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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Affiliate+marketing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Affiliate+marketing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Web 2.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compensation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compensation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compensation methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compensation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predominant_compensation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predominant_compensation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predominant compensation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predominant_compensation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminished_compensation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminished_compensation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diminished compensation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminished_compensation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance/affiliate_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance/affiliate_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Performance/affiliate marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance/affiliate_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-tier_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-tier_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Multi-tier programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-tier_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_advertiser's_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_advertiser's_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>From the advertiser's perspective</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_the_advertiser's_perspective-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From the advertiser's perspective subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_the_advertiser's_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages_for_merchants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_for_merchants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Advantages for merchants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_for_merchants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Implementation options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliate_management_and_program_management_outsourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliate_management_and_program_management_outsourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Affiliate management and program management outsourcing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliate_management_and_program_management_outsourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_affiliate_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_affiliate_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Types of affiliate websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_affiliate_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publisher_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publisher_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Publisher recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publisher_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_and_current_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_and_current_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Past and current issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Past_and_current_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Past and current issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Past_and_current_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-E-mail_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-mail_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>E-mail spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-mail_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malicious_browser_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malicious_browser_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Malicious browser extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malicious_browser_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_engine_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_engine_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Search engine spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_engine_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Adware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark_bidding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark_bidding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Trademark bidding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark_bidding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation_disclosure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_disclosure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Compensation disclosure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation_disclosure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_industry_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_industry_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Lack of industry standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_industry_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Certification_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Certification and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_of_conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Code of conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_tax_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_tax_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Sales tax vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_tax_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookie_stuffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookie_stuffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Cookie stuffing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookie_stuffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Click_to_reveal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Click_to_reveal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Click to reveal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Click_to_reveal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Affiliate marketing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="التسويق بالعمولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التسويق بالعمولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8" title="সম্বন্ধ বিপণন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্বন্ধ বিপণন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerprogram" title="Partnerprogram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Partnerprogram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate-Marketing" title="Affiliate-Marketing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Affiliate-Marketing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_de_afiliaci%C3%B3n" title="Marketing de afiliación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marketing de afiliación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بازاریابی آشناسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازاریابی آشناسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliation_(internet)" title="Affiliation (internet) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affiliation (internet)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%9C%B4_%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%ED%8C%85" title="제휴 마케팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제휴 마케팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="संबद्ध विपणन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संबद्ध विपणन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemasaran_afiliasi" title="Pemasaran afiliasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemasaran afiliasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שיווק שותפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיווק שותפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauzo_shirikishi" title="Mauzo shirikishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mauzo shirikishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerprogram" title="Partnerprogram – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Partnerprogram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="التسويق بالعموله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التسويق بالعموله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemasaran_bergabung" title="Pemasaran bergabung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemasaran bergabung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC%E5%9E%8B%E5%BA%83%E5%91%8A" title="成功報酬型広告 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="成功報酬型広告" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_afiliacyjny" title="Marketing afiliacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marketing afiliacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_afiliados" title="Programa de afiliados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa de afiliados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_afiliat" title="Marketing afiliat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marketing afiliat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Партнёрский маркетинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Партнёрский маркетинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Affiliate marketing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerski_marketing" title="Partnerski marketing – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Partnerski marketing" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerski_marketing" title="Partnerski marketing – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Partnerski marketing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate-markkinointi" title="Affiliate-markkinointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Affiliate-markkinointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonsn%C3%A4tverk" title="Annonsnätverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Annonsnätverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C4%B1%C5%9F_ortakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Satış ortaklığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satış ortaklığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of performance-based marketing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For marketing to a specific interest group, see <a href="/wiki/Affinity_marketing" title="Affinity marketing">Affinity marketing</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Internet marketing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">Search engine optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_search_engine_optimisation" title="Local search engine optimisation">Local search engine optimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_marketing" title="Email marketing">Email marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referral_marketing" title="Referral marketing">Referral marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_marketing" title="Content marketing">Content marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">Search engine marketing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">Pay-per-click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_per_impression" title="Cost per impression">Cost per impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_analytics" title="Search analytics">Search analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">Web analytics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">Display advertising</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_blocking" title="Ad blocking">Ad blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_advertising" title="Contextual advertising">Contextual advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">Behavioral targeting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Affiliate marketing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_per_action" title="Cost per action">Cost per action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">Revenue sharing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_marketing" title="Template:Internet marketing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_marketing" title="Template talk:Internet marketing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_marketing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet marketing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Affiliate marketing</b> is a marketing arrangement in which <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_(commerce)" title="Affiliate (commerce)">affiliates</a> receive a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/commission" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:commission">commission</a> for each visit, signup or sale they generate for a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>. This arrangement allows businesses to <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsource</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Performance-based_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-based marketing">performance-based marketing</a> where the commission acts as an <a href="/wiki/Economic_incentive" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic incentive">incentive</a> for the affiliate; this commission is usually a percentage of the price of the product being sold, but can also be a flat rate per referral.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Affiliate marketers may use a variety of methods to generate these sales, including <a href="/wiki/Organic_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic search">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a>, paid <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">search engine marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mail_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail marketing">e-mail marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Content_marketing" title="Content marketing">content marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">display advertising</a>, organic <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">social media marketing</a>, and more. </p><p>Though the largest companies run their own affiliate networks (for example Amazon), most merchants join <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_network" title="Affiliate network">affiliate networks</a> which provide reporting tools and payment processing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">revenue sharing</a>—paying <a href="/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a> for referred business—predates affiliate marketing and the Internet. The translation of the revenue share principles to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Electronic_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic commerce">e-commerce</a> happened in November 1994, almost four years after the origination of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The concept of affiliate marketing on the Internet was conceived of, put into practice and patented by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Tobin" title="William J. Tobin">William J. Tobin</a>, the founder of PC Flowers & Gifts. Launched on the <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy Network</a> in 1989, PC Flowers & Gifts remained on the service until 1996. By 1993, PC Flowers & Gifts had generated sales more than $6 million per year on the Prodigy service. In 1998, PC Flowers and Gifts developed the business model of paying a commission on sales to the <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Tobin launched a beta version of PC Flowers & Gifts on the Internet in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, which owned half of Prodigy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1995 PC Flowers & Gifts had launched a commercial version of the website and had 2,600 affiliate marketing partners on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Tobin applied for a patent on tracking and affiliate marketing on January 22, 1996, and was issued U.S. Patent number 6,141,666 on Oct 31, 2000. Tobin also received Japanese Patent number 4021941 on Oct 5, 2007, and U.S. Patent number 7,505,913 on Mar 17, 2009, for affiliate marketing and tracking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1998 PC Flowers and Gifts merged with <a href="/wiki/Fingerhut" title="Fingerhut">Fingerhut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Department Stores">Federated Department Stores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1994, <a href="/wiki/CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a> launched its BuyWeb program. <a href="/wiki/CDNow" title="CDNow">CDNow</a> had the idea that music-oriented websites could review or list albums on their pages that their visitors might be interested in purchasing. These websites could also offer a link that would take visitors directly to CDNow to purchase the albums. The idea for remote purchasing originally arose from conversations with the music label <a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">Geffen Records</a> in the fall of 1994. The management at Geffen wanted to sell its artists' CDs directly from its website but did not want to implement this capability itself. Geffen asked CDNow if it could design a program where CDNow would handle <a href="/wiki/Order_fulfillment" title="Order fulfillment">order fulfillment</a>. Geffen realized that CDNow could link directly from the artist on its website to Geffen's website, bypassing the CDNow home page and going directly to the artist's music page.<sup id="cite_ref-affhistcdnow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affhistcdnow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> (Amazon) launched its associate program in July 1996: Amazon associates could place <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner</a> or text links on their site for individual books, or link directly to the Amazon home page.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When visitors clicked on the associate's website to go to <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> and purchase a book, the associate received a commission. Amazon was not the first merchant to offer an affiliate program, but its program was the first to become widely known and serve as a model for subsequent programs.<sup id="cite_ref-affhist_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affhist-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-affguidebook_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affguidebook-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2000, Amazon announced that it had been granted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on components of an affiliate program. The patent application was submitted in June 1997, which predates most affiliate programs, but not PC Flowers & Gifts.com (October 1994), AutoWeb.com (October 1995), Kbkids.com/BrainPlay.com (January 1996), EPage (April 1996), and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-clickz112000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clickz112000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_development">Historic development</h3></div> <p>Affiliate marketing has grown quickly since its inception. The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic commerce">e-commerce</a> website, viewed as a marketing toy in the early days of the Internet, became an integrated part of the overall business plan and in some cases grew to a bigger business than the existing offline business. According to one report, the total sales amount generated through affiliate networks in 2006 was £2.16 billion in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> alone. The estimates were £1.35 billion in sales in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-affguide_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affguide-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MarketingSherpa's research team estimated that, in 2006, affiliates worldwide earned US$6.5 billion in bounty and commissions from a variety of sources in <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">personal finance</a>, gaming and <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, and forms of <a href="/wiki/Lead_generation" title="Lead generation">lead generation</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Contextual_advertising" title="Contextual advertising">contextual advertising</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-MktSherpa2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MktSherpa2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the most active sectors for affiliate marketing were adult gambling, retail industries and file-sharing services.<sup id="cite_ref-inetstats07_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inetstats07-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–150">: 149–150 </span></sup> The three sectors expected to experience the greatest growth are the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-inetstats07_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inetstats07-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after these sectors came the entertainment (particularly gaming) and Internet-related services (particularly <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>) sectors. Also several of the affiliate solution providers expect to see increased interest from <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">business-to-business</a> <a href="/wiki/Marketers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketers">marketers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisers">advertisers</a> in using affiliate marketing as part of their mix.<sup id="cite_ref-inetstats07_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inetstats07-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–150">: 149–150 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_2.0">Web 2.0</h3></div> <p>Websites and services based on <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> concepts—<a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">interactive online communities</a>, for example—have impacted the affiliate marketing world as well. These platforms allow improved communication between merchants and affiliates. Web 2.0 platforms have also opened affiliate marketing channels to personal <a href="/wiki/Bloggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloggers">bloggers</a>, writers, and independent website owners. <a href="/wiki/Contextual_advertising" title="Contextual advertising">Contextual ads</a> allow publishers with lower levels of web traffic to place affiliate ads on websites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compensation_methods">Compensation methods</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predominant_compensation_methods">Predominant compensation methods</h3></div> <p>Eighty percent of affiliate programs today use <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">revenue sharing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pay_Per_Sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay Per Sale">pay per sale</a> (PPS) as a compensation method, nineteen percent use <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_action" title="Cost per action">cost per action</a> (CPA), and the remaining programs use other methods such as <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost per click">cost per click</a> (CPC) or <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_mille" title="Cost per mille">cost per mille</a> (CPM, cost per estimated 1000 views).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diminished_compensation_methods">Diminished compensation methods</h3></div> <p>Within more mature markets, less than one percent of traditional affiliate marketing programs today use <a href="/wiki/Cost_Per_Click" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost Per Click">cost per click</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_mille" title="Cost per mille">cost per mille</a>. However, these compensation methods are used heavily in <a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">display advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paid_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid search">paid search</a>. </p><p>Cost per mille requires only that the <a href="/wiki/Web_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Web publisher">publisher</a> make the advertising available on his or her website and display it to the page visitors in order to receive a commission. Pay per click requires one additional step in the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(marketing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion (marketing)">conversion</a> process to generate revenue for the publisher: A visitor must not only be made aware of the advertisement but must also click on the advertisement to visit the advertiser's website. </p><p>Cost per click was more common in the early days of affiliate marketing but has diminished in use over time due to <a href="/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a> issues very similar to the click fraud issues modern search engines are facing today. <a href="/wiki/Contextual_advertising" title="Contextual advertising">Contextual advertising</a> programs are not considered in the statistic pertaining to the diminished use of cost per click, as it is uncertain if contextual advertising can be considered affiliate marketing. </p><p>While these models have diminished in mature <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a> markets they are still prevalent in some more nascent industries. China is one example where Affiliate Marketing does not overtly resemble the same model in the West. With many affiliates being paid a flat "Cost Per Day" with some networks offering Cost Per Click or CPM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance/affiliate_marketing"><span id="Performance.2Faffiliate_marketing"></span>Performance/affiliate marketing</h3></div> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_mille" title="Cost per mille">cost per mille</a>/click, the publisher is not concerned about whether a visitor is a member of the audience that the advertiser tries to attract and is able to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(marketing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion (marketing)">convert</a> because at this point the publisher has already earned his commission. This leaves the greater, and, in case of cost per mille, the full risk and loss (if the visitor cannot be converted) to the advertiser. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cost_per_action" title="Cost per action">Cost per action</a>/sale methods require that referred visitors do more than visit the advertiser's website before the affiliate receives a commission. The advertiser must convert that visitor first. It is in the best interest of the affiliate to send the most closely targeted traffic to the advertiser as possible to increase the chance of a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_marketing" title="Conversion marketing">conversion</a>. The risk is absorbed by the affiliate who funnels their traffic to the campaign (normally a <a href="/wiki/Landing_page" title="Landing page">landing page</a>). In the case a conversion is not fired the publisher won't receive any compensation for the traffic. </p><p>Affiliate marketing is also called "performance marketing", in reference to how sales employees are typically being compensated. Such employees are typically paid a commission for each sale they close, and sometimes are paid performance incentives for exceeding objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-salescomm_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salescomm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affiliates are not employed by the advertiser whose products or services they promote, but the compensation models applied to affiliate marketing are very similar to the ones used for people in the advertisers' internal sales department. </p><p>The phrase, "Affiliates are an extended sales force for your business", which is often used to explain affiliate marketing, is not completely accurate. The primary difference between the two is that affiliate marketers provide little if any influence on a possible prospect in the conversion process once that prospect is directed to the advertiser's website. The sales team of the advertiser, however, does have the control and influence up to the point where the prospect either a) signs the contract, or b) completes the purchase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-tier_programs">Multi-tier programs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_marketing" title="Multi-level marketing">multi-level marketing</a></div> <p>Affiliate marketing overlaps with network marketing, also known as <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_marketing" title="Multi-level marketing">multi-level marketing</a> (MLM).<sup id="cite_ref-dacko_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dacko-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-level refers to different levels of compensation offered by companies to different tiers of distributor. While MLM schemes are not inherently illegal, they become illegal when income from recruitment-fees and similar exceeds the sale of actual goods and services. In these situations, MLM schemes overlap with <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid schemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">ponzi schemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dacko_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dacko-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some advertisers offer multi-tier programs that distribute commission into a hierarchical referral network of sign-ups and sub-partners. In practical terms, publisher "A" signs up to the program with an advertiser and gets rewarded for the agreed activity conducted by a referred visitor. If publisher "A" attracts publishers "B" and "C" to sign up for the same program using his sign-up code, all future activities performed by publishers "B" and "C" will result in additional commission (at a lower rate) for publisher "A". </p><p>Two-tier programs exist in the minority of affiliate programs; most are simply one-tier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_advertiser's_perspective"><span id="From_the_advertiser.27s_perspective"></span>From the advertiser's perspective</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_for_merchants">Advantages for merchants</h3></div> <p>Merchants favor affiliate marketing because in most cases it uses a "pay for performance" model, meaning that the merchant does not incur a marketing expense unless results are accrued (excluding any initial setup cost).<sup id="cite_ref-forbes05_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_options">Implementation options</h3></div> <p>Some merchants run their own (in-house) affiliate programs using dedicated software, while others use third-party intermediaries to track traffic or sales that are referred from affiliates. There are two different types of affiliate management methods used by merchants: standalone software or <a href="/wiki/Application_service_provider" title="Application service provider">hosted services</a>, typically called affiliate networks. Payouts to affiliates or publishers can be made by the networks on behalf of the merchant, by the network, consolidated across all merchants where the publisher has a relationship with and earned commissions or directly by the merchant itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliate_management_and_program_management_outsourcing">Affiliate management and program management outsourcing</h3></div> <p>Uncontrolled affiliate programs aid rogue affiliates, who use <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spamming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WebMRadFM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMRadFM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookie_stuffing" title="Cookie stuffing">cookie stuffing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typosquatting" title="Typosquatting">typosquatting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RNTypoSQ_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNTypoSQ-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other unethical methods that have given affiliate marketing a negative reputation. </p><p>Some merchants are using outsourced (affiliate) program management (OPM) companies, which are themselves often run by affiliate managers and <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Affiliate Networks">network program managers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RevMag_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevMag-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OPM companies perform affiliate program management for the merchants as a service, similar to the role an <a href="/wiki/Ad_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad agency">advertising agencies</a> serves in offline marketing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_affiliate_websites">Types of affiliate websites</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affiliate_marketing&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Affiliate websites are often categorized by merchants (advertisers) and affiliate networks. There are currently no industry-wide standards for the categorization. The following types of websites are generic, yet are commonly understood and used by affiliate marketers. </p> <ul><li>Search affiliates that utilize <a href="/wiki/Pay_per_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay per click">pay per click</a> search engines to promote the advertisers' offers (i.e., search <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_comparison_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Price comparison service">Price comparison service</a> websites and directories</li> <li>Loyalty websites, typically characterized by providing a reward or incentive system for purchases via points, miles, <a href="/wiki/Cashback_website" title="Cashback website">cash back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_Related_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause Related Marketing">Cause Related Marketing</a> sites that offer charitable donations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebate_(marketing)" title="Rebate (marketing)">rebate</a> websites that focus on <a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">sales promotions</a></li> <li>Content and <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> websites, including product review sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-mail_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail marketing">E-mail marketing</a> list affiliates (i.e., owners of large opt-in -mail lists that typically employ <a href="/wiki/E-mail_drip_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail drip marketing">e-mail drip marketing</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">newsletter</a> list affiliates, which are typically more content-heavy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping directory">Shopping directories</a> that list merchants by categories without providing coupons, <a href="/wiki/Price_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Price comparison">price comparisons</a>, or other features based on information that changes frequently, thus requiring continual updates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_per_action" title="Cost per action">Cost per action</a> networks (i.e., top-tier affiliates) that expose offers from the advertiser with which they are affiliated with their own network of affiliates</li> <li>Websites using adbars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/AdSense" class="mw-redirect" title="AdSense">AdSense</a>) to display context-sensitive advertising for products on the site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publisher_recruitment">Publisher recruitment</h3></div> <p>Affiliate networks that already have several advertisers typically also have a large pool of <a href="/wiki/Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishers">publishers</a>. These publishers could be potentially recruited, and there is also an increased chance that publishers in the network apply to the program on their own, without the need for recruitment efforts by the advertiser. </p><p>Relevant websites that attract the same target audiences as the advertiser but without competing with it are potential affiliate partners as well. Vendors or existing customers can also become recruits if doing so makes sense and does not violate any laws or regulations (such as with <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid schemes">pyramid schemes</a>). </p><p>Almost any website could be recruited as an affiliate publisher, but high traffic websites are more likely interested in (for their sake) low-risk <a href="/wiki/Cost_per_mille" title="Cost per mille">cost per mille</a> or medium-risk <a href="/wiki/Cost_Per_Click" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost Per Click">cost per click</a> deals rather than higher-risk cost per action or revenue share deals.<sup id="cite_ref-atsem_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atsem-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_and_current_issues">Past and current issues</h2></div> <p>Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity. Unscrupulous affiliates have used <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>, forced clicks (to get tracking <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a> set on users' computers), <a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">adware</a>, and other methods to drive traffic to their sponsors. Although many affiliate programs have <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> that contain rules against <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spam</a>, this marketing method has historically proven to attract abuse from spammers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-mail_spam">E-mail spam</h3></div> <p>In the infancy of affiliate marketing, many Internet users held negative opinions due to the tendency of affiliates to use spam to promote the programs in which they were enrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredshady_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiredshady-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As affiliate marketing matured, many affiliate merchants have refined their terms and conditions to prohibit affiliates from spamming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malicious_browser_extensions">Malicious browser extensions</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">browser extension</a> is a plug-in that extends the functionality of a web browser. Some extensions are authored using web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript, and CSS. Most modern web browsers have a whole slew of third-party extensions available for download. In recent years, there has been a constant rise in the number of malicious browser extensions flooding the web. Malicious browser extensions will often appear to be legitimate as they seem to originate from vendor websites and come with glowing customer reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of affiliate marketing, these malicious extensions are often used to redirect a user's browser to send fake clicks to websites that are supposedly part of legitimate affiliate marketing programs. Typically, users are unaware this is happening other than their browser performance slowing down. Websites end up paying for fake traffic numbers, and users are unwitting participants in these ad schemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_engine_spam">Search engine spam</h3></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a> have become more prominent, some affiliate marketers have shifted from sending e-mail spam to creating automatically generated web pages that often contain product <a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">data feeds</a> provided by merchants. The goal of such web pages is to manipulate the relevancy or prominence of resources indexed by a search engine, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a></i>. Each page can be targeted to a different niche market through the use of specific keywords, with the result being a skewed form of <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spam</a> is the biggest threat to organic search engines, whose goal is to provide quality search results for keywords or phrases entered by their users. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> algorithm update ("BigDaddy") in February 2006—the final stage of Google's major update ("Jagger") that began in mid-summer 2005—specifically targeted <a href="/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">spamdexing</a> with great success. This update thus enabled Google to remove a large amount of mostly computer-generated duplicate content from its <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Websites consisting mostly of affiliate links have previously held a negative reputation for underdelivering quality content. In 2005 there were active changes made by Google, where certain websites were labeled as "thin affiliates".<sup id="cite_ref-googledoc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googledoc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such websites were either removed from Google's index or were relocated within the results page (i.e., moved from the top-most results to a lower position). To avoid this categorization, affiliate marketer webmasters must create quality content on their websites that distinguishes their work from the work of spammers or <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner</a> farms, which only contain links leading to merchant sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adware">Adware</h3></div> <p>Although it differs from <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">adware</a> often uses the same methods and technologies. Merchants initially were uninformed about adware, what impact it had, and how it could damage their brands. Affiliate marketers became aware of the issue much more quickly, especially because they noticed that adware often overwrites tracking cookies, thus resulting in a decline of commissions. Affiliates not employing adware felt that it was stealing commission from them. Adware often has no valuable purpose and rarely provides any useful content to the user, who is typically unaware that such software is installed on his/her computer. </p><p>Affiliates discussed the issues in Internet forums and began to organize their efforts. They believed that the best way to address the problem was to discourage merchants from advertising via adware. Merchants that were either indifferent to or supportive of adware were exposed by affiliates, thus damaging those merchants' reputations and tarnishing their affiliate marketing efforts. Many affiliates either terminated the use of such merchants or switched to a competitor's affiliate program. Eventually, affiliate networks were also forced by merchants and affiliates to take a stand and ban certain adware publishers from their network. The result was <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_(affiliate_marketing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Conduct (affiliate marketing)">Code of Conduct</a> by <a href="/wiki/Commission_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Junction">Commission Junction</a>/beFree and Performics,<sup id="cite_ref-orgcoccj_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orgcoccj-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LinkShare" class="mw-redirect" title="LinkShare">LinkShare</a>'s Anti-Predatory Advertising Addendum,<sup id="cite_ref-lsadd_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsadd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ShareASale" class="mw-redirect" title="ShareASale">ShareASale</a>'s complete ban of software applications as a medium for affiliates to promote advertiser offers.<sup id="cite_ref-sastos_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastos-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the progress made, adware continues to be an issue, as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Class_action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> against <a href="/wiki/ValueClick" class="mw-redirect" title="ValueClick">ValueClick</a> and its daughter company Commission Junction filed on April 20, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-cjcalawsuit_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjcalawsuit-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark_bidding">Trademark bidding</h3></div> <p>Affiliates were among the earliest adopters of <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">pay per click</a> advertising when the first pay-per-click search engines emerged during the end of the 1990s. Later in 2000 <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> launched its pay per click service, <a href="/wiki/Google_AdWords" class="mw-redirect" title="Google AdWords">Google AdWords</a>, which is responsible for the widespread use and acceptance of pay per click as an advertising channel. An increasing number of merchants engaged in pay per click advertising, either directly or via a <a href="/wiki/Search_marketing" title="Search marketing">search marketing</a> agency, and realized that this space was already occupied by their affiliates. Although this situation alone created advertising channel conflicts and debates between advertisers and affiliates, the largest issue concerned affiliates bidding on advertisers names, brands, and trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several advertisers began to adjust their affiliate program terms to prohibit their affiliates from bidding on those type of keywords. Some advertisers, however, did and still do embrace this behavior, going so far as to allow, or even encourage, affiliates to bid on any term, including the advertiser's trademarks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation_disclosure">Compensation disclosure</h3></div> <p>Bloggers and other publishers may not be aware of disclosure guidelines set forth by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a>. Guidelines affect celebrity endorsements, advertising language, and blogger compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_industry_standards">Lack of industry standards</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Certification_and_training">Certification and training</h4></div> <p>Affiliate marketing currently lacks industry standards for training and certification. There are some training courses and seminars that result in certifications; however, the acceptance of such certifications is mostly due to the reputation of the individual or company issuing the certification. Affiliate marketing is not commonly taught in universities, and only a few college instructors work with Internet marketers to introduce the subject to students majoring in marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-revotb_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revotb-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education occurs most often in "real life" by becoming involved and learning the details as time progresses. Although there are several books on the topic, some so-called "how-to" or "<a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">silver bullet</a>" books instruct readers to manipulate holes in the Google <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>, which can quickly become out of date,<sup id="cite_ref-revotb_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revotb-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or suggest strategies no longer endorsed or permitted by advertisers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Outsourced Program Management companies typically combine formal and informal training, providing much of their training through group collaboration and <a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">brainstorming</a>. Such companies also try to send each marketing employee to the industry conference of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-revwetrain_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revwetrain-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other training resources used include online forums, weblogs, <a href="/wiki/Podcasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasts">podcasts</a>, video seminars, and specialty websites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Code_of_conduct">Code of conduct</h4></div> <p>A code of conduct was released by affiliate networks <a href="/wiki/Commission_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Junction">Commission Junction</a>/<a href="/wiki/BeFree" class="mw-redirect" title="BeFree">beFree</a> and Performics in December 2002 to guide practices and adherence to ethical standards for online advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales_tax_vulnerability">Sales tax vulnerability</h3></div> <p>In 2008 the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> passed a law asserting <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> sales to New York residents. New York was aware of Amazon affiliates operating within the state. In <a href="/wiki/Quill_Corp._v._North_Dakota" title="Quill Corp. v. North Dakota">Quill Corp. v. North Dakota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> ruled that the presence of independent sales representatives may allow a state to require sales tax collections. New York determined that affiliates are such independent sales representatives. The New York law became known as "Amazon's law" and was quickly emulated by other states.<sup id="cite_ref-amazonlaw_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazonlaw-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While that was the first time states successfully addressed the internet tax gap, since 2018 states have been free to assert sales tax jurisdiction over sales to their residents regardless of the presence of retailer affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookie_stuffing">Cookie stuffing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cookie_stuffing" title="Cookie stuffing">Cookie stuffing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Click_to_reveal">Click to reveal</h3></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">voucher code</a> web sites use a click-to-reveal format, which requires the web site user to click to reveal the voucher code. The action of clicking places the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookie</a> on the website visitor's computer. In the United Kingdom, the IAB Affiliate Council under chair Matt Bailey announced regulations<sup id="cite_ref-iab_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iab-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that stated that "Affiliates must not use a mechanism whereby users are encouraged to click to interact with content where it is unclear or confusing what the outcome will be." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliate_tracking_software" title="Affiliate tracking software">Affiliate tracking software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affiliate_network" title="Affiliate network">Affiliate network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/affiliate-marketing.asp">"Affiliate Marketer: Definition, Examples, and How to Get Started"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 14 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebMRadFM-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebMRadFM_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danny Sullivan (June 27, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmasterradio.fm/episodes/index.php?showId=30">The Daily SearchCast News from June 27, 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822152516/http://www.webmasterradio.fm/episodes/index.php?showId=30">Archived</a> August 22, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>WebmasterRadio.fm</i>, retrieved May 17, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNTypoSQ-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNTypoSQ_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Porter (September 6, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revenews.com/wayneporter/archives/002263.html">NEW FIRST: LinkShare- Lands' End Versus The Affiliate on Typosquatting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017031919/http://www.revenews.com/wayneporter/archives/002263.html">Archived</a> 2006-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ReveNews</i>, retrieved on May 17, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RevMag-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RevMag_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer D. 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The authenticity of the document was neither acknowledged nor challenged by Google.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orgcoccj-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orgcoccj_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">December 10, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cj.com/news/press_releases0102/press_021210.html">Online Marketing Service Providers Announce Web Publisher Code of Conduct</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827144726/http://www.cj.com/news/press_releases0102/press_021210.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (contains original CoC text), <i>CJ.com</i>, retrieved June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lsadd-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lsadd_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">December 12, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linkshare.com/press/addendum.html">LinkShare's Anti-Predatory Advertising Addendum</a>, <i>LinkShare.com</i>, retrieved June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sastos-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sastos_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shareasale.com/agreement.cfm">ShareASale Affiliate Service Agreement</a>, <i>ShareASale.com</i>, retrieved June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cjcalawsuit-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cjcalawsuit_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">April 20, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjclassaction.com/">AdWare Class Action Lawsuit against - ValueClick, Commission Junction and beFree</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704183154/http://www.cjclassaction.com/">Archived</a> 2007-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Law Firms of Nassiri & Jung LLP and Hagens Berman</i>, retrieved from CJClassAction.com on June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossoJansen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rosso, Mark; Jansen, Bernard (Jim) (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol27/iss1/6">"Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising"</a>. <i>Communications of the Association for Information Systems</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706">10.17705/1CAIS.02706</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+Association+for+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Brand+Names+as+Keywords+in+Sponsored+Search+Advertising&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17705%2F1CAIS.02706&rft.aulast=Rosso&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Bernard+%28Jim%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faisel.aisnet.org%2Fcais%2Fvol27%2Fiss1%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2009/10/endortest.shtm">FTC Publishes Final Guides Governing Endorsements, Testimonials</a>. 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Retrieved on 2013-09-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revotb-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revotb_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revotb_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Wharton (March/April 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mthink.com/article/learning-outside-box/">Learning Outside the Box</a>, <i>Revenue Magazine</i>, Issue: March/April 2007, Page 58, link to online version retrieved June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revwetrain-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revwetrain_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">March/April 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revenuetoday.com/story/webextra-issue16-2">How Do Companies Train Affiliate Managers?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091205/http://www.revenuetoday.com/story/webextra-issue16-2">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Web Extra), <i>RevenueToday.com</i>, retrieved June 26, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazonlaw-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amazonlaw_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazerov2009" class="citation cs2">Mazerov, Michael (24 July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/new-yorks-amazon-law-an-important-tool-for-collecting-taxes-owed-on-internet-purchases"><i>New York's "Amazon Law": An Important Tool for Collecting Taxes Owed on Internet Purchases</i></a>, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York%27s+%22Amazon+Law%22%3A+An+Important+Tool+for+Collecting+Taxes+Owed+on+Internet+Purchases&rft.pub=Center+on+Budget+and+Policy+Priorities&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Mazerov&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbpp.org%2Fresearch%2Fnew-yorks-amazon-law-an-important-tool-for-collecting-taxes-owed-on-internet-purchases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Wayfair,_Inc." title="South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.">South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/17-494">585 U.S. No. 17–494.</a> (June 21, 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iab-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iab_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IAB, Friday, 27 March 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iabuk.net/en/1/iabaffiliatemarketingcouncilstrengthensonlinevouchercodebestpracticeguidelines270309.mxs">IAB affiliate council strengthens voucher code guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107020320/http://www.iabuk.net/en/1/iabaffiliatemarketingcouncilstrengthensonlinevouchercodebestpracticeguidelines270309.mxs">Archived</a> January 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Bruce C. (2009). <i>The Complete Guide to Affiliate Marketing on the Web: How to Use and Profit from Affiliate Marketing Programs</i>. Ocala, FL: Atlantic Publishing Company. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781601381255" title="Special:BookSources/9781601381255"><bdi>9781601381255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Affiliate+Marketing+on+the+Web%3A+How+to+Use+and+Profit+from+Affiliate+Marketing+Programs&rft.place=Ocala%2C+FL&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781601381255&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnuson2018" class="citation book cs1">Magnuson, Alain (2018). <i>Affiliate Marketing: How to Create Your $100,000+ a Year Online Business</i>. Reykjavik, Iceland: Hafsteinn Þórðarson. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07CJX9GVH">B07CJX9GVH</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affiliate+Marketing%3A+How+to+Create+Your+%24100%2C000%2B+a+Year+Online+Business&rft.place=Reykjavik%2C+Iceland&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Hafsteinn+%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07CJX9GVH%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Magnuson&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Surabhi (2017). "Affiliate Marketing and Customer Satisfaction". In Singh, Surabhi (ed.). <i>Driving Traffic and Customer Activity Through Affiliate Marketing</i>. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference (imprint of IGI Global). p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781522526575" title="Special:BookSources/9781522526575"><bdi>9781522526575</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982088904">982088904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affiliate+Marketing+and+Customer+Satisfaction&rft.btitle=Driving+Traffic+and+Customer+Activity+Through+Affiliate+Marketing&rft.place=Hershey%2C+PA&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Business+Science+Reference+%28imprint+of+IGI+Global%29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982088904&rft.isbn=9781522526575&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Surabhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidtJunghagenHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Simon; Junghagen, Sven; Harris, Uri (2003). <i>Strategic Affiliate Marketing</i>. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843763907" title="Special:BookSources/1843763907"><bdi>1843763907</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248974143">248974143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Affiliate+Marketing&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248974143&rft.isbn=1843763907&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Junghagen%2C+Sven&rft.au=Harris%2C+Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffiliate+marketing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botw.org/top/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Authoring/Webmaster_Resources/Affiliate_Programs/">Affiliate Programs</a> at the BOTW Directory</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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