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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cloud physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atmospheric electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_tide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_tide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atmospheric tide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_tide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aeronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centers_of_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centers_of_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Centers of research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centers_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فيزياء الغلاف الجوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء الغلاف الجوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferin_t%C9%99rkibi" title="Atmosferin tərkibi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosferin tərkibi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фізіка атмасферы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізіка атмасферы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атмосферна физика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атмосферна физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_atmosf%C3%A8rica" title="Física atmosfèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Física atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атмосфера физики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атмосфера физики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4rif%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Atmosfäärifüüsika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atmosfäärifüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_la_atm%C3%B3sfera" title="Física de la atmósfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física de la atmósfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="فیزیک اتمسفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک اتمسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique_de_l%27atmosph%C3%A8re" title="Physique de l'atmosphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physique de l'atmosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisic_atmaisf%C3%A9arach" title="Fisic atmaisféarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisic atmaisféarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="대기물리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대기물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մթնոլորտային ֆիզիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտային ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_meteorologija" title="Fizička meteorologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizička meteorologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_atmosfer" title="Fisika atmosfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika atmosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica_dell%27atmosfera" title="Fisica dell'atmosfera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica dell'atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ატმოსფეროს ფიზიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატმოსფეროს ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gk%C3%B6rfizika" title="Légkörfizika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légkörfizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атмосферска физика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атмосферска физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik_atmosfera" title="Fizik atmosfera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fizik atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大気物理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大気物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_fizikasi" title="Atmosfera fizikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atmosfera fizikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اتومسفیري فزیک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتومسفیري فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka_atmosfery" title="Fizyka atmosfery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyka atmosfery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologia_f%C3%ADsica" title="Meteorologia física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meteorologia física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Физика атмосферы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физика атмосферы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_fizi%C4%9Fi" title="Atmosfer fiziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atmosfer fiziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фізика атмосфери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізика атмосфери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83n" title="Vật lý khí quyển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý khí quyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大气物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_Atmosfir" title="Fisika Atmosfir – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Fisika Atmosfir" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of <a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">scattering theory</a>, wave propagation models, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">cloud physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_statistics" title="Spatial statistics">spatial statistics</a> which are highly mathematical and related to physics. It has close links to <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a> and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> instruments. At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of sounding rockets, aeronomy became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remote_sensing">Remote sensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Remote sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather_radar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Weather_radar.jpg/220px-Weather_radar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Weather_radar.jpg/330px-Weather_radar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Weather_radar.jpg/440px-Weather_radar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Brightness can indicate reflectivity as in this 1960 <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> image (of <a href="/wiki/1960_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Abby" title="1960 Atlantic hurricane season">Hurricane Abby</a>). The radar's frequency, pulse form, and antenna largely determine what it can observe.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></div> <p>Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s) that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object (such as by way of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a>). In practice, remote sensing is the stand-off collection through the use of a variety of devices for gathering information on a given object or area which gives more information than sensors at individual sites might convey.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellite</a> collection platforms, ocean and atmospheric observing <a href="/wiki/Weather_buoy" title="Weather buoy">weather buoy</a> platforms, monitoring of a pregnancy via <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), <a href="/wiki/Positron-emission_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron-emission tomography">positron-emission tomography</a> (PET), and <a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">space probes</a> are all examples of remote sensing. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of imaging sensor technologies including but not limited to the use of instruments aboard aircraft and spacecraft, and is distinct from other imaging-related fields such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>. </p><p>There are two kinds of remote sensing. Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors include film <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, infrared, <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-coupled devices">charge-coupled devices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometers</a>. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SODAR" class="mw-redirect" title="SODAR">SODAR</a> are examples of active remote sensing techniques used in atmospheric physics where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, height, speed and direction of an object.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> on <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and Arctic and Antarctic regions, and <a href="/wiki/Depth_sounding" title="Depth sounding">depth sounding</a> of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed. </p><p>Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth sciences</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource management</a>, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiation">Radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Seasons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/266px-Seasons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/399px-Seasons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Seasons.svg/532px-Seasons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>This is a diagram of the seasons. In addition to the density of incident light, the <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipation</a> of light in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is greater when it falls at a shallow angle.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_sun_angle_on_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of sun angle on climate">Effect of sun angle on climate</a></div> <p>Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere). </p><p>Solar radiation contains variety of wavelengths. Visible light has wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shorter wavelengths are known as the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) part of the spectrum, while longer wavelengths are grouped into the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> portion of the spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ozone is most effective in absorbing radiation around 0.25 micrometers,<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where UV-c rays lie in the spectrum. This increases the temperature of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>. Snow reflects 88% of UV rays,<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while sand reflects 12%, and water reflects only 4% of incoming UV radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-UDE_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more glancing the angle is between the atmosphere and the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>'s rays, the more likely that energy will be reflected or absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terrestrial radiation is emitted at much longer wavelengths than solar radiation. This is because Earth is much colder than the sun. Radiation is emitted by Earth across a range of wavelengths, as formalized in <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law</a>. The wavelength of maximum energy is around 10 micrometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cloud_physics">Cloud physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cloud physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Cloud physics</a></div> <p>Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>. Clouds are composed of microscopic droplets of water (warm clouds), tiny crystals of ice, or both (mixed phase clouds). Under suitable conditions, the droplets combine to form <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, where they may fall to the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise mechanics of how a cloud forms and grows is not completely understood, but scientists have developed theories explaining the structure of clouds by studying the microphysics of individual droplets. Advances in radar and satellite technology have also allowed the precise study of clouds on a large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_electricity">Atmospheric electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atmospheric electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg/220px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg/330px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg/440px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption>Cloud-to-ground <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> in the global atmospheric electrical circuit</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">Atmospheric electricity</a></div> <p>Atmospheric electricity is the term given to the electrostatics and electrodynamics of the atmosphere (or, more broadly, the atmosphere of any <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Earth's surface</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, and the atmosphere is known as the <a href="/wiki/Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit" title="Global atmospheric electrical circuit">global atmospheric electrical circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lightning discharges 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a>, at up to 100 million <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, and emits light, radio waves, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> densities may exceed 10<sup>24</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_tide">Atmospheric tide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Atmospheric tide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tide" title="Atmospheric tide">Atmospheric tide</a></div> <p>The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> when the atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides generated are then able to propagate away from these source regions and ascend into the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>. Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features: </p><p>i) Atmospheric tides are primarily excited by the Sun's heating of the atmosphere whereas ocean tides are primarily excited by the Moon's gravitational field. This means that most atmospheric tides have periods of oscillation related to the 24-hour length of the solar day whereas ocean tides have longer periods of oscillation related to the lunar day (time between successive lunar transits) of about 24 hours 51 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ii) Atmospheric tides propagate in an atmosphere where density varies significantly with height. A consequence of this is that their amplitudes naturally increase exponentially as the tide ascends into progressively more rarefied regions of the atmosphere (for an explanation of this phenomenon, see below). In contrast, the density of the oceans varies only slightly with depth and so there the tides do not necessarily vary in amplitude with depth. </p><p>Note that although solar heating is responsible for the largest-amplitude atmospheric tides, the gravitational fields of the Sun and Moon also raise tides in the atmosphere, with the lunar gravitational atmospheric tidal effect being significantly greater than its solar counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At ground level, atmospheric tides can be detected as regular but small oscillations in surface pressure with periods of 24 and 12 hours. Daily pressure maxima occur at 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. local time, while minima occur at 4 a.m. and 4 p.m. local time. The absolute maximum occurs at 10 a.m. while the absolute minimum occurs at 4 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at greater heights the amplitudes of the tides can become very large. In the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> (heights of ~ 50 – 100 km) atmospheric tides can reach amplitudes of more than 50 m/s and are often the most significant part of the motion of the atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aeronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upperatmoslight1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/250px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/375px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Upperatmoslight1.jpg/500px-Upperatmoslight1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Representation of upper-atmospheric lightning and electrical-discharge phenomena</figcaption></figure> <p>Aeronomy is the science of the upper region of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. The term aeronomy was introduced by Sydney Chapman in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounding rockets">sounding rockets</a> which provide valuable data about this region of the atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tide" title="Atmospheric tide">Atmospheric tides</a> play an important role in interacting with both the lower and upper atmosphere. Amongst the phenomena studied are <a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">upper-atmospheric lightning</a> discharges, such as luminous events called red <a href="/wiki/Sprites_(lightning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprites (lightning)">sprites</a>, sprite halos, blue jets, and elves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centers_of_research">Centers of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Centers of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, atmospheric studies are underpinned by the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a>. Divisions of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a> oversee research projects and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> modeling involving atmospheric physics. The US <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center</a> also carries out studies of the high atmosphere. In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy</a> studies the atmosphere and <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>. In France, there are several public or private entities researching the atmosphere, as an example météo-France (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France" title="Météo-France">Météo-France</a>), several laboratories in the national scientific research center (such as the laboratories in the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Pierre_Simon_Laplace" title="Institut Pierre Simon Laplace">IPSL</a> group). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">Adiabatic lapse rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics" title="Atmospheric thermodynamics">Atmospheric thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinic_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroclinic instability">Baroclinic instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotropic_vorticity_equation" title="Barotropic vorticity equation">Barotropic vorticity equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convective_instability" title="Convective instability">Convective instability</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Euler equations">Euler equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exometeorology" title="Exometeorology">Exometeorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FluxNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FluxNet">FluxNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_wind" title="Geostrophic wind">Geostrophic wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic balance">Hydrostatic balance</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_instability" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz instability">Kelvin–Helmholtz instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madden%E2%80%93Julian_oscillation" title="Madden–Julian oscillation">Madden–Julian oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations" title="Navier–Stokes equations">Navier–Stokes equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_vorticity" title="Potential vorticity">Potential vorticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-gradient_force" title="Pressure-gradient force">Pressure-gradient force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_equations" title="Primitive equations">Primitive equations</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_number" title="Rossby number">Rossby number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_radius_of_deformation" title="Rossby radius of deformation">Rossby radius of deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_physics" title="Space physics">Space physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wind" title="Thermal wind">Thermal wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticity_equation" title="Vorticity equation">Vorticity equation</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">COMET program (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comet.ucar.edu/nsflab/web/remote/121.htm">Remote Sensing.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507000326/http://www.comet.ucar.edu/nsflab/web/remote/121.htm">Archived</a> 2013-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_Corporation_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="University Corporation for Atmospheric Research">University Corporation for Atmospheric Research</a>. Retrieved on 2009-04-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=radar1">Radar.</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>. Retrieved on 2009-24-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hurricanes.nasa.gov/earth-sun/technology/remote_sensing.html">Earth.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929081013/http://hurricanes.nasa.gov/earth-sun/technology/remote_sensing.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2009-02-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atmospheric Science Data Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html">What Wavelength Goes With a Color?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105431/http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Windows to the Universe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/earth_atmosph_radiation_budget.html">Solar Energy in Earth's Atmosphere.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001838/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/earth_atmosph_radiation_budget.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UDE_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udel.edu/Geography/DeLiberty/Geog474/geog474_energy_interact.html">Geog 474: Energy Interactions with the Atmosphere and at the Surface.</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeling Jesuit University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cet.edu/ete/modules/ozone/ozatmo.html">Exploring the Environment: UV Menace.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830094306/http://www.cet.edu/ete/modules/ozone/ozatmo.html">Archived</a> August 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2007-06-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Weather Modification Demonstration Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evac.ou.edu/okwmdp/physics.html">CLOUD PHYSICS.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723154301/http://www.evac.ou.edu/okwmdp/physics.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Hugh J. Christian and Melanie A. McCook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer/primer3.html">Lightning Detection From Space: A Lightning Primer.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430142456/http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer/primer3.html">Archived</a> April 30, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/rhessi_tgf.html">Flashes in the Sky: Earth's Gamma-Ray Bursts Triggered by Lightning.</a> Retrieved on 2007-06-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fusion Energy Education.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/Lightning.html">Lightning! Sound and Fury.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123043211/http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/CPEP/Chart_Pages/5.Plasmas/Lightning.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glossary of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=atmospheric-tide1">Atmospheric Tide.</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=does-the-moon-have-a-tida">Does the Moon have a tidal effect on the atmosphere as well as the oceans?.</a> Retrieved on 2008-07-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr James B. Calvert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/geol/tides.htm">Tidal Observations.</a> Retrieved on 2008-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew F. Nagy, p. 1-2 in <i>Comparative Aeronomy</i>, ed. by Andrew F. Nagy <i>et al.</i> (Springer 2008, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-87824-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-87824-9">978-0-387-87824-9</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. V. Iribarne, H. R. Cho, <i>Atmospheric Physics</i>, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1980.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_physics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">Atmospheric electricity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atmospheric physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology#Dynamic_meteorology" title="Meteorology">Atmospheric dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dynamo" title="Atmospheric dynamo">Atmospheric dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electromagnetism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ELF/VLF emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_atmospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio atmospheric">Radio atmospherics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistler_(radio)" title="Whistler (radio)">Whistlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_chorus_(electromagnetic)" title="Dawn chorus (electromagnetic)">Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiss_(electromagnetic)" title="Hiss (electromagnetic)">Hiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical emissions</th><td 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