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id="toc-Time_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Time</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Unthinkable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Unthinkable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operation Unthinkable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Unthinkable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Dropshot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Dropshot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Operation Dropshot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Dropshot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British-Irish_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British-Irish_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British-Irish cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-Irish_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercises_Grand_Slam,_Longstep,_and_Mainbrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercises_Grand_Slam,_Longstep,_and_Mainbrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Exercises Grand Slam, Longstep, and Mainbrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercises_Grand_Slam,_Longstep,_and_Mainbrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise_Strikeback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise_Strikeback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Exercise Strikeback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise_Strikeback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise_Reforger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise_Reforger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Exercise Reforger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise_Reforger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Seven Days to the River Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise_Able_Archer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise_Able_Archer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Exercise Able Archer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise_Able_Archer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_Defense_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_Defense_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Strategic Defense Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_Defense_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_nuclear_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_nuclear_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>NATO nuclear sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_nuclear_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_close_calls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_close_calls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical close calls</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_close_calls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical close calls subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_close_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War:_25_June_1950_–_27_July_1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War:_25_June_1950_–_27_July_1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Korean War: 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War:_25_June_1950_–_27_July_1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin_Crisis:_4_June_–_9_November_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin_Crisis:_4_June_–_9_November_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Berlin Crisis: 4 June – 9 November 1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin_Crisis:_4_June_–_9_November_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15–29_October_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15–29_October_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cuban Missile Crisis: 15–29 October 1962</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15–29_October_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Soviet_border_conflicts:_2_March_–_11_September_1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Soviet_border_conflicts:_2_March_–_11_September_1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sino-Soviet border conflicts: 2 March – 11 September 1969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Soviet_border_conflicts:_2_March_–_11_September_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War_superpower_tensions:_6–25_October_1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur_War_superpower_tensions:_6–25_October_1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yom Kippur War superpower tensions: 6–25 October 1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War_superpower_tensions:_6–25_October_1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NORAD_computer_error_of_1979:_9_November_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NORAD_computer_error_of_1979:_9_November_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>NORAD computer error of 1979: 9 November 1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NORAD_computer_error_of_1979:_9_November_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_radar_malfunction:_26_September_1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_radar_malfunction:_26_September_1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Soviet radar malfunction: 26 September 1983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_radar_malfunction:_26_September_1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Able_Archer_83_escalations:_2–11_November_1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Able_Archer_83_escalations:_2–11_November_1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Able Archer 83 escalations: 2–11 November 1983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Able_Archer_83_escalations:_2–11_November_1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian_rocket_incident:_25_January_1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_rocket_incident:_25_January_1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Norwegian rocket incident: 25 January 1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_rocket_incident:_25_January_1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incident_at_Pristina_airport:_12_June_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incident_at_Pristina_airport:_12_June_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Incident at Pristina airport: 12 June 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incident_at_Pristina_airport:_12_June_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shootdown_of_Sukhoi_bomber:_24_November_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shootdown_of_Sukhoi_bomber:_24_November_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Shootdown of Sukhoi bomber: 24 November 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shootdown_of_Sukhoi_bomber:_24_November_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_potential_flashpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_potential_flashpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current potential flashpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_potential_flashpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current potential flashpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_potential_flashpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine:_24_February_2022_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine:_24_February_2022_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine: 24 February 2022 – present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine:_24_February_2022_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_usage_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_usage_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extended usage of the term</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extended_usage_of_the_term-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extended usage of the term subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extended_usage_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_on_terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>War on terror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_on_the_Islamic_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_the_Islamic_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>War on the Islamic State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_the_Islamic_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_small_wars_as_a_"third_war"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_small_wars_as_a_"third_war""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Multiple small wars as a "third war"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_small_wars_as_a_"third_war"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothetical_scenarios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothetical_scenarios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hypothetical scenarios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothetical_scenarios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">World War III</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الحرب العالمية الثالثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب العالمية الثالثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Üçüncü Dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üçüncü Dünya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="তৃতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তৃতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трэцяя сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэцяя сусветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трэцяя сусьветная вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трэцяя сусьветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трета световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трета световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_svjetski_rat" title="Treći svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Treći svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Tercera Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99et%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Třetí světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třetí světová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_verdenskrig" title="Tredje verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tredje verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritter_Weltkrieg" title="Dritter Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dritter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmas_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Kolmas maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmas maailmasõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γ΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γ΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Tercera Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tria_mondmilito" title="Tria mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tria mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirugarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Hirugarren Mundu Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hirugarren Mundu Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ جهانی سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Guerre_mondiale" title="Troisième Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제3차 세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3차 세계 대전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in_Duniya_na_III" title="Yaƙin Duniya na III – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaƙin Duniya na III" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="तृतीय विश्व युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तृतीय विश्व युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_svjetski_rat" title="Treći svjetski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Treći svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_III" title="Perang Dunia III – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Dunia III" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0ja_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Þriðja heimsstyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þriðja heimsstyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_guerra_mondiale" title="Terza guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת עולם שלישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת עולם שלישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_S%C3%AAyem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Sêyem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Sêyem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C5%A1ais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Trešais pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trešais pasaules karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%C4%8Diasis_pasaulinis_karas" title="Trečiasis pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trečiasis pasaulinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmadik_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Harmadik világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harmadik világháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="तिसरे महायुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिसरे महायुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Ketiga" title="Perang Dunia Ketiga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dunia Ketiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="တတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_Wereldoorlog" title="Derde Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="तेस्रो विश्वयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तेस्रो विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第三次世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第三次世界大戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_verdenskrig" title="Tredje verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tredje verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinchi_jahon_urushi" title="Uchinchi jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uchinchi jahon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਤੀਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੀਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تیسری جنگ عظیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیسری جنگ عظیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="درېيمه نړيواله جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درېيمه نړيواله جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Terceira Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Treilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Treilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Treilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Третья мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третья мировая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Tret%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta e Tretë Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Tretë Botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="තෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World War III" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretia_svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Tretia svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tretia svetová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretja_svetovna_vojna" title="Tretja svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tretja svetovna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="جەنگی جیھانیی سێیەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی جیھانیی سێیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical future global conflict</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_War_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World War III (disambiguation)">World War III (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/220px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/330px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/440px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> frequently symbolizes the occurrence of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">global nuclear war outbreak</a> that is a common theme of most World War III scenarios. Such a conflict has been hypothesized to result in or come close to <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>World War III</b> (<b>WWIII</b> or <b>WW3</b>), also known as the <b>Third World War</b>, is a hypothetical future <a href="/wiki/Global_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Global conflict">global conflict</a> subsequent to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945). It is widely assumed that such a war would involve all of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>, like its predecessors, as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, surpassing all prior conflicts in geographic scope, devastation and loss of life. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s development of nuclear weapons in 1945 and their use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> at the end of World War II, the risk of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear apocalypse</a> causing widespread destruction and the potential <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">collapse of civilization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction of humanity</a> has become a common theme in speculation and fiction about World War III. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1947–1991) and spread of nuclear weapons to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which was followed by their acquisition by <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">several other countries</a>, the risk of a third world war rose. During the Cold War, the possibility was anticipated and planned for by military and civil personnel around the world, with scenarios ranging from <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a> to limited or total <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>. The strategic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a>, which posited that a full-scale nuclear confrontation would completely annihilate all parties to the conflict, was developed. US and Soviet leaders worked to avoid such an outcome, though <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_close_calls" title="Nuclear close calls">several close calls</a> caused by faulty technology or human error still occurred, underscoring the need for restraint by both sides. </p><p>Since the end of the Cold War in 1991, various military conflicts, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> ongoing since 2022, as well as rising geopolitical tensions between the United States and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, have been perceived as potential flashpoints or triggers for a third world war.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer-2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_magazine"><i>Time</i> magazine</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22World+War+III%22">"World War III"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22World+War+III%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22World+War+III%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22World+War+III%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22World+War+III%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22World+War+III%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine was an early adopter, if not originator, of the term "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III". The first usage appears in its 3 November 1941 issue (preceding the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941) under its "National Affairs" section and entitled "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III?" about <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> refugee <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a>, who had just arrived in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Time-1941_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-1941-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 22 March 1943, issue under its "Foreign News" section, <i>Time</i> reused the same title "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III?" about statements by then-<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">US Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>: "We shall decide sometime in 1943 or 1944<span class="nowrap"> </span>... whether to plant the seeds of World War III."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Time</i> continued to entitle with or mention in stories the term "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III" for the rest of the decade and onwards: 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1946 ("bacterial warfare"),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Time</i> persists in using this term, for example, in a 2015 book review entitled "This Is What World War III Will Look Like".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_plans">Military plans</h2></div> <p>Military strategists have used war games to prepare for various war scenarios and to determine the most appropriate strategies. War games were utilized for World War I and World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was concerned that, with the enormous size of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> forces deployed in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II</a> and the unreliability of the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, there was a serious threat to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In April–May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>, thought to be the first scenario of the Third World War.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary goal was "to impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was rejected by the British <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a> as militarily unfeasible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Dropshot">Operation Dropshot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dropshot" title="Operation Dropshot">Operation Dropshot</a></div> <p>Operation Dropshot was the 1950s United States contingency plan for a possible <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> and conventional war with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the Western European and Asian theaters. Although the scenario made use of nuclear weapons, they were not expected to play a decisive role. </p><p>At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">US nuclear arsenal</a> was limited in size, based mostly in the United States, and depended on <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">bombers</a> for delivery. Dropshot included mission profiles that would have used 300 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bombs">nuclear bombs</a> and 29,000 high-explosive bombs on 200 targets in 100 cities and towns to wipe out 85% of the Soviet Union's industrial potential in a single stroke. Between 75 and 100 of the 300 nuclear weapons were targeted to destroy Soviet combat aircraft on the ground. </p><p>The scenario was devised before the development of <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a>. It was also devised before <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> changed the US Nuclear War plan from the 'city killing' <a href="/wiki/Countervalue" title="Countervalue">countervalue</a> strike plan to a "<a href="/wiki/Counterforce" title="Counterforce">counterforce</a>" plan (targeted more at military forces). Nuclear weapons at this time were not accurate enough to hit a naval base without destroying the city adjacent to it, so the aim of using them was to destroy the enemy's industrial capacity to cripple their war economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British-Irish_cooperation">British-Irish cooperation</h3></div> <p>The Republic of Ireland started planning for a possible nuclear war in the late 1940s. Co-operation between the United Kingdom and Ireland would be formed in the event of WWIII, where they would share weather data, control aids to navigation, and coordinate the Wartime Broadcasting Service that would occur after a nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Operation Sandstone</a> in Ireland was a top-secret British-Irish military operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armed forces from both states began a coastal survey of Britain and Ireland cooperating from 1948 to 1955. This was a request from the United States to identify suitable landing grounds for the US in the event of a successful Soviet invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archives-2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1953, the co-operation agreed upon sharing information on wartime weather and the evacuation of civilian refugees from Britain to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's Operation Sandstone ended in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives-2020_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercises_Grand_Slam,_Longstep,_and_Mainbrace"><span id="Exercises_Grand_Slam.2C_Longstep.2C_and_Mainbrace"></span>Exercises Grand Slam, Longstep, and Mainbrace</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Longstep" title="Exercise Longstep">Exercise Longstep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Grand_Slam" title="Exercise Grand Slam">Exercise Grand Slam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Mainbrace" title="Exercise Mainbrace">Exercise Mainbrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Verity" title="Exercise Verity">Exercise Verity</a></div> <p>In January 1950, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> approved <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s military strategy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NATO military planning took on a renewed urgency following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in the early 1950s, prompting NATO to establish a "force under a centralized command, adequate to deter aggression and to ensure the defense of Western Europe". <a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Command Europe">Allied Command Europe</a> was established under <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>, on 2 April 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Union_Defence_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Union Defence Organization">Western Union Defence Organization</a> had previously carried out <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Verity" title="Exercise Verity">Exercise Verity</a>, a 1949 multilateral exercise involving naval air strikes and submarine attacks. </p><p>Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defense of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> from the Soviet attack in 1952. It was the first major NATO exercise. The exercise was jointly commanded by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic" title="Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic">Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynde_D._McCormick" title="Lynde D. McCormick">Lynde D. McCormick</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe#Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe.28SACEUR.29" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Ridgeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew B. Ridgeway">Matthew B. Ridgeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>, during the autumn of 1952. </p><p>The United States, the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a>, Denmark, Norway, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> participated. </p><p>Exercises Grand Slam and Longstep were naval exercises held in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> during 1952 to practice dislodging an enemy occupying force and amphibious assault. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft under the overall command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carney" title="Robert Carney">Robert B. Carney</a>. The overall exercise commander, Carney summarized the accomplishments of Exercise Grand Slam by stating: "We have demonstrated that the senior commanders of all four powers can successfully take charge of a mixed task force and handle it effectively as a working unit."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union called the exercises "war-like acts" by NATO, with particular reference to the participation of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Denmark and prepared for its military maneuvers in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidney_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidney-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise_Strikeback">Exercise Strikeback</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Strikeback" title="Exercise Strikeback">Exercise Strikeback</a></div> <p>Exercise Strikeback was a major NATO naval exercise held in 1957, simulating a response to an all-out Soviet attack on NATO. The exercise involved over 200 warships, 650 aircraft, and 75,000 personnel from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a>. As the largest peacetime naval operation up to that time, Exercise Strikeback was characterized by military analyst <a href="/wiki/Hanson_W._Baldwin" title="Hanson W. Baldwin">Hanson W. Baldwin</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> as "constituting the strongest striking fleet assembled since World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise_Reforger">Exercise Reforger</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Reforger" title="Exercise Reforger">Exercise Reforger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Hawes_(FFG-53),_USS_William_H._Standley_(CG-32)_and_USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_(6432283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/220px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/330px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg/440px-USS_Hawes_%28FFG-53%29%2C_USS_William_H._Standley_%28CG-32%29_and_USS_Guadalcanal_%28LPH-7%29_escort_tanker_Gas_King_in_the_Persian_Gullf_on_21_October_1987_%286432283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>If activated, Operation Reforger would have largely consisted of convoys like this one from <a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a> in 1987, although much larger. While troops could easily fly across the Atlantic, the heavy equipment and armor reinforcements would have to come by sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Exercise Reforger (from the <b>RE</b>turn of <b>FOR</b>ces to <b>GER</b>many) was an annual exercise conducted during the Cold War by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. While US troops could be easily flown across the Atlantic, the heavy equipment and armor reinforcements would have to come by sea and be delivered to POMCUS (Pre-positioned Overseas Material Configured to Unit Sets) sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These exercises tested the United States and allied abilities to carry out transcontinental reinforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timely reinforcement was a critical part of the NATO reinforcement exercises. The United States needed to be able to send active-duty army divisions to Europe within ten days as part of a wartime NATO general deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to assessing the capabilities of the United States, Reforger also monitored the personnel, facilities, and equipment of the European countries playing a significant role in the reinforcement effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO could quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. The Warsaw Pact outnumbered NATO throughout the Cold War in conventional forces, and especially in tanks and armoured vehicles. Therefore, in the event of a Soviet invasion, in order not to resort to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear strikes</a>, NATO forces defending against a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> <a href="/wiki/Armoured_spearhead" title="Armoured spearhead">armored spearhead</a> would have to be quickly resupplied and replaced. </p><p>Reforger was not merely a show of force. In the event of a conflict, it would be the actual plan to strengthen the NATO presence in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In that instance, it would have been referred to as Operation Reforger. The political goals of Reforger were to promote extended deterrence and foster NATO cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important components in Reforger included the <a href="/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command" title="Military Airlift Command">Military Airlift Command</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Reserve_Air_Fleet" title="Civil Reserve Air Fleet">Civil Reserve Air Fleet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg/220px-Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg/330px-Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg/440px-Probable_Axes_of_Attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>A Warsaw Pact invasion would have come via three main paths through West Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seven Days to the River Rhine was a top-secret military simulation exercise developed in 1979 by the Warsaw Pact. It started with the assumption that NATO would launch a nuclear attack on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river valley in a first-strike scenario, which would result in as many as two million Polish civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, a Soviet counter-strike would be carried out against <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, with Warsaw Pact forces invading West Germany and aiming to stop at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">River Rhine</a> by the seventh day. Other USSR plans stopped only upon reaching the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_border" title="France–Germany border">French border</a> on day nine. Individual Warsaw Pact states were only assigned their subpart of the strategic picture; in this case, the Polish forces were only expected to go as far as Germany. The Seven Days to the Rhine plan envisioned that Poland and Germany would be largely destroyed by nuclear exchanges and that large numbers of troops would die of <a href="/wiki/Radiation_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation sickness">radiation sickness</a>. It was estimated that NATO would fire nuclear weapons behind the advancing Soviet lines to cut off their supply lines and thus blunt their advance. While this plan assumed that NATO would use nuclear weapons to push back any Warsaw Pact invasion, it did not include nuclear strikes on France or the United Kingdom. Newspapers speculated when this plan was declassified, that France and the UK were not to be hit to get them to withhold the use of their nuclear weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise_Able_Archer">Exercise Able Archer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg/170px-Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg/255px-Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg/340px-Reagan_and_Gordievsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Soviet double agent <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a>, who later told the West how close the Able Archer 83 exercise had brought the Soviets to ordering a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">First Strike</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Exercise Able Archer was an annual exercise by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">U.S. European Command</a> that practiced command and control procedures, with emphasis on the transition from solely conventional operations to chemical, nuclear, and conventional operations during a time of war. </p><p>"Able Archer 83" was a five-day <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) <a href="/wiki/Command_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Command post">command post</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">exercise</a> starting on 7 November 1983, that spanned <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> (SHAPE) Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Casteau" title="Casteau">Casteau</a>, north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>. Able Archer's exercises simulated a period of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_escalation" title="Conflict escalation">conflict escalation</a>, culminating in a coordinated <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear attack">nuclear attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerBenj-2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerBenj-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The realistic nature of the 1983 exercise, coupled with <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War (1979–85)">deteriorating relations</a> between the United States and the Soviet Union and the anticipated arrival of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">strategic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> nuclear missiles in Europe, led some members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Politburo</a> and military to believe that Able Archer 83 was a <a href="/wiki/Ruse_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruse of war">ruse of war</a>, obscuring preparations for a genuine nuclear first strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerBenj-2007_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerBenj-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FischerBeth_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerBeth-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pry_Scare_37–9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pry_Scare_37–9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Soviets readied their nuclear forces and placed air units in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> on alert.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SNIE_84_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNIE_84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "1983 war scare" is considered by many historians to be the closest the world has come to nuclear war since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat of nuclear war ended with the conclusion of the exercise on 11 November.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pry_Scare_43–4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pry_Scare_43–4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_Defense_Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></div> <p>The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> on 23 March 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_milestones_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas_milestones-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter part of his <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency</a>, numerous factors (which included watching the 1983 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After" title="The Day After">The Day After</a></i> and hearing through a Soviet defector that <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a> almost triggered a Russian first strike) had turned Reagan against the concept of winnable nuclear war, and he began to see nuclear weapons as more of a "<a href="/wiki/Wild_card_(foresight)" title="Wild card (foresight)">wild card</a>" than a strategic deterrent. Although he later believed in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">disarmament treaties</a> slowly blunting the danger of nuclear weaponry by reducing their number and alert status, he also believed a technological solution might allow incoming ICBMs to be shot down, thus making the US invulnerable to a first strike. However, the USSR saw the SDI concept as a major threat, since a unilateral deployment of the system would allow the US to launch a massive first strike on the Soviet Union without any fear of retaliation. </p><p>The SDI concept was to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutually assured destruction</a> (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_nuclear_sharing">NATO nuclear sharing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/220px--Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Operation_Upshot_test.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Operation_Upshot_test.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv/Operation_Upshot_test.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOperation_Upshot_test.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An example of nuclear artillery power test in the US</figcaption></figure> <p>NATO operational plans for a Third World War have involved NATO allies who do not have their nuclear weapons, using nuclear weapons supplied by the United States as part of a general NATO war plan, under the direction of NATO's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/220px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/330px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg/440px-Overzicht_op_Museumplein_met_spandoek_The_Dutch_disease_is_better_for_peace_o%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>Protest in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> between the US/NATO and the Soviet Union, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the three nuclear powers in NATO (France, the United Kingdom, and the United States), only the United States has provided weapons for nuclear sharing. As of November 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_III&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Germany and weapons of mass destruction">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nuclear_weapons_program#Nuclear_weapons_in_Italy_since_1975" title="Italian nuclear weapons program">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> are still hosting US nuclear weapons as part of NATO's nuclear sharing policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Canada and weapons of mass destruction">Canada</a> hosted weapons until 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-Clearwater-1998_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clearwater-1998-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> until 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> also received US tactical nuclear weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">nuclear artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/MGM-52_Lance" title="MGM-52 Lance">Lance missiles</a> until 1992, despite the UK being a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom">nuclear weapons state</a> in its own right; these were mainly deployed in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peacetime</a>, the nuclear weapons stored in non-nuclear countries are guarded by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US airmen</a> though previously some artillery and missile systems were guarded by US Army soldiers; the codes required for detonating them are under American control. In case of war, the weapons are to be mounted on the participating countries' warplanes. The weapons are under custody and control of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> Munitions Support Squadrons co-located on NATO main operating bases that work together with the host nation forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_III&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 180 tactical <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> of the 480 US nuclear weapons believed to be deployed in Europe fall under the nuclear sharing arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weapons are stored within a vault in <a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">hardened aircraft shelters</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/WS3_Weapon_Storage_and_Security_System" class="mw-redirect" title="WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System">WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System</a>. The delivery warplanes used are <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_close_calls">Historical close calls</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_close_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear close calls">List of nuclear close calls</a></div> <p>With the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in the 1950s, an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> war between the United States and the Soviet Union became a real possibility. During the Cold War era (1947–1991), several military events have been described as having come close to potentially triggering World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. Even after the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some incidents afterward have been described as close calls as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War:_25_June_1950_–_27_July_1953"><span id="Korean_War:_25_June_1950_.E2.80.93_27_July_1953"></span>Korean War: 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> was a war between two coalitions fighting for control over the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>: a communist coalition including <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the People's Republic of China, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and a capitalist coalition including <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a>. Many then believed that the conflict was likely to soon escalate into a full-scale war between the three countries, the U.S., the U.S.S.R., and China. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> war correspondent <a href="/wiki/Bill_Downs" title="Bill Downs">Bill Downs</a> wrote in 1951, "To my mind, the answer is: Yes, Korea is the beginning of World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. The brilliant <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">landings at Inchon</a> and the cooperative efforts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American armed forces</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Allies</a> have won us a victory in Korea. But this is only the first battle in a major international struggle which now is engulfing the Far East and the entire world."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downs afterwards repeated this belief on <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight" title="ABC World News Tonight">ABC Evening News</a></i> while reporting on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> later acknowledged that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> was concerned about the escalation of the conflict and that General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> warned him that a U.S.-led intervention risked a Soviet response.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_Crisis:_4_June_–_9_November_1961"><span id="Berlin_Crisis:_4_June_.E2.80.93_9_November_1961"></span>Berlin Crisis: 4 June – 9 November 1961</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks,_Berlin_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/250px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/375px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/500px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>United States <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48</a> tanks face Soviet Army <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a> tanks at <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a>, October 1961.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a> was a political-military confrontation between the armed forces of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. at <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> with both several American and Soviet/East German tanks and troops at the stand-off at each other only 100 yards on either side of the checkpoint. The reason behind the confrontation was the occupational status of the German capital city, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">post–World War II Germany</a>. The Berlin Crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin, including the Western armed forces in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. The crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the <a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a> erection of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. This stand-off ended peacefully on 28 October following a U.S.–Soviet understanding to withdraw tanks and reduce tensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15–29_October_1962"><span id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis:_15.E2.80.9329_October_1962"></span>Cuban Missile Crisis: 15–29 October 1962</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_B-59" title="Soviet submarine B-59">Soviet submarine B-59</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/220px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/330px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg/440px-Soviet_b-59_submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy <a href="/wiki/HSS-1_Seabat" class="mw-redirect" title="HSS-1 Seabat">HSS-1 Seabat</a> helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine <i>B-59</i>, forced to the surface by US Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba. B-59 had a nuclear torpedo on board, and three officer keys were required to use it. Only one dissent prevented the submarine from attacking the US fleet nearby, a spark that could have led to a Third World War (28–29 October 1962).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, a confrontation on the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba in response to the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, is considered as having been the closest to a nuclear exchange, which could have precipitated a third World War.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis peaked on 27 October, with three separate major incidents occurring on the same day: </p> <ul><li>The most critical incident occurred when a Soviet submarine nearly launched a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_torpedo" title="Nuclear torpedo">nuclear-tipped torpedo</a> in response to having been targeted by American naval <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> in international waters, with the Soviet nuclear launch response only having been prevented by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> executive officer <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Arkhipov_(vice_admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily Arkhipov (vice admiral)">Vasily Arkhipov</a>.</li> <li>The shooting down of a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> spy plane piloted by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Anderson" title="Rudolf Anderson">Rudolf Anderson</a> while violating Cuban airspace.</li> <li>The near interception of another U-2 that had strayed into Soviet airspace over <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, which airspace violation nearly caused the Soviets to believe that this might be the vanguard of a US aerial bombardment.</li></ul> <p>Despite what many believe to be the closest the world has come to a nuclear conflict, throughout the entire standoff, the <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a>, which is run by the <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i> to estimate how close the end of the world, or doomsday, is, with midnight being the apocalypse, stayed at a relatively stable seven minutes to midnight. This has been explained as being due to the brevity of the crisis since the clock monitored more long-term factors such as the leadership of countries, conflicts, wars, and political upheavals, as well as societies' reactions to said factors. </p><p>The <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> now credits the political developments resulting from the Cuban Missile Crisis with having enhanced global stability. The <i>Bulletin</i> posits that future crises and occasions that might otherwise escalate, were rendered more stable due to two major factors: </p> <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Washington to Moscow hotline</a> resulted from the communication trouble between the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> during the crisis. This gave the leaders of the two largest nuclear powers the ability to contact each other in real-time, vital when seconds could potentially prevent a nuclear exchange.</li> <li>The second factor was caused in part due to the worldwide reaction to how close the US and USSR had come to the brink of World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III during the standoff. As the public began to more closely monitor topics involving nuclear weapons, and therefore to rally support for the cause of non-proliferation, the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">1963 test ban treaty</a> was signed. To date this treaty has been signed by 126 total nations, with the most notable exceptions being <a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">China</a>. Both of these countries were still in the relative beginning stages of their nuclear programs at the time of the original treaty signing, and both sought nuclear capabilities independent of their allies. This Test Ban Treaty prevented the testing of nuclear ordnance that detonated in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, limiting <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> to below ground and underwater, decreasing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">fallout</a> and effects on the environment, and subsequently caused the Doomsday Clock to decrease by five minutes, to arrive at a total of twelve minutes to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until this point, over 1000 nuclear bombs had been detonated, and concerns over both long and short term effects to the planet became increasingly more worrisome to scientists.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Soviet_border_conflicts:_2_March_–_11_September_1969"><span id="Sino-Soviet_border_conflicts:_2_March_.E2.80.93_11_September_1969"></span>Sino-Soviet border conflicts: 2 March – 11 September 1969</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a> was a seven-month undeclared military border war between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> in 1969. The most serious of these border clashes, which brought the world's two largest <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> to the brink of war, occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict#Battle_of_Zhenbao_(Damansky)_Island" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Zhenbao (Damansky) Island</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ussuri River">Ussuri (Wusuli) River</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. </p><p>The conflict resulted in a ceasefire, with a return to the status quo. Critics point out that the Chinese attack on Zhenbao was to deter any potential future Soviet invasions; that by killing some Soviets, China demonstrated that it could not be 'bullied'; and that Mao wanted to teach them 'a bitter lesson'. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">China's relations with the USSR</a> remained sour after the conflict, despite the border talks, which began in 1969 and continued inconclusively for a decade. Domestically, the threat of war caused by the border clashes inaugurated a new stage in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>; that of China's thorough militarization. The <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, held in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Zhenbao_Island_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenbao Island incident">Zhenbao Island incident</a>, confirmed Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s heir apparent. </p><p>Following the events of 1969, the Soviet Union further increased its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">forces</a> along the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="China–Russia border">Sino-Soviet border</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur_War_superpower_tensions:_6–25_October_1973"><span id="Yom_Kippur_War_superpower_tensions:_6.E2.80.9325_October_1973"></span>Yom Kippur War superpower tensions: 6–25 October 1973</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, also known as the Ramadan War, or October War, began with a surprise invasion of <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a> by a coalition of Arab states, aided by the Soviet Union. Israel successfully counterattacked with the aid of the US. Tensions grew between the two superpowers: American and Soviet naval forces came close to firing upon each other in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Murphy" title="Daniel J. Murphy">Daniel J. Murphy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">US Sixth Fleet</a> reckoned the chances of the Soviet squadron attempting a first strike against his fleet at 40 percent. The Pentagon moved Defcon status from 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>to<span class="nowrap"> </span>3.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superpowers had been pushed to the brink of war, but tensions eased with the ceasefire brought in under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_339" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 339">UNSC 339</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NORAD_computer_error_of_1979:_9_November_1979">NORAD computer error of 1979: 9 November 1979</h3></div> <p>The United States made emergency retaliation preparations after <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a> systems indicated that a full-scale Soviet attack had been launched.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No attempt was made to use the <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a> to clarify the situation with the USSR and it was not until early-warning radar systems confirmed no such launch had taken place that NORAD realized that a computer system test had caused the display errors. A senator inside the NORAD facility at the time described an atmosphere of absolute panic. A GAO investigation led to the construction of an off-site test facility to prevent similar mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_radar_malfunction:_26_September_1983">Soviet radar malfunction: 26 September 1983</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident</a></div> <p>A false alarm occurred on the <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">Soviet nuclear early warning system</a>, showing the launch of American <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">LGM-30 Minuteman</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> from bases in the United States. A retaliatory attack was prevented by <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov" title="Stanislav Petrov">Stanislav Petrov</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Soviet Air Defence Forces">Soviet Air Defence Forces</a> officer, who realised the system had simply malfunctioned (which was borne out by later investigations).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman-1999_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1999-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shane-2003_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shane-2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Able_Archer_83_escalations:_2–11_November_1983"><span id="Able_Archer_83_escalations:_2.E2.80.9311_November_1983"></span>Able Archer 83 escalations: 2–11 November 1983</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a>, a ten-day <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> exercise simulating a period of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_escalation" title="Conflict escalation">conflict escalation</a> that culminated in a <a href="/wiki/DEFCON_1" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFCON 1">DEFCON 1</a> nuclear strike, some members of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">armed forces</a> treated the events as a <a href="/wiki/Ruse_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruse of war">ruse of war</a> concealing a genuine first strike. In response, the military prepared for a coordinated counter-attack by readying nuclear forces and placing air units stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> under high alert. However, the state of Soviet preparation for retaliation ceased upon completion of the Able Archer exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerBenj-2007_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerBenj-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norwegian_rocket_incident:_25_January_1995">Norwegian rocket incident: 25 January 1995</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a> was the first World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III close call to occur after the Cold War had ended. This incident occurred when Russia's <a href="/wiki/Olenegorsk_Radar_Station" title="Olenegorsk Radar Station">Olenegorsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Early warning radar">early warning station</a> accidentally mistook the radar signature from a <a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)#Black_Brant_XII" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant XII</a> <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">research rocket</a> (being jointly launched by Norwegian and US scientists from <a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Rocket_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Andøya Rocket Range">Andøya Rocket Range</a>), as appearing to be the radar signature of the launch of a <a href="/wiki/Trident_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident missile">Trident</a> <a href="/wiki/SLBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLBM">SLBM</a> missile. In response, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> was summoned and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cheget" title="Cheget">Cheget</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_briefcase" title="Nuclear briefcase">nuclear briefcase</a> was activated for the first and only time. However, the high command was soon able to determine that the rocket was not entering Russian airspace, and promptly aborted plans for combat readiness and retaliation. It was retrospectively determined that, while the rocket scientists had informed thirty states including Russia about the test launch, the information had not reached Russian radar technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incident_at_Pristina_airport:_12_June_1999">Incident at Pristina airport: 12 June 1999</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Incident at Pristina airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Mike Jackson (British Army officer)</a></div> <p>On 12 June 1999, the day following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, some 250 Russian peacekeepers occupied the <a href="/wiki/Pristina_International_Airport_Adem_Jashari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari">Pristina International Airport</a> ahead of the arrival of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> troops and were to secure the arrival of reinforcements by air. American NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> ordered the use of force against the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Mike Jackson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> general who contacted the Russians during the incident, refused to enforce Clark's orders, famously telling him "I'm not going to start the Third World War for you".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain James Blunt, the lead officer at the front of the NATO column in the direct armed stand-off against the Russians, received the "Destroy!" orders from Clark over the radio, but he followed Jackson's orders to encircle the airfield instead and later said in an interview that even without Jackson's intervention he would have refused to follow Clark's order.<sup id="cite_ref-Peck-2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peck-2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shootdown_of_Sukhoi_bomber:_24_November_2015">Shootdown of Sukhoi bomber: 24 November 2015</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></div> <p>On 24 November 2015, at the border between Turkey and Syria, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> shot down a Russian <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a> attack aircraft. The Turks claimed that the aircraft violated Turkish <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a>, a claim denied by the Russians; the plane was in the region as part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, in which Turkey supported opposing forces. The incident was the first destruction of a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a> warplane by a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member state since the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Sui-ho_Dam" title="Attack on the Sui-ho Dam">attack on the Sui-ho Dam</a> during the Korean War in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons-Neff-2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-Neff-2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident led to numerous media and individuals commenting that it could have sparked and escalated into a world war.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_potential_flashpoints">Current potential flashpoints</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine:_24_February_2022_–_present"><span id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine:_24_February_2022_.E2.80.93_present"></span>Russian invasion of Ukraine: 24 February 2022 – present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_risk_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing,_2022-03-02_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Borodianka_after_Russian_bombing%2C_2022-03-02_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Buildings destroyed by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Borodianka" title="Bombing of Borodianka">Bombing of Borodianka</a>, March 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 February 2022, Russia's president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> ordered a full-scale invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, marking a major escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, which began in 2014. The Russian invasion started the largest war in Europe since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various experts, analysts, and others have described the invasion as heightening the risk of a third world war,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have suggested the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the invasion, at least fifty countries have provided some kind of <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">military aid to Ukraine</a>, including all <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">member states of NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a "proxy war" against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior Russian politicians—including president Putin, foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> party leader <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>—have made statements widely seen as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">nuclear blackmail</a>. They have implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain <a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">"red lines"</a> are crossed, such as helping Ukraine to strike back at mainland Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials from the United States and NATO, including US president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and NATO secretary general <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>, have stressed the need to prevent the conflict escalating into a third world war, while also affirming that NATO members will defend each other.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US warned Russia's government that the country would suffer "catastrophic" consequences if it used nuclear weapons against Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">CIA Director</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>, said NATO would likely respond by destroying all Russian forces in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several incidents have risked a direct conflict between Russia and NATO, such as <a href="/wiki/Violations_of_non-combatant_airspaces_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian breaches of NATO airspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland" title="2022 missile explosion in Poland">a missile explosion</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joffre-2022_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joffre-2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in <a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a>, the last remaining nuclear treaty between Russia and the US,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian threats have been described as a way to intimidate Western countries, to deter them from helping Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing escalation, NATO countries held back from sending advanced weapons to Ukraine, and forbade Ukraine to fire NATO weapons into Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since July 2024, they have allowed Ukraine to use NATO weapons to strike military targets in Russia, but only near the border in self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's government has not followed through on its threats against NATO and has not used nuclear weapons, despite most of its "<a href="/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War">red lines</a>" being crossed.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> have provided weapons and ammunition to Russia during the invasion, including ballistic missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Russia and North Korea signed a <a href="/wiki/North_Korean%E2%80%93Russian_Treaty_on_Comprehensive_Strategic_Partnership" title="North Korean–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership">defense pact</a>, and that November, Russia further escalated the conflict by deploying 10,000 North Korean troops on its border to fight Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2024, Putin said that the war "has acquired elements of a global character", adding that Russia was entitled to strike military facilities of those countries that allow their weapons to be used against mainland Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extended_usage_of_the_term">Extended usage of the term <span class="anchor" id="WW4"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_nuclear_weapons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/220px-World_nuclear_weapons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/330px-World_nuclear_weapons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/World_nuclear_weapons.png/440px-World_nuclear_weapons.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Large <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), smaller stockpile with regional range (light blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>As Soviet-American relations grew tense in the post-World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II period, the fear that the tension could escalate into World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III was ever-present. A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> in December 1950 found that more than half of Americans considered World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III to have already started.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, commentator <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a> proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, lasting from the surrender of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, might rightly be called World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. By Podhoretz's reckoning, "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV" would be the global campaign against <a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Podhoretz-2004_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podhoretz-2004-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, the majority of historians would seem to hold that World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III would necessarily have to be a worldwide "war in which large forces from many countries fought"<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a war that "involves most of the principal nations of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cold War received its name from the lack of action taken from both sides. The lack of action was out of fear that a nuclear war would possibly destroy humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Secret Weapons of the Cold War</i>, Bill Yenne concludes that the military <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a> standoff from the 1940s through to 1991, was not World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/220px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/330px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/440px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>" that began with the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> has been claimed by some to be World War III<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes World War IV<sup id="cite_ref-Podhoretz-2004_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podhoretz-2004-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (assuming the Cold War was World War III). Others have disparaged such claims as "distorting <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>". While there is general agreement amongst historians regarding the definitions and extent of the first two world wars, namely due to the unmistakable global scale of aggression and self-destruction of these two wars, a few have claimed that a "World War" might now no longer require such worldwide and large-scale aggression and carnage. Still, such claims of a new "lower threshold of aggression", that might now be sufficient to qualify a war as a "World War" have not gained such widespread acceptance and support as the definitions of the first two world wars have received amongst historians.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_the_Islamic_State">War on the Islamic State</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a></div> <p>On 1 February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Iraqi Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a> declared that the <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">war against the Islamic State</a> was effectively "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III", due to the Islamic State's aims for a worldwide caliphate, and its success in spreading the conflict to multiple countries outside of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Jordan">King of Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II</a> stated "We are facing a Third World War [within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>]".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a> on 12 January 2016, US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> warned that news reports granting ISIL the supposed ability to foment a third World War might be excessive and irresponsible, stating that "as we focus on destroying ISIL, over-the-top claims that this is World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III just play into their hands. Masses of fighters on the back of pickup trucks and twisted souls plotting in apartments or garages pose an enormous danger to civilians and must be stopped. But they do not threaten our national existence."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_small_wars_as_a_"third_war""><span id="Multiple_small_wars_as_a_.22third_war.22"></span>Multiple small wars as a "third war"</h3></div> <p>In multiple recorded interviews under somewhat casual circumstances, comparing the conflagrations of World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>I and<span class="nowrap"> </span>II to the ongoing lower-intensity wars of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> has said, "The world is at war because it has lost the peace", and "perhaps one can speak of a third war, one fought piecemeal".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypothetical_scenarios">Hypothetical scenarios</h2></div> <p>In 1949, after the unleashing of nuclear weaponry at the end of World War II, physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> suggested that any outcome of a possible World War III would be so catastrophic upon <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">human civilization</a> so as to revert mankind to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. When asked by journalist Alfred Werner what types of weapons Einstein believed World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III might be fought with, Einstein warned, "<i>I know not with what weapons World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III will be fought, but World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV will be fought with sticks and stones</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-einstein_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the extermination of the human race as a consequence of atomic war, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_A._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie A. White">Leslie A. White</a> challenged Einstein, "this too may be admitted as possibility, and all we can say is that if it is to come, it will come. Extravagant expressions of horror will not alter the course of events."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> also doubted the psychological pacification of Einstein: "Teachers, preachers, educators, even politicians are telling the growing generation that there must be no war and, therefore, there will be no war. I have doubts as to whether this is wise teaching…" In spite of the atomic bomb, there will be another general war and humanity will survive it, according to Brinton.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>), also believed in survival: The uniqueness of the atomic weapons is commonly found in that they can totally annihilate human life, including through climatic and geological chain reaction, but such is not the case. The great principles of military strategy stand unaltered. An atomic war will look different from older wars but it will be decided by the same combination of resources, morale and strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1998 <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i> overview found that "Although many people believe that the threat of a nuclear attack largely disappeared with the end of the Cold War, there is considerable evidence to the contrary".<sup id="cite_ref-Forrow-1998_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrow-1998-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">United States–Russia mutual detargeting agreement</a> in 1994 was largely symbolic and did not change the amount of time required to launch an attack. The most likely "accidental-attack" scenario was believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">retaliatory launch</a> due to a false warning, similar to the 1983 incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrow-1998_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrow-1998-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, World War I happened through an escalating crisis; World War II happened through deliberate action. Hypothesized flashpoints in the 2010s and the 2020s include the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Chinese expansion into adjacent islands and seas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Singer-2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRC_threat_of_military_operation_against_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC threat of military operation against Taiwan">Chinese threats of military operation against Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars border conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a>. Other hypothesized risks are that a war involving or between <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and Iran, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and Iran, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> could escalate via alliances or intervention into a war between "great powers" such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, India, Japan or an all out war between military alliances <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CSTO">CSTO</a>, or even the possibility of a "rogue commander" under any nuclear power might launch an unauthorized strike that escalates into a full-blown war.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i> in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and Russia, releasing over 150 Tg of stratospheric soot, could indirectly kill more than five billion people by <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>. More than two billion people could die of starvation from a smaller-scale (5–47 Tg) nuclear war between India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event of a nuclear war between Russia and the United States, 99% of the population in the belligerent countries, as well as Europe and China, would die.<sup id="cite_ref-Tegmark-2023_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tegmark-2023-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scenarios involve risks due to upcoming changes from the known status quo. In the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> made an effort at nullifying the USSR's nuclear arsenal; some analysts believe the initiative was "destabilizing".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Destined for War</i>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Allison" title="Graham Allison">Graham Allison</a> views the global rivalry between the established power, the US, and the rising power, China, as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Thucydides_Trap" title="Thucydides Trap">Thucydides Trap</a>. Allison states that historically, "12 of 16 past cases where a rising power has confronted a ruling power" have led to fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 and 2023, the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> advanced its Doomsday Clock, citing among other factors a predicted destabilizing effect from upcoming <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight#Hypersonic_weapons_development" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emerging technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, could hypothetically generate risk in the decades ahead. A 2018 <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> report has argued that AI and associated information technology "will have a large effect on nuclear-security issues in the next quarter century". A hypothetical future AI could provide a destabilizing ability to track "second-launch" launchers. Incorporating AI into decision support systems used to decide whether to launch, could also generate new risks, including the risk of an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">adversarial exploitation</a> of such an AI's algorithms by a third party to trigger a launch recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perception that some sort of emerging technology would lead to "world domination" might also be destabilizing, for example by leading to fear of a pre-emptive strike.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyber warfare is the exploitation of technology by a nation-state or international organization to attack and destroy the opposing nation's information networks and computers. The damage can be caused by computer viruses or denial-of-service attacks (DoS). Cyberattacks are becoming increasingly common, threatening cybersecurity and making it a global priority.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garon-2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a proliferation of state-sponsored attacks. The trends of these attacks suggest the potential of a cyber World War III.<sup id="cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garon-2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's leading militaries are developing cyber strategies, including ways to alter the enemy's command and control systems, early warning systems, logistics, and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garon-2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has sparked concerns about a large-scale cyberattack, with Russia having previously launched cyberattacks to compromise organizations across Ukraine. Nearly 40 discrete attacks were launched by Russia which permanently destroyed files in hundreds of systems across dozens of organizations, with 40% aimed at critical infrastructure sectors in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's use of cyberwarfare has turned the war into a large-scale "hybrid" war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons 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href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III_in_popular_culture" title="World War III in popular culture">World War III in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Singer-2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer-2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+World+War+III%3F&rft.date=1941-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C772740%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,796086,00.html">"Foreign News: World War III?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 22 March 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015162804/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,796086,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+World+War+III%3F&rft.date=1943-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C796086%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,774258,00.html">"International: Or Else?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 15 February 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520021907/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,774258,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+For+World+War+III&rft.date=1944-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C778177%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,791497,00.html">"Science: World War III Preview?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 10 July 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520060617/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,791497,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Science%3A+World+War+III+Preview%3F&rft.date=1944-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C791497%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,776125,00.html">"Letters, Oct. 1, 1945"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1 October 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520045344/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,776125,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Letters%2C+Oct.+1%2C+1945&rft.date=1945-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C776125%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,792411,00.html">"Policies & Principles: Morgenthau's Hope"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 15 October 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519012246/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,792411,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Policies+%26+Principles%3A+Morgenthau%27s+Hope&rft.date=1945-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C792411%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,888189,00.html">"Science: World War III Preview"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 25 March 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520071938/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,888189,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Science%3A+World+War+III+Preview&rft.date=1946-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C888189%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,804442,00.html">"Medicine: Germs for World War III?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 29 December 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190818/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,804442,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Medicine%3A+Germs+for+World+War+III%3F&rft.date=1947-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C804442%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,779694,00.html">"The Nations: The Chances of World War III"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 15 March 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520031510/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,779694,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Nations%3A+The+Chances+of+World+War+III&rft.date=1948-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C779694%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3934583/world-war-3/">"Security: This Is What World War III Will Look Like"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 30 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813081754/http://time.com/3934583/world-war-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Security%3A+This+Is+What+World+War+III+Will+Look+Like&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3934583%2Fworld-war-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaffrey2019" class="citation book cs1">Caffrey, Matthew B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083699795"><i>On wargaming: how wargames have shaped history and how they may shape the future</i></a>. Naval War College. Press, Naval War College. Center for Naval Warfare Studies. Newport, Rhode Island. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935352-65-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935352-65-5"><bdi>978-1-935352-65-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083699795">1083699795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503082139/https://www.worldcat.org/title/on-wargaming-how-wargames-have-shaped-history-and-how-they-may-shape-the-future/oclc/1083699795">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+wargaming%3A+how+wargames+have+shaped+history+and+how+they+may+shape+the+future&rft.place=Newport%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083699795&rft.isbn=978-1-935352-65-5&rft.aulast=Caffrey&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083699795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Walker2013" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Walker (2013). <i>Operation Unthinkable: The Third World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8718-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-8718-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Unthinkable%3A+The+Third+World+War&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-8718-2&rft.au=Jonathan+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_War_Cabinet,_Joint_Planning_Staff,_Public_Record_Office,_CAB_120/691/109040_/_0021945" class="citation web cs1">British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 (11 August 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/">"Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Department of History, Northeastern University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online photocopy)</span> on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Unthinkable%3A+%27Russia%3A+Threat+to+Western+Civilization%27&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Northeastern+University&rft.date=1945-08-11&rft.au=British+War+Cabinet%2C+Joint+Planning+Staff%2C+Public+Record+Office%2C+CAB+120%2F691%2F109040+%2F+002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.neu.edu%2FPRO2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-2017_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263">"ENVISAGING THE UNTHINKABLE: PLANNING FOR ARMAGEDDON IN 1950s IRELAND"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 36–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0791-8224">0791-8224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263">90005263</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502180344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/90005263">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=ENVISAGING+THE+UNTHINKABLE%3A+PLANNING+FOR+ARMAGEDDON+IN+1950s+IRELAND&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-39&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90005263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0791-8224&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90005263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archives-2020-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archives-2020_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives-2020_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives2020" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National (3 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/">"The National Archives - Operation Sandstone: Surveying Britain's Cold War beaches"</a>. <i>The National Archives blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127004120/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/operation-sandstone-surveying-britains-cold-war-beaches/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=100+Fighting+Ships+in+Vast+Exercise&rft.date=1957-09-22&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Hanson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1957%2F09%2F22%2Farchives%2F100-fighting-ships-in-vast-exercise-strongest-part-of-nato-force-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwill-1989-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwill-1989_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwillLegro1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_W._Legro" title="Jeffrey W. 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Fischer (17 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024850/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm">"A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/a-cold-war-conundrum/source.htm#HEADING1-12">the original</a> on 14 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COLD+WAR+Chat%3A+Professor+John+Lewis+Gaddis%2C+Historian&rft.au=John+Lewis+Gaddis&rft.au=John+Hashimoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fcold.war%2Fguides%2Fdebate%2Fchats%2Fgaddis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew and Gordievsky, <i>Comrade Kryucvcov's Instructions</i>, 87–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pry_Scare_43–4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pry_Scare_43–4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pry, <i>War Scare</i>, 43–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas_milestones-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fas_milestones_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm">Missile Defense Milestones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023546/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 10 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalmers-2010-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers-2010_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_ChalmersSimon_Lunn2010" class="citation cs2">Malcolm Chalmers & Simon Lunn (March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusi.org/publications/occasionalpapers/ref:O4B991ABDC4148/"><i>NATO's Tactical Nuclear Dilemma</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202224340/http://www.rusi.org/publications/occasionalpapers/ref:O4B991ABDC4148/">archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NATO%27s+Tactical+Nuclear+Dilemma&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2010-03&rft.au=Malcolm+Chalmers&rft.au=Simon+Lunn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusi.org%2Fpublications%2Foccasionalpapers%2Fref%3AO4B991ABDC4148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,618550,00.html">"Der Spiegel: <i>Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany</i> (2009-04-10)"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i>. 10 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214122303/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0%2C1518%2C618550%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Der+Spiegel%3A+Foreign+Minister+Wants+US+Nukes+out+of+Germany+%282009-04-10%29&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C618550%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clearwater-1998-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clearwater-1998_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clearwater1998" class="citation cs2">John Clearwater (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-R7EJ0r680C"><i>Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal</i></a>, Dundurn Press Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-299-5"><bdi>978-1-55002-299-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111958/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-R7EJ0r680C">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Nuclear+Weapons%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Canada%27s+Cold+War+Arsenal&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-299-5&rft.au=John+Clearwater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-R7EJ0r680C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_M._Kristensen2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Kristensen" title="Hans M. 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Kristensen (5 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf">"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federation of American Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202112109/http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/Brief_Italy2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons+in+Europe+After+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nukestrat.com%2Fpubs%2FBrief_Italy2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns1951" class="citation news cs1">Downs, Bill (March 1951). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Evening+News&rft.atitle=The+USS+Pueblo+incident&rft.date=1968-01-25&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-KBxiX_9_Kk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carson, Austin (2018-12-31), <i>Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 152, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691184241-006">10.1515/9780691184241-006</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1">978-0-691-18424-1</a>, retrieved 2022-02-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Len; Hughes, R. Gerald (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJEGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17"><i>The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Critical Reappraisal</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55541-4"><bdi>978-1-317-55541-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014313/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJEGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Missile+Crisis%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55541-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Len&rft.au=Hughes%2C+R.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJEGCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis">"Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. <i>thebulletin.org</i>. 16 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052807/https://thebulletin.org/remembering-cuban-missile-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thebulletin.org&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fremembering-cuban-missile-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/the-little-known-us-soviet-confrontation-during-yom-kippur-wa">"The little-known US-Soviet confrontation during Yom Kippur War"</a>. <i>The World from PRX</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422135143/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/the-little-known-us-soviet-confrontation-during-yom-kippur-wa">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+from+PRX&rft.atitle=The+little-known+US-Soviet+confrontation+during+Yom+Kippur+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatches%2Fglobalpost-blogs%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-little-known-us-soviet-confrontation-during-yom-kippur-wa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences">"Erol Araf: 'Incalculable consequences'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 7 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101243/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/erol-araf-incalculable-consequences">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erol+Araf%3A+%27Incalculable+consequences%27&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Ffull-comment%2Ferol-araf-incalculable-consequences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html">"Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War By Victor Israelyan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706024838/http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01489-X.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kremlin+During+the+Yom+Kippur+War+By+Victor+Israelyan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F0-271-01489-X.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204905/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/defence/norad-watching-the-skies/norad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html">"Norad false alarm causes uproar"</a>. CBC Canada. 20 November 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norad+false+alarm+causes+uproar&rft.pub=CBC+Canada&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Fwar-conflict%2Fdefence%2Fnorad-watching-the-skies%2Fnorad-false-alarm-causes-uproar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/5-cold-war-close-calls">"5 Cold War Close Calls"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Cold+War+Close+Calls&rft.pub=The+History+Channel&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fhistory-lists%2F5-cold-war-close-calls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-1999-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1999_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1999" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, David (10 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/shatter021099b.htm">"I Had A Funny Feeling in My Gut"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130234943/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/shatter021099b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=I+Had+A+Funny+Feeling+in+My+Gut&rft.date=1999-02-10&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Fcoldwar%2Fshatter021099b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shane-2003-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shane-2003_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane" class="citation web cs1">Shane, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819033034/http://hnn.us/articles/1709.html">"Cold War's Riskiest Moment"</a>. Baltimore Sun, 31 August 2003 (article reprinted as The Nuclear War That Almost Happened in 1983). 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United States European Command. 23 January 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cold-War+Doctrines+Refuse+to+Die&rft.date=1998-03-15&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Fcoldwar%2Fshatter031598a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-2007-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson-2007_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Mike (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/255"><i>Soldier</i></a></span>. Transworld Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldierautobiogr00jack/page/255">255–275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05907-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05907-4"><bdi>978-0-593-05907-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier&rft.pages=255-275&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05907-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldierautobiogr00jack%2Fpage%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2000_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/671495.stm">"Confrontation over Pristina airport"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 March 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519141123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/671495.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Confrontation+over+Pristina+airport&rft.date=2000-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F671495.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peck-2010-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peck-2010_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2010" class="citation news cs1">Peck, Tom (15 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/how-james-blunt-saved-us-from-world-war-3-2134203.html">"How James Blunt saved us from World War 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214144653/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/how-james-blunt-saved-us-from-world-war-3-2134203.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+James+Blunt+saved+us+from+World+War+3&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fnews%2Fhow-james-blunt-saved-us-from-world-war-3-2134203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons-Neff-2015-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons-Neff-2015_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons-Neff2015" class="citation news cs1">Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/11/24/the-last-time-a-russian-jet-was-shot-down-by-a-nato-jet-was-in-1952/">"The last time a Russian jet was shot down by a NATO jet was in 1952"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201221520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/11/24/the-last-time-a-russian-jet-was-shot-down-by-a-nato-jet-was-in-1952/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+last+time+a+Russian+jet+was+shot+down+by+a+NATO+jet+was+in+1952&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Gibbons-Neff&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcheckpoint%2Fwp%2F2015%2F11%2F24%2Fthe-last-time-a-russian-jet-was-shot-down-by-a-nato-jet-was-in-1952%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html">"Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>. 24 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195329/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Turkey+downing+that+Russian+fighter+jet+is+terrible+news+for+the+war+on+ISIS.&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe_slatest%2F2015%2F11%2F24%2Fturkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html">"Don't panic: Turkey shooting down a Russian warplane won't start World War 3"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. 24 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12013517/Dont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Don%27t+panic%3A+Turkey+shooting+down+a+Russian+warplane+won%27t+start+World+War+3&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F12013517%2FDont-panic-Turkey-shooting-down-a-Russian-warplane-wont-start-World-War-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBora" class="citation web cs1">Bora, Birce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Which parts of Syria should be bombed?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/26/which-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=%27Which+parts+of+Syria+should+be+bombed%3F%27&rft.aulast=Bora&rft.aufirst=Birce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F26%2Fwhich-parts-of-syria-should-be-bombed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/">"Turkey risks sparking world war, says Iraq's Maliki"</a>. <i>The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News</i>. 26 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120546/https://guardian.ng/news/turkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria+News+-+Nigeria+and+World+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+risks+sparking+world+war%2C+says+Iraq%27s+Maliki&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fnews%2Fturkey-risks-sparking-world-war-says-iraqs-maliki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmanauHeintzIsachenkovLitvinova2022" class="citation news cs1">Karmanau, Yuras; Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir; Litvinova, Dasha (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russia-attacks-ukraine-defiant-putin-warns-us-nato-83078619">"Russia presses invasion to outskirts of Ukrainian capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Evgeniy_Maloletka" title="Evgeniy Maloletka">Evgeniy Maloletka</a> (AP Photo). <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225182137/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russia-attacks-ukraine-defiant-putin-warns-us-nato-83078619">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>[a]mounts to the largest ground war in Europe since World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+presses+invasion+to+outskirts+of+Ukrainian+capital&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Karmanau&rft.aufirst=Yuras&rft.au=Heintz%2C+Jim&rft.au=Isachenkov%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Litvinova%2C+Dasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Frussia-attacks-ukraine-defiant-putin-warns-us-nato-83078619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2022" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/may/24/ukraine-invasion-may-be-start-of-third-world-war-says-george-soros">"Ukraine invasion maybe start of 'third world war', says George Soros"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705182833/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/may/24/ukraine-invasion-may-be-start-of-third-world-war-says-george-soros">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+invasion+maybe+start+of+%27third+world+war%27%2C+says+George+Soros&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2Fmay%2F24%2Fukraine-invasion-may-be-start-of-third-world-war-says-george-soros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2022" class="citation news cs1">Haynes, Deborah (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-invasion-has-world-war-three-already-started-some-security-experts-believe-existential-global-conflict-has-begun-12559039">"Ukraine invasion: Has World War Three already started? Some security experts believe existential global conflict has begun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306124304/https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-invasion-has-world-war-three-already-started-some-security-experts-believe-existential-global-conflict-has-begun-12559039">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+invasion%3A+Has+World+War+Three+already+started%3F+Some+security+experts+believe+existential+global+conflict+has+begun&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fukraine-invasion-has-world-war-three-already-started-some-security-experts-believe-existential-global-conflict-has-begun-12559039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerszenhorn2022" class="citation news cs1">Herszenhorn, David M. (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/fight-ukraine-russia-world-war-risk-real/">"The fighting is in Ukraine, but risk of World War III is real"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304213411/https://www.politico.eu/article/fight-ukraine-russia-world-war-risk-real/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+fighting+is+in+Ukraine%2C+but+risk+of+World+War+III+is+real&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.aulast=Herszenhorn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Ffight-ukraine-russia-world-war-risk-real%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkomaskanda,_Honderich2024" class="citation news cs1">Skomaskanda, Honderich, Sumi, Holly (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68840261">"Ukraine warns of WW3 ahead of long-stalled Congress aid vote"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+warns+of+WW3+ahead+of+long-stalled+Congress+aid+vote&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Skomaskanda%2C+Honderich&rft.aufirst=Sumi%2C+Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-68840261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaith2022" class="citation news cs1">Faith, Ryan (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/ukraine-isnt-world-war-iii-its-not-even-close">"Ukraine Isn't World War III. It's Not Even Close"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312165320/https://www.thedailybeast.com/ukraine-isnt-world-war-iii-its-not-even-close">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Isn%27t+World+War+III.+It%27s+Not+Even+Close.&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Faith&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fukraine-isnt-world-war-iii-its-not-even-close&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimhony" class="citation web cs1">Simhony, Limor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/">"NATO Intervention in Ukraine Won't Spark World War III"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025659/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/nato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=NATO+Intervention+in+Ukraine+Won%27t+Spark+World+War+III&rft.aulast=Simhony&rft.aufirst=Limor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fnato-intervention-in-ukraine-wont-spark-world-war-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2022" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Paul (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii">"Ukraine Is Not World War III"</a>. <i>The Dispatch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007025701/https://thedispatch.com/p/ukraine-is-not-world-war-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Is+Not+World+War+III&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedispatch.com%2Fp%2Fukraine-is-not-world-war-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3175501/ukraine-invasion-russias-foreign-minister-sergey">"Russia warns of World War III ahead of Western summit on arms to Ukraine"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 26 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505103450/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3175501/ukraine-invasion-russias-foreign-minister-sergey">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+warns+of+World+War+III+ahead+of+Western+summit+on+arms+to+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussia-central-asia%2Farticle%2F3175501%2Fukraine-invasion-russias-foreign-minister-sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/nancy-pelosi/1013137/nancy-pelosi-meets-with-zelensky-in-kyiv">"Biden requests $33 billion for Ukraine fight as Congress passes 'lend-lease' arms authorization"</a>. <i>The Week</i>. 29 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505103451/https://theweek.com/nancy-pelosi/1013137/nancy-pelosi-meets-with-zelensky-in-kyiv">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Biden+requests+%2433+billion+for+Ukraine+fight+as+Congress+passes+%27lend-lease%27+arms+authorization&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Fnancy-pelosi%2F1013137%2Fnancy-pelosi-meets-with-zelensky-in-kyiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/26/russia-accuses-nato-of-proxy-war-in-ukraine-as-us-hosts-crucial-defence-summit">"Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+accuses+Nato+of+%E2%80%98proxy+war%E2%80%99+in+Ukraine+as+US+hosts+crucial+defence+summit&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fapr%2F26%2Frussia-accuses-nato-of-proxy-war-in-ukraine-as-us-hosts-crucial-defence-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/putin-waves-nuclear-sword-in-confrontation-with-the-west">"Putin's threat rekindles Cold War fears of nuclear war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183156/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/putin-waves-nuclear-sword-in-confrontation-with-the-west">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>As for military affairs, even after the dissolution of the USSR and losing a considerable part of its capabilities, today's Russia remains one of the most powerful nuclear states. ... Moreover, it has a certain advantage in several cutting-edge weapons. In this context, there should be no doubt for anyone that any potential aggressor will face defeat and ominous consequences should it directly attack our country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+threat+rekindles+Cold+War+fears+of+nuclear+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fputin-waves-nuclear-sword-in-confrontation-with-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-ukraine-invasion-putin-war-warning-us-nato-rcna17497">"Defiant Putin goes to war in Ukraine with a warning for U.S., NATO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183152/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-ukraine-invasion-putin-war-warning-us-nato-rcna17497">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defiant+Putin+goes+to+war+in+Ukraine+with+a+warning+for+U.S.%2C+NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussia-ukraine-invasion-putin-war-warning-us-nato-rcna17497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2022" class="citation web cs1">Sauer, Pjotr (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war">"Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Putin+announces+partial+mobilisation+and+threatens+nuclear+retaliation+in+escalation+of+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Pjotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fsep%2F21%2Fputin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html">"Biden says Americans should not worry about nuclear war after Russian actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228011550/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/us/politics/putin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Biden+says+Americans+should+not+worry+about+nuclear+war+after+Russian+actions&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fputin-nuclear-alert-biden-deescalation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2022" class="citation web cs1">Samuels, Brett (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii">"Biden: Direct conflict between NATO and Russia would be 'World War III'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325032254/https://thehill.com/policy/international/597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Biden%3A+Direct+conflict+between+NATO+and+Russia+would+be+%27World+War+III%27&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Finternational%2F597842-biden-direct-conflict-between-nato-and-russia-would-be-world-war-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled2022" class="citation news cs1">Khaled, Fatma (13 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559">"Russia Hitting NATO Even Accidentally Will Spur 'Full' Response: Sullivan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912152512/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Russia+Hitting+NATO+Even+Accidentally+Will+Spur+%27Full%27+Response%3A+Sullivan&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Khaled&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-hitting-nato-even-accidentally-will-spur-full-response-sullivan-1687559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html">"Biden denounces Putin's 'overt' nuclear threats, urges UN allies to reject Russia's invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. 21 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194052/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/biden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Biden+denounces+Putin%27s+%27overt%27+nuclear+threats%2C+urges+UN+allies+to+reject+Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F09%2F21%2Fbiden-denounces-putins-overt-nuclear-threats-urges-un-allies-to-reject-russias-invasion-of-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-catastrophic-consequences-nuclear-weapons-ukraine-us-warns-rcna49365">"U.S. warns Russia of 'catastrophic' consequences if it uses nuclear weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+warns+Russia+of+%27catastrophic%27+consequences+if+it+uses+nuclear+weapons&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussia-catastrophic-consequences-nuclear-weapons-ukraine-us-warns-rcna49365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natasha Turoc, "Biden warns of 'consequential' response from U.S. if Putin uses nuclear weapons". CNBC, 19 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/19/russia-ukraine-live-updates.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/02/us-russia-putin-ukraine-war-david-petraeus">"Petraeus: US would destroy Russia's troops if Putin uses nuclear weapons in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Petraeus%3A+US+would+destroy+Russia%E2%80%99s+troops+if+Putin+uses+nuclear+weapons+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F02%2Fus-russia-putin-ukraine-war-david-petraeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-16/explosion-kills-two-in-poland-near-ukraine-border/101658264">"Explosion kills two in Poland near Ukraine border, with US claiming Russia may not be responsible"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 15 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115195021/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-16/explosion-kills-two-in-poland-near-ukraine-border/101658264">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Explosion+kills+two+in+Poland+near+Ukraine+border%2C+with+US+claiming+Russia+may+not+be+responsible&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-11-16%2Fexplosion-kills-two-in-poland-near-ukraine-border%2F101658264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio.lublin.pl/2022/11/wybuch-ciagnika-w-miejscowosci-przewodow-nie-zyja-dwie-osoby/">"Wybuch w miejscowości Przewodów. Nie żyją dwie osoby"</a> [Explosion in Przewodów. Two people are dead]. <i>Radio Lublin</i> (in Polish). 15 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115233613/https://radio.lublin.pl/2022/11/wybuch-ciagnika-w-miejscowosci-przewodow-nie-zyja-dwie-osoby/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Lublin&rft.atitle=Wybuch+w+miejscowo%C5%9Bci+Przewod%C3%B3w.+Nie+%C5%BCyj%C4%85+dwie+osoby&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio.lublin.pl%2F2022%2F11%2Fwybuch-ciagnika-w-miejscowosci-przewodow-nie-zyja-dwie-osoby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joffre-2022-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joffre-2022_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-722483">"Polish PM convenes 'urgent' meeting of defense committee"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 15 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184400/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-722483">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin%3A+Russia+suspends+participation+in+last+remaining+Nuclear+Treaty+with+the+US&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-russia-suspends-participation-last-remaining-nuclear-treaty-with-us-2023-02-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHumayunKnightCarey2023" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html">"Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331052514/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/25/world/russia-putin-nuclear-weapons-belarus-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/russian-nuclear-intimidation/introduction-and-context">"Russian nuclear intimidation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House&rft.atitle=Russian+nuclear+intimidation&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Keir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2023%2F03%2Frussian-nuclear-intimidation%2Fintroduction-and-context&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.pl/section/demokracja/news/fake-of-the-week-russia-is-waging-war-against-nato-in-ukraine/">"Fake of the week: Russia is waging war against NATO in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a></i>. 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Fake+of+the+week%3A+Russia+is+waging+war+against+NATO+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.pl%2Fsection%2Fdemokracja%2Fnews%2Ffake-of-the-week-russia-is-waging-war-against-nato-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/14/europe/western-weapons-ukraine-russia-intl-cmd/">"The West finally allowed Ukraine to strike back at Russia — and it seems to be working"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+West+finally+allowed+Ukraine+to+strike+back+at+Russia+%E2%80%94+and+it+seems+to+be+working&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F07%2F14%2Feurope%2Fwestern-weapons-ukraine-russia-intl-cmd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putin-is-becoming-entangled-in-his-own-discredited-red-lines/">"Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Putin+is+becoming+entangled+in+his+own+discredited+red+lines&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fputin-is-becoming-entangled-in-his-own-discredited-red-lines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-sends-russia-hundreds-ballistic-missiles-sources-say-2024-02-21/">"Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Iran+sends+Russia+hundreds+of+ballistic+missiles&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Firan-sends-russia-hundreds-ballistic-missiles-sources-say-2024-02-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/north-korea-ratifies-mutual-defence-treaty-with-russia-2024-11-11/">"North Korea ratifies mutual defence treaty with Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 11 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=North+Korea+ratifies+mutual+defence+treaty+with+Russia&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fnorth-korea-ratifies-mutual-defence-treaty-with-russia-2024-11-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-says-russia-fired-hypersonic-ballistic-missile-ukraine-warning-west-2024-11-21/">Putin says Ukraine war is going global</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/1427428/We-want-them-to-be-nervous-That-means-you-Ali-Bashar-and-Kim.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=95001493">the original</a> on 6 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=World+War+IV&rft.date=2001-11-20&rft.au=Elio+A.+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Feditorial%2Ffeature.html%3Fid%3D95001493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-op-beinart9dec09-story.html">Is this really World War IV?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422135730/http://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-op-beinart9dec09-story.html">Archived</a> 22 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Los Angeles Times. By Peter Beinart. 9 December 2007. Downloaded 21 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/video/2015/02/01/fight-against-islamic-state-is-world-war?videoId=363066236">"Fight against Islamic State is World War 3 – Iraqi foreign minister"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620212733/http://www.reuters.com/video/2015/02/01/fight-against-islamic-state-is-world-war?videoId=363066236">Archived</a> 20 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters, video</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/ISIS-Threat/Jordans-King-Abdullah-We-are-facing-a-Third-World-War-434408">"Jordan's King Abdullah: We are facing a Third World War"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 17 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214091201/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/ISIS-Threat/Jordans-King-Abdullah-We-are-facing-a-Third-World-War-434408">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=2016+State+of+the+Union+Address&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40WhiteHouse%2Fpresident-obama-s-2016-state-of-the-union-address-7c06300f9726%23.6rytyu7a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/28/world/social-issues-world/pope-says-world-war-lost-peace-religion-not-blame/#.WJeFnes76rU">Pope says 'world at war because it has lost peace' but religion not to blame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206190926/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/28/world/social-issues-world/pope-says-world-war-lost-peace-religion-not-blame/#.WJeFnes76rU">Archived</a> 6 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Japan Times. 28 July 2016. 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Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9007-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-9007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+end+begins%3A+the+road+to+a+nuclear+World+War+III&rft.edition=1st+Simon+%26+Schuster+hardcover&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-9007-4&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaRobockScherrerHarrison2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">"Global food insecurity and famine from the reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i>. <b>3</b> (8): 586–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3039288">11250/3039288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37118594">37118594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251601831">251601831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Global+food+insecurity+and+famine+from+the+reduced+crop%2C+marine+fishery+and+livestock+production+due+to+climate+disruption+from+nuclear+war+soot+injection&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=586-596&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F3039288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251601831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37118594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Lili&rft.au=Robock%2C+Alan&rft.au=Scherrer%2C+Kim&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Cheryl+S.&rft.au=Bodirsky%2C+Benjamin+Leon&rft.au=Weindl%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=J%C3%A4germeyr%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Bardeen%2C+Charles+G.&rft.au=Toon%2C+Owen+B.&rft.au=Heneghan%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43016-022-00573-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/">"World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. 16 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026190805/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-war-5-billion-people-starvation-deaths-study/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE296.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322204503/https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE296.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotalaYampolskiy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sotala, Kaj; Yampolskiy, Roman V (19 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001">"Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey"</a>. <i>Physica Scripta</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001">10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8949">0031-8949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=Responses+to+catastrophic+AGI+risk%3A+a+survey&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F018001&rft.issn=0031-8949&rft.aulast=Sotala&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft.au=Yampolskiy%2C+Roman+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0031-8949%252F90%252F1%252F018001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html">"Cyber Warfare"</a>. <i>www.rand.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422105046/https://www.rand.org/topics/cyber-warfare.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rand.org&rft.atitle=Cyber+Warfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Ftopics%2Fcyber-warfare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garon-2018-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garon-2018_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaron2018" class="citation journal cs1">Garon, Jon M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26777962">"Cyber-World War III: Origins"</a>. <i>Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2578-6245">2578-6245</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26777962">26777962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502040218/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26777962">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+%26+Cyber+Warfare&rft.atitle=Cyber-World+War+III%3A+Origins&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-60&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26777962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2578-6245&rft.aulast=Garon&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26777962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE4Vwwd">"An overview of Russia's cyberattack activity in Ukraine Special Report: Ukraine Digital Security Unit"</a>. <i>Microsoft</i>. 27 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502132256/https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE4Vwwd">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+Russia%27s+cyberattack+activity+in+Ukraine+Special+Report%3A+Ukraine+Digital+Security+Unit&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com%2Fcms%2Fapi%2Fam%2Fbinary%2FRE4Vwwd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>World War III</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=World+War+III">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=World+War+III&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations_and_the_Remaking_of_World_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order">The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order</a></i> Simon & Schuster, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84441-1">978-0-684-84441-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1981" class="citation book cs1">Langford, David (1981). <i>War in 2080 : the future of military technology</i>. London: Sphere Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-5393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-5393-2"><bdi>978-0-7221-5393-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+2080+%3A+the+future+of+military+technology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sphere+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7221-5393-2&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">Mearsheimer, John</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Great_Power_Politics" title="The Tragedy of Great Power Politics">The Tragedy of Great Power Politics</a></i>. W. W. Norton, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34927-6">978-0-393-34927-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamidi2012" class="citation book cs1">Pamidi, G.G. (2012). <i>Possibility of a nuclear war in Asia : an Indian perspective</i>. New Delhi: United Service Institution of India : Vij Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81411-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81411-51-3"><bdi>978-93-81411-51-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possibility+of+a+nuclear+war+in+Asia+%3A+an+Indian+perspective&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=United+Service+Institution+of+India+%3A+Vij+Books+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-81411-51-3&rft.aulast=Pamidi&rft.aufirst=G.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Piepers, Ingo (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global4cast.org">2020: WARning</a></i>. Conijn Advies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-824118-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-824118-1-2">978-90-824118-1-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span 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