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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>MySQL (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-whatismysql-5">[5]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> (RDBMS).<a href="#cite_note-whatismysql-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder <a href="/wiki/Michael_Widenius" title="Michael Widenius">Michael Widenius</a>'s daughter My,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and "SQL", the acronym for <a href="/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> organizes data into one or more data tables in which data may be related to each other; these relations help structure the data. SQL is a language that programmers use to create, modify and extract data from the relational database, as well as control user access to the database. In addition to relational databases and SQL, an RDBMS like MySQL works with an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to implement a relational database in a computer's storage system, manages users, allows for network access and facilitates testing database integrity and creation of backups. <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:MySQL_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/MySQL_logo.svg/100px-MySQL_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/MySQL_logo.svg/150px-MySQL_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/MySQL_logo.svg/200px-MySQL_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="126"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysql-screenshot.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mysql-screenshot.PNG/220px-Mysql-screenshot.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mysql-screenshot.PNG/330px-Mysql-screenshot.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mysql-screenshot.PNG/440px-Mysql-screenshot.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1474"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">Screenshot</a> of the default MySQL command-line banner and prompt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1995; 29 years ago (1995-05-23)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">9.1.0<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-bd499d7de7ac920a7ea2e9a034108218d44c21f2-v18-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> / 15 October 2024; 39 days ago (15 October 2024)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mysql/mysql-server">github.com/mysql/mysql-server</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">RDBMS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPLv2</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mysql.com/">www.mysql.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> MySQL is <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>, and is also available under a variety of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> licenses. MySQL was owned and sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> company <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a>, which was bought by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-sunacquire-8">[8]</a> In 2010, when <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation" title="Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation">Oracle acquired Sun</a>, Widenius <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> the <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> MySQL project to create <a href="/wiki/MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> MySQL has stand-alone clients that allow users to interact directly with a MySQL database using SQL, but more often, MySQL is used with other programs to implement applications that need relational database capability. MySQL is a component of the <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Software stack">software stack</a> (and <a href="/wiki/List_of_AMP_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AMP packages">others</a>), which is an acronym for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a>, MySQL, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>/<a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications, including <a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joomla" title="Joomla">Joomla</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhpBB" title="PhpBB">phpBB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> MySQL is also used by many popular <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview">1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Milestones">2.1 Milestones</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Release_history">2.2 Release history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legal_disputes_and_acquisitions">2.3 Legal disputes and acquisitions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Features">3 Features</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Limitations">3.1 Limitations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Deployment">3.2 Deployment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#High_availability_software">3.3 High availability software</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cloud_deployment">3.4 Cloud deployment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#User_interfaces">4 User interfaces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Graphical_user_interfaces">4.1 Graphical user interfaces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#MySQL_Workbench">4.1.1 MySQL Workbench</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Other_GUI_tools">4.1.2 Other GUI tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Command-line_interfaces">4.2 Command-line interfaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Application_programming_interfaces">5 Application programming interfaces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Project_forks">6 Project forks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Current">6.1 Current</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Abandoned">6.2 Abandoned</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> MySQL is written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. Its SQL parser is written in <a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a>, but it uses a home-brewed <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexical analyzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> MySQL works on many <a href="/wiki/System_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="System platform">system platforms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/AIX_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX operating system">AIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD/OS" title="BSD/OS">BSDi</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novell_NetWare" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell NetWare">Novell NetWare</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> Warp, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Oracle Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCO_OpenServer" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO OpenServer">SCO OpenServer</a>, SCO <a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a>, Sanos and <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64</a>. A port of MySQL to <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> also exists.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The MySQL server software itself and the client libraries use <a href="/wiki/Dual_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual license">dual-licensing</a> distribution. They are offered under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> version 2, or a proprietary license.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Support can be obtained from the official manual.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Free support additionally is available in different IRC channels and forums. Oracle offers paid support via its MySQL Enterprise products. They differ in the scope of services and in price. Additionally, a number of third party organisations exist to provide support and services. MySQL has received positive reviews, and reviewers noticed it "performs extremely well in the average case" and that the "developer interfaces are there, and the documentation (not to mention feedback in the real world via Web sites and the like) is very, very good".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It has also been tested to be a "fast, stable and true multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg/220px-Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg/220px-Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg/330px-Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg/440px-Monty-Widenius-David-Axmark-MySQL-2003-05-09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>David Axmark (left) and Michael "Monty" Widenius, founders of MySQL AB, in 2003</figcaption></figure> MySQL was created by a Swedish company, <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Axmark" title="David Axmark">David Axmark</a>, Allan Larsson and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Widenius" title="Michael Widenius">Michael "Monty" Widenius</a>. Original development of MySQL by Widenius and Axmark began in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The first version of MySQL appeared on 23 May 1995. It was initially created for personal usage from <a href="/wiki/MSQL" title="MSQL">mSQL</a> based on the low-level language <a href="/wiki/ISAM" title="ISAM">ISAM</a>, which the creators considered too slow and inflexible. They created a new <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> interface, while keeping the same <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> as mSQL. By keeping the API consistent with the mSQL system, many developers were able to use MySQL instead of the (proprietarily licensed) mSQL antecedent.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones">Milestones</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Milestones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Additional milestones in MySQL development included: <ul><li>First internal release on 23 May 1995</li> <li>Version 3.19: End of 1996, from www.tcx.se</li> <li>Version 3.20: January 1997</li> <li>Windows version was released on 8 January 1998 for Windows 95 and NT</li> <li>Version 3.21: production release 1998, from www.mysql.com</li> <li>Version 3.22: alpha, beta from 1998</li> <li>Version 3.23: beta from June 2000, production release 22 January 2001<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Version 4.0: beta from August 2002, production release March 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">unions</a>).</li> <li>Version 4.1: beta from June 2004, production release October 2004 (<a href="/wiki/R-tree" title="R-tree">R-trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-trees</a>, subqueries, prepared statements).</li> <li>Version 5.0: beta from March 2005, production release October 2005 (cursors, stored procedures, triggers, views, <a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">XA transactions</a>). <ul><li>The developer of the Federated Storage Engine states that "The Federated Storage Engine is a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof-of-concept</a> storage engine",<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> but the main distributions of MySQL version 5.0 included it and turned it on by default. Documentation of some of the short-comings appears in "MySQL Federated Tables: The Missing Manual".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> acquired MySQL AB in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Version 5.1: production release 27 November 2008 (event scheduler, <a href="/wiki/Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">partitioning</a>, plugin API, row-based replication, <a href="/wiki/Server_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Server log">server log</a> tables) <ul><li>Version 5.1 contained 20 known crashing and wrong result bugs in addition to the 35 present in version 5.0 (almost all fixed as of release 5.1.51).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>MySQL 5.1 and 6.0-alpha showed poor performance when used for <a href="/wiki/Data_warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data warehousing">data warehousing</a> – partly due to its inability to utilize multiple CPU cores for processing a single query.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems on 27 January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>The day Oracle announced the purchase of Sun, Michael "Monty" Widenius forked MySQL, launching <a href="/wiki/MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>, and took a swath of MySQL developers with him.<a href="#cite_note-dead-34">[34]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg/220px-Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg/220px-Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg/330px-Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg/440px-Geir_H%C3%B8ydalsvik_at_Percona_Live_Europe_2018_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Geir Høydalsvik, current Senior Software Development Director for MySQL at Oracle in 2018</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>MySQL Server 5.5 was generally available (as of December 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit">[update]</a>). Enhancements and features include: <ul><li>The default storage engine is <a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a>, which supports transactions and referential integrity constraints.</li> <li>Improved InnoDB I/O subsystem<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Improved <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">SMP</a> support<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Semisynchronous replication.</li> <li>SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statement in compliance with the SQL standard.</li> <li>Support for supplementary Unicode character sets utf16, utf32, and utf8mb4.<a href="#cite_note-utf8mb4-37">[a]</a></li> <li>New options for user-defined partitioning.</li></ul></li> <li>MySQL Server 6.0.11-alpha was announced<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> on 22 May 2009 as the last release of the 6.0 line. Future MySQL Server development uses a New Release Model. Features developed for 6.0 are being incorporated into future releases.</li> <li>The general availability of MySQL 5.6 was announced in February 2013.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> New features included performance improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Query_optimizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Query optimizer">query optimizer</a>, higher transactional throughput in InnoDB, new <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a>-style memcached APIs, improvements to partitioning for querying and managing very large tables, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>TIMESTAMP column type that correctly stores milliseconds, improvements to replication, and better performance monitoring by expanding the data available through the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The InnoDB storage engine also included support for full-text search and improved group commit performance.</li> <li>The general availability of MySQL 5.7 was announced in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> As of MySQL 5.7.8, August 2015,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> MySQL supports a native <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> data type defined by RFC 7159.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li>MySQL Server 8.0 was announced in April 2018,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> including NoSQL Document Store, atomic and crash safe DDL sentences and <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> Extended syntax, new functions, such as JSON table functions, improved sorting, and partial updates. Previous MySQL Server 8.0.0-dmr (Milestone Release) was announced 12 September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li> <li>MySQL was declared DBMS of the year 2019 from the <a href="/wiki/DB-Engines_ranking" title="DB-Engines ranking">DB-Engines ranking</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_history">Release history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Release history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Release </th> <th>General availability </th> <th>Latest minor version </th> <th>Latest release </th> <th>End of support<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.1 LTS">Old version, no longer maintained: 5.1 LTS </td> <td>14 November 2008; 16 years ago (2008-11-14)<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5.1.73<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> </td> <td>2013-12-03 </td> <td>Dec 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.5 LTS">Old version, no longer maintained: 5.5 LTS </td> <td>3 December 2010; 13 years ago (2010-12-03)<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5.5.62<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </td> <td>2018-10-22 </td> <td>Dec 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.6 LTS">Old version, no longer maintained: 5.6 LTS </td> <td>5 February 2013; 11 years ago (2013-02-05)<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5.6.51<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </td> <td>2021-01-20 </td> <td>Feb 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="5.7 LTS">Old version, no longer maintained: 5.7 LTS </td> <td>21 October 2015; 9 years ago (2015-10-21) <a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">5.7.44<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> </td> <td>2023-10-25 </td> <td>Oct 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="8.0 LTS">Old version, yet still maintained: 8.0 LTS </td> <td>19 April 2018; 6 years ago (2018-04-19) <a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap">8.0.40<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> </td> <td>2024-10-15 </td> <td>Apr 2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.1 IR">Old version, no longer maintained: 8.1 IR </td> <td>18 July 2023; 16 months ago (2023-07-18)<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8.1.0<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </td> <td>2023-07-18 </td> <td>Oct 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.2 IR">Old version, no longer maintained: 8.2 IR </td> <td>25 October 2023; 12 months ago (2023-10-25)<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8.2.0<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td> <td>2023-10-25 </td> <td>Jan 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="8.3 IR">Old version, no longer maintained: 8.3 IR </td> <td>16 January 2024; 10 months ago (2024-01-16)<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">8.3.0<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </td> <td>2024-01-16 </td> <td>Apr 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="8.4 LTS">Current stable version: 8.4 LTS </td> <td>30 April 2024; 6 months ago (2024-04-30) <a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap">8.4.3<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> </td> <td>2024-10-15 </td> <td>Apr 2032 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="9.0 IR">Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0 IR </td> <td>1 July 2024; 4 months ago (2024-07-01) <a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap">9.0.1<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> </td> <td>2024-07-23 </td> <td>Oct 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion cp" style="color:black; background-color: #FED1A0;" title="Latest preview version of a future release" data-sort-value="9.1 IR">Latest preview version of a future release: 9.1 IR </td> <td>15 October 2024; 39 days ago (2024-10-15) <a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap">9.1.0<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>2024-10-15 </td> <td>Jan 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Legend:</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Old version, not maintained</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Old version, still maintained</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Latest version</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;">Latest preview version</div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;">Future release</div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div> LTS = Long-Term Support, IR = Innovation Release </td></tr></tbody></table> Work on version 6 stopped after the Sun Microsystems acquisition. The MySQL Cluster product uses version 7. The decision was made to jump to version 8 as the next major version number.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_disputes_and_acquisitions">Legal disputes and acquisitions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal disputes and acquisitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 15 June 2001, NuSphere sued MySQL AB, TcX DataKonsult AB and its original authors Michael ("Monty") Widenius and David Axmark in U.S. District Court in Boston for "breach of contract, <a href="/wiki/Tortious_interference" title="Tortious interference">tortious interference</a> with third party contracts and relationships and unfair competition".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 2002, MySQL AB sued Progress NuSphere for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a> in <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts">United States district court</a>. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL AB's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL'ed code with NuSphere Gemini table without being in compliance with the license.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> After a preliminary hearing before <a href="/wiki/Patti_B._Saris" title="Patti B. Saris">Judge Patti Saris</a> on 27 February 2002, the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> After the hearing, <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> commented that "Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license."<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In October 2005, Oracle Corporation acquired <a href="/wiki/Innobase" title="Innobase">Innobase</a> OY, the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> company that developed the third-party InnoDB storage engine that allows MySQL to provide such functionality as transactions and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">foreign keys</a>. After the acquisition, an Oracle <a href="/wiki/News_release" class="mw-redirect" title="News release">press release</a> mentioned that the contracts that make the company's software available to <a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a> would be due for renewal (and presumably renegotiation) some time in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> During the MySQL Users Conference in April 2006, MySQL AB issued a press release that confirmed that MySQL AB and Innobase OY agreed to a "multi-year" extension of their licensing agreement.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In February 2006, Oracle Corporation acquired <a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_Software" title="Sleepycat Software">Sleepycat Software</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> makers of the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_DB" title="Berkeley DB">Berkeley DB</a>, a database engine providing the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used, and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL 5.1.12, a pre-GA release of MySQL 5.1 released in October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In January 2008, Sun Microsystems bought MySQL AB for $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In April 2009, Oracle Corporation entered into an agreement to purchase Sun Microsystems,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> then owners of MySQL copyright and trademark. Sun's board of directors unanimously approved the deal. It was also approved by Sun's shareholders, and by the U.S. government on 20 August 2009.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> On 14 December 2009, Oracle pledged to continue to enhance MySQL<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> as it had done for the previous four years. A movement against Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, to "Save MySQL"<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> from Oracle was started by one of the MySQL AB founders, <a href="/wiki/Monty_Widenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Monty Widenius">Monty Widenius</a>. The petition of 50,000+ developers and users called upon the European Commission to block approval of the acquisition. At the same time, some Free Software <a href="/wiki/Opinion_leadership" title="Opinion leadership">opinion leaders</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jones" title="Pamela Jones">Pamela Jones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Groklaw" title="Groklaw">Groklaw</a>, Jan Wildeboer and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Piana" title="Carlo Piana">Carlo Piana</a>, who also acted as co-counsel in the merger regulation procedure) advocated for the unconditional approval of the merger.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> As part of the negotiations with the European Commission, Oracle committed that MySQL server will continue until at least 2015 to use the dual-licensing strategy long used by MySQL AB, with proprietary and GPL versions available. The antitrust of the EU had been "pressuring it to divest MySQL as a condition for approval of the merger". But the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a>, at the request of Oracle, pressured the EU to approve the merger unconditionally.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The European Commission eventually unconditionally approved Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB on 21 January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In January 2010, before Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, Monty Widenius started a GPL-only <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a>, <a href="/wiki/MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>. MariaDB is based on the same code base as MySQL server 5.5 and aims to maintain compatibility with Oracle-provided versions.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> MySQL is offered under two different editions: the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> MySQL Community Server<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and the proprietary <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Enterprise" title="MySQL Enterprise">Enterprise Server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> MySQL Enterprise Server is differentiated by a series of proprietary extensions which install as server plugins, but otherwise shares the version numbering system and is built from the same code base. Major features as available in MySQL 5.6: <ul><li>A broad subset of <a href="/wiki/SQL:1999" title="SQL:1999">ANSI SQL 99</a>, as well as extensions</li> <li>Cross-platform support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedures</a>, using a procedural language that closely adheres to <a href="/wiki/SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">SQL/PSM</a><a href="#cite_note-HarrisonFeuerstein2008-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Triggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursors</a></li> <li>Updatable <a href="/wiki/View_(SQL)" title="View (SQL)">views</a></li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Data_Definition_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Definition Language">Data Definition Language</a> (DDL) when using the InnoDB Storage Engine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_schema" title="Information schema">Information schema</a></li> <li>Performance Schema that collects and aggregates statistics about server execution and query performance for monitoring purposes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li> <li>A set of SQL Mode options to control <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> behavior, including a strict mode to better adhere to SQL standards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/Open_XA" title="X/Open XA">X/Open XA</a> <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed transaction processing">distributed transaction processing</a> (DTP) support; <a href="/wiki/Two-phase_commit_protocol" title="Two-phase commit protocol">two phase commit</a> as part of this, using the default <a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a> storage engine</li> <li>Transactions with <a href="/wiki/Savepoint" title="Savepoint">savepoints</a> when using the default InnoDB Storage Engine. The NDB Cluster Storage Engine also supports transactions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> compliance when using InnoDB and NDB Cluster Storage Engines<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> support</li> <li>Query <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a></li> <li>Sub-<a href="/wiki/Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECTs</a> (i.e. nested SELECTs)</li> <li>Built-in <a href="/wiki/Database_replication" class="mw-redirect" title="Database replication">replication</a> support <ul><li>Asynchronous replication: <a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master/slave (technology)">master-slave</a> from one master to many slaves<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> or many masters to one slave<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></li> <li>Semi synchronous replication: Master to slave replication where the master waits on replication<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Synchronous replication: <a href="/wiki/Multi-master_replication" title="Multi-master replication">Multi-master replication</a> is provided in <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Cluster" title="MySQL Cluster">MySQL Cluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_synchrony" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual synchrony">Virtual Synchronous</a>: Self managed groups of MySQL servers with multi master support can be done using: Galera Cluster<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> or the built in Group Replication plugin<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Full-text <a href="/wiki/Index_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (database)">indexing</a> and searching<a href="#cite_note-105">[b]</a></li> <li>Embedded database library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support<a href="#cite_note-utf8mb4-37">[a]</a></li> <li>Partitioned tables with pruning of partitions in optimizer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared-nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared-nothing">Shared-nothing</a> clustering through <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Cluster" title="MySQL Cluster">MySQL Cluster</a></li> <li>Multiple storage engines, allowing one to choose the one that is most effective for each table in the application.<a href="#cite_note-106">[c]</a></li> <li>Native storage engines <a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MyISAM" title="MyISAM">MyISAM</a>, Merge, Memory (heap), <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Federated" title="MySQL Federated">Federated</a>, Archive, <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>, Blackhole, NDB Cluster.</li> <li>Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections together to increase the number of commits per second.</li></ul> The developers release minor updates of the MySQL Server approximately every two months. The sources can be obtained from MySQL's website or from MySQL's <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repository, both under the GPL license. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Limitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When using some storage engines other than the default of InnoDB, MySQL does not comply with the full <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> standard for some of the implemented functionality, including foreign key references.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Check constraints are parsed but ignored by all storage engines before MySQL version 8.0.15.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Up until MySQL 5.7, triggers are limited to one per action / timing, meaning that at most one trigger can be defined to be executed after an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">INSERT operation, and one before <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">INSERT on the same table.<a href="#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-110">[107]</a> No triggers can be defined on views.<a href="#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-110">[107]</a> Before MySQL 8.0.28, inbuilt functions like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">UNIX_TIMESTAMP() would return <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">0 after 03:14:07 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on <a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">19 January 2038</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In 2017, an attempt to solve the problem was submitted, but was not used for the final solution that was shipped in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment">Deployment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deployment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> MySQL can be built and installed manually from source code, but it is more commonly installed from a binary package unless special customizations are required. On most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a> can download and install MySQL with minimal effort, though further configuration is often required to adjust security and optimization settings. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAMP_software_bundle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LAMP_software_bundle.svg/400px-LAMP_software_bundle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LAMP_software_bundle.svg/400px-LAMP_software_bundle.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LAMP_software_bundle.svg/600px-LAMP_software_bundle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/LAMP_software_bundle.svg/800px-LAMP_software_bundle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> software bundle, displayed here together with <a href="/wiki/Squid_(software)" title="Squid (software)">Squid</a>.</figcaption></figure> Though MySQL began as a low-end alternative to more powerful proprietary databases, it has gradually evolved to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still most commonly used in small to medium scale single-server deployments, either as a component in a <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a>-based web application or as a standalone database server. Much of MySQL's appeal originates in its relative simplicity and ease of use, which is enabled by an ecosystem of open source tools such as <a href="/wiki/PhpMyAdmin" title="PhpMyAdmin">phpMyAdmin</a>. In the medium range, MySQL can be scaled by deploying it on more powerful hardware, such as a multi-processor server with gigabytes of memory. There are, however, limits to how far performance can scale on a single server ('scaling up'), so on larger scales, multi-server MySQL ('scaling out') deployments are required to provide improved performance and reliability. A typical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database which handles data write operations and is <a href="/wiki/Database_replication" class="mw-redirect" title="Database replication">replicated</a> to multiple slaves that handle all read operations.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> The master server continually pushes binlog events to connected slaves so in the event of failure a slave can be promoted to become the new master, minimizing downtime. Further improvements in performance can be achieved by caching the results from database queries in memory using <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">memcached</a>, or breaking down a database into smaller chunks called <a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">shards</a> which can be spread across a number of distributed server clusters.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_availability_software">High availability software</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High availability software" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Oracle MySQL offers a high availability solution with a mix of tools including the MySQL router and the MySQL shell. They are based on Group Replication, open source tools.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> MariaDB offers a similar offer in terms of products.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_deployment">Cloud deployment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cloud deployment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></div> MySQL can also be run on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a>, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Some common deployment models for MySQL on the cloud are: <dl><dt>Virtual machine image</dt> <dd>In this implementation, cloud users can upload a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual machine image">machine image</a> of their own with MySQL installed, or use a ready-made machine image with an optimized installation of MySQL on it, such as the one provided by Amazon EC2.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>MySQL as a service</dt> <dd>Some cloud platforms offer MySQL "as a service". In this configuration, application owners do not have to install and maintain the MySQL database on their own. Instead, the database service provider takes responsibility for installing and maintaining the database, and application owners pay according to their usage.<a href="#cite_note-readwriteweb-121">[118]</a> Notable cloud-based MySQL services are the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service" title="Amazon Relational Database Service">Amazon Relational Database Service</a>; Oracle MySQL HeatWave Database Service,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Azure Database for MySQL,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rackspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackspace">Rackspace</a>; <a href="/wiki/HP_Converged_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Converged Cloud">HP Converged Cloud</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a>. In this model the database service provider takes responsibility for maintaining the host and database.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="User_interfaces">User interfaces</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: User interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_user_interfaces">Graphical user interfaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Graphical user interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices or programs through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. Third-party proprietary and free graphical administration applications (or "front ends") are available that integrate with MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and data visually. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png/220px-The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png/220px-The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png/330px-The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png/440px-The_MySQL_Workbench_startup_screen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MySQL_Workbench" title="MySQL Workbench">MySQL Workbench</a> running on macOS</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MySQL_Workbench">MySQL Workbench</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: MySQL Workbench" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Workbench" title="MySQL Workbench">MySQL Workbench</a></div> <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Workbench" title="MySQL Workbench">MySQL Workbench</a> is the integrated environment for MySQL. It was developed by MySQL AB, and enables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database structures. MySQL Workbench is available in three editions, the regular <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source software">free and open source</a> Community Edition which may be downloaded from the MySQL website, and the proprietary Standard Edition which extends and improves the feature set of the Community Edition, and the MySQL Cluster CGE.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_GUI_tools">Other GUI tools</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other GUI tools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adminer" title="Adminer">Adminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Workbench" title="Database Workbench">Database Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBeaver" title="DBeaver">DBeaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBEdit" title="DBEdit">DBEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeidiSQL" title="HeidiSQL">HeidiSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Base" title="LibreOffice Base">LibreOffice Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicat" title="Navicat">Navicat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> Base</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpMyAdmin" title="PhpMyAdmin">phpMyAdmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQLBuddy" title="SQLBuddy">SQLBuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQLyog" title="SQLyog">SQLyog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_(software)" title="Toad (software)">Toad for MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmin" title="Webmin">Webmin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command-line_interfaces">Command-line interfaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Command-line interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user issues commands to the program by typing in successive lines of text (command lines). MySQL ships with many <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> tools, from which the main interface is the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">mysql client.<a href="#cite_note-mysql_%E2%80%93_The_MySQL_Command-Line_Tool-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-mysqladmin_-_the_MySQL_command-line_tool-127">[124]</a> MySQL Utilities is a set of utilities designed to perform common maintenance and administrative tasks. Originally included as part of the MySQL Workbench, the utilities are a stand-alone download available from Oracle. Percona Toolkit is a cross-platform toolkit for MySQL, developed in <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Percona Toolkit can be used to prove replication is working correctly, fix corrupted data, automate repetitive tasks, and speed up servers. Percona Toolkit is included with several <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions such as <a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, and packages are available for <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> as well. Percona Toolkit was originally developed as Maatkit, but as of late 2011, Maatkit is no longer developed. MySQL shell is a tool for interactive use and administration of the MySQL database. It supports JavaScript, Python or SQL modes and it can be used for administration and access purposes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Application_programming_interfaces">Application programming interfaces</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Application programming interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Many <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> with language-specific <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> include <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> for accessing MySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for <a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">.NET/CLI Languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> and the JDBC driver for Java.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In addition, an <a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a> interface called <a href="/wiki/MySQL_Connector/ODBC" title="MySQL Connector/ODBC">MySQL Connector/ODBC</a> allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as <a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">ASP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_ColdFusion" title="Adobe ColdFusion">ColdFusion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/HTSQL" title="HTSQL">HTSQL</a> – <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>-based query method also ships with a MySQL adapter, allowing direct interaction between a MySQL database and any web client via structured URLs. Other drivers exists for languages like <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Project_forks">Project forks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Project forks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> A variety of MySQL <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> exist, including the following. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <dl><dt>MariaDB</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a> is a community-developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system intended to remain free under the GNU GPL. The fork has been led by the original developers of MySQL, who forked it due to concerns over its acquisition by Oracle.<a href="#cite_note-dead-34">[34]</a></dd> <dt>Percona Server for MySQL</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percona_Server_for_MySQL" title="Percona Server for MySQL">Percona Server for MySQL</a>, forked by <a href="/wiki/Percona" title="Percona">Percona</a>, aims to retain close compatibility to the official MySQL releases.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Also included in Percona Server for MySQL is <a href="/wiki/XtraDB" title="XtraDB">XtraDB</a>, Percona's fork of the <a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB Storage Engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcw1-135">[132]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandoned">Abandoned</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abandoned" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <dl><dt>Drizzle</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drizzle_(database_server)" title="Drizzle (database server)">Drizzle</a> was a free software/open source relational database management system (DBMS) that was forked from the now-defunct 6.0 development branch of the MySQL DBMS.<a href="#cite_note-Clark_2011-136">[133]</a> Like MySQL, Drizzle had a <a href="/wiki/Client/server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client/server">client/server</a> architecture and uses <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> as its primary <a href="/wiki/Command_language" title="Command language">command language</a>. Drizzle was distributed under version 2 and 3 of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) with portions, including the protocol drivers and <a href="/wiki/Database_replication" class="mw-redirect" title="Database replication">replication</a> messaging under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a> license.</dd> <dt>WebScaleSQL</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/WebScaleSQL" title="WebScaleSQL">WebScaleSQL</a> was a software branch of MySQL 5.6, and was announced on 27 March 2014 by Facebook, Google, LinkedIn and Twitter as a joint effort to provide a centralized development structure for extending MySQL with new features specific to its large-scale deployments, such as building large replicated databases running on server farms. Thus, WebScaleSQL opened a path toward deduplicating the efforts each company had been putting into maintaining its own branch of MySQL, and toward bringing together more developers. By combining the efforts of these companies and incorporating various changes and new features into MySQL, WebScaleSQL aimed at supporting the deployment of MySQL in large-scale environments.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The project's source code is licensed under version 2 of the GNU General Public License, and is hosted on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theregister-20140327-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-webscalesql-faq-140">[137]</a></dd> <dt>OurDelta</dt> <dd>The OurDelta distribution, created by the Australian company Open Query (later acquired by Catalyst IT Australia), had two versions: 5.0, which was based on MySQL, and 5.1, which was based on MariaDB. It included patches developed by Open Query and by other notable members of the MySQL community including Jeremy Cole and Google. Once the patches were incorporated into the MariaDB mainline, OurDelta's objectives were achieved and OurDelta passed on its build and packaging toolchain to Monty Program (now MariaDB Plc).<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_database_administration_tools" title="Comparison of database administration tools">Comparison of database administration tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MySQL_database_engines" title="Comparison of MySQL database engines">Comparison of MySQL database engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">Comparison of relational database management systems</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-utf8mb4-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utf8mb4_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utf8mb4_37-1">b</a> Prior to MySQL 5.5.3, <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-16/UCS-2">UCS-2</a> encoded strings are limited to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">BMP</a>; MySQL 5.5.3 and later use utf8mb4 for full Unicode support. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Initially, it was a MyISAM-only feature; supported by InnoDB since the release of MySQL 5.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> In MySQL 5.0, storage engines must be compiled in; since MySQL 5.1, storage engines can be dynamically loaded at <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run time</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-bd499d7de7ac920a7ea2e9a034108218d44c21f2-v18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-bd499d7de7ac920a7ea2e9a034108218d44c21f2-v18_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 November 2024, at 19:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%84" title="ماي إس كيو إل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماي إس كيو إل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="মাইএসকিউএল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইএসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مای‌اس‌کیوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مای‌اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="माई एसक्यूल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माई एसक्यूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD" title="മൈഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%95%DA%B5" title="مای سیکوەڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مای سیکوەڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மைசீக்குவெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மைசீக்குவெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="มายเอสคิวเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มายเอสคิวเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MySQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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