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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modalities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modalities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modalities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powerlessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powerlessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Powerlessness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powerlessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaninglessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaninglessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meaninglessness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaninglessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normlessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normlessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Normlessness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normlessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Social isolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_alienation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_alienation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Political alienation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_alienation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-estrangement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-estrangement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Self-estrangement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-estrangement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_disturbance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_disturbance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mental disturbance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_disturbance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In art and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social alienation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervreemding" title="Vervreemding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vervreemding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اغتراب اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتراب اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadla%C5%9Fma_(f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99)" title="Yadlaşma (fəlsəfə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yadlaşma (fəlsəfə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Алиенация (социология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алиенация (социология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3" title="Alienació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alienació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odcizen%C3%AD_(filozofie)" title="Odcizení (filozofie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odcizení (filozofie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremmedg%C3%B8relse" title="Fremmedgørelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fremmedgørelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entfremdung" title="Entfremdung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entfremdung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5%C3%B5randumine" title="Võõrandumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võõrandumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3n" title="Alienación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alienación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremdi%C4%9Do" title="Fremdiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fremdiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienazio" title="Alienazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alienazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%C3%A9nation_sociale" title="Aliénation sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aliénation sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienaci%C3%B3n" title="Alienación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alienación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%99%B8" title="소외 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소외" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Օտարում (փիլիսոփայություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օտարում (փիլիսոփայություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otu%C4%91enje_(filozofija)" title="Otuđenje (filozofija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otuđenje (filozofija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienasi" title="Alienasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alienasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firring" title="Firring – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Firring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienazione" title="Alienazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alienazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ניכור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניכור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жатсыну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жатсыну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyenasyon" title="Aliyenasyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aliyenasyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliena" title="Aliena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aliena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elidegened%C3%A9s" title="Elidegenedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elidegenedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervreemding" title="Vervreemding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vervreemding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8E%E5%A4%96" title="疎外 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疎外" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremmedgj%C3%B8ring" title="Fremmedgjøring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fremmedgjøring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framandgjering" title="Framandgjering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Framandgjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienacion" title="Alienacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alienacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begonalashuv" title="Begonalashuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Begonalashuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienacja" title="Alienacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alienacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Alienação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alienação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Отчуждение (философия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отчуждение (философия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjet%C3%ABrsimi_shoq%C3%ABror" title="Tjetërsimi shoqëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tjetërsimi shoqëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation" title="Alienation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alienation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نامۆبوونی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نامۆبوونی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Community" title="Category:Community">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/100px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/150px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/200px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Academic studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_studies" title="Internet studies">Internet studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_engagement" title="Community engagement">Community engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_education" title="Community education">Community education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_cohesion" title="Community cohesion">Community cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">Community of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_place" title="Community of place">Community of place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_politics" title="Community politics">Community politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">Group (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">Prosocial behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_community" title="Sense of community">Sense of community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-group_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-group communication">Small-group communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_death" title="Social death">Social death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">Solidarity (sociology)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_management" title="Community-based management">Community-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_planning" title="Community development planning">Community development planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">Community organizing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_community" title="Outline of community">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_building" title="Category:Community building">Category:Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_development" title="Category:Community development">Category:Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Localism_(politics)" title="Category:Localism (politics)">Category:Localism (politics)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community" title="Template:Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community" title="Template talk:Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Social alienation</b> is a person's feeling of disconnection from a group – whether friends, family, or wider society – with which the individual has an affiliation. Such alienation has been described as "a condition in social relationships reflected by (1) a low degree of <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">integration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">common values</a> and (2) a high degree of distance or <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a> (3a) between individuals, or (3b) between an individual and a group of people in a community or work environment <i>[enumeration added]</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-robertankony.net_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertankony.net-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> concept developed by several classical and contemporary theorists.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has many discipline-specific uses and can refer both to a personal <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">psychological state</a> (subjectively) and to a type of social relationship (objectively). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>alienation</i> has been used over the ages with varied and sometimes contradictory meanings. In ancient history it could mean a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> sense of achieving a higher state of <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">ecstasy</a> or union—becoming alienated from a limited existence in the world, in a positive sense. Examples of this usage have been traced to <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">neoplatonic</a> philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (in the Greek <i>alloiosis</i>). There have also long been religious concepts of being separated or cut off from God and the faithful, alienated in a negative sense. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> mentions the term <i>apallotrioomai</i> in Greek—"being alienated from". Ideas of estrangement from a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, or due to a <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, or approximate equivalents in differing <a href="/wiki/Cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultures">cultures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">religions</a>, have also been described as concepts of alienation. A double positive and negative sense of alienation is broadly shown in the spiritual beliefs referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>. </p><p>Alienation also had a particular <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> meaning since as early as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> times, where to <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienate</a> property (<i>alienato</i>) is to transfer <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of it to someone else. The term alienation itself comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>alienus</i> which meant 'of another place or person', which in turn came from <i>alius</i>, meaning "other" or "another". Another usage of the term in Ancient Greco-Roman times was by <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a> referring to disturbed, difficult or abnormal states of mind, generally attributed to imbalanced <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. In Latin <i>alienatio mentis</i> (mental alienation), this usage has been dated to <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia" title="Asclepiades of Bithynia">Asclepiades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once translations of such works had resurfaced in the West in the 17th century, physicians again began using the term, which is typically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Felix_Platter" title="Felix Platter">Felix Platter</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times, a relationship between alienation and <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> has been described, mediated in part by <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts">witch-hunts</a> have been described as forms of mass alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> put forward the concept that everyone has '<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> authority' over themselves but that they could alienate that natural right to the common good, an early <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory. In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a> introduced a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">alienable and unalienable rights</a> in the legal sense of the term. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> published influential works on the same theme, and is also seen as having popularized a more psychological-social concept relating to alienation from a <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> due to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. </p><p>In the same century a law of <a href="/wiki/Alienation_of_affection" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienation of affection">alienation of affection</a> was introduced for men to seek compensation from other men accused of taking away 'their' woman. </p><p>In the history of literature, the <a href="/wiki/German_Romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="German Romantics">German Romantics</a> appear to be the first group of writers and poets in whose work the concept of alienation is regularly found.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the start of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> popularized a Christian (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist">Idealist</a> philosophy of alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used German terms in partially different senses, referring to a psychological state and an objective process, and in general posited that the <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> was a historical and social creation, which becomes alienated from itself via a perceived <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> world, but can become de-alienated again when that world is seen as just another aspect of the self-consciousness, which may be achieved by self-sacrifice to the common good. </p><p>Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Pinel</a> was popularizing a new understanding of mental alienation, particularly through his 'medical-philosophical treatise'. He argued that people could be disturbed (alienated) by emotional states and social conditions, without necessarily having lost (become alienated from) their reason, as had generally been assumed. Hegel praised Pinel for his '<a href="/wiki/Moral_treatment" title="Moral treatment">moral treatment</a>' approach, and developed related theories.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, as Foucault would later write, "... in an obscure, shared origin, the 'alienation' of physicians and the 'alienation' of philosophers started to take shape—two configurations in which man in any case corrupts his truth, but between which, after Hegel, the nineteenth century stopped seeing any trace of resemblance."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marx">Marx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></div> <p>Marx was initially in the Young Hegelian camp and, like Feuerbach, rejected the spiritual basis, and adapted Hegel's <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> model to a theory of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">(historical) materialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a> is articulated most clearly in the <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i> (1846). The <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">'young' Marx</a> wrote more often and directly of alienation than the 'mature' Marx, which some regard as an ideological break while others maintain that the concept remained central. <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structuralists</a> generally hold that there was a transition from a philosophical-<a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a>) concept (e.g. internal alienation from the self) to a <a href="/wiki/Structural" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural">structural</a>-historical interpretation (e.g. external alienation by appropriation of labor), accompanied by a change in terminology from alienation to <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx's concepts of alienation have been classed into four types by <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Axelos" title="Kostas Axelos">Kostas Axelos</a>: economic and social alienation, political alienation, human alienation, and ideological alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the concept's most prominent use, it refers to the <i>economic and social alienation</i> aspect in which workers are disconnected from what they produce and why they produce. Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. Essentially, there is an "exploitation of men by men" where the division of labor creates an economic hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos197658_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos197658-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory of alienation was based upon his observation that in emerging <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial</a> production under capitalism, workers inevitably lose control of their lives and selves by not having any control of their work. Workers never become autonomous, self-realized human beings in any significant sense, except in the way the bourgeoisie wants the worker to be realized. His theory relies on Feuerbach's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i> (1841), which argues that the idea of God has alienated the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> would take the analysis further in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ego_and_Its_Own" title="The Ego and Its Own">The Ego and Its Own</a></i> (1844), declaring that even 'humanity' is an alienating ideal for the individual, to which Marx and Engels responded in <i>The German Ideology</i> (1845). Alienation in capitalist societies occurs because in <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">work</a> each contributes to the common wealth but they can only express this fundamentally social aspect of individuality through a production system that is not publicly social but privately owned, for which each individual functions as an instrument, not as a social being. Kostas Axelos summarizes that for Marx, in capitalism "work renders man an alien to himself and to his own products." "The malaise of this alienation from the self means that the worker does not affirm himself but denies himself, does not feel content but unhappy....The worker only feels himself outside his work, and in his work he feels outside himself....Its alien character emerges clearly in the fact as soon as no physical or other compulsion exists, it is avoided like the plague.".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx also wrote, in a curtailed manner, that capitalist owners also experience alienation, through benefiting from the economic machine by endlessly competing, exploiting others and maintaining mass alienation in society.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Political Alienation</i> refers specifically to the idea that "politics is the form that organizes the productive forces of the economy" in a way that is alienating because it "distorts the logic of economic development".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos197687_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos197687-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through <i>Human Alienation</i>, individuals become estranged to themselves in the quest to stay alive, where "they lose their true existence in the struggle for subsistence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx focuses on two aspects of human nature which he calls "historical conditions." The first aspect refers to the necessity of food, clothes, shelter, and more. Secondly, Marx believes that after satisfying these basic needs people have the tendency to develop more "needs" or desires that they will work towards satisfying, hence, humans become stuck in a cycle of never ending wants which makes them strangers to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976113_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When referring to <i>ideological alienation</i>, Axelos proposes that Marx believes that all religions divert people away from "their true happiness" and instead turn them towards "illusory happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976161–162_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976161–162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a commonly noted problem of translation in grappling with ideas of alienation derived from German-language philosophical texts: the word <i>alienation</i>, and similar words such as <i>estrangement</i>, are often used interchangeably to translate two distinct German words, <i>Entfremdung</i> and <i>Entäußerung</i>. The former means specifically interpersonal estrangement, while the latter can have a broader and more active meaning that might refer also to externalization, relinquishment, or sale (alienation) of property. In general, and contrary to his predecessors, Marx may have used the terms interchangeably, though he also wrote "<i>Entfremdung</i>... constitutes the real interest of this <i>Entäußerung</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1800s_to_1900s">Late 1800s to 1900s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 1800s to 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many sociologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were concerned about alienating effects of modernization. German sociologists <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> wrote critical works on <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. Simmel's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Money" title="The Philosophy of Money">The Philosophy of Money</a></i> describes how relationships become more and more mediated by money. Tönnies' <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</a></i> (<i>Community and Society</i>) is about the loss of primary relationships such as <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">familial</a> bonds in favour of <a href="/wiki/Objective_(goal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective (goal)">goal</a>-oriented, secondary <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a>. This idea of alienation can be observed in some other contexts, although the term may not be as frequently used. In the context of an individual's relationships within society, alienation can mean the unresponsiveness of society as a whole to the individuality of each member of the society. When collective decisions are made, it is usually impossible for the unique needs of each person to be taken into account. </p><p>The American sociologist <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> conducted a major study of alienation in modern society with <i><a href="/wiki/White_Collar:_The_American_Middle_Classes" title="White Collar: The American Middle Classes">White Collar</a></i> in 1951, describing how modern consumption-capitalism has shaped a society where you have to sell your personality in addition to your work. Melvin Seeman was part of a surge in alienation research during the mid-20th century when he published his paper, "On the Meaning of Alienation", in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal20107–8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal20107–8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeman used the insights of Marx, Emile Durkheim and others to construct what is often considered a model to recognize the five prominent features of alienation: powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and self-estrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeman later added a sixth element (cultural estrangement), although this element does not feature prominently in later discussions of his work. </p><p>In a broader <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> context, especially in <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, alienation describes the inadequacy of the human <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>) in relation to the world. The human mind (as the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> who perceives) sees the world as an object of perception, and is distanced from the world, rather than living within it. This line of thought is generally traced to the works of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> in the 19th century, who, from a Christian viewpoint, saw alienation as separation from God, and also examined the <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feelings</a> of individuals when faced with life choices. Many <a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophers</a> (both theistic and atheistic) and theologians were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>'s notions of angst, despair and the importance of the individual. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s concepts of anxiety (angst) and mortality drew from Kierkegaard; he is indebted to the way Kierkegaard lays out the importance of our subjective relation to truth, our existence in the face of death, the temporality of existence and the importance of passionately affirming one's being-in-the-world. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> described the "thing-in-itself" which is infinite and overflowing, and claimed that any attempt to describe or understand the thing-in-itself is "reflective consciousness". Since there is no way for the reflective consciousness to subsume the pre-reflective, Sartre argued that all reflection is fated to a form of anxiety (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>). As well, Sartre argued that when a person tries to gain knowledge of the "Other" (meaning beings or objects that are not the self), their <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a> has a "masochistic desire" to be limited. This is expressed metaphorically in the line from the play <i><a href="/wiki/No_Exit" title="No Exit">No Exit</a></i>, "Hell is other people". </p><p>In the theory of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> developed around the start of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> did not explicitly address the concept of alienation, but other analysts subsequently have. It is a theory of divisions and conflicts between the conscious and <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>, between different parts of a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Psychic_apparatus" title="Psychic apparatus">psychic apparatus</a>, and between the self and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. It postulates <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanisms">defense mechanisms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)" title="Splitting (psychology)">splitting</a>, in both normal and disturbed functioning. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological repression">repression</a> has been described as having functionally equivalent effects as the idea of <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a> associated with Marxist theory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form of <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a> developed during the century, which included influential analyses of false consciousness by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>. Critics of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Ethic">Protestant Ethic</a> also drew on the works of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>. </p><p>Figures associated with <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, in particular with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, also developed theories of alienation, drawing on <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxist">neo-Marxist</a> ideas as well as other influences including <a href="/wiki/Neo-Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Freudian">neo-Freudian</a> and sociological theories. One approach applies Marxist theories of <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> to the cultural, educational and <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party-political</a> spheres. Links are drawn between socioeconomic structures, psychological states of alienation, and personal human relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s the revolutionary group <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> came to some prominence, staging 'situations' intended to highlight an alternative way of life to <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">advanced capitalism</a>, the latter conceptualized as a diffuse '<a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">spectacle</a>', a fake reality masking a degradation of human life. <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" title="The Theory of Communicative Action">The Theory of Communicative Action</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> emphasizes the essential role of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public life</a>, suggesting that alienation stems from the distortion of reasoned moral debate by the strategic dominance of <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> forces and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> power. </p><p>This critical program can be contrasted with traditions that attempt to extract problems of alienation from the broader socioeconomic context, or which at least accept the broader context on its own terms, and which often attribute problems to individual abnormality or failures to adjust.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the boom in alienation research that characterized the 1950s and 1960s, interest in alienation research subsided, although in sociology it was maintained by the Research Committee on Alienation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Sociological_Association" title="International Sociological Association">International Sociological Association</a> (ISA).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, there was again an upsurge of interest in alienation prompted by the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, the information explosion, increasing awareness of ethnic conflicts, and <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Geyer" title="Felix Geyer">Felix Geyer</a> believes the growing complexity of the contemporary world and post-modernism prompted a reinterpretation of alienation that suits the contemporary living environment. In late 20th and early 21st century sociology, it has been particularly the works of Lauren Langman and Devorah Kalekin-Fishman that address the issue of alienation in the contemporary western world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modalities">Modalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powerlessness">Powerlessness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Powerlessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alienation in the sense of a lack of <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> has been technically defined by Seeman as "the expectancy or probability held by the individual that his own behaviour cannot determine the occurrence of the outcomes, or reinforcements, he seeks." Seeman argues that this is "the notion of alienation as it originated in the Marxian view of the worker's condition in capitalist society: the worker is alienated to the extent that the <a href="/wiki/Prerogative" title="Prerogative">prerogative</a> and means of decision are expropriated by the ruling entrepreneurs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959784_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959784-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More succinctly, Kalekin-Fishman says, "A person suffers from alienation in the form of 'powerlessness' when she is conscious of the gap between what she would like to do and what she feels capable of doing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In discussing powerlessness, Seeman also incorporated the insights of the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Rotter" title="Julian Rotter">Julian Rotter</a>. Rotter distinguishes between internal control and external <a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">locus of control</a>, which means "differences (among persons or situations) in the degree to which success or failure is attributable to external factors (e.g. luck, chance, or powerful others), as against success or failure that is seen as the outcome of one's personal skills or characteristics".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powerlessness, therefore, is the perception that the individual does not have the means to achieve his goals. </p><p>Ultimately breaking with the Marxist tradition, Geyer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remarks that "a new type of powerlessness has emerged, where the core problem is no longer being unfree but rather being unable to select from among an <a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">overchoice</a> of alternatives for action, whose consequences one often cannot even fathom". Geyer adapts <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> to alienation theory, and writes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiv_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiv-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that powerlessness is the result of delayed <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>: "The more complex one's environment, the later one is confronted with the latent, and often unintended, consequences of one's actions. Consequently, in view of this causality-obscuring time lag, both the 'rewards' and 'punishments' for one's actions increasingly tend to be viewed as random, often with <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a> and alienation as a result". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaninglessness">Meaninglessness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meaninglessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sense of <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">meaning</a> has been defined by Seeman as "the individual's sense of understanding events in which he is engaged".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeman writes that meaninglessness "is characterized by a low expectancy that satisfactory predictions about the future outcomes of behaviour can be made."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas powerlessness refers to the sensed ability to control outcomes, this refers to the sensed ability to predict outcomes. In this respect, meaninglessness is closely tied to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/powerlessness" class="extiw" title="wikt:powerlessness">powerlessness</a>; Seeman argues, "the view that one lives in an intelligible world might be a prerequisite to expectancies for control; and the unintelligibility of complex affairs is presumably conducive to the development of high expectancies for external control (that is, high powerlessness)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geyer believes meaninglessness should be reinterpreted for postmodern times: "With the accelerating throughput of information ... meaningless is not a matter anymore of whether one can assign meaning to incoming information, but of whether one can develop adequate new scanning mechanisms to gather the goal-relevant information one needs, as well as more efficient selection procedures to prevent being overburdened by the information one does not need, but is bombarded with on a regular basis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a> or the so-called "data tsunami" are well-known information problems confronting contemporary man, and Geyer thus argues that meaninglessness is turned on its head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normlessness">Normlessness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Normlessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></div> <p>Normlessness (or what <a href="/wiki/Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Durkheim">Durkheim</a> referred to as <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>) "denotes the situation in which the social norms regulating individual conduct have broken down or are no longer effective as rules for behaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959787_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959787-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect refers to the inability to identify with the dominant values of society or rather, with values that are perceived to be dominant. Seeman adds that this aspect can manifest in a particularly negative manner, "The anomic situation ... may be defined as one in which there is a high expectancy that socially unapproved behaviours are required to achieve given goals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959788_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959788-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neal and Collas write that "[n]ormlessness derives partly from conditions of complexity and conflict in which individuals become unclear about the composition and enforcement of social norms. Sudden and abrupt changes occur in life conditions, and the norms that usually operate may no longer seem adequate as guidelines for conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000122_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000122-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a particular issue after the fall of the Soviet Union, mass migrations from developing to developed countries, and the general sense of disillusionment that characterized the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One concept used in regard to specific relationships is that of <a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">parental alienation</a>, where a separated child expresses a general dislike for one of their parents (who may have <a href="/wiki/Divorced" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorced">divorced</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">separated</a>). The term is not applied where there is <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>. The parental alienation might be due to specific influences from either parent or could result from the <a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">social dynamics</a> of the family as a whole. It can also be understood in terms of <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a>, the social and emotional process of bonding between child and caregiver. <a href="/wiki/Adoptees" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoptees">Adoptees</a> can feel alienated from both adoptive parents and birth parents.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Familial estrangement between parents and adult children "is attributed to a number of biological, psychological, social, and structural factors affecting the family, including attachment disorders, incompatible values and beliefs, unfulfilled expectations, critical life events and transitions, parental alienation, and ineffective communication patterns." The degree of alienation has been positively correlated with decreased emotional functioning in the parent who feels a loss of identity and stigma.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment relationships in adults</a> can also involve feelings of alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, emotional alienation is said to be a common way of life for many, whether it is experienced as overwhelming, unacknowledged in the midst of a <a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">socioeconomic race</a>, or contributes to seemingly unrelated problems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_isolation">Social isolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social isolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a> refers to "The feeling of being segregated from one's community".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neal and Collas emphasize the centrality of social isolation in the modern world: "While social isolation is typically experienced as a form of personal stress, its sources are deeply embedded in the social organization of the modern world. With increased isolation and atomization, much of our daily interactions are with those who are strangers to us and with whom we lack any ongoing social relationships."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000114_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000114-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, migrants from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and developing countries have flocked to developed countries in search of a better living standard. This has led to entire communities becoming uprooted: no longer fully part of their homelands, but neither integrated into their adopted communities. <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> literature depicts the plights of these migrants, such as <a href="/wiki/Hafid_Bouazza" title="Hafid Bouazza">Hafid Bouazza</a> in Paravion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_alienation">Political alienation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One manifestation of the above dimensions of alienation can be a feeling of estrangement from the <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> and a lack of engagement therein. Such <a href="/wiki/Political_alienation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alienation">political alienation</a> could result from not identifying with any particular political party or message, and could result in <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reforming</a> behavior, or <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a> from the political process, possibly due to <a href="/wiki/Voter_apathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter apathy">voter apathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar concept is <a href="/wiki/Policy_alienation" title="Policy alienation">policy alienation</a>, where workers experience a state of psychological disconnection from a <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> programme being implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-estrangement">Self-estrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-estrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-estrangement is an elusive concept in sociology, as recognized by Seeman, although he included it as an aspect in his model of alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman19591959_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman19591959-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, with Marx, consider <a href="/wiki/Self-estrangement" title="Self-estrangement">self-estrangement</a> to be the result and thus the heart of social alienation. Self-estrangement can be defined as "the psychological state of denying one's own interests – of seeking out <a href="/wiki/Motivation#Incentive_theories:_intrinsic_and_extrinsic_motivation" title="Motivation">extrinsically rather than intrinsically satisfying</a>, activities...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be characterized as a feeling of having become a stranger to oneself, or to some parts of oneself, or alternatively as a problem of <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a>. </p><p>Seeman recognized the problems inherent in defining the "self",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while post-modernism in particular has questioned the very possibility of pin-pointing what precisely "self" constitutes. Further in that way, if the self is relationally constituted, does it make sense to speak of "self-estrangement" rather than "social isolation"? Costas and Fleming suggest that although the concept of self-estrangement "has not weathered postmodern criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> well", the concept still has value if a <a href="/wiki/Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian">Lacanian</a> reading of the self is adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen as part of a wider debate on the <a href="/wiki/Concept_of_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept of self">concept of self</a> between <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">antihumanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nurture" title="Nurture">nurture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_disturbance">Mental disturbance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mental disturbance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until early in the 20th century, psychological problems were referred to in psychiatry as states of mental alienation, implying that a person had become separated from themselves, their reason or the world. From the 1960s alienation was again considered in regard to clinical states of disturbance, typically using a broad concept of a 'schizoid' ('splitting') process taken from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> theory. The splitting was said to occur within regular child development and in everyday life, as well as in more extreme or dysfunctional form in conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Schizoid_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizoid personality">schizoid personality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. </p><p>Varied concepts of alienation and self-estrangement were used to link internal schizoid states with observable symptoms and with external socioeconomic divisions, without necessarily explaining or evidencing underlying causation. <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a> was particularly influential in arguing that <a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">dysfunctional families</a> and socioeconomic oppression caused states of alienation and <a href="/wiki/Ontological_security" title="Ontological security">ontological insecurity</a> in people, which could be considered adaptations but which were diagnosed as disorders by mainstream psychiatry and society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaing[1967]_1959_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing[1967]_1959-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific theories associated with Laing and others at that time are not widely accepted, but work from other theoretical perspectives sometimes addresses the same theme.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a related vein, for <a href="/wiki/Ian_Parker_(psychologist)" title="Ian Parker (psychologist)">Ian Parker</a>, psychology <i>normalizes</i> conditions of social alienation. While it could help groups of individuals emancipate themselves, it serves the role of reproducing existing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view can be seen as part of a broader tradition sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">critical psychology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liberation_psychology" title="Liberation psychology">liberation psychology</a>, which emphasizes that an individual is enmeshed within a social-political framework, and so therefore are psychological problems. Likewise, some psychoanalysts suggest that while psychoanalysis emphasizes environmental causes and reactions, it also attributes the problems of individuals to internal conflicts stemming from early psychosocial development, effectively divorcing them from the wider ongoing context.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Slavoj Zizek</a> (drawing on <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan's</a> psychoanalysis) argues that in today's capitalist society, the individual is estranged from their self through the repressive injunction to "enjoy!" Such an injunction does not allow room for the recognition of alienation and, indeed, could itself be seen as an expression of alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More to the political right, however, psychotherapy and associated notions have long been considered anywhere from ineffectual due to their inherent bias against <a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">the reality of inborn such as group-specific (genetic) traits</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to actively destructive much rather than emancipatory.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, they are not alone in this sentiment either as Marcuse, among others, goes on to speak of <i><a href="/wiki/Repressive_desublimation" title="Repressive desublimation">repressive desublimation</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability">Disability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences between persons with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a> and individuals in relative abilities, or perceived abilities, can be a cause of alienation. One study, "Social Alienation and Peer Identification: A Study of the Social Construction of Deafness",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that among deaf adults one theme emerged consistently across all categories of life experience: <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">social rejection</a> by, and alienation from, the larger hearing community. Only when the respondents described interactions with deaf people did the theme of isolation give way to comments about participation and meaningful interaction. This appeared to be related to specific needs, for example for real conversation, for information, the opportunity to develop close friendships and a sense of family. It was suggested that the social meaning of deafness is established by interaction between deaf and hearing people, sometimes resulting in <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> of the deaf, which is sometimes challenged. It has also led to the creation of alternatives and the deaf community is described as one such alternative. </p><p>Physicians and nurses often deal with people who are temporarily or permanently alienated from communities, which could be a result or a cause of medical conditions and suffering, and it has been suggested that therefore attention should be paid to learning from experiences of the special pain that alienation can bring.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin#Social_alienation" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a> with whom also originates the related phrase "to <a href="/wiki/Immanentize_the_eschaton" title="Immanentize the eschaton">Immanentize the eschaton</a>", may be read as rather accepting of alienation: </p><blockquote><p>The human condition has radical limits, and humans do not feel perfectly comfortable (to say the least). But it is not “ideological” to feel dissatisfaction or to desire something more perfect than what we have. Indeed such feelings as disquiet, anxiety, frustration and even alienation are, according Voegelin, normal. “Man is in deadly anguish,” writes Voegelin, “because he takes life seriously and cannot bear existence without meaning.” For reflection on the limits of the human condition to give rise to ideology, a certain “mood” must be present. What is this mood? It is the mood not only of alienation but of revolt. Ideology involves the active revolt against existential truth and the effort to construct a different world. Voegelin designates this mood as “pneumopathological,” a term he found in Schelling. It is the feeling of “estrangement from the spirit” so intense that it entails a willful closing of the soul to the transcendent.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Philosophers <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Peter Sloterdijk</a> and more recently Alexander Grau<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue for a similar <i>fact of alienation</i>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_popular_culture">In art and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In art and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alienation is most often represented in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> as the psychological isolation of an individual from society or community. In a volume of Bloom's Literary Themes, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> is described as the 'supreme literary portrait' of alienation, while noting that some may argue for <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. In addition, <i><a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby, the Scrivener</a></i> is introduced as a perfect example because so many senses of alienation are present. Other literary works described as dealing with the theme of alienation are: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Jar" title="The Bell Jar">The Bell Jar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Boy" title="Black Boy">Black Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(Potok_novel)" title="The Chosen (Potok novel)">The Chosen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dubliners" title="Dubliners">Dubliners</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground" title="Notes from Underground">Notes from Underground</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)">One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" class="mw-redirect" title="The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stranger_(Camus_novel)" title="The Stranger (Camus novel)">The Stranger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Sisyphus" title="The Myth of Sisyphus">The Myth of Sisyphus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial" title="The Trial">The Trial</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(novel)" title="The Castle (novel)">The Castle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Goodman_Brown" title="Young Goodman Brown">Young Goodman Brown</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary British works noted for their perspective on alienation include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Child_in_Time" title="The Child in Time">The Child in Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/London_Fields_(novel)" title="London Fields (novel)">London Fields</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(novel)" title="Trainspotting (novel)">Trainspotting</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(novel)" title="Regeneration (novel)">Regeneration</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal2008_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Dahms">Harry Dahms</a> has analysed <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Matrix Trilogy">The Matrix Trilogy</a> of films in the context of theories of alienation in modern society. He suggests that the central theme of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> is the "all-pervasive yet increasingly invisible prevalence of alienation in the world today, and difficulties that accompany attempts to overcome it".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s concept album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall" title="The Wall">The Wall</a></i> (1979) and British <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/OK_Computer" title="OK Computer">OK Computer</a></i> (1997), both deal with the subject of alienation in their lyrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism_(social)" title="Atomism (social)">Atomism (social)</a> – Sociological theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a> – Neurodevelopmental disorder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a> – Behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">Dissociation (psychology)</a> – Feeling of detachment from reality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional detachment</a> – Inability and/or disinterest in emotionally connecting to others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">Emotional isolation</a> – State of isolation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a> – Work managing feelings and expressions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a> – Management of one's own feelings, or work done in an effort to maintain a relationship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a> – Sense of generalized boredom, social alienation and apathy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a> – Person who lives in seclusion from society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a> – Social theory claiming that capitalism alienates workers from their humanity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a> – Philosophical and spiritual question</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a> – General dislike of humanity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactive_policing" title="Proactive policing">Proactive policing</a> – Police presence for crime deterrence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Recluse</a> – Person who lives in voluntary seclusion from the public and society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-estrangement" title="Self-estrangement">Self-estrangement</a> – Concept in Karl Marx's theory of alienation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a> – Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_theory" title="Social comparison theory">Social comparison theory</a> – Theory in social psychology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a> – Form of social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a> – Deliberate exclusion of an individual from social relationship or social interaction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a> – Type of discrimination or disapproval</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stress" title="Social stress">Social stress</a> – Type of psychological stress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a> – State of seclusion or isolation of a person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny" title="Uncanny">Uncanny</a> – Psychological experience of something being strangely familiar</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-robertankony.net-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robertankony.net_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnkonyKelley1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ankony, Robert C.; Kelley, Thomas M. (1 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertankony.net/publications/impact-perceived">"The impact of perceived alienation on police officers' sense of mastery and subsequent motivation for proactive enforcement"</a>. <i>Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management</i>. <b>22</b> (2). Emerald: 120–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13639519910271193">10.1108/13639519910271193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-951X">1363-951X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511043229/http://www.robertankony.net/publications/impact-perceived">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policing%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Police+Strategies+%26+Management&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+perceived+alienation+on+police+officers%27+sense+of+mastery+and+subsequent+motivation+for+proactive+enforcement&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-34&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F13639519910271193&rft.issn=1363-951X&rft.aulast=Ankony&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Thomas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertankony.net%2Fpublications%2Fimpact-perceived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esp., <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a>, 1951, 1984; <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, 1941, 1955; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, 1846, 1867; <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a>, 1950, 1971; Melvin Seeman, 1959; Kalekin-Fishman, 1998, and Robert Ankony, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E Regis (1895) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14035276M/A_practical_manual_of_mental_medicine">A practical manual of mental medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718021408/https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14035276M/A_practical_manual_of_mental_medicine">Archived</a> 2017-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2nd ed., thoroughly rev. and largely rewritten. by E. Régis; with a preface by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ball_(physician)" title="Benjamin Ball (physician)">M. Benjamin Ball</a>; authorized translation by H.M. Bannister; with introduction by the author. Published 1895 by Blakiston in Philadelphia. Originally bound and printed by 'the insane' of <a href="/wiki/Utica_Psychiatric_Center" title="Utica Psychiatric Center">Utica asylum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhart B. Ladner (1967), "Homo Viator: Mediaeval Ideas on Alienation and Order," Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 233–259 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2854675">2854675</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rado Pribic (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.lafayette.edu/handle/10385/660">Alienation, Irony, and German Romanticism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731223724/http://dspace.lafayette.edu/handle/10385/660">Archived</a> 2010-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lafayette College, Easton, PA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (1998): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/alienation/v-1">"Alienation".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234238/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/alienation/v-1">Archived</a> 2016-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dora B. Weiner <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft638nb3db&chunk.id=d0e13621&toc.id=d0e13621&brand=ucpress">Nine: Mind and Body in the Clinic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195808/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft638nb3db&chunk.id=d0e13621&toc.id=d0e13621&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Rousseau, G. S., editor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft638nb3db/"><i>The Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211060306/http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft638nb3db/">Archived</a> 2006-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Berthold-Bond, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRs9Ks4p-R8C"><i>Hegel's theory of madness</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324035911/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRs9Ks4p-R8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SUNY Press, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault, Michel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs5PRR9-8BcC">Madness and Civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323202935/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs5PRR9-8BcC">Archived</a> 2017-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1964/2001, p. 209. Also known (unabridged) as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5Pyfip2P1gC">History of Madness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324030415/https://books.google.com/books?id=B5Pyfip2P1gC">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1961/2006, p. 372. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frédéric Vandenberghe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEpXcGXP274C">A Philosophical History of German Sociology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323230328/https://books.google.com/books?id=cEpXcGXP274C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2017-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter One: Karl Marx: critique of the triple inversion of subject and objects: alienation, exploitation, and commodity fetishism. 2009, translated from the French</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos197658-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos197658_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx-Engels, in <a href="#CITEREFZeitin1968">Zeitin (1968</a>, p. 87)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFZeitin1968 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Purdue, William D., <i>Sociological Theory: Explanation, Paradigm, and Ideology</i>, Mayfield Publishing Co., Palo Alto, CA, 1986:325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertell Ollman (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ">Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324035730/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ac4AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter 23: The Capitalist's Alienation. Cambridge U.P., 1971; 2nd ed., 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos197687-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos197687_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976113-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976113_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976161–162-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelos1976161–162_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxelos1976">Axelos 1976</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Arthur (1986), <i>The Dialectics of Labor</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal20107–8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal20107–8_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenekal2010">Senekal 2010</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeman1959">Seeman 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ankony, Robert C., "The Impact of Perceived Alienation on Police Officer's Sense of Mastery and Subsequent Motivation for Proactive Enforcement," <i>Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,</i> vol. 22, no.2 (1999): 120-32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.robertankony.net/publications/impact-perceived">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511043229/http://www.robertankony.net/publications/impact-perceived">Archived</a> 2020-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Geyer" title="Felix Geyer">Felix Geyer</a> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/chen/felix/pfge15.pdf">Alienation, Sociology of</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109044914/http://www.unizar.es/sociocybernetics/chen/felix/pfge15.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Paul Baltes and Neil Smelser, Eds., London: Elsevier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael D. Pangilinan (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_6/pangilinan_december2009.pdf">Against Alienation: The Emancipative Potential of Critical Pedagogy in Fromm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202080654/http://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_6/pangilinan_december2009.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kritike, Vol3, No2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahms, H. "Does Alienation have a Future? Recapturing the Core of Critical Theory." In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZctokjRlQC">Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium: The Evolution of Alienation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324015259/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZctokjRlQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ed. L. Langman and D.K. Fishman. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isa-sociology.org//en/research-networks/research-committees/rc36-alienation-theory-and-research">"RC36 Alienation Theory and Research"</a>. <i>www.isa-sociology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isa-sociology.org&rft.atitle=RC36+Alienation+Theory+and+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isa-sociology.org%2F%2Fen%2Fresearch-networks%2Fresearch-committees%2Frc36-alienation-theory-and-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFGeyer1996">Geyer 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959784-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959784_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeman1959">Seeman 1959</a>, p. 784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalekin-Fishman199697_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalekin-Fishman1996">Kalekin-Fishman 1996</a>, p. 97.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKalekin-Fishman1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Seeman, 1966: 355)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiii_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeyer1996">Geyer 1996</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiv-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeyer1996xxiv_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeyer1996">Geyer 1996</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959786_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeman1959">Seeman 1959</a>, p. 786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959787-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959787_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeman1959">Seeman 1959</a>, p. 787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeman1959788-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeman1959788_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeman1959">Seeman 1959</a>, p. 788.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000122-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENealCollas2000122_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNealCollas2000">Neal & Collas 2000</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenekal2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Senekal, B. 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Voegelin's Critique of Ideology [A paper for presentation at the American Political Science Association New Orleans] <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sites01.lsu.edu/faculty/voegelin/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2015/09/David-Elizabeth-Corey.pdf">https://sites01.lsu.edu/faculty/voegelin/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2015/09/David-Elizabeth-Corey.pdf</a>. p.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grau, Alexander. <i>Entfremdet. Zwischen Realitätsverlust und Identitätsfalle</i>. Zu Klampen, Springe 2022, ISBN 978-3-866-74804-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbyBloom2009" class="citation book cs1">Hobby, Blake; Bloom, Harold, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQLTOk18LwMC"><i>Bloom's Literary Themes: Alienation</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119168" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119168"><bdi>9781438119168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloom%27s+Literary+Themes%3A+Alienation&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438119168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQLTOk18LwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal2008-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal2008_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenekal2008">Senekal 2008</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSenekal2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenekal2010-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenekal2010_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenekal2010">Senekal 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry F. Dahms <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329073825/http://web.utk.edu/~hdahms/Emergence.pdf">THE MATRIX Trilogy as Critical Theory of Alienation: Communicating a Message of Radical Transformation.</a> Transdisciplinary Journal of Emergence. 3 (1) 2005: 108–24.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelos1976" class="citation book cs1">Axelos, K. (1976). <i>Alienation, Praxis, and Technē in the Thought of Karl Marx</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/AXEAPA-4">AXEAPA-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alienation%2C+Praxis%2C+and+Techn%C4%93+in+the+Thought+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Axelos&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyer1996" class="citation book cs1">Geyer, F. (1996). "Introduction". In Geyer, F. (ed.). <i>Alienation, ethnicity, and postmodernism</i>. London: Greenwood. p. ix-xxviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Alienation%2C+ethnicity%2C+and+postmodernism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ix-xxviii&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalman1998" class="citation book cs1">Halman, L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/48147/SoPhi25_978-951-39-6476-4.pdf?sequence=1#page=100">"Family Patterns in Contemporary Europe: Results from the European Values Study 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kalekin-Fishman, D. (ed.). <i>Designs for Alienation: Exploring Diverse Realities</i>. SoPhi. University of Jyväskylä. pp. 100–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Patterns+in+Contemporary+Europe%3A+Results+from+the+European+Values+Study+1990&rft.btitle=Designs+for+Alienation%3A+Exploring+Diverse+Realities&rft.series=SoPhi&rft.pages=100-122&rft.pub=University+of+Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Halman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjyx.jyu.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F48147%2FSoPhi25_978-951-39-6476-4.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%23page%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealCollas2000" class="citation book cs1">Neal, A.G.; Collas, S.F. (2000). <i>Intimacy and Alienation: Forms of Estrangement in Female/male Relationships</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3334-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-3334-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimacy+and+Alienation%3A+Forms+of+Estrangement+in+Female%2Fmale+Relationships&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3334-0&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft.au=Collas%2C+S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeman1959" class="citation journal cs1">Seeman, M. (1959). "On The Meaning of Alienation". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>24</b> (6). SAGE Publications: 783–791. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2088565">10.2307/2088565</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2088565">2088565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=On+The+Meaning+of+Alienation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=783-791&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2088565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2088565&rft.aulast=Seeman&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenekal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Senekal, B. A. (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literator.org.za/index.php/literator/article/download/35/21">"Alienation in Irvine Welsh's 'Trainspotting'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Literator: Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Flit.v31i1.35">10.4102/lit.v31i1.35</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520%2FEJC62130">10520/EJC62130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-2279">0258-2279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literator%3A+Journal+of+Literary+Criticism%2C+Comparative+Linguistics+and+Literary+Studies&rft.atitle=Alienation+in+Irvine+Welsh%27s+%27Trainspotting%27&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10520%2FEJC62130&rft.issn=0258-2279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Flit.v31i1.35&rft.aulast=Senekal&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterator.org.za%2Findex.php%2Fliterator%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F35%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+alienation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_alienation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/6814/1/ACREW06.pdf">Alienation, Psychology and Human Resource Management</a> (2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nodo50.org/cubasigloXXI/congreso06/conf3_dobrohoczki.pdf">Co-operatives as spaces of cultural resistance and transformation in alienated consumer society</a> (2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unn.edu.ng/sites/unn.edu.ng/files/unn.edu.ng/files/%5Buser%5D/Culture%20Crises%20in%20Our%20Youths-%20A%20Result%20of%20Linguistic%20Alienation.pdf">Culture Crises in Our Youths: A Result of Linguistic Alienation (Nigeria)</a> (2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Alienation.aspx">Encyclopedic and Dictionary articles on Alienation</a> (misc)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdwafH0tOEC">Escaping alienation:a philosophy of alienation and dealienation (Philosophy)</a> (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/pubexposeovercomlvla.htm">Exposing and Overcoming Linguistic Alienation and Linguistic Violence</a> (1998)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aliénation sociale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943930t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aliénation sociale"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943930t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571364">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="odcizení (sociální psychologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123688&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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