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href="#List_of_Greek_nomina_sacra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of Greek <i>nomina sacra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Greek_nomina_sacra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_Greek_manuscripts_containing_nomina_sacra_(before_300_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_Greek_manuscripts_containing_nomina_sacra_(before_300_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New Testament Greek manuscripts containing <i>nomina sacra</i> (before 300 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_Greek_manuscripts_containing_nomina_sacra_(before_300_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nomina sacra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Свещени имена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свещени имена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ιερές συντομογραφίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιερές συντομογραφίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombres_sagrados" title="Nombres sagrados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombres sagrados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallongigo_de_la_sanktaj_nomoj" title="Mallongigo de la sanktaj nomoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mallongigo de la sanktaj nomoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98_%EC%82%AC%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="노미나 사크라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노미나 사크라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9" title="ノミナ・サクラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノミナ・サクラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nomina sacra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_sacra" title="Nomina sacra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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practice</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg/220px-Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg/330px-Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Nomina_Sacra_in_Codex_Vaticanus_John_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Two <i>nomina sacra</i> are highlighted, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> and <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span>, representing <i>of/from Jesus</i> and <i>of/from God</i> (as these are genitives) respectively, in this passage from John 1 in Codex Vaticanus (B), 4th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> scribal practice, <b>nomina sacra</b> (singular: <b>nomen sacrum</b>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. A nomen sacrum consists of two or more letters from the original word spanned by an <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a>. </p><p>Biblical scholar and textual critic <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a> lists 15 such words treated as <i>nomina sacra</i> from Greek papyri: the Greek counterparts of <i>God</i>, <i>Lord</i>, <i>Jesus</i>, <i>Christ</i>, <i>Son</i>, <i>Spirit</i>, <i>David</i>, <i>Cross</i>, <i>Mother</i>, <i>Father</i>, <i>Israel</i>, <i>Savior</i>, <i>Man</i>, <i>Jerusalem</i>, and <i>Heaven</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-greekpalaeo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekpalaeo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup> These <i>nomina sacra</i> are all found in Greek manuscripts of the 3rd century and earlier, except <i>Mother</i>, which appears in the 4th. All 15 occur in Greek manuscripts later than the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nomina sacra</i> also occur in some form in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (indicated by the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:՟">pativ</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (indicated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg/300px-Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg/450px-Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg/600px-Nomina_sacra_IC_XC_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Nomina sacra ΙϹ ΧϹ, from the Greek ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (Jesus Christ — the letter Ϲ on the icon being koine Greek Σ). Detail from an icon at the Troyan Monastery in Bulgaria. <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Icon_of_Virgin_and_Child_in_Anti-Chamber_of_church_at_monastery.JPG">See complete icon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Nomina sacra</i> are consistently observed in even the earliest extant Christian writings, along with the <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> form rather than the <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">roll</a>, implying that when these were written, in approximately the second century, the practice had already been established for some time. However, it is not known precisely when and how the <i>nomina sacra</i> first arose. </p><p>The initial system of <i>nomina sacra</i> apparently consisted of just four or five words, called <i>nomina divina</i>: the Greek words for <i>Jesus</i>, <i>Christ</i>, <i>Lord</i>, <i>God</i>, and possibly <i>Spirit</i>. The practice quickly expanded to a number of other words regarded as sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the system of <i>nomina sacra</i> that came to prevail, abbreviation is by <i>contraction</i>, meaning that the first and last letter (at least) of each word are used. In a few early cases, an alternate practice is seen of abbreviation by <i>suspension</i>, meaning that the initial two letters (at least) of the word are used; e.g., the opening verses of Revelation in <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">𝔓<sup>18</sup></a></span> write <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰησοῦς Χριστός</span></span> (<i>Jesus Christ</i>) as <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡ</span>. Contraction, however, offered the practical advantage of indicating the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_nouns#Cases" title="Ancient Greek nouns">case</a> of the abbreviated noun. </p><p>It is evident that the use of <i>nomina sacra</i> was an act of reverence rather than a purely practical space-saving device,<sup id="cite_ref-hurtado_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurtado-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100, 104-106">: 100, 104-106 </span></sup> as they were employed even where well-established abbreviations of far more frequent words such as <i>and</i> were avoided,<sup id="cite_ref-hurtado_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurtado-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 101">: 101 </span></sup> and the <i>nomen sacrum</i> itself was written with generous spacing.<sup id="cite_ref-hurtado_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurtado-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> Furthermore, early scribes often distinguished between mundane and sacred occurrences of the same word, e.g. a <i>spirit</i> vs. the <i>Spirit</i>, and applied <i>nomina sacra</i> only to the latter (at times necessarily revealing an exegetical choice), although later scribes would mechanically abbreviate all occurrences. </p><p>Scholars have advanced a number of theories on the origin of the <i>nomina sacra</i>. Biblical scholar Larry Hurtado has suggested <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> as the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a> spanning the <i>nomen sacrum</i>, with <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗ</span>, the ordinary way of writing "18", being taken as reminiscent of a suspended form of ΙΗΣΟΥΣ (Jesus).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Greek Scripture manuscripts the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">tetragrammaton</a> (transliterated as YHWH) is found unabbreviated in the Greek text. The Septuagint manuscript <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a> even uses an abbreviated form of the tetragrammaton: two Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zetas</a> with a horizontal line through the middle, imitating two Paleo-Hebrew <i><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodhs</a></i> (𐤉‬𐤉).<sup id="cite_ref-hurtado_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurtado-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek culture also employed a number of ways of abbreviating even proper names, though none in quite the same form as the <i>nomina sacra</i>. Inspiration for the contracted forms (using the first and last letter) has also been seen in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>, where Jesus speaks of himself as "the beginning and the end" and "the first and the last" as well "<a href="/wiki/The_Alpha_and_the_Omega" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alpha and the Omega">the Alpha and the Omega</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/George_Howard_(Hebraist)" title="George Howard (Hebraist)">George Howard</a> argues that <span style="text-decoration:overline;">κς</span> (κύριος) and <span style="text-decoration:overline;">θς</span> (θεός) were the initial <i>nomina sacra</i>, created by non-Jewish Christian scribes who "found no traditional reasons to preserve the tetragrammaton" in copies of the Septuagint. Hurtado, following Colin Roberts, rejects that claim in favour of the theory that the first was <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ιη</span> (Ἰησοῦς), as suggested in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, followed by the analogous <span style="text-decoration:overline;">χρ</span> (Χριστός), and later by <span style="text-decoration:overline;">κς</span> and <span style="text-decoration:overline;">θς</span>, at about the time when the contracted forms <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ις</span> and <span style="text-decoration:overline;">χς</span> were adopted for the first two.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurtado2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilliers Breytenbach and Christiane Zimmermann report that by the end of the 2nd century <i>nomina sacra</i> occur even in Christian tomb inscriptions in Greek in <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a> (modern central Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Greek_nomina_sacra">List of Greek <i>nomina sacra</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of Greek nomina sacra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-greekpalaeo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekpalaeo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg/220px-P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg/330px-P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/P111-Luk-17_11-13-POxy4495-III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">Papyrus 111</a> (3rd century AD), with the <i>nomen sacrum</i> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> (indicating genitive 'of Jesus', Ἰησοῦ) visible at bottom</figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr> <th align="left" scope="col" width="140px">English meaning </th> <th align="left" scope="col" width="120px">Greek word </th> <th align="left" scope="col" width="160px">Nominative (Subject) </th> <th align="left" scope="col" width="160px">Genitive (Possessive) </th></tr> <tr> <td>God</td> <td>Θεός, <i>Theos</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lord</td> <td>Κύριος, <i>Kyrios</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰησοῦς</span></span>, <i>Iēsous</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christ/Messiah</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χριστός</span></span>, <i>Christos</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Son</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Υἱός</span></span>, <i>Huios</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spirit</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πνεῦμα</span></span>, <i>Pneuma</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΣ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΟΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>David</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δαυίδ</span></span>, <i>Dauid</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΔΑΔ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cross</td> <td>Σταυρός, <i>Stauros</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mother</td> <td>Μήτηρ, <i>Mētēr</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΜΗΡ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΜΡ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΜΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Father</td> <td>Πατήρ, <i>Patēr</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span>, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰσραήλ</span></span>, <i>Israēl</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΛ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savior</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σωτήρ</span></span>, <i>Sōtēr</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΗΡ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄνθρωπος</span></span>, <i>Anthrōpos</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jerusalem</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἱερουσαλήμ</span></span>, <i>Ierousalēm</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΛΗΜ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heaven/Heavens</td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὐρανός</span></span>, <i>Ouranos</i></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΟΥΝΟΣ</span></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΟΥΝΟΥ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament_Greek_manuscripts_containing_nomina_sacra_(before_300_CE)"><span id="New_Testament_Greek_manuscripts_containing_nomina_sacra_.28before_300_CE.29"></span>New Testament Greek manuscripts containing <i>nomina sacra</i> (before 300 CE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament Greek manuscripts containing nomina sacra (before 300 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Greek manuscript </th> <th>Manuscript date </th> <th>Nomina sacra used </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">𝔓<sup>1</sup></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">P. Oxy.</a> 2) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">𝔓<sup>4</sup></a></span> (Suppl. Gr. 1120) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">150–225</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">𝔓<sup>5</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 208 + 1781) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_9" title="Papyrus 9">𝔓<sup>9</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 402) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_12" title="Papyrus 12">𝔓<sup>12</sup></a></span> (P. Amherst. 3b) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~285</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_13" title="Papyrus 13">𝔓<sup>13</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 657 + PSI 1292) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">225–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_15" title="Papyrus 15">𝔓<sup>15</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1008) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΜΟΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_16" title="Papyrus 16">𝔓<sup>16</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1009) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">250–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΩ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_17" title="Papyrus 17">𝔓<sup>17</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1078) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">𝔓<sup>18</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1079) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">250–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_20" title="Papyrus 20">𝔓<sup>20</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1171) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">𝔓<sup>22</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1228) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_24" title="Papyrus 24">𝔓<sup>24</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1230) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_27" title="Papyrus 27">𝔓<sup>27</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1395) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">𝔓<sup>28</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1596) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">255–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">𝔓<sup>29</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1597) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_30" title="Papyrus 30">𝔓<sup>30</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1598) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_32" title="Papyrus 32">𝔓<sup>32</sup></a></span> (P. Rylands 5) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">150–200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">𝔓<sup>35</sup></a></span> (PSI 1) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">𝔓<sup>37</sup></a></span> (P. Mich. Inv. 1570) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~260</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">𝔓<sup>38</sup></a></span> (P. Mich. Inv. 1571) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~225</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΤΑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">𝔓<sup>39</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 1780) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_40" title="Papyrus 40">𝔓<sup>40</sup></a></span> (P. Heidelberg G. 645) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">𝔓<sup>45</sup></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Papyri" title="Chester Beatty Papyri">P. Chester Beatty</a> I) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span><br /><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨Ν</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΝΑΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">𝔓<sup>46</sup></a></span> (P. Chester Beatty II <br /> + P. Mich. Inv. 6238) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">175–225</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΙΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΡΕΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΡΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΡΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΡΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΡΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣΤΡΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣΤΡΑΙ</span> </p><p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣΤΑΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΙΜΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">𝔓<sup>47</sup></a></span> (P. Chester Beatty III) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣΤΡΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">𝔓<sup>48</sup></a></span> (PSI 1165) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_49" title="Papyrus 49">𝔓<sup>49</sup></a></span> (P. Yale 415 + 531) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΩ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">𝔓<sup>50</sup></a></span> (P. Yal 1543) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΛΗΜ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">𝔓<sup>53</sup></a></span> (P. Mich. inv. 6652) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΕΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 64">𝔓<sup>64</sup></a></span> (Gr. 17) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~150</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_65" title="Papyrus 65">𝔓<sup>65</sup></a></span> (PSI XIV 1373) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">𝔓<sup>66</sup></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bodmer_Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodmer Papyri">P. Bodmer</a> II + <br /> Inv. Nr. 4274/4298) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">150–200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΕΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΕΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨Ω</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΘΗ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΑΤΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΩΣΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣ⳨ΑΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΕΣ⳨ΘΗ</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">𝔓<sup>69</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 2383) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">𝔓<sup>70</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 2384 +<br /> PSI Inv. CNR 419, 420) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">250–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_72" title="Papyrus 72">𝔓<sup>72</sup></a></span> (P. Bodmer VII and VIII) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΑΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΤΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΤΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΙ</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">𝔓<sup>75</sup></a></span> (P. Bodmer XIV and XV) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">175–225</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΕ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΤΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑΣΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑΤΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡ</span> </p><p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΛ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΛΗΜ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΣΤ⳨ΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">Σ⳨ΩΘΗΝΑΙ</span> </p><p><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΕ</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_78" title="Papyrus 78">𝔓<sup>78</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 2684) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">250–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">𝔓<sup>90</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 3523) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">150–200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">𝔓<sup>91</sup></a></span> (P. Mil. Vogl. Inv. 1224 + P. Macquarie Inv. 360) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_92" title="Papyrus 92">𝔓<sup>92</sup></a></span> (P. Narmuthis 69.39a + 69.229a) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_100" title="Papyrus 100">𝔓<sup>100</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 4449) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">𝔓<sup>101</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 4401) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">𝔓<sup>106</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 4445) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">𝔓<sup>108</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 4447) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">175–225</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΝ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">𝔓<sup>110</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 4494) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">𝔓<sup>111</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy 4495) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΥ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_113" title="Papyrus 113">𝔓<sup>113</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 4497) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_114" title="Papyrus 114">𝔓<sup>114</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 4498) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">200–250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">𝔓<sup>115</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 4499) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">225–275</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΛ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΥΤΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΩΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΟΥΝΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΟΥΝΟΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΟΥΝΩ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">𝔓<sup>121</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 4805) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~250</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΜΗΙ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">𝔓<sup>137</sup></a></span> (P. Oxy. 5345) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">100-200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΙ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0162" title="Uncial 0162">0162</a> (P. Oxy 847) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΡΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0171" title="Uncial 0171">0171</a> (PSI 2.124) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΗΣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a> (P. Berlin 11765) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~200</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΛΗΜ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΩ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΣΗΛ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0220" title="Uncial 0220">0220</a> (MS 113) </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">~300</div> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΚΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΙΝ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ΘΥ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">Christogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurogram" title="Staurogram">Staurogram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-greekpalaeo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greekpalaeo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greekpalaeo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1981" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC&pg=PA36"><i>Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536532-0"><bdi>978-0-19-536532-0</bdi></a>. <q>In the developed Byzantine usage the fifteen <em>nomina sacra</em> in their nominative and genitive forms are as follows: [...] Scholars differ in accounting for the origin and development of the system of <em>nomina sacra</em>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+of+the+Greek+Bible%3A+An+Introduction+to+Palaeography&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536532-0&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ35H7PQDQ1oC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComfortBarrett2001" class="citation book cs1">Comfort, Philip Wesley; Barrett, David (2001). <i>Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts</i> (2 ed.). Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-5265-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8423-5265-1"><bdi>0-8423-5265-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Earliest+New+Testament+Greek+Manuscripts&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=34-35&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8423-5265-1&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Philip+Wesley&rft.au=Barrett%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2006" class="citation journal cs1">Charlesworth, S. D. (2006). "Consensus standardization in the systematic approach to <i>nomina sacra</i> in second- and third-century gospel manuscripts". <i>Aegyptus</i>. <b>86</b>: 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aegyptus&rft.atitle=Consensus+standardization+in+the+systematic+approach+to+nomina+sacra+in+second-+and+third-century+gospel+manuscripts&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurtado-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hurtado_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurtado_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurtado_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurtado_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry Weir</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&q=1007"><i>The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802828957" title="Special:BookSources/0802828957"><bdi>0802828957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Christian+Artifacts%3A+Manuscripts+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0802828957&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+Weir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5FpP9ZxqlYC%26q%3D1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry Weir</a> (1998). "The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A Proposal". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>117</b>: 655–673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Nomina+Sacra%3A+A+Proposal&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=655-673&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Netherlands: Brill. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Henderson_Roberts" title="Colin Henderson Roberts">Roberts, Colin Henderson</a> (1979). <i>Manuscript, Society, and Belief in Early Christian Egypt</i>. London: Oxford University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-725982-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-725982-0"><bdi>0-19-725982-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscript%2C+Society%2C+and+Belief+in+Early+Christian+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-19-725982-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Colin+Henderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_W._Hurtado2017" class="citation book cs1">Larry W. Hurtado (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZw9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">"The origin of the Nomina Sacra"</a>. <i>Texts and Artefacts: Selected Essays on Textual Criticism and Early Christian Manuscripts, The Library of New Testament Studies</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567677709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567677709"><bdi>978-0567677709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+Nomina+Sacra&rft.btitle=Texts+and+Artefacts%3A+Selected+Essays+on+Textual+Criticism+and+Early+Christian+Manuscripts%2C+The+Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0567677709&rft.au=Larry+W.+Hurtado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZw9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreytenbachZimmermann2018" class="citation book cs1">Breytenbach, Cilliers; Zimmermann, Christiane (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztBCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas: From Paul to Amphilochius of Iconium</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004352520" title="Special:BookSources/9789004352520"><bdi>9789004352520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+in+Lycaonia+and+Adjacent+Areas%3A+From+Paul+to+Amphilochius+of+Iconium&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004352520&rft.aulast=Breytenbach&rft.aufirst=Cilliers&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztBCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomina+sacra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All <i>nomina sacra</i> and <i>dates of manuscripts</i> taken from <i>Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts</i> - Philip Comfort and David Barrett (2001)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_sacra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a category on <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nomina_sacra_by_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Nomina sacra by language">Nomina sacra by language</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monograms_of_the_name_of_Jesus_Christ" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monograms of the name of Jesus Christ">Monograms of the name of Jesus Christ</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Don C. Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sht.ut.ee/index.php/sht/article/view/8.A.2">"P.Lond.Lit. 207 and the origin of the <i>nomina sacra</i>: a tentative proposal"</a>, <i>Studia Humaniora Tartuensia</i> 8.A.2, 2007, 1–14.</li> <li>Philip Comfort, <i>Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism</i>, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2005, pp. 199–253.</li> <li>A.H.R.E. Paap, <i>Nomina Sacra in the Greek Papyri of the First Five Centuries</i>, Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava VIII (Leiden 1959).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Traube_(palaeographer)" title="Ludwig Traube (palaeographer)">Ludwig Traube</a>. <i>Nomina Sacra. Versuch einer Geschichte der christlichen Kürzung</i>, Munich 1907.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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