Anglican_and_Episcopal_Churches" title="Church tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyx" title="Pyx">Pyx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veil#Christianity" title="Veil">Veil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring#Christian" title="Wedding ring">Wedding ring</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book#Anglican" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alternative_Services" title="Book of Alternative Services">Book of Alternative Services</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Services" title="Sunday Services">Sunday Services</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Western_Christian_vestments" title="Vestment">Vestments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments#Western_Christianity" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">Alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_clothing" title="Baptismal clothing">Baptismal clothing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">Cassock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassock-alb" title="Cassock-alb">Cassock-alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">Chasuble</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chimere" title="Chimere">Chimere</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">Choir dress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">Cincture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Cope</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">Dalmatic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">Geneva gown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">Girdle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">Pectoral cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">Rochet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">Stole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">Surplice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vimpa" title="Vimpa">Vimpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">Gaudete Sunday</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a></dd> 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class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_of_repose" title="Altar of repose">Altar of repose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angelus#Anglican_practice" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Breviary" title="Anglican Breviary">Anglican Breviary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Divine_Worship" title="Book of Divine Worship">Book of Divine Worship</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Missal" title="Anglican Missal">Anglican Missal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Western_Rite_Vicariate" title="Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate">Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amice" title="Amice">Amice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">Biretta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Adoration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">Ciborium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></dd> 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theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Rubric" title="Black Rubric">Black Rubric</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Blood of Christ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist" title="Origin of the Eucharist">Origin of the Eucharist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvific nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Anglican" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Receptionism" title="Receptionism">Receptionism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></dd> <dd><a 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