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aria-controls="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uprising subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18–21_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18–21_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>18–21 May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18–21_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-22–25_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#22–25_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>22–25 May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-22–25_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blockade_of_Gwangju" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade_of_Gwangju"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Blockade of Gwangju</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade_of_Gwangju-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Settlement Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_in_other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_in_other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Protests in other regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_in_other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-26_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>26 May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>27 May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Role of the police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Role of North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Americanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Americanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Anti-Americanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Americanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Re-evaluation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Re-evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Re-evaluation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Re-evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developments_from_1997_to_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_from_1997_to_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Developments from 1997 to 2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_from_1997_to_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2017 investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_Truth_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_Truth_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2020 Truth Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_Truth_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_18_Special_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_18_Special_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>May 18 Special Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_18_Special_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>U.S. involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Music videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gwangju Uprising</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AC%D9%88" title="انتفاضة غوانغجو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة غوانغجو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="গোয়াংজু অভ্যুত্থান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোয়াংজু অভ্যুত্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestes_de_Gwangju" title="Protestes de Gwangju – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protestes de Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_v_Kwangd%C5%BEu" title="Povstání v Kwangdžu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání v Kwangdžu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju-Aufstand" title="Gwangju-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gwangju-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Gwangju ülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gwangju ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εξέγερση της Γκουάνγκτζου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέγερση της Γκουάνγκτζου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Gwangju" title="Masacre de Gwangju – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ADang%C4%B5ua_Demokratia_Movado" title="Kŭangĵua Demokratia Movado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kŭangĵua Demokratia Movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangjuko_Sarraskia" title="Gwangjuko Sarraskia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gwangjuko Sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%D9%88" title="قیام گوانگجو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام گوانگجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_de_Gwangju" title="Soulèvement de Gwangju – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soulèvement de Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%C2%B718_%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="5·18 광주 민주화 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="5·18 광주 민주화 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="ग्वांगजू विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्वांगजू विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergerakan_Demokratisasi_Gwangju" title="Pergerakan Demokratisasi Gwangju – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergerakan Demokratisasi Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublevamento_de_Gwangju" title="Sublevamento de Gwangju – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sublevamento de Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Gwangju" title="Massacro di Gwangju – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%92%27%D7%95" title="התקוממות קוואנגג'ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקוממות קוואנגג'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%88" title="Гваңжудагы көтөрүлүш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гваңжудагы көтөрүлүш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvangd%C5%BEu_sukilimas" title="Kvangdžu sukilimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvangdžu sukilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebangkitan_Gwangju" title="Kebangkitan Gwangju – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebangkitan Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ဂွမ်ဂျူးအုံကြွမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂွမ်ဂျူးအုံကြွမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Gwangju" title="Bloedbad van Gwangju – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Gwangju" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B7%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="光州事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光州事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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Кванджу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание в Кванджу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangjun_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Gwangjun verilöyly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gwangjun verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9" title="การก่อการกำเริบควังจู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อการกำเริบควังจู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Student_Independence_Movement" title="Gwangju Student Independence Movement">Gwangju Student Independence Movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gwangju Uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Minjung" title="Minjung">Minjung movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photos of the victims of the Gwangju massacre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG/300px-Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG/450px-Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG/600px-Gwangju5.18FriedhofFotos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Memorial Hall in the <a href="/wiki/May_18th_National_Cemetery" title="May 18th National Cemetery">May 18th National Cemetery</a> in Gwangju where victims' bodies were buried</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">18 May 1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980-05-18</span>)</span> – 27 May 1980<span class="noprint">; 44 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1980-05-27</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_May_Seventeenth" title="Coup d'état of May Seventeenth">Coup d'état of May Seventeenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_December_Twelfth" title="Coup d'état of December Twelfth">Coup d'état of December Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung_Hee" title="Assassination of Park Chung Hee">Assassination of Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> in South Korea</li> <li>Social and political discontent in the <a href="/wiki/Jeolla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeolla">Jeolla</a> region</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a> <ul><li>End of dictatorial rule in South Korea</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Protests</li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed uprising">Armed uprising</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Uprising suppressed <ul><li>Pro-democracy protests escalate into an armed uprising after the South Korean government deploys the army to violently end demonstrations</li> <li>Long-term increase in support for the Minjung Movement, leading to the <a href="/wiki/June_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="June Struggle">eventual end</a> of South Korea's dictatorship in 1987</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">South Korean Government</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanahoe" title="Hanahoe">Hanahoe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/20px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/30px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/40px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="420" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Security Command">DSC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="153" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">ROK Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/20px-Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/30px-Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/40px-Korean_National_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)#1974–1991:_Period_of_the_National_Security_Headquarters" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">National Police</a></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a> citizenry </p> <ul><li>Protesters</li> <li>Armed citizens</li> <li>Citizens' Settlement Committee</li> <li>Students' Settlement Committee</li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeong_Ho-yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeong Ho-yong">Jeong Ho-yong</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Lee Hee-seong<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Hwang Yeong-si<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> Yoon Heung-jung<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Korean_National_Police_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> Ahn Byung-ha (Switched sides due to witnessing brutalities perpetrated by rebels and paratroopers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p> </div> <div> <p><i>Decentralized leadership</i>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla Province</a> governance </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244901718"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><b>Initially:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/20px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/30px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/40px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">7th Airborne Brigade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/20px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/30px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/40px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">11th Airborne Brigade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/20px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/30px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ROK_JCF_logo.svg/40px-ROK_JCF_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="420" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Security Command">DSC</a> 505th Defense Security Unit<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/20px-Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/30px-Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg/40px-Jeonnam_Provincial_Police_Agency_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> Jeonnam Police<br /><b>Gwangju Blockade:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/20px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/30px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/40px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">3rd Airborne Brigade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/20px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/30px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/40px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">7th Airborne Brigade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/20px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/30px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg/40px-ROKA_Special_Warfare_Command_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">11th Airborne Brigade</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army#Organization" title="Republic of Korea Army">31st Infantry Division</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army#Organization" title="Republic of Korea Army">20th Mechanised Infantry Division</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army#Organization" title="Republic of Korea Army">Combat Arms Training Command</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div> <p>Unknown<br />(various civilian militias) </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <b>Initially:</b><br />3,000 paratroopers<br /><b>Gwangju Blockade:</b><br />23,000 troops</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 200,000 demonstrators<br />(estimated combined strength)</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;border-bottom:1px dotted #aaa"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> 22 soldiers killed<br />(including 13 by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>)<br />4 policemen killed<br />(several more killed by the army after the uprising ended)<br />109 soldiers wounded<br />144 policemen wounded<br /><b>Total:</b><br />26 killed<br />253 wounded</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 165 killed (confirmed casualties only)<br />76 missing (presumed dead)<br />3,515 wounded<br />1,394 arrested</div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Up to 600–2,300 killed; see <a href="#Casualties">casualties</a> section.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gwangju Uprising</b>, known in Korean as <b>May 18</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">오일팔</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">五一八</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Oilpal</i></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Five One Eight), was a series of student-led demonstrations that took place in <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, in May 1980, against the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>. The uprising was violently suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korean military</a> with the approval and logistical support of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>, which feared the uprising might spread to other cities and tempt North Korea to interfere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising is also known as the <b>May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">5·18 광주 민주화 운동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">五一八光州民主化運動</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">5·18 Gwangju minjuhwa undong</i></span>), the <b>Gwangju Democratization Struggle</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">광주 민주화 항쟁</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">光州民主化抗爭</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gwangju minjuhwa hangjaeng</i></span>), the <b>May 18 Democratic Uprising</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">5·18 민주화 운동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">五一八民主化運動</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">5·18 minjuhwa undong</i></span>) or the <b>Gwangju Uprising</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">광주 항쟁</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">光州抗爭</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gwangju hangjaeng</i></span>) in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the uprising, at the end of 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_May_Seventeenth" title="Coup d'état of May Seventeenth">coup d'état of May Seventeenth</a> resulted in the installation of <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a> as military dictator and the implementation of martial law. Following his ascent to power, Chun arrested opposition leaders, closed all universities, banned political activities, and suppressed the press. </p><p>The uprising began when <a href="/wiki/Chonnam_National_University" title="Chonnam National University">Chonnam National University</a> students demonstrating against martial law were fired upon, killed, raped, beaten and tortured by the South Korean military.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Gwangju citizens took up arms and formed militias, raiding local police stations and armories, and were able to take control of large sections of the city before soldiers re-entered the city and suppressed the uprising. While the South Korean government claimed 165 people were killed in the massacre, scholarship on the massacre today estimates 600 to 2,300 victims.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the military dictatorship of Chun, the South Korean government labelled the uprising as a "riot" and claimed that it was being instigated by "communist sympathizers and rioters" acting under the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">North Korean government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, 18 May was established as a national day of commemoration for the massacre and a national cemetery for the victims was established.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later investigations confirmed the various atrocities that had been committed by the army. In 2011, the documents of Gwangju Uprising were listed on the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World Register">Memory of the World Register</a>. In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korean politics</a>, denial of the Gwangju Massacre is commonly espoused by conservative and far-right groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung_Hee" title="Assassination of Park Chung Hee">assassination of President Park Chung Hee</a> on 26 October 1979 <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Spring" title="Seoul Spring">triggered a number of democracy movements</a> that had previously been suppressed under Park's tenure. The abrupt end of Park's 18-year authoritarian rule left a power vacuum that created political and social instability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park's successor, <a href="/wiki/Choi_Kyu-hah" title="Choi Kyu-hah">Choi Kyu-hah</a>, had no real control over the government and <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Security Command">Defense Security Command</a> (DSC), was able to seize control of the military in the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_December_Twelfth" title="Coup d'état of December Twelfth">coup d'état of December Twelfth</a>. At the time, both the military and Chun denied any political motivations behind the coup and Chun had no clear influence over domestic politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1980, the beginning of a new school year, professors and students who had been expelled for pro-democracy activity returned to university and formed student unions. These unions led nationwide demonstrations against <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and in support of democratization, free elections, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">human rights</a>, labor rights, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of the press in South Korea">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These protests culminated in the 15 May 1980 demonstration against martial law at <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a> which involved 100,000 protesters. When the prime minister appealed for time to consider their demands, students returned to their campuses. On 16 May, opposition leaders <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> held a joint press conference, echoing the students' demands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning from February 1980, the army issued orders to a number of units to undergo severe riot control training, called "Loyalty Training" (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">충정훈련</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">忠情訓練</span></span>). The training of soldiers were harsh and unconscionable, and was criticized as a factor behind the paratroopers' indiscriminate use of violence against the subsequent uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 May 1980, Chun forced <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_South_Korea" title="State Council of South Korea">the Cabinet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_May_Seventeenth" title="Coup d'état of May Seventeenth">extend martial law to the whole country</a> and in the process closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed the press. To enforce martial law, troops were dispatched to the country's main cities, including <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>, the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla Province</a>. The same day, the DSC raided a national conference of student union leaders who had gathered to discuss their plans following the 15 May demonstration. Twenty-six politicians, including opposition leader and future president <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> were also arrested on charges of instigating protests. Chun sought to minimize the scale of protests by cutting off all communication to and from <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a> and used disinformation to depict the protests as the result of communist instigators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Gwangju was at the center of anti-government and pro-democracy demonstrations, as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla Province</a> and over the years, build his political base there. Jeolla had historically been the target of exploitation because of its abundant natural resources<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the region was associated with political dissent and liberal activism. Historically, the region was the site of the anti colonial <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> (1894–1895), the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Student_Independence_Movement" title="Gwangju Student Independence Movement">Gwangju Student Independence Movement</a> (1929), and the <a href="/wiki/Yeosu%E2%80%93Suncheon_rebellion" title="Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion">Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion</a> (1948). Under the military dictatorship of Park Chung Hee from 1961 to 1979, the government favored the development of Park's native <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_Province" title="Gyeongsang Province">Gyeongsang Province</a>, while Jeolla Province was neglected. Among the protests against Chun's imposition of martial law, the protests in Gwangju were the most intense.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uprising">Uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18–21_May"><span id="18.E2.80.9321_May"></span>18–21 May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18–21 May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg/220px-Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg/330px-Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg/440px-Korea-Gwangju-The_former_South_Jeolla_provincial_office_building-01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>The former South Jeolla Provincial Office</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 18 May, students gathered at the gate of <a href="/wiki/Chonnam_National_University" title="Chonnam National University">Chonnam National University</a> in protest of its closing. By 9:30 a.m., approximately 200 students had gathered in front of the school, opposed by 30 paratroopers. Sometime around 10 a.m., the soldiers charged against the students, moving the protest to downtown Gwangju, in front of the South Jeolla Province Provincial Office. Over the course of the day, the conflict broadened to around 2000 participants. Although local police had initially handled the protests, by 4 pm, paratroopers from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army_Special_Warfare_Command" title="Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command">Republic of Korea Special Warfare Command</a> (ROK-SWC) took over. The arrival of 686 soldiers from the 33rd and 35th battalions of the 7th Airborne Brigade marked the beginning of a brutal and infamous phase of suppression of the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this phase, South Korean soldiers indiscriminately clubbed demonstrators and bystanders. Soldiers used bayonets to attack, torture, and kill residents indiscriminately. Soldiers raided buildings unrelated to the demonstration, including hotels, cafés, and barbershops.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known fatality was a 29-year-old deaf man named Kim Gyeong-cheol, who was clubbed to death despite being a bystander. The violent suppression of the protests by the ROK-SWC led the number of protesters to rapidly increase, exceeding 10,000 by 20 May<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>As the conflict escalated, the army opened fire on the citizens, killing an unknown number of protesters near <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_station" title="Gwangju station">Gwangju Station</a> on 20 May. The same day, protesters burned down the local <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> television station, which had spread misinformation on the situation that had unfolded in Gwangju.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four policemen were killed at a police barricade near the Provincial Government Building after a car drove into them.<sup id="cite_ref-Research_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 20 May, hundreds of taxis led a parade of buses, trucks, and cars to the Provincial Office in protest. These "drivers of democracy" showed up to support the demonstrators because of the brutality of the South Korean government. In response, soldiers fired tear gas on them, pulled them out of their vehicles, and beat them. This only led more drivers to join the protest. Many taxi drivers were assaulted while trying to transport the injured to the hospital. Some taxi drivers were shot after the drivers attempted to use the taxicabs as weapons or as barricades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The violence climaxed on 21 May. Some time around 1 p.m., the army fired on a crowd that had gathered in front of the South Jeolla Provincial Office building, causing numerous casualties. In response, some protesters raided the Reserve Force armories and police stations in nearby towns, arming themselves with <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Garand rifle">M1 rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_carbine" title="M1 carbine">M1/M2 carbines</a>. The militias also started to exercise caution against perceived North Korean provocateurs and raised placards reading "Don't misjudge, Northerners" (Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">북괴는 오판말라</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Research_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Research-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that afternoon, gunfights between civilian militias and the army broke out in the Provincial Office Square. By 5:30 p.m., the militias had acquired two light machine guns and used them against the army, forcing them to retreat from the downtown area<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="22–25_May"><span id="22.E2.80.9325_May"></span>22–25 May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 22–25 May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blockade_of_Gwangju">Blockade of Gwangju</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blockade of Gwangju"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 22 May, all troops retreated to the rural outskirts outside of the city to wait for reinforcements. These reinforcements consisted of troops from the 3rd Airborne Brigade, the 11th Airborne Brigade, the 20th Mechanized Infantry Division, the 31st Infantry Division, and the Combat Arms Training Command (CATC; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">전투병과교육사령부</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">戰鬪兵科敎育司令部</span></span>). Reinforcements from the CATC primarily consisted of three subordinate units based in the unit's headquarters in Sangmudae: the Army Infantry School (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">육군보병학교</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">陸軍步兵學校</span></span>), the Army Artillery School (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">육군포병학교</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">陸軍砲兵學校</span></span>), and the Army Armor School (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">육군기갑학교</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">陸軍機甲學校</span></span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The army blocked all routes and communications from the city and fighting between militias and the army temporarily died down. On 23 May, soldiers fired at a bus that attempted to break out of the city in Jiwon-dong, killing 15 of the 18 passengers, and summarily executing two wounded passengers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>On 24 May, two teenage boys, Jeon Jae-su<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bang Gwang-beom,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempted to swim across the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wonje_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wonje reservoir (page does not exist)">Wonje reservoir</a>, but the 11th Airborne Brigade Troopers opened fire and killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1:55 p.m., the South Korean military suffered the greatest number of casualties when troops from the 11th Airborne Brigade 63rd Special Operations Battalion and the CATC Army Infantry School Training Battalion mistakenly fired at each other in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Songam-dong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songam-dong (page does not exist)">Songam-dong</a>, resulting in the deaths of 13 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops from the 11th Airborne Brigade indiscriminately murdered unarmed civilians and residents near the village in Songam-dong and plundered nearby stores.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial Law Command misinterpreted friendly fire at Songam-dong as the work of insurgents within the army, as the Airborne Brigade Troopers were using a different communications channel.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settlement_Committees">Settlement Committees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Settlement Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, in the liberated city of Gwangju, the Citizens' Settlement Committee and the Students' Settlement Committee were formed. The former was composed of about 20 preachers, lawyers, and professors and negotiated with the army, demanding the release of arrested citizens, compensation for victims, and the prohibition of retaliation in exchange for the disarmament of militias. The latter committee was formed by university students and took charge of funerals, public campaigns, traffic control, withdrawal of weapons, and medical aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kim Jong-bae (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">김종배</span></span>) - Chief Executive<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heo Kyu-jeong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">허규정</span></span>) - Secretary of Home Affairs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jeong Sang-yong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">정상영</span></span>) - Secretary of External Affairs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Sang-won" title="Yoon Sang-won">Yoon Sang-won</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">윤상원</span></span>) - Spokesperson for Militia<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Park Nam-sun (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">박남선</span></span>) - Director of Militia Operations<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Yoon Seok-ru (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">윤석루</span></span>) - Militia QRF (<a href="/wiki/Quick_reaction_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick reaction force">Quick Reaction Force</a>) Commander<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lee Jae-ho (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">이재호</span></span>) - Militia QRF Deputy Commander<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Kim Jun-bong (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">김준봉</span></span>) - Director of Investigations<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gu Seong-ju (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">구성주</span></span>) - Director of Provisions Supply<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Order in the city was well maintained, but negotiations came to a deadlock as the army urged the militias to immediately and unconditionally disarm themselves. This created division within the Settlement Committees between those who wanted immediate surrender and those who called for continued resistance until their demands were met. After heated debates, those calling for continued resistance eventually took control.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protests_in_other_regions">Protests in other regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protests in other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the news of the bloody crackdown spread, protests against the government broke out in nearby regions, including in <a href="/wiki/Hwasun_County" title="Hwasun County">Hwasun County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naju" title="Naju">Naju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haenam_County" title="Haenam County">Haenam County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokpo" title="Mokpo">Mokpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeongam_County" title="Yeongam County">Yeongam County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangjin_County" title="Gangjin County">Gangjin County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muan_County" title="Muan County">Muan County</a>, all in South Jeolla. While protests ended peacefully in most regions, protests in Haenam ended in gunfights between armed protesters and troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these protests died down by 24 May, although protests in Mokpo continued until 28 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="26_May">26 May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 26 May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 26 May, the army was ready to reenter Gwangju. Members of the Citizens' Settlement Committee unsuccessfully tried to block the army's advance by lying down in the streets. Following news of the imminent attack, civil militias gathered in the Provincial Office and made preparations to make a last stand.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="27_May">27 May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 27 May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 May, at 4:00 a.m., the Martial Law Command executed Operation Sangmu-Chungjeong (Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">상무충정작전</span></span>; Hanja: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">尙武忠正作戰</span></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Operation Martialism and Loyalty) to quell the protests. The operation mobilized members of the 3rd Airborne Brigade, the 7th Airborne Brigade, and the 11th Airborne Brigade Troopers, armed with <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16A1 rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stun_grenade" title="Stun grenade">stun grenades</a>. The soldiers disguised themselves with flak vests, leaf camouflage helmets with white bands, and ordinary army infantryman combat uniforms that were missing insignias and patches. Three Airborne Brigades were the vanguard of the operation, while the 20th Mechanised Infantry Division and the 31st Infantry Division joined the operation as backup reinforcements. Troops from three subordinate units of the CATC, the Army Infantry School, the Army Artillery School, and the Army Armor School, maintained their positions in the blockade during the operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The soldiers moved into the downtown and defeated the civil militias within 90 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Events_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Events-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_police">Role of the police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role of the police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">National Security Headquarters</a> initially dealt with the protests, but were soon supplemented by paratroopers from the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Brigades_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces Brigades of the Republic of Korea">7th Airborne Brigade</a>, before being fully taken over and ordered to evacuate to allow the army. The police suffered some of the first casualties of the massacre when four policemen were killed during a car-ramming attack. However, the martial law forces were also not friendly to the local police of Gwangju city<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The Commissioner General of the Jeonnam Provincial Police, Ahn Byung-ha, refused to order the police to open fire on civilians as instructed by Chun Doo-hwan. As a result, he was replaced as police chief and was tortured by the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Security Command">Army Counterintelligence Corps</a>, which caused his death eight years later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some paratroopers assaulted the police and some residents testified witnessing police officers being chased down by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG/220px-Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG/330px-Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG/440px-Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The victims of the Gwangju Massacre were buried at the May 18 National Cemetery.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no universally accepted death toll for the Gwangju Massacre. Records of death for the city in May 1980 were an estimated 2,300 above the historical averages<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the death toll has been estimated to be anywhere between 1,000 and 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the number of civilians wounded also vary heavily, including figures anywhere from 1,800 to 3,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the massacre, the government's Martial Law Command released an official death toll at 144 civilians, 22 soldiers, and four police killed and 127 civilians, 109 troops and 144 police wounded. Individuals who attempted to dispute these figures were liable for arrest for "spreading false rumors".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the May 18 Family Association, at least 165 people died between 18 and 27 May, while another 76 are still missing and presumed dead. Twenty-two soldiers and four policemen were killed during the massacre, including 13 soldiers who were killed by friendly fire at Songam-dong. The number of police casualties is likely to be higher, due to reports of police officers being killed by soldiers for releasing captured protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-Katsia_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsia-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg/220px-May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg/330px-May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg/440px-May_18th_Memorial_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>May 18 Minjung Struggle Memorial Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The government denounced the uprising as a rebellion instigated by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> and his followers. Kim was convicted and sentenced to death, although his sentence was reduced following the intervention of U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 1,394 people were arrested for their involvement in the Gwangju Uprising, and 427 were indicted. Seven people received death sentences and twelve received life sentences. Estimates following the massacre suggested that more than 200,000 people participated in the uprising, facing roughly 3,000 paratroopers and 18,000 police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handcarts and garbage trucks carried 137 bodies from the massacre to the <a href="/wiki/Mangweol-dong_Cemeteries:_Old_and_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangweol-dong Cemeteries: Old and New">Old Mangweol-dong Cemetery</a> on the outskirts of Gwangju. The state established the New Mangweol-dong Cemetery to commemorate Gwangju's history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Gwangju Uprising has had a profound impact on South Korean politics. Chun Doo-hwan, who was already unpopular because of his military coup, faced threats to his legitimacy following the dispatch of Special Forces paratroopers against demonstrators in Gwangju. The movement preceded other democratic movements during the late 1980s that pressured the regime into democratic reforms and paved the way for the election of President Kim Dae-jung in 1997, the first opposition candidate to win the office. </p><p>In 1995, in response to public pressure, the National Assembly passed the Special Law on May 18 Democratization Movement, which enabled the prosecution of those responsible for the Coup d'état of December Twelfth and the suppression of the Gwangju Uprising even though the statute of limitations had been exceeded. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg/220px-1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg/330px-1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg/440px-1930548_67090900281_2444_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg/220px-1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg/330px-1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg/440px-1930548_67090910281_3311_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 December 1995, Chun, his ally and former President <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a>, and 15 others were arrested on charges of conspiracy and insurrection. On 26 August 1996, the Seoul District Court issued a death sentence to both Chun,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and a fine of ₩220 billion. Former President Roh Tae-Woo, was sentenced to 22.5 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal. On 17 April 1997, the judgment was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a>. Chun was officially convicted of leading an insurrection, conspiracy to commit insurrection, taking part in an insurrection, illegal troop movement orders, dereliction of duty during martial law, murder of superior officers, attempted murder of superior officers, murder of subordinate troops, leading a rebellion, conspiracy to commit rebellion, taking part in a rebellion, and murder for the purpose of rebellion, as well as assorted crimes relating to bribery. However, on 22 December 1997, all of the people convicted in the trials were pardoned in the name of national reconciliation by President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> on the advice of President-elect <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2000, the <a href="/wiki/May_18_Memorial_Foundation" title="May 18 Memorial Foundation">May 18 Memorial Foundation</a> has offered an annual <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Prize_for_Human_Rights" title="Gwangju Prize for Human Rights">Gwangju Prize for Human Rights</a> to notable defenders of human rights, in memory of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 May 2011, the documents of the Gwangju Uprising were listed on the <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register_%E2%80%93_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific">UNESCO Memory of the World Register</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its inclusion, the Gwangju Metropolitan City government established May 18 Archives<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and passed the Management Act on the Archives of May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2014 and 2015, the Gwangju Metropolitan City government also re-modeled the former Gwangju Catholic center building to conserve its former state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_North_Korea">Role of North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military dictatorship then and conservative presidential administrations since have long asserted that the uprising was secretly organized by <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korean military</a> officers and was therefore a communist-backed uprising that deserved to be put down with force. However, subsequent declassified U.S. diplomatic and military intelligence cables repudiated any notion of North Korean involvement. Communications intercepts uncovered that the North Korean leadership intended to intervene should the protests develop into a nationwide popular revolt and South Korea be engulfed in revolution, but would remain neutral otherwise. U.S. officials came to the conclusion that the Gwangju protests were an indigenous uprising orchestrated without any foreign involvement, but needed to be put down for domestic and international stability.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-Americanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg/220px-1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg/330px-1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg/440px-1930548_67090920281_4083_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Barbed wire at the back of the memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1980s marked a surge in <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-American sentiment in Korea">Anti-American sentiment in Korea</a>, widely traced to the United States' support for Chun's government and its involvement in the suppression of the Gwangju Uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-Katsia_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsia-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donald_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Bruce Cumings</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Gwangju convinced a new generation of young [Koreans] that the democratic movement had developed not with the support of Washington, as an older generation of more conservative Koreans thought, but in the face of daily American support for any dictator who could quell the democratic aspirations of the Korean people. The result was an anti-American movement in the 1980s that threatened to bring down the whole structure of American support for the ROK. American cultural centers were burned to the ground (more than once in Gwangju); students immolated themselves in protest of Reagan's support for Chun.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fundamental to these beliefs are the perception of U.S. complicity in Chun's rise to power and in the Gwangju Massacre. Although <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gleysteen" title="William H. Gleysteen">William H. Gleysteen</a>, then <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to South Korea">U.S. Ambassador to South Korea</a>, stated in a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that the United States authorized the Republic of Korea Army's 20th Division to retake Gwangju and restore martial law, the United States government has denied these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States has consistently denied any foreknowledge of the unit's deployment, and has stated that the U.S. government would regardless have no right to interfere in the actions of the South Korean government.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-evaluation">Re-evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Re-evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Liberalism in South Korea">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea"><span style="color:black;">Liberalism in South Korea</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak" title="Donghak">Donghak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage#South_Korea" title="Non-citizen suffrage">foreign voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democracy movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_South_Korean_protests" title="2016–2017 South Korean protests">2016–2017 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu_Democracy_Movement" title="Daegu Democracy Movement">Daegu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_protest_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean protest songs">Minjung-Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="June Struggle">June</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Chang_Ho" title="Ahn Chang Ho">Ahn Chang Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Chun-ha" title="Chang Chun-ha">Chang Chun-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Myon" title="Chang Myon">Chang Myon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Bong-am" title="Cho Bong-am">Cho Bong-am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Kuk" title="Cho Kuk">Cho Kuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chough_Pyung-ok" title="Chough Pyung-ok">Chough Pyung-ok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Myeong-sook" title="Han Myeong-sook">Han Myeong-sook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im_Jong-seok" title="Im Jong-seok">Im Jong-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang_Hye-young" title="Jang Hye-young">Jang Hye-young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jaisohn" title="Philip Jaisohn">Philip Jaisohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Han-gil" title="Kim Han-gil">Kim Han-gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Je-dong" title="Kim Je-dong">Kim Je-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jee-woon" title="Kim Jee-woon">Kim Jee-woon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ou-joon" title="Kim Ou-joon">Kim Ou-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Min-jung" title="Ko Min-jung">Ko Min-jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwon_In-sook" title="Kwon In-sook">Kwon In-sook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jae-myung" title="Lee Jae-myung">Lee Jae-myung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Bacurnay_Lee" title="Jasmine Bacurnay Lee">Jasmine Bacurnay Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Nak-yon" title="Lee Nak-yon">Lee Nak-yon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Sang-don" title="Lee Sang-don">Lee Sang-don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Hye-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Hye-sok">Na Hye-sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Kwang-soo" title="Ma Kwang-soo">Ma Kwang-soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Ji-hyun_(politician)" title="Park Ji-hyun (politician)">Park Ji-hyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Jie-won" title="Park Jie-won">Park Jie-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Jong-chul" title="Park Jong-chul">Park Jong-chul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Won-soon" title="Park Won-soon">Park Won-soon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Yong-jin" title="Park Yong-jin">Park Yong-jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyu_Si-min" title="Rhyu Si-min">Rhyu Si-min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryu_Ho-jeong" title="Ryu Ho-jeong">Ryu Ho-jeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Hae-chul" title="Shin Hae-chul">Shin Hae-chul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_Sang-jung" title="Sim Sang-jung">Sim Sang-jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jin-woo_(journalist)" title="Song Jin-woo (journalist)">Song Jin-woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Kang-ho" title="Song Kang-ho">Song Kang-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Ik-hui" title="Sin Ik-hui">Sin Ik-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youn_Kun-young" title="Youn Kun-young">Youn Kun-young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Po-sun" title="Yun Po-sun">Yun Po-sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties <span style="font-size:85%;">(Democrat)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Korea_Party" title="Creative Korea Party">Creative Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_of_Korea" title="Democratic Alliance of Korea">Democratic Alliance of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Korea_Party" title="Democratic Korea Party">Democratic Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (South Korea)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li>Democratic Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1955)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1955)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1990)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1991)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_1995)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2000)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2007)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2008)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2008)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjoo_Party_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minjoo Party (2014)">2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> (Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Democratic_Party" title="Future Democratic Party">Future Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Democratic_New_Party" title="Grand Unified Democratic New Party">Grand Unified Democratic New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsaeng_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsaeng Party">Minsaeng Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_New_Politics" title="National Congress for New Politics">National Congress for New Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Democratic Party (South Korea)">New Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Future_Party_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Future Party (South Korea)">New Future Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Democratic_Party" title="New Korean Democratic Party">New Korean Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">New Politics Alliance for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Democratic_Party" title="Open Democratic Party">Open Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_Party" title="Participation Party">Participation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Democracy_and_Peace" title="Party for Democracy and Peace">Party for Democracy and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Democratic_Party" title="Peace Democratic Party">Peace Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Party" title="Platform Party">Platform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Democratic_Party" title="Real Democratic Party">Real Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebuilding_Korea_Party" title="Rebuilding Korea Party">Rebuilding Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_Democratic_Party" title="Reunification Democratic Party">Reunification Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Party" title="Uri Party">Uri Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties <span style="font-size:85%;">(Non-Democrat)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bareunmirae_Party" title="Bareunmirae Party">Bareunmirae Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Party" title="Basic Income Party">Basic Income Party</a> (Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">New Politics Alliance for Democracy</a> (pro-<a href="/wiki/Ahn_Cheol-soo" title="Ahn Cheol-soo">Ahn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">New Political Vision Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty_Party" title="Dawn of Liberty Party">Dawn of Liberty Party</a> (Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaehwa_Party" title="Gaehwa Party">Gaehwa Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> era)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Justice Party (South Korea)">Justice Party</a> (Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Independence_Federation" title="National Independence Federation">National Independence Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a> (factions)</li> <li>People Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2016)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2020)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2020)">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Party" title="Pine Tree Party">Pine Tree Party</a> (Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Korean Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Imperial Japanese occupation</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_Korea" title="Transition Korea">Transition Korea</a> (Present)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90" class="extiw" title="ko:민주연구원">Democratic Research Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo" title="Hankook Ilbo">Hankook Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">Hankyoreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun" title="Kyunghyang Shinmun">Kyunghyang Shinmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OhmyNews" title="OhmyNews">OhmyNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongnip_Sinmun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongnip Sinmun">Tongnip Sinmun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Korean Empire era)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASUNARO:_Action_for_Youth_Rights_of_Korea" title="ASUNARO: Action for Youth Rights of Korea">ASUNARO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for Free Enterprise">Center for Free Enterprise</a> (libertarian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingusai" title="Chingusai">Chingusai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Korean_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Korean Trade Unions">Federation of Korean Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democracy_Foundation" title="Korea Democracy Foundation">Korea Democracy Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Association" title="New People's Association">New People's Association</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Imperial Japanese occupation)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbyun" title="Minbyun">Minbyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_for_LGBT_Human_Rights_of_Korea" title="Solidarity for LGBT Human Rights of Korea">Solidarity for LGBT Human Rights of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a> <small>(disputed)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-sadaejuui" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-sadaejuui">Anti-sadaejuui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressivism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">Conservatism in South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Conservatism in South Korea">template</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Liberalism in South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Liberalism in South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism in South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/May_18th_National_Cemetery" title="May 18th National Cemetery">Mangwol-dong cemetery</a> in Gwangju, survivors of the demonstrations and bereaved families have held an annual memorial service, called the May Movement, on the anniversary of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many pro-democracy demonstrations in the 1980s demanded official recognition of the massacre and punishment for those responsible. </p><p>The first official re-evaluation of the massacre began after the reinstatement of direct presidential elections in 1987. In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> held a public hearing on the uprising, officially renaming the events to the "Gwangju Uprising" or the "Gwangju People's Uprising". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_from_1997_to_2013">Developments from 1997 to 2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Developments from 1997 to 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, 18 May was declared an official memorial day. In 2002, a law privileging bereaved families took effect, and the Mangwol-dong cemetery was elevated to the status of a national cemetery. </p><p>On 18 May 2013, President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> attended the 33rd anniversary of the Gwangju Uprising and stated, "I feel the sorrow of family members and the city of Gwangju every time I visit the National May 18 Cemetery", and that "I believe achieving a more mature democracy is a way to repay the sacrifice paid by those [killed in the massacre]."<sup id="cite_ref-jooogang20130520_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jooogang20130520-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_investigation">2017 investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2017 investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2017, newly elected South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> announced his plans to re-open investigations into the South Korean government's role in the suppression of the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2018, it was revealed for the first time that the army had used <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD_500_Defender" title="McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender">McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">Bell UH-1 Iroquois</a> helicopters to fire on civilians. Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Song_Young-moo" title="Song Young-moo">Song Young-moo</a> delivered an apology.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 November 2018, Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Jeong_Kyeong-doo" title="Jeong Kyeong-doo">Jeong Kyeong-doo</a> issued another apology for the South Korean military's role in suppressing the uprising and acknowledged that soldiers had engaged in acts of sexual violence during the crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, Kim Yong-Jang, a former intelligence officer at the <a href="/wiki/501st_Military_Intelligence_Brigade_(United_States)" title="501st Military Intelligence Brigade (United States)">501st Military Intelligence Brigade</a> of the U.S. Army testified that Chun Doo-hwan personally ordered troops to shoot protesters based on the intelligence he saw at the time. According to Kim, Chun secretly came to Gwangju on 21 May 1980, by helicopter to meet four military leaders including commander of special operations Chung Ho-Yong and colonel of the Gwangju 505 security unit Lee Jae-woo. Kim also testified that there were undercover soldiers among the Gwangju citizens acting as <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agents provocateurs</a> aiming to discredit the movement. These soldiers were "in their 20s and 30s with short hair, some wearing wigs" and "their faces were burnt and some wore worn-out clothes".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_Truth_Commission">2020 Truth Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2020 Truth Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2020, 40 years after the uprising, the independent <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_reconciliation_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth and reconciliation commission">May 18 Democratization Movement Truth Commission</a> was launched to investigate the crackdown and the use of military force. Under legislation passed in 2018, it operated for two more years, with a one-year extension allowed if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview marking the massacre's 40th anniversary and following <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a>'s landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2020_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2020 South Korean legislative election">2020 South Korean legislative election</a>, President Moon announced his support for inscribing the historic value and significance of the Gwangju Uprising in a new constitution of South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_18_Special_Act">May 18 Special Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: May 18 Special Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its new three-fifths majority in the National Assembly, the Democratic Party implemented a series of reforms in December 2020, including revisions to the May 18 Special Act to penalize those involved in making false claims about the Gwangju Uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._involvement">U.S. involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: U.S. involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Documents available since 1996 describe how,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a White House Meeting on May 22, the U.S. commander in Korea released Korean troops from the U.S.-South Korean joint command to retake the city of Gwangju. The Pentagon also asked for a delay on the final assault in order to dispatch additional support planes to the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declassified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> documents in July 2021, requested by the South Korean government, revealed that the U.S. ambassador William H. Gleysteen was informed by the Chief Presidential Secretary Choi Kwang-soo of the plans for an army crackdown a day before it took place.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The released documents showed that Gleysteen expressed Washington's concerns over growing anti-American sentiment in the Gwangju area, amid broadcasts asserting that the U.S. was involved in the military crackdown. Prior to the declassification, the notion of American foreknowledge and involvement in the Gwangju Massacre had been officially denied by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_(book)" title="Dance Dance Revolution (book)">Dance Dance Revolution</a></i> (2007), a poem by <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Park_Hong" title="Cathy Park Hong">Cathy Park Hong</a></li> <li><i>There a Petal Silently Falls: Three Stories</i> (2008) by <a href="/wiki/Choe_Yun" title="Choe Yun">Choe Yun</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Old Garden</i> (2009), a novel by <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Sok-yong" title="Hwang Sok-yong">Hwang Sok-yong</a></li> <li><i>The Seed of Joy</i> (2015), a novel by William Amos</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Acts" title="Human Acts">Human Acts</a></i> (2016), a novel by <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions">Compositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Exemplum in memoriam Kwangju" for orchestra by <a href="/wiki/Isang_Yun" title="Isang Yun">Isang Yun</a></li> <li>518-062 by <a href="/wiki/Suga" title="Suga">Gloss</a> and Naksyeon of D-Town (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandglass_(TV_series)" title="Sandglass (TV series)">Sandglass</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/5th_Republic_(TV_series)" title="5th Republic (TV series)">5th Republic</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youth_of_May" title="Youth of May">Youth of May</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphonic_Poem_for_the_Beloved&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symphonic Poem for the Beloved (page does not exist)">Symphonic Poem for the Beloved</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%84_%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C_%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EC%8B%9C" class="extiw" title="ko:임을 위한 교향시">ko</a>]</span> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Petal" title="A Petal">A Petal</a></i> (1996), adapted from the short story "There a Petal Silently Falls" by Choe Yun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint_Candy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peppermint Candy (film)"><i>Peppermint Candy</i></a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Garden_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Old Garden (film) (page does not exist)"><i>The Old Garden</i></a> (2006), adapted from the novel "The Old Garden" by Hwang Sok-yong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18_(film)" title="May 18 (film)"><i>May 18</i></a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(2011_film)" title="Sunny (2011 film)"><i>Sunny</i></a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/26_Years" title="26 Years">26 Years</a></i> (2012), based on the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Full" title="Kang Full">Kang Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_(2012_film)" title="National Security (2012 film)"><i>National Security</i></a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Attorney" title="The Attorney">The Attorney</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1987:_When_the_Day_Comes" title="1987: When the Day Comes">1987: When the Day Comes</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator_(film)" title="Excavator (film)"><i>Excavator</i></a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Taxi_Driver" title="A Taxi Driver">A Taxi Driver</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Standing_Next" title="The Man Standing Next">The Man Standing Next</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_(2022_film)" title="Hunt (2022 film)"><i>Hunt</i></a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swallow_(2022_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swallow (2022 film) (page does not exist)"><i>Swallow</i></a> (2022) by Lee Song-hee-il</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_videos">Music videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"That's My Fault" and "It's Over" by <a href="/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)" title="Speed (South Korean band)">Speed</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Kang_Min-kyung" title="Kang Min-kyung">Kang Min-kyung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Bo-young" title="Park Bo-young">Park Bo-young</a>, respectively</li> <li>"May" by Wings of the ISANG</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busan%E2%80%93Masan_Uprising" title="Busan–Masan Uprising">Busan–Masan Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_American_Cultural_Service_building_arson" title="Busan American Cultural Service building arson">Busan American Cultural Service building arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukpung_81" title="Gukpung 81">Gukpung 81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incheon_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incheon Uprising (page does not exist)">Incheon Uprising</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%C2%B73_%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%9C_%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C" class="extiw" title="ko:5·3 인천 사태">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">June Democratic Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Hinzpeter" title="Jürgen Hinzpeter">Jürgen Hinzpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18_Memorial_Foundation" title="May 18 Memorial Foundation">May 18 Memorial Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/893879.html">"Chun Doo-hwan arrived in Gwangju by helicopter before troops opened fire on civilians"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517012803/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/893879.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chun+Doo-hwan+arrived+in+Gwangju+by+helicopter+before+troops+opened+fire+on+civilians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_national%2F893879.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/844912.html">"38 years later, nobody convicted for the murder of civilians during Gwangju Massacre of 1980"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703112907/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/844912.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=38+years+later%2C+nobody+convicted+for+the+murder+of+civilians+during+Gwangju+Massacre+of+1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_national%2F844912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331014141/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/two-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy/">"2 Days in May That Shattered Korean Democracy"</a>. The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/two-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy/">the original</a> on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2+Days+in+May+That+Shattered+Korean+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Ftwo-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbassy_of_the_United_States_in_Seoul" class="citation web cs1">Embassy of the United States in Seoul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331004754/http://seoul.usembassy.gov/backgrounder.html">"South Korea Current Issues > Backgrounder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seoul.usembassy.gov/backgrounder.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea+Current+Issues+%3E+Backgrounder&rft.au=Embassy+of+the+United+States+in+Seoul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseoul.usembassy.gov%2Fbackgrounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-4/human-rights-documentary-heritage-1980-archives-for-the-may-18th-democratic-uprising-against-military-regime-in-gwangju-republic-of-korea/">"Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime, in Gwangju, Republic of Korea"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Gwangju+apology%3A+South+Korea+sorry+for+%27rape+and+torture%27+by+troops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Farticle%2F2172098%2Fgwanju-apology-south-korea-sorry-rape-and-torture-committed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," <i>Urban Studies</i>, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556–1557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Patricia Ebrey</a> et al., "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (Second Edition)" United States: Wadsworth Cengage Learning (2009): 500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=001&aid=0001001551"><bdi lang="ko">5월단체, "5.18 관련 사망자 606명"</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>. 13 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233616/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=001&aid=0001001551">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5%EC%9B%94%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4%2C+%225.18+%EA%B4%80%EB%A0%A8+%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%9D%EC%9E%90+606%EB%AA%85%22&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D103%26oid%3D001%26aid%3D0001001551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"TV shows tarnish Gwangju history," <i>Joong Ang Daily</i>, 21 May 2013: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971886">http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971886</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809052130/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971886">Archived</a> 9 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2021" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Bradley K. 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Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," <i>Urban Studies</i>, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dying for democracy: 1980 Gwangju uprising transformed South Korea," <i>The Japan Times</i>, 17 May 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/17/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/dying-democracy-1980-gwangju-uprising-transformed-south-korea/#.U-SllvldWZg">http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/17/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/dying-democracy-1980-gwangju-uprising-transformed-south-korea/#.U-SllvldWZg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024034/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/17/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/dying-democracy-1980-gwangju-uprising-transformed-south-korea/#.U-SllvldWZg">Archived</a> 11 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timshorrock.com/wp-content/uploads/korea-foia-_5-gleysteen-march-1980.pdf">"Yet Another Assessment of ROK Stability and Political Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110012802/http://timshorrock.com/wp-content/uploads/korea-foia-_5-gleysteen-march-1980.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yet+Another+Assessment+of+ROK+Stability+and+Political+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimshorrock.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fkorea-foia-_5-gleysteen-march-1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott-Stokes1980" class="citation web cs1">Scott-Stokes, Henry (10 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E3DE1330E631A25753C1A9629C94619FD6CF">"South Korea Leader Voices Worry On Student Unrest; 'Students Are Waking Up Again'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810010458/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E3DE1330E631A25753C1A9629C94619FD6CF">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea+Leader+Voices+Worry+On+Student+Unrest%3B+%27Students+Are+Waking+Up+Again%27&rft.date=1980-04-10&rft.aulast=Scott-Stokes&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C07E3DE1330E631A25753C1A9629C94619FD6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>May, The Triumph of Democracy</i>. Ed. Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/kim-dae-jungs-role-in-the-democratization-of-south-korea/">"Kim Dae-jung's Role in the Democratization of South Korea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Dae-jung%27s+Role+in+the+Democratization+of+South+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianstudies.org%2Fpublications%2Feaa%2Farchives%2Fkim-dae-jungs-role-in-the-democratization-of-south-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, Hyuk-eun (2021). "The Origins of Riot Control in the May 18 - Riot Control training, Special Warfare Forces, and Counterinsurgency". <i>Critical Studies on Modern Korean History</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 11–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36432%2FCSMKH.45.202104.1">10.36432/CSMKH.45.202104.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236845876">236845876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Studies+on+Modern+Korean+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Riot+Control+in+the+May+18+-+Riot+Control+training%2C+Special+Warfare+Forces%2C+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-48&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36432%2FCSMKH.45.202104.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236845876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Hyuk-eun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Documentary <i>518</i>. Produced by May 18 Memorial Foundation. See also, Ahn Jean. "The socio-economic background of the Gwangju Uprising," in <i>South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising</i>. Ed. Georgy Katsiaficas and Na Kahn-chae. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, Charles. "Contesting the Peninsula". <i>New Left Review</i> 51. London: 2008. p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery", <i>Urban Studies</i>, Vol. 39, No. 9, (2002): 1557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Events-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the 5.18 Democratic Uprising</i>, Volume 1. The May 18 Memorial Foundation. Gwangju, 2008. pp. 236–239. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-954173-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-954173-1-7">978-89-954173-1-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silcheon Literature Publishing(silcheon munhaksa), Ed. Yoon Jae-geol. "작전명령 화려한 휴가" (1987): p. 21, p. 35~37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Documentary 518</i>. Produced by May 18 Memorial Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Research-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Research_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Research_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222220549/http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/asb35.cfm">"Research"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/asb35.cfm">the original</a> on 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FAsiaandthePacific%2Fasb35.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/12/2019021201652.html">"5.18 광주에 북한군이 개입했을까?"</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210922164445/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/02/12/2019021201652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5.18+%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC%EC%97%90+%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%B4+%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%85%ED%96%88%EC%9D%84%EA%B9%8C%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2F2019021201652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seoul.co.kr/SpecialEdition/518Special/view.php?seq=33"><bdi lang="ko">[서울신문 5·18 특집]소년이 소년에게 - 5·18 광주 민주화운동 청소년 희생자 - 전재수</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127061517/https://www.seoul.co.kr/SpecialEdition/518Special/view.php?seq=33">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8+5%C2%B718+%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91%5D%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EC%9D%B4+%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C+-+5%C2%B718+%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84+%ED%9D%AC%EC%83%9D%EC%9E%90+-+%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.co.kr%2FSpecialEdition%2F518Special%2Fview.php%3Fseq%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seoul.co.kr/SpecialEdition/518Special/view.php?seq=21"><bdi lang="ko">[서울신문 5·18 특집]소년이 소년에게 - 5·18 광주 민주화운동 청소년 희생자 - 방광범</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105015117/https://www.seoul.co.kr/SpecialEdition/518Special/view.php?seq=21">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8+5%C2%B718+%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91%5D%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EC%9D%B4+%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C+-+5%C2%B718+%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84+%ED%9D%AC%EC%83%9D%EC%9E%90+-+%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%91%EB%B2%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.co.kr%2FSpecialEdition%2F518Special%2Fview.php%3Fseq%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4206380">"[5·18 학살보고서]② 초등생·주부·부상자 총살까지"</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107032551/https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4206380">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B5%C2%B718+%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4%EB%B3%B4%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%9C%5D%E2%91%A1+%EC%B4%88%EB%93%B1%EC%83%9D%C2%B7%EC%A3%BC%EB%B6%80%C2%B7%EB%B6%80%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90+%EC%B4%9D%EC%82%B4%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.kbs.co.kr%2Fnews%2Fview.do%3Fncd%3D4206380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwangju.co.kr/article.php?aid=1531839600636490269"><bdi lang="ko">다시 쓰는 5·18 ⑨ 계엄군간 오인 사격</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710121346/http://www.kwangju.co.kr/article.php?aid=1531839600636490269">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EB%8B%A4%EC%8B%9C+%EC%93%B0%EB%8A%94+5%C2%B718+%E2%91%A8+%EA%B3%84%EC%97%84%EA%B5%B0%EA%B0%84+%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B8+%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwangju.co.kr%2Farticle.php%3Faid%3D1531839600636490269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namdonews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=547006"><bdi lang="ko">드르륵 드르륵…"꿈에서도 잊혀지지 않는 공포"</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121111858/https://www.namdonews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=547006">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A5%B5+%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A5%B5%E2%80%A6%22%EA%BF%88%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%84+%EC%9E%8A%ED%98%80%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%80+%EC%95%8A%EB%8A%94+%EA%B3%B5%ED%8F%AC%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namdonews.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D547006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/area_general/844249.html">"5·18 공수부대와 일반부대 무전체계 달랐다"</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710132557/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/area_general/844249.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5%C2%B718+%EA%B3%B5%EC%88%98%EB%B6%80%EB%8C%80%EC%99%80+%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%B6%80%EB%8C%80+%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%84+%EB%8B%AC%EB%9E%90%EB%8B%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Farea%2Farea_general%2F844249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2020/06/gwangju-uprising-korean-war-seventieth-anniversary">"The US Didn't Bring Freedom to South Korea — Its People Did"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107034037/https://jacobin.com/2020/06/gwangju-uprising-korean-war-seventieth-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+US+Didn%27t+Bring+Freedom+to+South+Korea+%E2%80%94+Its+People+Did&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fgwangju-uprising-korean-war-seventieth-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnu518.jnu.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=library&wr_id=5625"><bdi lang="ko">[광주민중항쟁 총일지]해방 기간 - 항쟁지도부의 탄생과 활동</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107033144/http://cnu518.jnu.ac.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=library&wr_id=5625">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.518archives.go.kr&rft.atitle=The+May+18+Democratic+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.518archives.go.kr%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.518archives.go.kr/?PID=032">"5·18 민주화운동 기록관 > 기록관소개 > 관련규정"</a>. <i>www.518archives.go.kr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013748/http://www.518archives.go.kr/?PID=032">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.518archives.go.kr&rft.atitle=5%C2%B718+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EA%B8%B0%EB%A1%9D%EA%B4%80+%3E+%EA%B8%B0%EB%A1%9D%EA%B4%80%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C+%3E+%EA%B4%80%EB%A0%A8%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.518archives.go.kr%2F%3FPID%3D032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.38north.org/2017/10/tshorrock100317/">"38 North | the Gwangju Uprising and North Korea: What We Can Learn from Declassified Documents"</a>. 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=38+North+%26%23124%3B+the+Gwangju+Uprising+and+North+Korea%3A+What+We+Can+Learn+from+Declassified+Documents&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.38north.org%2F2017%2F10%2Ftshorrock100317%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1996" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Donald N. 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University of California, 1999. p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in The Gwangju Uprising. Ed. Henry Scott-Stokes and Lee Jai-Eui, East Gate Publishing, 2000. p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606368104"><i>The Kwangju uprising : eyewitness press accounts of Korea's Tiananmen</i></a>. Henry Scott-Stokes, Jai-eui Lee, Dae Jung Kim. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moodle2.sscnet.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Course%3A+Topics+in+Asian+American+Themes%3A+Re-imagining+Global+Korea%3A+Art+of+Protest+and+Social+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoodle2.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fcourse%2Fview%2F19S-ASIAAM191B-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jooogang20130520-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jooogang20130520_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang_Jin-kyu2013" class="citation web cs1">Kang Jin-kyu (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615204436/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2971803">"Park attends memorial of Gwangju massacre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joongang_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Joongang Daily">Joongang Daily</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+attends+memorial+of+Gwangju+massacre&rft.pub=Joongang+Daily&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.au=Kang+Jin-kyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FArticle.aspx%3Faid%3D2971803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/6767624510224126a52bd88903751c7d">"S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=S.+Korean+president+vows+to+reopen+probe+into+1980+massacre&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F6767624510224126a52bd88903751c7d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180207000802">"Panel confirms Army helicopters fired at protestors during Gwangju uprising"</a>. 7 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424155214/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180207000802">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panel+confirms+Army+helicopters+fired+at+protestors+during+Gwangju+uprising&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20180207000802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2018/02/09/0301000000AEN20180209003200315.html">"Defense chief apologizes for military's bloody crackdown on 1980 Gwangju uprising"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120957/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2018/02/09/0301000000AEN20180209003200315.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defense+chief+apologizes+for+military%27s+bloody+crackdown+on+1980+Gwangju+uprising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fnational%2F2018%2F02%2F09%2F0301000000AEN20180209003200315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/11/07/0200000000AEN20181107001700315.html">"Yonhap News Agency"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065410/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/11/07/0200000000AEN20181107001700315.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2F0200000000AEN20181107001700315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46123548">"South Korea apologises for rapes during 1980 Gwangju protest crackdown"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108145937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46123548">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Korea+apologises+for+rapes+during+1980+Gwangju+protest+crackdown&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-46123548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/05/356_268845.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Chun Doo-hwan ordered 1980 massacre shooting'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 14 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615203206/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/05/356_268845.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Chun+Doo-hwan+ordered+1980+massacre+shooting%27&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2019%2F05%2F356_268845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190513000683">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Former President Chun Doo-hwan was present in Gwangju on May 21, 1980'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 13 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615203206/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190513000683">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Former+President+Chun+Doo-hwan+was+present+in+Gwangju+on+May+21%2C+1980%27&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20190513000683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200512004051325?section=national/defense">"Committee launches fact-finding mission over 1980 pro-democracy movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>. 12 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615203158/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200512004051325?section=national%2Fdefense">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Committee+launches+fact-finding+mission+over+1980+pro-democracy+movement&rft.pub=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20200512004051325%3Fsection%3Dnational%2Fdefense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200514010400315?section=national/politics">"May 18 pro-democracy Gwangju uprising should be reflected in constitutional revision, Moon says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>. 14 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615203207/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200514010400315?section=national%2Fpolitics">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=May+18+pro-democracy+Gwangju+uprising+should+be+reflected+in+constitutional+revision%2C+Moon+says&rft.pub=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20200514010400315%3Fsection%3Dnational%2Fpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueroofpolitics.com/p/tbr-weekly-update-week-2-december-2020/">TBR Weekly Update: Week 2, December 2020</a><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>, blueroofpolitics.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timshorrock.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Journal-of-Commerce-Feb-27-1996-2.pdf">"US knew of South Korea Crackdown"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Journal of Commerce<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+knew+of+South+Korea+Crackdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimshorrock.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2FJournal-of-Commerce-Feb-27-1996-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331014141/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/two-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy/">"2 Days in May That Shattered Korean Democracy"</a>. The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/two-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy/">the original</a> on 31 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2+Days+in+May+That+Shattered+Korean+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Ftwo-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210706008700325">"U.S. informed in advance of the plan to use martial law troops to quell Gwangju uprising: declassified documents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>. 6 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+informed+in+advance+of+the+plan+to+use+martial+law+troops+to+quell+Gwangju+uprising%3A+declassified+documents&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20210706008700325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/there-a-petal-silently-falls/9780231142960"><i>There a Petal Silently Falls</i></a>. Columbia University Press. May 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231512428" title="Special:BookSources/9780231512428"><bdi>9780231512428</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511082348/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/there-a-petal-silently-falls/9780231142960">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+a+Petal+Silently+Falls&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=9780231512428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fthere-a-petal-silently-falls%2F9780231142960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portobellobooks.com/human-acts-2">"Human Acts"</a>. Portobello Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428004518/http://portobellobooks.com/human-acts-2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Acts&rft.pub=Portobello+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportobellobooks.com%2Fhuman-acts-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Katsiaficas, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eroseffect.com/articles/neoliberalismgwangju.htm">"Neoliberalism and the Gwangju Uprising"</a>. <i>민주주의와 인권</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 191–229. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513012145/http://www.eroseffect.com/articles/neoliberalismgwangju.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%99%80+%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+and+the+Gwangju+Uprising&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-229&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Katsiaficas&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eroseffect.com%2Farticles%2Fneoliberalismgwangju.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, L.S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3WSlPqq15UC"><i>Laying Claim to the Memory of May: A Look Back at the 1980 Kwangju Uprising</i></a>. Hawaii studies on Korea. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2479-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2479-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-2479-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618024851/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3WSlPqq15UC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laying+Claim+to+the+Memory+of+May%3A+A+Look+Back+at+the+1980+Kwangju+Uprising&rft.series=Hawaii+studies+on+Korea&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2479-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3WSlPqq15UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1988" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Edward (1988). "Korean Community Politics in Los Angeles: The Impact of the Kwangju Uprising". <i>Amerasia Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 51–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17953%2Famer.14.1.gh65433165261483">10.17953/amer.14.1.gh65433165261483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amerasia+Journal&rft.atitle=Korean+Community+Politics+in+Los+Angeles%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Kwangju+Uprising&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-67&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17953%2Famer.14.1.gh65433165261483&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheol2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cheol, Kim Yong (2003). "The Shadow of the Gwangju Uprising in the Democratization of Korean Politics". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140307193">10.1080/07393140307193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144132434">144132434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+of+the+Gwangju+Uprising+in+the+Democratization+of+Korean+Politics&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140307193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144132434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheol&rft.aufirst=Kim+Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChʻoe2006" class="citation book cs1">Chʻoe, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eutTTCoEUrwC"><i>The Gwangju Uprising: The Pivotal Democratic Movement that Changed the History of Modern Korea</i></a>. Homa & Sekey Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931907-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931907-36-1"><bdi>978-1-931907-36-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630055503/https://books.google.com/books?id=eutTTCoEUrwC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gwangju+Uprising%3A+The+Pivotal+Democratic+Movement+that+Changed+the+History+of+Modern+Korea&rft.pub=Homa+%26+Sekey+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-931907-36-1&rft.aulast=Ch%CA%BBoe&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeutTTCoEUrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChŏngRhyu_SiminSaŏphoe2003" class="citation book cs1">Chŏng, Sang-yong; Rhyu Simin; Saŏphoe, Minjuhwa Undong Kinyŏm (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F266AAAAIAAJ"><i>Memories of May 1980: A Documentary History of the Kwangju Uprising in Korea</i></a>. Seoul: Korea Democracy Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7778-203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7778-203-7"><bdi>978-89-7778-203-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617231339/https://books.google.com/books?id=F266AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+May+1980%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+the+Kwangju+Uprising+in+Korea&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Korea+Democracy+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-89-7778-203-7&rft.aulast=Ch%C5%8Fng&rft.aufirst=Sang-yong&rft.au=Rhyu+Simin&rft.au=Sa%C5%8Fphoe%2C+Minjuhwa+Undong+Kiny%C5%8Fm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF266AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleysteen2012" class="citation book cs1">Gleysteen, William H. (2012) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6R4IYoHVxRgC"><i>Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter and Korea in Crisis</i></a>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9109-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-9109-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617111040/https://books.google.com/books?id=6R4IYoHVxRgC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massive+Entanglement%2C+Marginal+Influence%3A+Carter+and+Korea+in+Crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9109-6&rft.aulast=Gleysteen&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6R4IYoHVxRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jean, Ahn (2003). "The Socio-Economic Background of the Gwangju Uprising". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140307187">10.1080/07393140307187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143570080">143570080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Socio-Economic+Background+of+the+Gwangju+Uprising&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140307187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143570080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jean&rft.aufirst=Ahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJong-cheol2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jong-cheol, Ahn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/issue/view_pop.htm?Idx=3212">"The significance of settling the past of the December 12 coup and the May 18 Gwangju uprising"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 112–138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201924/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/issue/view_pop.htm?Idx=3212">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+settling+the+past+of+the+December+12+coup+and+the+May+18+Gwangju+uprising&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-138&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jong-cheol&rft.aufirst=Ahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2Fissue%2Fview_pop.htm%3FIdx%3D3212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungwoon1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jungwoon, Choi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekoreajournal.net/sysLib/down.php?file=..%2FUPLOAD%2FT_articles%2FPDF39212">"The Kwangju People's Uprising: Formation of the "Absolute Community"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 238–282. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918201858/https://www.ekoreajournal.net/sysLib/down.php?file=..%2FUPLOAD%2FT_articles%2FPDF39212">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Kwangju+People%27s+Uprising%3A+Formation+of+the+%22Absolute+Community%22&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-282&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jungwoon&rft.aufirst=Choi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2FsysLib%2Fdown.php%3Ffile%3D..%252FUPLOAD%252FT_articles%252FPDF39212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Katsiaficas, George (2003). "Comparing the Paris Commune and the Gwangju Uprising". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140307195">10.1080/07393140307195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144513449">144513449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+Paris+Commune+and+the+Gwangju+Uprising&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140307195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144513449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Katsiaficas&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Katsiaficas, George (2007). "Remembering the Kwangju uprising". <i>Socialism and Democracy</i>. <b>14</b>: 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08854300008428256">10.1080/08854300008428256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143917527">143917527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Kwangju+uprising&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08854300008428256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143917527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Katsiaficas&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficas2013" class="citation book cs1">Katsiaficas, George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHKOkPsQHwsC"><i>South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75923-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75923-9"><bdi>978-1-136-75923-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630202255/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHKOkPsQHwsC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Korean+Democracy%3A+Legacy+of+the+Gwangju+Uprising&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75923-9&rft.aulast=Katsiaficas&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHKOkPsQHwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficasKahn-chae2013" class="citation book cs1">Katsiaficas, George; Kahn-chae, Na, eds. (2013) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPv7W3q_rSsC"><i>South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising</i></a>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75922-2"><bdi>978-1-136-75922-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622004740/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPv7W3q_rSsC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Korean+Democracy%3A+Legacy+of+the+Gwangju+Uprising&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75922-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPv7W3q_rSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn-Chae2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn-Chae, Na (2001). "A New Perspective on the Gwangju People's Resistance Struggle: 1980–1997". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140120099598">10.1080/07393140120099598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144089094">144089094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=A+New+Perspective+on+the+Gwangju+People%27s+Resistance+Struggle%3A+1980%E2%80%931997&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140120099598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144089094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kahn-Chae&rft.aufirst=Na&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidential_Truth_Commission_on_Suspicious_Deaths_of_the_Republic_of_Korea2004" class="citation book cs1">Presidential Truth Commission on Suspicious Deaths of the Republic of Korea (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWpuBgAAQBAJ"><i>A Hard Journey to Justice: First Term Report</i></a>. Seoul: Samin Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617213451/https://books.google.com/books?id=CWpuBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hard+Journey+to+Justice%3A+First+Term+Report&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Samin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Presidential+Truth+Commission+on+Suspicious+Deaths+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWpuBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinHwang2003" class="citation book cs1">Shin, G.W.; Hwang, K.M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6Co9p5riPYC"><i>Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Korea's Past and Present</i></a>. Asia/Pacific/Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1962-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1962-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-1962-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622025953/https://books.google.com/books?id=x6Co9p5riPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contentious+Kwangju%3A+The+May+18+Uprising+in+Korea%27s+Past+and+Present&rft.series=Asia%2FPacific%2FPerspectives&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1962-6&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft.au=Hwang%2C+K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6Co9p5riPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesLee_Jai_Eui2016" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Henry Scott; Lee Jai Eui, eds. (2016) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5oYDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Kwangju Uprising: Eyewitness press accounts of Korea's Tianaman</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-29175-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-29175-8"><bdi>978-1-315-29175-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630055500/https://books.google.com/books?id=v5oYDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kwangju+Uprising%3A+Eyewitness+press+accounts+of+Korea%27s+Tianaman&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-29175-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5oYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2000" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, John A. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreaonbrinkmemo00wick"><i>Korea on the brink: A memoir of political intrigue and military crisis</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-290-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-290-2"><bdi>978-1-57488-290-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+on+the+brink%3A+A+memoir+of+political+intrigue+and+military+crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-290-2&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreaonbrinkmemo00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYea2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yea, Sallie (2016). "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery". <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (9): 1551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420980220151655">10.1080/00420980220151655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153346105">153346105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Rewriting+Rebellion+and+Mapping+Memory+in+South+Korea%3A+The+%28Re%29presentation+of+the+1980+Kwangju+Uprising+through+Mangwol-dong+Cemetery&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1551&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00420980220151655&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153346105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yea&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwangju+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Uprising&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gwangju_Uprising" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Uprising</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.518.org/">The May 18 Memorial Foundation</a> (in Korean and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/history/1980-the-kwangju-uprising">1980: The Kwangju uprising</a> – article with comments on the self-administration people developed.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175044/http://www.hrschool.org/doc/mainfile.php/lesson36/">Kwangju: Citizen's response to state violence</a> (AHRC HRCS Educational Module)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624231723/http://www.hrschool.org/doc/mainfile.php/lesson37/">Kwangju: People's perseverance in seeking justice</a> (AHRC HRCS Educational Module)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312011433/http://www.hrsolidarity.net/mainfile.php/1996vol06no02/117/">Kwangju: A flame of Democracy</a> (by Sanjeewa Liyanage)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hunjang.blogspot.com/2004/03/contemporary-korean-history-kwangju.html">Photo gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4557315.stm">"Lingering legacy of Korean massacre"</a>, BBC News, 18 May 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kr.usembassy.gov/may-18-documents">"May 18 Documents - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Republic of Korea"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/2017/05/The-Kwangju-Incident.pdf">"United States Government Statement on the Events in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, in May 1980"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073550/https://kr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/2017/05/The-Kwangju-Incident.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 19 June 1989</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209123735/http://www.rememberu518.co.kr/">Hwaryeohan Hyuga (A Magnificent Holiday)</a> – official website for the 2007 movie about the Gwangju Uprising</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timshorrock.com/?page_id=21">"Ex-Leaders Go On Trial In Seoul"</a> – A 27 February 1996 review of the Cherokee Files (contemporaneous with ex-presidents Chun and Roh's trials)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://populargusts.blogspot.com/2006/05/bibliography-of-kwangju-uprising-in.html">Bibliography of Kwangju Uprising in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/may18gwangju/">Facebook memorial page</a> (in Korean)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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