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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_independent_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_independent_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Identifying independent sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_independent_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Explanation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Why_independent_sources_are_required" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Why_independent_sources_are_required"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Why independent sources are required</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Why_independent_sources_are_required-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-independent_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-independent_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-independent sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-independent_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-independent sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-independent_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Press_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Press releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syndicated_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndicated_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Syndicated stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndicated_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conflicts of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_guarantee_of_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_guarantee_of_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>No guarantee of reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_guarantee_of_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_notability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_notability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship to notability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_notability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship to notability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_notability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indiscriminate_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiscriminate_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Indiscriminate sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiscriminate_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_without_third-party_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_without_third-party_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles without third-party sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_without_third-party_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Relationship to primary and secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_self-published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_self-published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Relationship to self-published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_self-published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biased_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biased_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Biased sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biased_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_versus_independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_versus_independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Third-party versus independent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_versus_independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia's_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia's_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Wikipedia's requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wikipedia's_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wikipedia's requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia's_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Policies and guidelines requiring third-party sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_meet_the_requirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_meet_the_requirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>How to meet the requirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_meet_the_requirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Independent sources</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر مستقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر مستقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ویکی‌پدیا:باغیمسیز قایناقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:باغیمسیز قایناقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:স্বাধীন উৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:স্বাধীন উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع مستقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع مستقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_independen" title="Wikipedia:Sumber independen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Sumber independen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಮೂಲಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಮೂಲಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Nepriklausomi_%C5%A1altiniai" title="Vikipedija:Nepriklausomi šaltiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Nepriklausomi šaltiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Ellen%C5%91rizhet%C5%91s%C3%A9g_(f%C3%BCggetlen_forr%C3%A1s)" title="Wikipédia:Ellenőrizhetőség (független forrás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Ellenőrizhetőség (független forrás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:独立した情報源 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:独立した情報源" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_independentes" title="Wikipédia:Fontes independentes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Fontes independentes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independen%C8%9Ba_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Independența surselor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Independența surselor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:Independent_sources" title="විකිපීඩියා:Independent sources – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:Independent sources" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="وڪيپيڊيا:آزاد ذريعا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:آزاد ذريعا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Википедија:Независни извори – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Независни извори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:Independent_sources" title="వికీపీడియా:Independent sources – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:Independent sources" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1z_kaynaklar" title="Vikipedi:Bağımsız kaynaklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Bağımsız kaynaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Незалежні джерела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Незалежні джерела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:獨立第三方來源 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:獨立第三方來源" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11309009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-project" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="View the project page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Project page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Independent_sources" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&oldid=1255275678" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AIndependent_sources"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AIndependent_sources"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wikipedia%3AIndependent_sources&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11309009" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IS&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IS">Wikipedia:IS</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the definition of independent source when evaluating notability of a corporation or organization, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(organizations_and_companies)#Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies)">Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies) § Independent sources</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For what Wikipedia <b>is</b>, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">Wikipedia:About</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:INDY" redirects here. For the WikiProject on Indy car racing, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_American_Open_Wheel_Racing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject American Open Wheel Racing">Wikipedia:WikiProject American Open Wheel Racing</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wikipedia:Third party" redirects here. For dispute resolution from an independent editor, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Third_opinion" title="Wikipedia:Third opinion">Wikipedia:Third opinion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">explanatory essay</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAG">policies and guidelines</a></b>. <br/><div style="font-size:90%;"> This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a> as it has not been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">thoroughly vetted by the community</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:IS"></span><span id="WP:INDY"></span><span id="WP:INDEPENDENT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IS&redirect=no">WP:IS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INDY&redirect=no">WP:INDY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INDEPENDENT&redirect=no">WP:INDEPENDENT</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explanatory essay about the policies and guidelines</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Independent sources are distinguished by their lack of any direct influence with the subjects involved. Wikipedia encourages the use of independent sources because these sources are typically associated with reliability, a lack of bias, and factual accuracy.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Identifying and using <b>independent sources</b> (also called <b>third-party sources</b>) helps editors build non-promotional articles that fairly portray the subject, without <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue attention</a> to the subject's own views. Using independent sources helps protect the project from people using Wikipedia for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PROMOTION">self-promotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">personal financial benefit</a>, and other abuses. Reliance on independent sources ensures that an article can be written from a balanced, disinterested viewpoint rather than from the subject's own viewpoint or from the viewpoint of people with an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ax_to_grind" class="extiw" title="wikt:ax to grind">ax to grind</a>. Emphasizing the views of disinterested sources is necessary to achieve a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a> in an article. It also ensures articles can catalog a topic's worth and its role and achievements within society, rather than offering <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTDIR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTDIR">a directory listing</a> or the contents of a sales brochure. </p><p>In determining the type of source, there are three separate, basic characteristics to identify: </p> <ul><li>Is this source <b>self-published</b> or not? (For this question, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using self-published sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using self-published sources</a>.)</li> <li>Is this source <b>independent or third-party</b>, or is it closely affiliated with the subject?</li> <li>Is this source <b>primary</b> or not? (For this question, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_and_secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources</a>.)</li></ul> <p>Every possible combination of these three traits has been seen in sources on Wikipedia. Any combination of these three traits can produce a source that is usable for some purpose in a Wikipedia article. Identifying these characteristics will help you determine how you can use these sources. </p><p>This page deals primarily with the second question: <b>identifying and using independent and non-independent sources</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Identifying_independent_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Identifying_independent_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Identifying_independent_sources"></span>Identifying independent sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Identifying_independent_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identifying independent sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:IIS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IIS&redirect=no">WP:IIS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>An <b>independent source</b> is a source that has no vested interest in a given Wikipedia topic and therefore is commonly expected to cover the topic from a disinterested perspective. Independent sources have <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">editorial independence</a> (advertisers do not dictate content) and no conflicts of interest (there is no potential for personal, financial, or political gain to be made from the existence of the publication). </p><p>Interest in a topic becomes vested when the source (the author, the publisher, etc.) develops any financial or legal relationship to the topic. An interest in this sense may be either positive or negative. An example of a positive interest is writing about <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">yourself</a>, your family, or a product that is made or sold by your company or employer; an example of a negative interest is owning or working for a company that represents a competing product's article. These <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a> make Wikipedia editors suspect that sources from these people will give more importance to advancing their own interests (personal, financial, legal, etc.) in the topic than to advancing knowledge about the topic. Sources by involved family members, employees, and officers of organizations are not independent. </p><p><i>Independence</i> does not imply <i>even-handedness</i>. An independent source may hold a strongly positive or negative view of a topic or an idea. For example, a scholar might write about <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in developing countries, and they may personally strongly favor teaching all children how to read, regardless of gender or socioeconomic status. Yet if the author gains no personal benefit from the education of these children, then the publication is an independent source on the topic. </p><p>Material available from sources that are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>, or biased because of a conflict of interest can play a role in writing an article, but it must be possible to source the information that establishes the subject's real-world notability to independent, third-party sources. Reliance on independent sources ensures that an article can be written from a balanced, disinterested viewpoint rather than from the person's own viewpoint. It also ensures articles can catalogue a topic's worth, its role and achievements within society, rather than offering <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTDIR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTDIR">a directory listing</a> or the contents of a sales brochure. </p><p>Articles that don't reference independent sources should be tagged with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Third-party" title="Template:Third-party">third-party</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, and if no substantive coverage in independent reliable secondary sources can be identified, then the article should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AFD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AFD">nominated for deletion</a>. If the article's content is strictly promotional, it should even be made a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPEEDY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPEEDY">speedy deletion</a> under criterion <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD_G11" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD G11">WP:CSD G11</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Explanation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explanation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explanation"></span>Explanation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explanation"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wikipedia strives to be of the highest standard possible, and to avoid writing on topics from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">biased viewpoint</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> was created as an expansion of the neutral point of view policy, to allow information to be checked for any form of bias. It has been noticed, however, that some articles are sourcing their content solely from the topic itself, which creates a level of bias within an article. Where this <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a> is the only source available on the topic, this bias is impossible to correct. Such articles tend to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CoI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CoI">vanity pieces</a>, although it is becoming increasingly hard to differentiate this within certain topic areas. </p><p>If Wikipedia is, as defined by the three key content policies, an encyclopaedia which <b>summarises</b> viewpoints rather than a repository <b>for</b> viewpoints, to achieve this goal, articles must demonstrate that the topic they are covering has been mentioned in reliable sources independent of the topic itself. These sources should be independent of both the topic and of Wikipedia, and should be of the standard described in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources</a>. Articles should not be built using <b>only</b> vested-interest sources. This requirement for independent sources is so as to determine that the topic can be written about without <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">bias</a>; otherwise the article is likely to fall foul of our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CoI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CoI">vanity</a> guidelines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of a Wikipedia article about a website, for example, independent sources would include an article in a newspaper which describes the site, but a reference to the site itself would lack independence (and would instead be considered a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY">primary</a> source). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of independent and non-independent sources for some common subjects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>You're writing about... </th> <th>Potentially independent </th> <th>Non-independent </th></tr> <tr> <td>a business </td> <td>News media, government agency </td> <td>Owner, employees, corporate website or press release, sales brochure, competitor's website </td></tr> <tr> <td>a person </td> <td>News media, popular or scholarly book </td> <td>Person, family members, friends, employer, employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>a city </td> <td>National media, textbook, encyclopedias, other reference works </td> <td>Mayor's website, local booster clubs, local chamber of commerce website </td></tr> <tr> <td>a book, music recording, movie, video game </td> <td>Newspaper or magazine review, book (or chapter) </td> <td>Production company website, publishing company website, website for the book/album/movie, instruction manuals published by the video game's maker, album sleeve notes, book jacket copy, autobiography by the musician, actor, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>online content </td> <td>News media </td> <td>Host website, creator's social media </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These simple examples need to be interpreted with all the facts and circumstances in mind. For example, a newspaper that depends on advertising revenue might not be truly independent in their coverage of the local businesses that advertise in the paper. As well, a newspaper owned by person X might not be truly independent in its coverage of person X and their business activities. </p><p>Every article on Wikipedia must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Based_upon" title="Wikipedia:Based upon">based</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiable</a> statements from <b>multiple third-party <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a></b> with a reputation for fact-checking and <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision#In_information_systems" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy</a>. A <u>third-party source</u> is one that is entirely independent of the subject being covered, e.g., a newspaper reporter covering a story that they are not involved in except <i>in their capacity as a reporter</i>. The opposite of a third-party source is a <i>first-party</i> or <i>non-independent</i> source.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A first-party, non-independent source about the president of an environmental lobby group would be a report published by that lobby group's communications branch. A third-party source is not affiliated with the event, not paid by the people who are involved, and not otherwise likely to have a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> related to the material. </p><p>This concept is contrasted with the unrelated concept of a <i>secondary source</i>, which is one where the material presented is based on some other original material, e.g., a non-fiction book analyzing original material such as news reports, and with a <i>primary source</i>, where the source is the wellspring of the original material, e.g., an autobiography or a politician's speech about their own campaign goals. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Secondary_does_not_mean_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent"><b>Secondary does not mean third-party</b></a>, and primary does not mean non-independent or affiliated with the subject. Secondary sources are <i>often</i> third-party or independent sources, but they are not always third-party sources. </p><p>Although there is technically <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Secondary_does_not_mean_independent#Doesn't_"third_party"_mean_"independent"?" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent">a small distinction</a> between a third-party source and an independent one, most of Wikipedia's policies and guidelines use the terms interchangeably, and most sources that are third-party also happen to be independent. Note that a third party is not necessarily independent. For example, if famous filmmaker Y has a protege who runs a film review website ("Fully Independent Critic.com"), and if filmmaker Y instructs "Independent Critic" to praise or attack film Q, then filmmaker Y and Fully Independent Critic.com might not be independent, even though they are not related by ownership, contract or any legal means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Why_independent_sources_are_required" data-mw-thread-id="h-Why_independent_sources_are_required"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Why_independent_sources_are_required"></span>Why independent sources are required<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Why_independent_sources_are_required"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Why independent sources are required"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent sources are a necessary foundation for any article. Although <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not paper">Wikipedia is not paper</a>, it is also not a dumping ground for any and all information that readers consider important or useful. For the sake of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutrality</a>, Wikipedia cannot rely upon any editor's opinion about what topics are important. Everything in Wikipedia must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verified</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a>, including statements about what subjects are important and why. To verify that a subject is important, only a source that is independent of the subject can provide a reliable evaluation. A source too close to the subject will always believe that the subject is important enough to warrant detailed coverage, and relying exclusively upon this source will present a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COI">conflict of interest</a> and a threat to a neutral encyclopedia. </p><p>Arguably, an independent and reliable source is not always objective enough or knowledgeable to evaluate a subject. There are many instances of biased coverage by journalists, academics, and critics. Even with peer review and fact-checking, there are instances where otherwise reliable publications report complete falsehoods. But <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOT">Wikipedia does not allow editors to improve an article with their own criticisms or corrections</a>. Rather, if a generally reliable source makes a false or biased statement, the hope is that another reliable source can be found to refute that statement and restore balance. (In severe cases, a group of editors will <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editorial_discretion" title="Wikipedia:Editorial discretion">agree to remove the verified but false statement</a>, but without adding any original commentary in its place.) </p><p>If multiple reliable publications have discussed a topic, or better still debated a topic, then that improves the topic's probability of being covered in Wikipedia. First, multiple sources that have debated a subject will reliably demonstrate that the subject is worthy of notice. Second, and equally important, these reliable sources will allow editors to verify certain facts about the subject that make it significant, and write an encyclopedic article that meets our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Non-independent_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Non-independent_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Non-independent_sources"></span>Non-independent sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Non-independent_sources"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-independent sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NIS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NIS&redirect=no">WP:NIS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xotic_BB_Preamp_(Copper)_-_Internal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg/220px-Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg/330px-Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg/440px-Xotic_BB_Preamp_%28Copper%29_-_Internal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1183"/></a><figcaption>The Bippledorp 9000's manufacturer calls it "a landmark in the history of music and the most legendary pedal in rock"; an independent magazine review may call it "a <a href="/wiki/Meh" title="Meh">meh</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>Non-independent sources may be used to source content for articles, but the connection of the source to the topic must be clearly identified. For example, "Organization X said 10,000 people showed up to protest" is OK when using material published by the organization, but "10,000 people showed up to protest" is not. </p><p>Non-independent sources should never be used to support claims of notability, but can with caution be used to fill in noncontroversial details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_releases" data-mw-thread-id="h-Press_releases-Non-independent_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Press_releases-Non-independent_sources"></span>Press releases<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Press_releases-Non-independent_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Press releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PRSOURCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PRSOURCE&redirect=no">WP:PRSOURCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press release</a> is clearly not an independent source as it is usually written either by the business or organization it is written about, or by a business or person hired by or affiliated with the organization (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Spin_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin doctor">spin doctor</a>). Press releases commonly show up in <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> searches and other searches that editors commonly use to locate reliable sources. Usually, but not always, a press release will be identified as such. Many less reputable news sources will write an article based almost exclusively on a press release, making only minor modifications. When using news sources whose editorial integrity you are uncertain of, and an article reads like a press release, it is crucial to check to see that the source is not simply recycling a press release (a practice called "<a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">churnalism</a>"). Sometimes, but not always, it is possible to locate the original press release used to generate the article. </p><p>In general, press releases have effusive praise, rather than factual statements. A press release about the Bippledorp 9000 <a href="/wiki/Effect_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect pedal">effect pedal</a> by its manufacturer might call it the "greatest invention in the history of electric guitar"; in contrast, an independent review in <i>Guitar Player</i> magazine may simply make factual statements about its features and call it an "incremental tweak to existing pedal features". </p><p>Press releases cannot be used to support claims of notability and should be used cautiously for other assertions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndicated_stories" data-mw-thread-id="h-Syndicated_stories-Non-independent_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Syndicated_stories-Non-independent_sources"></span>Syndicated stories<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Syndicated_stories-Non-independent_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syndicated stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SYNDICATED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SYNDICATED&redirect=no">WP:SYNDICATED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>There are companies that generate television segments and sell them to broadcasters – this is <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication#News_programming_and_late-night_talk_shows" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a>. This also happens <a href="/wiki/Print_syndication" title="Print syndication">in printed media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">across websites</a>. A syndication company may offer the same story in multiple formats, such as a long and short news article, or the same story with an alternate lead, or a video and a written article. Whatever the length or format, they usually contain the same claims and are written or edited by the same person or team. </p><p>Syndicated news pieces may be independent of the subject matter, but they are not independent <b>of one another</b>. When considering notability or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">due weight</a> within an article, all of the related articles by the same publishing syndicate, no matter how widely they were sold, are treated as the same single source. (See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#cite_ref-3" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Wikipedia:Notability#cite ref-3</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_of_interest" data-mw-thread-id="h-Conflicts_of_interest-Non-independent_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Conflicts_of_interest-Non-independent_sources"></span>Conflicts of interest<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Conflicts_of_interest-Non-independent_sources"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflicts of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:COISOURCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:COISOURCE&redirect=no">WP:COISOURCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Any publication put out by an organization is clearly not independent of any topic that organization has an interest in promoting. In some cases, the conflict of interest is easy to see. For example, suppose Foo Petrochemicals Inc. wrote an article about a chemical spill caused by Foo Petrochemicals Inc.. This is not an independent source on the spill, nor on how green, nature-loving and environment-saving Foo is. If the source is written by a public relations firm hired by Foo, it's the same as if it were written by Foo, itself. Foo and the hired PR firm both have a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> between a) being accurate and b) favouring Foo. </p><p>However, less direct interests can be harder to see and more subjective to establish. Caution must be used in accepting sources as independent. Suppose a non-profit organization named "Grassroots Reach-out Accountability Sustainability ("GRASS") writes a press release calling Foo Petrochemicals "the No. 1 savior of the environment and the planet". Does GRASS have a conflict of interest? Well, the GRASS.com website says GRASS is 100% independent and community-based. However, closer research may reveal that GRASS was <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfed</a> by unnamed corporations who gave the organization lots of money to pursue these "independent" agendas. U.S. funding laws allow such anonymity. Many other countries have stricter transparency laws. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COVERT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COVERT">Covert ads</a> are illegal or restricted in many jurisdictions. </p><p>The peer-review process does not guarantee independence of a source. Journal policies on conflicts of interest vary. Caution is needed on topics with large commercial interests at stake, where controversy may be manufactured, and genuinely controversial topics where there may be a great deal of honest debate and dissent. Much scientific research is funded by companies with an interest in the outcome of the experiments, and such research makes its way into peer-reviewed journals. For example, pharmaceutical companies may fund research on their new medication Pax-Luv. If you are a scientist doing research funded by the manufacturer of Pax-Luv, you may be tempted (or pressured) into downplaying adverse information about the drug. Resistance may cause you to lose your funding. Journals can also have conflicts of interest due to their funding sources. Some profit from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPONSORED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPONSORED">paid supplements</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Predatory_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory journals">predatory journals</a> have no real peer-review. See <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest_in_academic_publishing" title="Conflicts of interest in academic publishing">conflicts of interest in academic publishing</a>. </p><p>Independent studies, if available, are preferred. It may be best to include a source with a potential conflict of interest. In this case, it's important to identify the connection between the source and topic: "A study by X found that Y." </p><p>In sectors where conflicts of interests are rampant, it may be preferable to assume that a publication is affected by a conflict of interest unless proven otherwise. Stronger <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">transparency</a> and disclosure practices can provide confidence in a publication. For instance, <a href="/wiki/ICMJE_recommendations" title="ICMJE recommendations">ICMJE recommendations</a> exists for required disclosures on medical journals, but nearly 90% of the biggest medical journals fail to report potential conflicts of interests of their editors, leading to scarce confidence on the correct handling of conflicts of interests in the contents they publish.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="No_guarantee_of_reliability" data-mw-thread-id="h-No_guarantee_of_reliability"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-No_guarantee_of_reliability"></span>No guarantee of reliability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-No_guarantee_of_reliability"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: No guarantee of reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independence alone is not a guarantee that the source is accurate or reliable for a given purpose. Independent sources may be outdated, self-published, mistaken, or not have a reputation for fact-checking. </p> <ul><li><b>Outdated</b>: A book from 1950 about how asbestos fibre insulation is 100% safe for your house's roof may be published by a source which is completely independent from the asbestos mining and asbestos insulation industries. However, as of 2022, this 1950 book is outdated.</li> <li><b>Self-published</b>: A book by a self-proclaimed "International Insulation Expert", Foo Barkeley, may claim that asbestos fibre insulation is totally safe, and that we should all have fluffy heaps of asbestos fibre in our roofs and walls. Even if Foo Barkeley has paid the <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity press</a> company "You Pay, We Print It!" to print 100,000 copies of his treatise praising asbestos, we don't know if Barkeley's views on asbestos are reliable.</li> <li><b>Mistaken</b>: The world's most elite <a href="/wiki/Effect_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect pedal">effect pedal</a> experts, the International Guitar Pedal Institute, may declare in 1989 that the "Bippledorp 9000 pedal is the first pedal to use a <a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">fuzz bass</a> effect"; however, in 2018, new research may show that fuzz bass effects were available in pedal formats in the 1970s.</li> <li><b>Not good reputation for fact-checking</b>: A tabloid newspaper, the <i>Daily Truth</i>, may declare that a film celebrity, Fingel Stempleton, was kidnapped by space aliens and taken to their home planet for probing/surgery for the entire day of January 1, 2018. DT may make this claim based on an interview with a guest at Stempleton's mansion who witnessed the UFO's arrival in the gated Stempleton mansion/compound. However, a major newspaper with a reputation for fact-checking counters this claim with the release of 60 days of police video surveillance showing Stempleton was locked up for drunk driving from December 1, 2017 to January 30, 2018. (Hmmm, perhaps Stempleton used a <a href="/wiki/Jedi" title="Jedi">Jedi</a> astral travel trick to get out of lockup?)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Relationship_to_notability" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relationship_to_notability"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relationship_to_notability"></span>Relationship to notability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relationship_to_notability"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship to notability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-independent sources may not be used to establish <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:N" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:N">notability</a>. The core policy <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not</a> requires that it be <i>possible</i> to verify a subject in independent sources, or else the subject may not have a separate article in Wikipedia. There is no requirement that every article currently contain citations to such sources, although it is highly desirable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indiscriminate_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indiscriminate_sources-Relationship_to_notability"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indiscriminate_sources-Relationship_to_notability"></span>Indiscriminate sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indiscriminate_sources-Relationship_to_notability"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indiscriminate sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources, while apparently independent, are <b>indiscriminate sources</b>. For example, a travel guide might attempt to provide a review for every single <a href="/wiki/Point_of_interest" title="Point of interest">point of interest</a>, restaurant, or hotel in a given area. A newspaper in a small town might write about the opening and closing of every single business in the town, or the everyday activities of local citizens. An enthusiastic local music reviewer may pen a review of every single person who comes on stage in their town with a guitar and a microphone, whether it is an amateur <a href="/wiki/Garage_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage band">garage band</a> playing for the first time or a major touring group. Sometimes, WP editors think that because a reliable source mentions a certain band, book, film or other topic, this confers notability on the book, film or other topic. Not necessarily. The <i>New York Times</i> may state that Foo Barkeley was onstage at a rock concert ("Foo Barkeley was one of the opening acts who performed on May 1, 2017 at the venue". This is arguably a "bare mention"; yes the NYT says that Foo performed, but they don't say whether the concert was good or noteworthy). </p><p>Indiscriminate but independent sources may be reliable – for example, an online travel guide may provide accurate information for every single hotel and restaurant in a town – but the existence of this information should be considered skeptically when determining <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">due weight</a> and whether each of the mentioned locations <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">qualifies for a separate, standalone article</a>. If a subject, such as a local business, is only mentioned in indiscriminate independent sources, then it does not qualify for a separate article on Wikipedia, but may be mentioned briefly in related articles (e.g., the local business may be mentioned in the article about the town where it is located). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_without_third-party_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Articles_without_third-party_sources-Relationship_to_notability"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Articles_without_third-party_sources-Relationship_to_notability"></span>Articles without third-party sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Articles_without_third-party_sources-Relationship_to_notability"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles without third-party sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An article that currently is without third-party sources should not always be deleted. The article may merely be in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IMPERFECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IMPERFECT">imperfect</a> state, and someone may only need to find the appropriate sources to verify the subject's importance. Consider asking for help with sources at the article's talk page, or at the relevant <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProject</a>. Also consider tagging the article with an appropriate template, such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Third-party" title="Template:Third-party">Third-party</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">unreferenced</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p><p>If no amount of searching will remedy this lack of sources, then it may still be possible to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRESERVE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRESERVE">preserve</a> some of the information by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merging</a> it into another broad topic. But in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">undue weight</a>, the subject may first need to be summarized appropriately. Consider starting a merge discussion, using the template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Merge" title="Template:Merge">merge</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p><p>Otherwise, if deleting: </p> <ul><li>If the article meets our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">criteria for speedy deletion</a>, one can use a criterion-specific deletion tag listed on that page.</li> <li>Use the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Prod" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Prod">prod</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> tag, for articles which do not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, but are uncontroversial deletion candidates. This allows the article to be deleted after seven days if nobody objects. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Wikipedia:Proposed deletion</a>.</li> <li>For cases where you are unsure about deletion or believe others might object, nominate the article for the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Articles for deletion">articles for deletion</a> process, where the merits will be debated and deliberated for at least seven days.</li></ul> <p>Some articles do not belong on Wikipedia, but fit one of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">Wikimedia sister projects</a>. They may be copied there using <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:transwiki">transwiki</a> functionality before considering their merger or deletion. If an article to be deleted is likely to be re-created under the same name, it may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Soft_redirect" title="Wikipedia:Soft redirect">turned into a soft redirect</a> to a more appropriate sister project's article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Related_concepts" data-mw-thread-id="h-Related_concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Related_concepts"></span>Related concepts<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Related_concepts"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources-Related_concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources-Related_concepts"></span>Relationship to primary and secondary sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relationship_to_primary_and_secondary_sources-Related_concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationship to primary and secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This concept is contrasted with the unrelated concept of a <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_and_secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary and secondary sources">secondary source</a></i>. A secondary source derives its material from some other, original material, e.g., a non-fiction book analyzing original material such as news reports. Secondary sources are contrasted with <i>primary sources. </i>Primary sources are the wellspring of the original material, e.g., an autobiography, a politician's speech about their own campaign goals or quoted material from a holy text. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Secondary_does_not_mean_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent"><b>Secondary does not mean independent</b></a>, and primary does not mean non-independent or affiliated with the subject. Secondary sources are <i>often</i> third-party or independent sources, but not always. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Relationship_to_self-published_sources-Related_concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Relationship_to_self-published_sources-Related_concepts"></span>Relationship to self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Relationship_to_self-published_sources-Related_concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationship to self-published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This concept is unrelated to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_self-published_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using self-published sources">whether a source is self-published</a>. A self-published source is made available to the public ("published") by or at the direction of the person or entity that created it. Blog posts by consumers about their personal experiences with a product are completely independent, self-published sources. A peer-reviewed article in an reputable academic journal by researchers at a pharmaceutical company about one of their products is a non-independent, non-self-published source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biased_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Biased_sources-Related_concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Biased_sources-Related_concepts"></span>Biased sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Biased_sources-Related_concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biased sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG/220px-A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG/330px-A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG/440px-A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a><figcaption>It doesn't matter if you love it or hate it. If you aren't selling it, you're probably an independent source about it.</figcaption></figure> <p>A source can be biased without compromising its independence. When a source strongly approves or disapproves of something, but it has no connection to the subject and does not stand to benefit directly from promoting that view, then the source is still independent. </p><p>In particular, many academic journals are sometimes said to be "biased", but the fact that education journals are in favor of education, pharmaceutical journals are in favor of pharmaceutical drugs, journals about specific regions write about the people and places in that region, etc., does not mean that these sources are non-independent, or even biased. What matters for independence is whether they stand to gain from it. For example, a drug company publishing about their own products in a pharmaceutical journal is a non-independent source. The same type of article, written by a government researcher, would be an independent source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_versus_independent" data-mw-thread-id="h-Third-party_versus_independent-Related_concepts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Third-party_versus_independent-Related_concepts"></span>Third-party versus independent<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Third-party_versus_independent-Related_concepts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Third-party versus independent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is technically <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Secondary_does_not_mean_independent#Doesn't_"third_party"_mean"independent"?" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent">a small distinction</a> between a third-party source and an independent one. An "independent" source is one that has no vested interest in the subject. For example, the independent source will not earn any extra money by convincing readers of its viewpoint. A "third-party" source is one that is not directly involved in any transaction related to the subject, but may still have a financial or other vested interest in the outcome. For example, if a lawsuit between two people may result in one person's insurance company paying a claim, then that insurance company is a <a href="/wiki/Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">third party</a> but is not financially independent. </p><p>However, most of Wikipedia's policies and guidelines use the terms interchangeably, and most published sources that are third-party also happen to be independent. Except when directly specified otherwise in the policy or guideline, it is sufficient for a source to be either independent or third-party, and it is ideal to rely on sources that are both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Wikipedia's_requirements" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wikipedia's_requirements"><span id="Wikipedia.27s_requirements"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span>Wikipedia's requirements<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wikipedia's requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources-Wikipedia's_requirements"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span>Policies and guidelines requiring third-party sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Policies_and_guidelines_requiring_third-party_sources-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Policies and guidelines requiring third-party sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The necessity of reliable, third-party sources is cemented in several of Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a>: </p> <ul><li>Wikipedia's policy on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a> states that "All article topics must be verifiable with independent, third-party sources".</li> <li>Wikipedia's policies on both <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></i> state that "If no reliable, third-party sources can be found for an article topic, Wikipedia should not have an article on it."</li> <li>Wikipedia's guideline on <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a></i> states that "Articles should be based on reliable, independent, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy."</li> <li>Wikipedia's guideline on <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></i> states that "A topic is presumed to be suitable for a stand-alone article or list when it has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_meet_the_requirement" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_meet_the_requirement-Wikipedia's_requirements"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_meet_the_requirement-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span>How to meet the requirement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_meet_the_requirement-Wikipedia's_requirements"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: How to meet the requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An article must be based upon <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> third-party sources, and meets this requirement if: </p> <ul><li><i>Reliable</i>: A third-party source is reliable if it has standards of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> and fact-checking. In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, the more reliable the publication.</li> <li><i>Third-party</i>: A third-party source is independent and unaffiliated with the subject, thus excluding first-party sources such as self-published material by the subject, autobiographies, and promotional materials.</li> <li><i>Sources</i>: At least two third-party sources should cover the subject, to avoid idiosyncratic articles based upon a single perspective.</li> <li><i>Based upon</i>: These reliable third-party sources should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> enough facts to write a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">non-stub</a> article about the subject, including a statement explaining its significance.</li></ul> <p>Once an article meets this minimal standard, additional content can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verified</a> using any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable source</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/third_party" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:third party">third party</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Relevant encyclopedia articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a>: The ability of a journalist to accurately report news regardless of commercial considerations like pleasing advertisers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_sources" title="Independent sources">Independent sources</a>: Whether journalistic sources are repeating each other, or have separately come to the same conclusions</li></ul> <p><b>Related Wikipedia pages</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">Wikipedia:Articles with a single source</a> – multiple sources are always better than <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Onesource" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Onesource">onesource</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Wikipedia:Conflict of interest</a> – a Wikipedia behavioral guideline regarding advancing outside interests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a> – a non-independent source is sometimes still reliable.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Party_and_person" title="Wikipedia:Party and person">Wikipedia:Party and person</a> – "Secondary" does not mean "independent"; "third party" does not mean "secondary" (or "tertiary").</li></ul> <p><b>Relevant templates</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Third-party-inline" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Third-party-inline">Third-party-inline</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, to mark sentences needing an independent or third-party source</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Third-party" title="Template:Third-party">Third-party</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, to tag pages that contain zero independent or third-party sources</li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Are you wondering what happened to the "second party"? That's a nearly archaic term for the defendant in a civil lawsuit. In sourcing terms, there's only first-party and third-party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDal-RéCaplanMarusic2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dal-Ré, Rafael; Caplan, Arthur L; Marusic, Ana (2019-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661703">"Editors' and authors' individual conflicts of interest disclosure and journal transparency. A cross-sectional study of high-impact medical specialty journals"</a>. <i>BMJ Open</i>. <b>9</b> (7): e029796. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2019-029796">10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029796</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661703">6661703</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31340971">31340971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Editors%27+and+authors%27+individual+conflicts+of+interest+disclosure+and+journal+transparency.+A+cross-sectional+study+of+high-impact+medical+specialty+journals&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e029796&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6661703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31340971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2019-029796&rft.aulast=Dal-R%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=Caplan%2C+Arthur+L&rft.au=Marusic%2C+Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6661703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AIndependent+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&oldid=1255275678">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Independent_sources&oldid=1255275678</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_supplemental_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia supplemental pages">Wikipedia supplemental pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_notability" title="Category:Wikipedia notability">Wikipedia notability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_verifiability" title="Category:Wikipedia verifiability">Wikipedia verifiability</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 01:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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