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ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <b>See artikkel</b> <b>vajab <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artiklite_toimetamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipeedia:Artiklite toimetamine">toimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Juuni 2022)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br><small>Palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSaksa-Rooma_riik%26action%3Dedit">artiklit toimetada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Saksa-Rooma riik</b> ehk <b>Saksa Rahvuse Püha Rooma keisririik</b> (ka <i>Rooma keisririik</i>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keel">saksa keeles</a> <i>Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation</i>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicae</i>; riigi algusaegade kohta on kasutatud ka nime <b>Püha Rooma riik</b>, kuid seda hakati kasutama alles 13. sajandil) oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keskaeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keskaeg">keskajal</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uusaeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uusaeg">uusajal</a> riik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesk-Euroopa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesk-Euroopa">Kesk-Euroopas</a>.</p> <table class="infobox bordered" style="width:22em;width:300px; background:white; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"><p><big><b>Püha Rooma riik</b></big></p> <hr style="width:90%; margin:2px auto;"><i>Heiliges Römisches Reich</i> <small>(<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keel">saksa</a>)</small><br><i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium</i> <small>(<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina</a>)</small> <hr style="width:90%; margin:2px auto;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="800">800</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:170%; padding: 3px;"> <div style="display:table; table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_(1430-1806).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/125px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%25281430-1806%2529.svg/188px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%25281430-1806%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%25281430-1806%2529.svg/250px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%25281430-1806%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> </div> <div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Quaternion_Eagle.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quaternion_Eagle.svg/75px-Quaternion_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quaternion_Eagle.svg/113px-Quaternion_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Quaternion_Eagle.svg/150px-Quaternion_Eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="385"></a></span> </div> </div> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center; border-right: 7px solid transparent;"> Lipp aastatel 1400–1806 </div> <div style="display:table-cell; text-align:center;"> Püha Rooma riigi vapp </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:HRR.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HRR.gif/300px-HRR.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HRR.gif/450px-HRR.gif 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HRR.gif/600px-HRR.gif 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="579"></a></span> <div> Saksa-Rooma keisririigi piirid eri aegadel </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Valitsusvorm</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarhia">monarhia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a></th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;">Karl Suur (800-814)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Pealinn</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5492022">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul> <li>Aachen (800-1220)</li> <li>Palermo (1220–1254)</li> <li>München (1328–1347; 1744–1745)</li> <li>Praha (1355–1437; 1576–1611)</li> <li>Viin (1438–1576; 1611–1740;1745–1806)</li> <li>Frankfurt (1742–1744)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Religioon</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katoliiklus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katoliiklus">katoliiklus</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding:.2em .5em; font-weight:400;">Peamised keeled</th> <td style="padding:.2em .5em;">ladina</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Saksa Rahvuse Püha Rooma keisririigi eksistentsi viimase <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontinuiteet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontinuiteet">kontinuiteedi</a> kandja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria keisririik">Austria keisririigi</a> eksistentsi lõpetas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>, kes saavutas 1805. aasta detsembris ühe oma kõige hiilgavamatest võitudest, purustades <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austerlitzi_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austerlitzi lahing">Austerlitzi lahingus</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> armee. Viimasest Saksa-Rooma keisrist, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> valitsejasoo esindajast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Franz II</a>-st, sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria keiser">Austria keiser</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_I_(Austria)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz I (Austria)">Franz I</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="et" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sisukord</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Riigi_nimest"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Riigi nimest</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Riigihaldus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Riigihaldus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keiser_ja_kuningas_riigi_ajaloos"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Keiser ja kuningas riigi ajaloos</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Keisririigi_valdused"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Keisririigi valdused</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Otto_I_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Otto I valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Otto_III_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Otto III valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heinrich_II_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Heinrich II valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Konrad_II_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Konrad II valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heinrich_III_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Heinrich III valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heinrich_IV_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Heinrich IV valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Friedrich_I_Barbarossa_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Friedrich I Barbarossa valitsusaeg</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Itaalia_s%C3%B5jak%C3%A4igud"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Itaalia sõjakäigud</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burgundia_kuningas"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Burgundia kuningas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%B5imuv%C3%B5itlus_Heinrich_L%C3%B5viga"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Võimuvõitlus Heinrich Lõviga</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Friedrich_II_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Friedrich II valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Karl_IV_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Karl IV valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maximilian_I_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Maximilian I valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Karl_V_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Karl V valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ferdinand_I_valitsusaeg"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Ferdinand I valitsusaeg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Habsburgide_monarhia"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Habsburgide monarhia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hispaania_p%C3%A4riluss%C3%B5da"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hispaania pärilussõda</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Austria_p%C3%A4riluss%C3%B5da"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Austria pärilussõda</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Saksa-Rooma_riigi_aadlihierarhia"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Saksa-Rooma riigi aadlihierarhia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vaata_ka"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Vaata ka</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%A4lislingid"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Välislingid</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Riigi_nimest">Riigi nimest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Riigi nimest"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Saksa-Rooma riik eksisteeris aastail <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="962">962</a>–1806. Selle rajas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> (936–973) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a>, kes lasi 962. aastal paavstil end Itaalia kuningaks ja Rooma keisriks kroonida. Otto ja ta järglased nimetasid ennast lihtsalt keisriteks (<i>Augustus</i>), nad pidasid end <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma riik">Vana-Rooma riigi</a> lääneosa taastajateks. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningad</a> alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich II</a>-st (valitses 1002–1024) omistasid endale tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roomlaste_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roomlaste kuningas">roomlaste kuningas</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>Romanorum Rex</i>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keel">saksa keeles</a> <i>Römisch-deutscher König</i>), viidates Saksa-Rooma riigile kui Vana-Rooma riigi taastatud lääneosale.</p> <p>Seoses paavstlusevastase võitlusega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11. sajand">11. sajandil</a> võeti kasutusele mõiste 'sakslaste kuningas', millele keisrid vastandasid kohe mõiste 'roomlaste kuningas'. Nii tekkis ajapikku idee Püha Rooma keisririigist kui sakslaste impeeriumist.</p> <p>Kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15. sajand">15. sajandini</a> nimetati saksa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dünastia">dünastiatest</a> keisrite valitsetavat <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impeerium">impeeriumit</a> siiski lihtsalt Püha Rooma riigiks, alles 1512. aasta Riigipäevast kasutati nimetust <i>Saksa Rahvuse</i> – Saksa Rahvuse Püha Rooma riik (ladina keeles <i>Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ</i>). <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Rooma</a> linnaga oli riigil tegelikult pistmist üpris vähe, kuna see oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavstide</a> võimu all ning alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17. sajand">17. sajandist</a> riigi koosseisu enam ei kuulunud. Selleks ajaks oli riigi tähtsus samuti tunduvalt vähenenud, kuna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keskaeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keskaeg">keskaja</a> vaimus jumala määratud ja kaitstud valitseja asemele olid astunud territoriaal- ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rahvusriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rahvusriik">rahvusriikide</a> iseteadvad juhid. Nii muutus ka Saksa-Rooma riik vaid sümboolseks koosluseks, võrdväärsena marginaliseerunud keisritiitlile. See lubas ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'il öelda, et Püha Rooma riik pole enam ei püha, Rooma ega isegi mitte enam riik.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Riigihaldus">Riigihaldus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Riigihaldus"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keiser_ja_kuningas_riigi_ajaloos">Keiser ja kuningas riigi ajaloos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keiser ja kuningas riigi ajaloos"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(189)2.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/220px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/220px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/330px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG/440px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28189%292.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Keisrikroon 10. sajandi teisest poolest </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg/220px-MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="3336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg/220px-MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg/330px-MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg/440px-MZK_002_Nr_03_%C3%9Cber_die_Kleinodien_des_heil._r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_Reiches_-_Tafel_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel_-_Josef_Sch%C3%B6nbrunner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Osa keiserlikust vapist, 1857 </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>Riigi eesotsas seisis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">keiser</a>, kes oli ühtlasi ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a>. Talle allusid vasallidena <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigiv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigivürst">riigivürstid</a>, kelle arv kujunes ajaloos üsna muutlikuks; olulisimad neist olid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">kuurvürstid</a>, kellel oli õigus valida kuningas, kellest pärast paavstipoolset kroonimist sai keiser (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a> oli kehtestanud korra, millega Saksa kuningast pidi igal juhul saama keiser, ent siiski alles pärast kroonimist). Keisritiitel oli tõsine asi, seda võis senise arusaama kohaselt olla vaid üks. Kogu toonane <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kristlik_Euroopa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kristlik Euroopa (pole veel kirjutatud)">kristlik Euroopa</a>, mis oli nüüdsest Euroopast tunduvalt väiksem, luges ennast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana-Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana-Rooma">Vana-Rooma</a> järglaseks ja Roomal ei olnud mitut keisrit.</p> <p>Varasema Euroopa suurvalitseja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangi_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangi keiser">Frangi keiser</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Suur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Suur">Karl Suure</a> keisrikskroonimine toimus just sümboolselt 800. aastal Roomas, ehkki antiiksest Roomast põlvnev keisrivõim oli Konstantinoopolis ju alles olemas, ja ootuspäraselt ei tunnustanud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bütsants">Bütsantsi</a> valitseja Karli tiitlit. Kuid Karl Suur oli omaaegse maailma võimsaim valitseja ja tema eesmärk oli taastada Rooma impeerium. Sellest ka kroonimine just Roomas ning sümboolne keisrivõimu tagasitoomine Läände ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%95htumaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Õhtumaa">õhtumaale</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oktsident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktsident">oktsidenti</a>.</p> <p>Keskajal oli kuninga saamine keisriks sageli problemaatiline, kuna selleks tuli minna Itaaliasse, mis tõi sageli kaasa sõdu, samuti häid suhteid paavstiga ning soodsat sise- ja välispoliitilist olukorda. Enamasti see kuningatel siiski õnnestus, kuid kui paavsti positsioon tõusis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13. sajand">13. sajandil</a> keisri ehk ilmalikust võimust tunduvalt tugevamaks, siis tõi see kaasa kõigepealt tugeva võimuvõitluse ning seejärel interreegnumi, mille järelgi Saksa kuningaid keisriteks ei kroonitud. Tava elustus tasapisi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14. sajand">14. sajandil</a> ning kindlustus 15. sajandil, mil nii kiriku- kui ka keisrivõim näisid stabiliseeruvat.</p> <p>Otto ja tema esimeste järglaste ajal oli Püha Rooma riik idee järgi Lääne-Rooma ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangi_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangi riik">Frangi riigi</a> loomulik jätk ning seetõttu oli ka keisril kogu võimutäius, ta pidi aru andma vaid jumala ees ning üldiselt lugesid keisrid endale õiguseks ametisse nimetada ka paavste, justnagu toimus see ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida-Rooma">Ida-Rooma</a> ehk Bütsantsi riigis, kus keisrid määrasid ametisse patriarhe. Keisrivõimu äärmusliku laiendamise katse tehti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto III</a> ajal, kes uskus, et keisrile peaksid otseselt alluma kõik kristlikud maad ja rahvad. Ta tõstis paavstiks oma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nõo">nõo</a> ning hiljem õpetaja, kuid oma varajase surma tõttu ei õnnestunud tal oma plaane ellu viia. Seejärel pöördusid keisrid tagasi Frangi- ehk Saksamaa-keskse poliitika juurde, ehkki kohati püüti kontrollida ka Itaaliat.</p> <p>Keisrivõimu kõrgajaks võib lugeda <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12. sajand">12. sajandit</a>, mil valitsesid edukad monarhid (1152–1190) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Barbarossa">Friedrich Barbarossa</a> ja (1190–1197) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_VI_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich VI (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich VI</a>. Sel ajal teravnes ka võitlus paavstivõimuga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investituurit%C3%BCli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investituuritüli">investituuritülis</a>, mis jõudis oma kõrgpunkti 13. sajandil, mil keisririigi reaalse ühtsuse taastas keiser (1220–1250) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Friedrich II</a>. Kuid kuna paavstivõim oli veelgi tugevam, suutis ta keisri võimu murda ning paisata riigi <i>interregnum</i>'i kaosesse. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1220._aastad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1220. aastad">1220. aastatel</a> muutusid suhted keisri ja paavsti vahel pingeliseks. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1228?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1228">1228</a>. aastal pani paavst keisri kirikuvande alla. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1235?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1235">1235</a>. aastal alustas aga Friedrich II vanem poeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_von_Hohenstaufen_(Saksa_kuningas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich von Hohenstaufen (Saksa kuningas)">Heinrich</a> tema vastu mässu, millega liitusid ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a> linnad ning teda toetas ka Rooma paavst. Järgnenud 15 aastal toimus keisri ja paavstide vahel pidev võitlus. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1245?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1245">1245</a>. aastal kuulutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Innocentius_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Innocentius IV">Innocentius IV</a> Friedrich II <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ketser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ketser">ketseriks</a> ja kutsus kõigi vahenditega tema vastu võitlema.</p> <p>14. sajandil keskendusid keisrid lõplikult vaid Saksamaale, kus nende tsentraliseerimispoliitika aga üldiselt üha selgemalt läbi kukkus. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luksemburgid">Luksemburgi</a> dünastiast keiser (1346–1378) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl IV">Karl IV</a> valitsusajal 1356. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nürnberg">Nürnbergis</a> toimunud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigip%C3%A4ev_(Saksa-Rooma_riik)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigipäev (Saksa-Rooma riik)">Riigipäeval</a> välja antud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1356._aasta_kuldbulla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1356. aasta kuldbulla">1356. aasta kuldbullaga</a> fikseeriti 450 aastaks Saksa-Rooma riigi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hiseadus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhiseadus">põhiseadusliku</a> struktuuri tähtsad aspektid. Pärast pikaajalist võitlust oma eelkäija <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_IV_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Ludwig IV</a> ja selle vastukuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_III_(Saksa_kuningas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich III (Saksa kuningas)">Friedrich III Ilusa</a> vahel tundis Karl IV vajadust muuta kehtivat "<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roomlaste_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roomlaste kuningas">roomlaste kuninga</a>" valimissüsteemi. Kuldbulla nimetas seitse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">kuurvürsti</a>, kes valivad roomlaste kuninga, kelle siis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paavst">paavst</a> hiljem tavaliselt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a> kroonib. Seitse kuurvürsti olid: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksamaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksamaa kuningriik">Saksamaal</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainzi_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainzi kuurvürstkond">Mainzi peapiiskop</a>), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Gallias</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia">Burgundias</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieri_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieri kuurvürstkond">Trieri peapiiskop</a>) ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalias</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6lni_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kölni kuurvürstkond">Kölni peapiiskop</a>), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhi_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tšehhi kuningas">Tšehhi kuningas</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfalzi_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfalzi kuurvürstkond">pfaltskrahv</a> – <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Palatiin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Palatiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">palatiin</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa kuurvürst">Saksimaa kuurvürst</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_markkrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgi markkrahv">Brandenburgi markkrahv</a>.</p> <p>Viimased katsed luua universaalmonarhistlikku ühtset impeeriumit tegid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximilian_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximilian I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Maximilian I</a>, kes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1493?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1493">1493</a> ühendas kõik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> valdused ühe valitseja võimu alla. 1493–1740 valitsenud Saksa-Rooma keisrid olid ühtlasi ka Austria valitsejad. 16. sajandi alguseks oli keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximilian_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximilian I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Maximilian I</a> ühendanud oma võimu alla enamiku <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madalmaad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madalmaad">Madalmaadest</a> ja taotles võimu ka Põhja-Itaalia üle, samuti pani ta abielulepingutega aluse Habsburgide võimule Ungari ja Böömimaa üle. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1521?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1521">1521</a> jagas keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl V">Karl V</a> Habsburgide valdused kaheks: tema järglased hakkasid valitsema Hispaaniat, Milanot ja Madalmaid, Austria, Böömimaa ja Ungari (ning ka keisritiitel) läksid aga tema venna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Ferdinandi</a> ning tema järeltulijate kätte.</p> <p>Alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16. sajand">16. sajandi</a> keskpaigast hakkas keisri tähtsus riigisiseselt üha enam langema ning pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolmek%C3%BCmneaastane_s%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolmekümneaastane sõda">Kolmekümneaastast sõda</a> piirdus keisri tegelik võim vaid tema pärusvaldustega.</p> <p>Lõplikult kaotas keisritiitel tähtsuse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19. sajand">19. sajandi</a> algul, mil Napoleon I enamiku keisririigist okupeeris ja 1806. aastal impeeriumi kaotas.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Keisririigi_valdused">Keisririigi valdused</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Keisririigi valdused"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riigi_territooriumite_loend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumite loend">Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumite loend</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangi_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangi riik">Frangi riigi</a> lagunemise järel sai riigi idapoolsete alade valitsejaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Frangi_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ida-Frangi kuningas">Ida-Frangi kuningas</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Sakslane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Sakslane">Ludwig Sakslane</a>, kelle riik hõlmas enamiku hilisemast Saksamaast. Kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_I_(Saksa_kuningas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich I (Saksa kuningas)">Heinrich I</a> või isegi ta poja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a>-ni kasutatakse tavaliselt nimetust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Frangi_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ida-Frangi kuningas">Ida-Frangi kuningas</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Otto_I_valitsusaeg">Otto I valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Otto I valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1227"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Saksa-Rooma riik ca 1000. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> (936–973) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a> (912–973) abiellus 951. aastal viimase Itaalia kuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lothar_II_(Itaalia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lothar II (Itaalia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lothar II</a> lese <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adelheid">Adelheidiga</a> ja võttis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavias</a> Lombardia raudkrooni rivaalitseva Ivrea markkrahvi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berengar_II_(Itaalia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Berengar II (Itaalia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Berengari</a> eest.</p> <p>Otto I võitis taas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksamaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksamaa kuningriik">Saksamaa kuningriiki</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0vaabimaa_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Švaabimaa hertsogkond">Švaabimaale</a> tunginud ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augsburg">Augsburgi</a> piiranud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari_v%C3%BCrstiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari vürstiriik">ungarlasi</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/955?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="955">955</a>. aastal toimunud (<i>Lechfeld</i>i) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lechi_lahing_(955)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lechi lahing (955)">Lechi lahingus</a>, tehes sellega lõpu nende rüüstamistele <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesk-Euroopa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesk-Euroopa">Kesk-Euroopas</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhja-Itaalia">Põhja-Itaalias</a>.</p> <p>Aastal 960, kui Berengar ründas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirikuriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirikuriik">Kirikuriiki</a>, vallutas paavst <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_XII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes XII">Johannes XII</a> kutsutud kuningas Otto Itaalia kuningriigi ja kroonis end 2. veebruaril 962 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Roomas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a> (962–973) ning nõustus hakkama ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavsti</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katoliku_kirik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katoliku kirik">katoliku kiriku</a> kaitsjaks. Sellest ajast alates olid Saksa kuningad alati ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia kuningas">Itaalia kuningad</a> ja Põhja-Itaaliast sai seega Saksa-Rooma riigi osastiskuningriik. Otto Suur, kes vallutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalia</a>, võttis endale ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia kuningas">Itaalia kuninga</a> tiitli, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavst</a> kroonis 962. aastal Otto I <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Roomas</a> keisriks (962–973). Otto I liitis Saksa kuninga ning Rooma keisri institutsioonid ühte. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto Suure</a> valitsemise ajal saadeti kõigisse riigi osadesse <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfaltskrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfaltskrahv">comites palatini</a></i> toetama kuningavõimu, kontrollima suurte hõimuhertsogite sõltumatuspüüdeid. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotringi_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotringi hertsogkond">Lotringi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0vaabimaa_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Švaabimaa hertsogkond">Švaabimaa</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa hertsogiriik">Saksimaa</a> hertsogite kõrvale, kes olid muutunud ohtlikult võimsateks feodaalvürstideks, paigaldati pfaltskrahvidena Saksa-Rooma keisri truud toetajad. Otto ise pidas ennast Rooma keisriks ning Lääne-Rooma taastajaks, kuna Frangi keisri tiitel oli vahepeal kadunud. Otto kroonimisega pandi alus Saksa-Rooma riigile, mis kestis 844 aastat, 1806. aastani.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Europe_1000.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/220px-Europe_1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1544"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/220px-Europe_1000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/330px-Europe_1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/440px-Europe_1000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euroopa u 1000. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi dünastia">Saksi dünastiast</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a> pürgis ta laiendama oma valdusi ka ida poole ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi_Idamark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi Idamark">Saksi Idamarki</a> markkrahv <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gero">Gero</a> sundis sõjaga tunnistama paganliku Poola <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a> vasallisõltuvust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a>-st ja maksma talle andamit. Aastail <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/928?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="928">928</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/929?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="929">929</a> vallutatud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgi mark">Brandenburgi</a> alasid valitsenud markkrahv Gero surma järel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="965">965</a>. aastal jagunes mark mitmeks väiksemaks osaks, Saksi Idamargi põhjapoolsetest aladest kujunes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi_Idamark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi Idamark">Saksi Idamark</a> (Ostmark) ja keiser Otto I poolt moodustati <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4neslaavlased?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lääneslaavlased">lääneslaavlaste</a> alale <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mei%C3%9Feni_markkrahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meißeni markkrahvkond">Meißeni markkrahvkond</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/966?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="966">966</a>. aastal laskis Poola vürst ise end ristida, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/968?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="968">968</a>. aastal astus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznańis</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84i_piiskopkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Poznańi piiskopkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Poznańi piiskopkonnas</a> ametisse esimene Poola piiskop. Mieszko I poeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław I Chrobry">Bolesław I Chrobry</a> jätkas isa poliitikat, tunnistades Saksa-Rooma keisririigi ülemvõimu.</p> <p>Otto I valitsusajal kuulusid Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumite hulka: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa hertsogiriik">Saksimaa hertsogiriik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig">Schleswigi</a> mark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Billungi_mark&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Billungi mark (pole veel kirjutatud)">Billungi mark</a>, Põhjamark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausitz">Lausitzi</a> mark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merseburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merseburg">Merseburgi</a> mark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meissen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissen">Meisseni</a> mark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeitz">Zeitzi</a> mark, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6mimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Böömimaa">Böömimaa</a> hertsogiriik, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moraavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraavia">Moraavia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idamark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idamark">Idamark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karantaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karantaania">Karantaania mark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kraini_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kraini mark">Kraini mark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona">Verona</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona mark">mark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> piirkond, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirikuriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirikuriik">Paavstriik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spoleto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spoleto_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoleto hertsogiriik">hertsogiriik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toscana_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toscana mark">Toscana mark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCringi_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tüüringi hertsogkond">Tüüringi hertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangimaa_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangimaa hertsogkond">Frangimaa hertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nordgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nordgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nordgau</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0vaabimaa_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Švaabimaa hertsogkond">Švaabimaa hertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arelaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arelaat">Arelaat (Burgundia kuningriik)</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9Clem-Lotringi_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ülem-Lotringi hertsogkond">Ülem-Lotringi hertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alam-Lotring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alam-Lotring">Alam-Lotringi</a> hertsogkond. Riik piirnes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taani_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taani kuningriik">Taani kuningriigi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poola_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poola kuningriik">Poola kuningriigi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari kuningriik">Ungari kuningriigi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horvaatia_kuningriik_(keskaegne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horvaatia kuningriik (keskaegne)">Horvaatia kuningriigi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida-Rooma riik">Ida-Rooma riigi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsuse_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prantsuse kuningriik">Prantsuse kuningriigiga</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Otto_III_valitsusaeg">Otto III valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Otto III valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1227"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_11th_century_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Saksa-Rooma riigi territoorium u 1000. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto II</a> poeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto III</a> sai väga noorelt võimule (983–1002) ning kuni 995. aastani valitsesid tema ema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theophano&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Theophano (pole veel kirjutatud)">Theophano</a> ja vanaema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adelheid">Adelheid</a>. Otto III oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksamaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksamaa kuningriik">Saksa</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">kuningas</a> alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/983?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="983">983</a>, Saksa-Rooma riigi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">keiser</a> alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/996?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="996">996</a>.</p> <p>996. aastal vallutas ta Rooma, pani ametisse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavstina</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorius_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorius V">Gregorius V</a> ja Otto III krooniti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a>. Otto III püüdis taastada <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma impeerium">Rooma impeeriumi</a> või vähemalt selle lääneosa, uskudes, et kõrgeim võim peaks kuuluma keisrile, kellele alluksid kõik, nii ilmalikud kui ka vaimulikud aukandjad, sealhulgas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavst</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Europe_1000.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/220px-Europe_1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1544"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/220px-Europe_1000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/330px-Europe_1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Europe_1000.jpg/440px-Europe_1000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euroopa alad ca 1000. aastal </figcaption> </figure> <p>Otto III koostas aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="998">998</a> bulla "Renovatio imperia Romanum", millega ta kuulutas Rooma impeeriumi taastatuks. Rooma sai pealinnaks, millest pidi valitsetama kogu keisririiki <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia">Galliast</a> Slaavimaani. Ta tegi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misjon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misjon">misjonitööd</a>, näiteks asutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poola_v%C3%BCrstiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poola vürstiriik">Poola vürstiriigis</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gniezno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gniezno">Gnieznos</a> piiskopkonna ning andis vürst <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslaw_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaw I">Boleslawile</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poola_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poola kuningas">Poola kuninga</a> ning vürst <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istvan_P%C3%BCha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Istvan Püha">Istvanile</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari kuningas">Ungari kuninga</a> tiitli. Selle eest pidi Poola saama osaks Saksa-Rooma riigist. Plaan luhtus, sest Bolesław ei allunud edaspidi Saksa-Rooma keisrile. Saksa-Rooma keiser Otto III surma (1002) järel saavutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Poola_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Poola vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Poola vürst</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław I Chrobry">Bolesław I Chrobry</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sõda">sõdades</a> Saksa-Rooma riigiga (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1004">1004</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1018?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1018">1018</a>), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich II</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konrad_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konrad II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Konrad II</a> valitsemisajal Poola täieliku poliitilise ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirik_(institutsioon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirik (institutsioon)">kirikliku</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iseseisvus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iseseisvus">sõltumatuse</a> ning kroonis enda 1025. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poola_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poola kuningas">kuningaks</a>. Ehkki István I abiellus Saksa-Rooma riigi keisri (1002–1024) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich II</a> õega, pidas Saksa-Rooma riik aastatel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1030?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1030">1030</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1108?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1108">1108</a> sõdu ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari kuningriik">Ungari kuningriigiga</a>.</p> <p>Otto III abikaasaks pidi saama Bütsantsi printsess ja tulevase keisrinna Zoe, kuid Otto suri vahetult enne pulmi. Pikemas plaanis oleks abielu võinud tähendada <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ida-Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida-Rooma">Ida-</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lääne-Rooma">Lääne-Rooma</a> taasühendamist. Otto suurejoonelised idealistlikud plaanid nurjas tema ootamatu varajane surm sõjakäigul roomlaste vastu.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Heinrich_II_valitsusaeg">Heinrich II valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Heinrich II valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Heinrich II oli viimane <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi dünastia">Saksi dünastiast</a> pärinev Saksa-Rooma keiser. Heinrich II valitses <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningana</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1002">1002</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1024">1024</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1014">1014</a> krooniti ta Roomas keisriks. Alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich II</a>-st omistasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningad</a> endale nimetuse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roomlaste_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roomlaste kuningas">Roomlaste kuningas</a>. Tiitel Roomlaste kuningas viitas isikule, kelle <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vürst">vürstid</a> olid Saksa kuningaks valinud, kuid kes ei olnud veel ametlikult Saksa-Rooma keisriks kroonitud. Nimetus tekkis vastusena mõistele 'sakslaste kuningas' (<i>rex teutonicum</i>), mida kasutasid paavstid, viidates sellele, et tegu on kaugelt põhjast pärit võõramaalasega, kel pole tegelikult õigust valitseda varem <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma impeerium">Rooma impeeriumile</a> kuulunud alasid, veel vähem kanda keisrikrooni. Roomlaste kuninga nimetus püsis kuni 16. sajandini.</p> <p>Heinrich II-st peeti väga vagaks, kombekate eluviisidega meheks, mistõttu temast sai sakslaste esimene <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rahvusp%C3%BChak&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rahvuspühak (pole veel kirjutatud)">rahvuspühak</a>. Ta püüdis oma eelkäija <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto III</a> eeskujul tugevdada keisrivõimu, püüdes samuti taastada <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma riik">Rooma impeeriumi</a> vägevust, kuid et ta oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paavst">paavstide</a> suhtes üpris järeleandlik, siis ei muutunud tema valitsusajal suurt midagi. Tal ei olnud järeltulijaid, mistõttu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuninga</a> tiitel läks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franki_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franki dünastia">Franki dünastiale</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saali_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saali dünastia">Saali dünastiale</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Konrad_II_valitsusaeg">Konrad II valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Konrad II valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>1024. aastal valiti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kamba&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kamba (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kambas</a> ja krooniti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainzis</a> Saksamaa troonile esimene <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saali_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saali dünastia">Saali dünastiast</a> kuningas, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konrad_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konrad II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Konrad II</a>. 1026. aastal võttis Konrad ette retke <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_kuningriik_(keskaegne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia kuningriik (keskaegne)">Itaaliasse</a> ning sama aasta mais krooniti ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milanos</a> ühtlasi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia kuningas">Itaalia kuningaks</a>. 26. märtsil 1027 krooniti Konrad II ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Roomas</a> keisriks. Teist korda pöördus Konrad II Itaaliasse 1037–1038, surumaks alla rahutused Põhja- ja Kesk-Itaalias. Kontroll läänepoolsete <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpid">Alpi</a> kurude üle aitas keisririigil kindlustada ühendust Itaaliaga.</p> <p>Pärast Burgundia kuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_III_(Burgundia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rudolf III (Burgundia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rudolf III</a> surma 1032. aastal krooniti Konrad II 1033. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia kuningriik">Burgundia</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arelaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arelaat">Arelaadi</a> kuningaks. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vahemeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vahemeri">Vahemerest</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5rg-Rein&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kõrg-Rein (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kõrg-Reinini</a> põhjas asunud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia kuningriik">Burgundia kuningriik</a> liideti Saksa-Rooma keisririigiga. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1034?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1034">1034</a>. aastast olid impeeriumiga seega ühendatud nii Saksamaa, Itaalia kui ka Burgundia.</p> <p>1025. aastal loovutas Konrad II <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig">Schleswigi</a> margi Taani kuningale <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knud_Suur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knud Suur">Knud Suurele</a> ning Fischa ja Lajta vahelise ala <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari kuningriik">Ungarile</a>. 1029. aastal astus Konrad välja Poola vürsti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mieszko_II&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mieszko II (pole veel kirjutatud)">Mieszko II</a> vastu. Pärast kahte sõjaretke (1031–1032) oli Mieszko sunnitud loobuma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausitz">Lausitzist</a> ning Visla ja Bugli vahelistest aladest.</p> <p>Konrad II jätkas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi dünastia">Ottode</a> riigikiriku poliitikat – kuningas määras ametisse kiriklikke aukandjaid, kes mängisid rolli riigiaparaadi funktsioneerimises. Samuti oli levinud kiriklike ametikohtade avalik müük ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simoonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Simoonia">simoonia</a>. Konrad II valitsusajal kasvas ühtlasi ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministeriaal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministeriaal">ministeriaalide</a> tähtsus ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasall">vasallidele</a> garanteeriti 1037. aastal, et nende <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lään">läänid</a> jäävad kindlatel tingimustel päritavaks ja võõrandamatuks.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Heinrich_III_valitsusaeg">Heinrich III valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Heinrich III valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Saksa-Rooma keiser (1039–1056) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich III</a> valitsusajal tekkisid Saksa-Rooma keisril Heinrich III vastuolu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavstiga</a>, alates sellest, kui <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorius_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorius VII">Gregorius VII</a> ajal esitati esimest korda ambitsioon olla nii vaimulik kui ka ilmalik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Suver%C3%A4%C3%A4n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Suverään (pole veel kirjutatud)">suverään</a> kõigi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma-katoliku_kirik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma-katoliku kirik">Rooma-katoliku kiriku</a> usutunnistusega valitsejate üle, mis läksid hiljem ajalukku <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investituurit%C3%BCli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investituuritüli">investituuritülina</a>. Heinrich III ajal oli Saksa-Rooma riik oma võimsuse tipul, Saksa-Rooma riik domineeris Euroopas ning Saksa-Rooma keiser oma mõjuvõimuga nimetas ametisse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavsti</a>. Heinrich III surma järel (1056) sai tema poeg, 6-aastane <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_IV_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich IV</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningaks</a>, tegelikult valitses tema eest <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regent">regentnõukogu</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg/220px-Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1894"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 369px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg/220px-Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="369" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg/330px-Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg/440px-Shepherd_Holy_Roman_Empire_Hohenstaufen_1138-1254.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenstaufenid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenstaufenid">Hohenstaufenite</a> valitsetud Saksa-Rooma riik, 1138–1254 </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Heinrich_IV_valitsusaeg">Heinrich IV valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Heinrich IV valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Heinrich III surma järel (1056) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningaks</a> saanud 6-aastase <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_IV_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich IV</a> eest valitses tegelikult <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regent">regentnõukogu</a> ja tema ema ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paavst">paavst</a> hakkas taotlema ülemvõimu keisri (ehk ilmaliku Saksa-Rooma riigi valitseja) üle. Paavst <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorius_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorius VII">Gregorius VII</a> (1073–1085) nõudis ka, et ilmalik võim lõpetaks sekkumise vaimulikesse asjadesse ja tunnistaks, et vaimulik võim on ilmalikust kõrgem. Alaealise kuninga valitsusajal nõrgenes keskvõim ja võimu kindlustamiseks anti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senj%C3%B6%C3%B6r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senjöör">senjööridele</a> suuremaid õigusi.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Friedrich_I_Barbarossa_valitsusaeg">Friedrich I Barbarossa valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Friedrich I Barbarossa valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Barbarossa">Friedrich Barbarossat</a> peetakse üheks võimekaimaks ja edukaimaks Saksa-Rooma keisriks. Ta suutis oma valdustes kehtestada korra ning stabiilsuse. Liignime Barbarossa, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia keel">itaalia keeles</a> <i>punane habe</i>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keel">saksa keeles</a> <i>Kaiser Rotbart</i> sai ta Itaalia sõjakäikudes. Friedrich Barbarossa ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_VI_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich VI (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich VI</a> valitsusaega 12. sajandil võib lugeda Saksa-Rooma keisririigi keisrivõimu kõrgajaks.</p> <p>Paavst (1154–1159) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrianus IV">Hadrianus IV</a> uuendas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaanuar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaanuar">jaanuaris</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1155?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1155">1155</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugenius_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugenius III">Eugenius III</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuninga</a> Friedrich I Barbarossa vahel sõlmitud Konstanzi rahulepingut, soovides kuningalt abi võitluseks Roomas võimul olnud kommuuni ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitsiilia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitsiilia kuningriik">Sitsiilia kuningriigiga</a> ning paavsti kutsel saabus Friedrich <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaaliasse</a> ja omavahelistest erimeelsustest hoolimata kroonis paavst ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18._juuni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18. juuni">18. juunil</a> 1155 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_Peetri_kirik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma Peetri kirik">Rooma Peetri kirikus</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a>.</p> <p>Keiser Friedrich I Barbarossa taaskehtestas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_krahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia krahvkond">Burgundia krahvkonnas</a> keiserliku mõjuvõimu, vangistas krahv <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_IV_(Burgundia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Guillaume IV (Burgundia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Guillaume IV</a> venna ja laiendas oma mõju, abielludes pärast Guillaume IV surma Renaud III tütre ning Guillaume IV vennatütre ja pärija <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9atrice_I_(Burgundia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Béatrice I (Burgundia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Béatrice I-ga</a>, olles (1156–1190) tema abikaasa ja kaasvalitseja; pärast Béatrice surma ainuvalitseja. Pärast keiser Friedrichi surma aastal 1190 sai tema noorem poeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Otto_I_(Burgundia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Otto I (Burgundia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Otto I</a> Burgundia krahvkonna ja omandas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clemkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ülemkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">ülemkrahvi</a> tiitli.</p> <p>Aastal 1156 lähenes Hohenstaufenist keiser Friedrich I <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welfid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welfid">Welfidele</a>. 1156. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigip%C3%A4ev_(Saksa-Rooma_riik)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigipäev (Saksa-Rooma riik)">Riigipäeval</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg">Regensburgis</a> sunniti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Jasomirgott&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Heinrich Jasomirgott (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heinrich Jasomirgott</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogkonnast</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa hertsogiriik">Saksimaa</a> hertsogi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvi</a> kasuks loobuma. Kompensatsiooniks ülendati <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Babenbergid&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Babenbergid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Babenbergide</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idamark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idamark">Austria markkrahvkond</a> võrdseks Saksa-Rooma riigi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria hertsogkond">Austria hertsogkonnaks</a>. Friedrich I nimetas 1156. aastal oma noorema venna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Konrad_der_Staufer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Konrad der Staufer (pole veel kirjutatud)">Konrad der Stauferi</a> esimeseks pärilikuks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reini_pfaltskrahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reini pfaltskrahvkond">Reini pfaltskrahvkonna</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfaltskrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfaltskrahv">pfaltskrahviks</a> (1156–1195). Reini pfaltskrahvkonna valdusega liidetud territooriumid algasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenstaufenid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenstaufenid">Hohenstaufenite</a> valdustest <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangimaa">Frangimaal</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reinimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reinimaa">Reinimaal</a> (Hohenstaufenite muud harud said valdusi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0vaabimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Švaabimaa">Švaabimaal</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_krahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia krahvkond">Franche-Comté</a> ja nii edasi). Suur osa sellest oli nende keiserlikelt eelkäijatelt, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saali_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saali dünastia">Saali keisritelt</a>, ja osa Konradi emapoolsetelt eelkäijatelt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrückenist</a>. Aastal 1195 läks Pfalz Staufeni krahvi pärija Agnese abielu kaudu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welfid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welfid">Welfidele</a>. 13. sajandi algul langes territoorium Welfi pärija Agnese abielu kaudu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wittelsbachi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wittelsbachi dünastia">Wittelsbachi</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogitele</a>, kes olid ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri">Baieri</a> pfaltskrahvid.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Itaalia_sõjakäigud"><span id="Itaalia_s.C3.B5jak.C3.A4igud"></span>Itaalia sõjakäigud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Itaalia sõjakäigud"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:12citaly.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/12citaly.jpg/220px-12citaly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="490"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/12citaly.jpg/220px-12citaly.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/12citaly.jpg/330px-12citaly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/12citaly.jpg/440px-12citaly.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Itaalia alad, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksa-Rooma keisririik">Saksa-Rooma keisririigis</a> (punasega), paavsti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirikuriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirikuriik">Kirikuriik</a> (helesinine) 12. ja 13. sajandil </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a> Friedrich I sooritas sõjaretki Itaaliasse eesmärgiga Saksa-Rooma riigi keiserlikku võimu seal laiendada, tema toetajad said tuntuks kui <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibelliinid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibelliinid">gibelliinid</a> (<i>Ghibellini</i>). <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia_Liiga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia Liiga">Lombardia Liiga</a> ja selle liitlased, kes kaitsesid Itaalia keskaegsete kogukondade iseseisvust keisri sissetungide vastu, said tuntuks kui <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gvelfid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gvelfid">gvelfid</a> (<i>Guelfi</i>).</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a> oli vallutanud Itaalia kuningriigi ja krooninud end 962 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma">Roomas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a>. Sellest ajast alates olid Itaalia kuningad alati ka Saksa kuningad ja Itaaliast sai seega Saksa-Rooma riigi osastiskuningriik, koos <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksa kuningriik">Saksa kuningriigi</a> (<i>regnum Teutonicorum</i>) ja – aastast 1032 – <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arelaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arelaat">Burgundiaga</a>. Üldiselt jättis asjaolu, et monarh viibis peamiselt eemal, veetes oma aja Saksamaal, Itaalia kuningriigi vähese keskvõimuga. Võimuvaakumi täitsid järk-järgult paavst ja piiskopid, samuti üha rikkamad Itaalia linnad, mis haarasid järk-järgult ümbritsevaid maapiirkondi. Pärast keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto III</a> surma aastal 1002 sai üks viimastest Berengari järglastest, markkrahv <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arduin_(Ivrea)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arduin (Ivrea) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arduin</a>, isegi Itaalia krooni ja alistas Kärnteni hertsogi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Otto_I_(K%C3%A4rnten)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Otto I (Kärnten) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Otto I</a> juhitavad keiserlikud väed.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1045?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1045">1045</a>. aastal kuulutati Saksa kuningate võimu all oleva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia_kuningriik_(keskaegne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia kuningriik (keskaegne)">Itaalia kuningriigi</a> põhjaosas asuvas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milanos</a> välja autonoomse valitsusega kommuun ning Milano asus teiste tugevate linnadega nagu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cremona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lodi_(Itaalia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lodi (Itaalia)">Lodi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Como?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Como">Comoga</a> võitlema ülevõimu pärast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia">Lombardias</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1158?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1158">1158</a>. aastal toimus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milano</a> linnas ülestõus, mille keiser Friedrich I Barbarossa maha surus ja nõudis 1158. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roncaglia_riigip%C3%A4ev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roncaglia riigipäev">Roncaglia riigipäeval</a> keisririigi otsest kontrolli Itaalia üle ja alustas Itaalia linnade ametnike (<i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Podest%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Podestà (pole veel kirjutatud)">podestà</a></i>) asendamist enda esindajatega. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1164?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1164">1164</a>. aastal moodustasi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padova">Padova</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicenza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> linnade ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneetsia_vabariik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneetsia vabariik">Veneetsia vabariigi</a> Lombardia Liiga. Liigat toetas ka paavst (1159–1181) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_III_(paavst)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander III (paavst)">Aleksander III</a>, kes soovis näha Friedrich I võimu vähenemist Itaalias.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1154?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1154">1154</a>. aastal saabus Friedrich paavsti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrianus_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrianus IV">Hadrianus IV</a> kutsel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaaliasse</a> võitluseks Roomas võimul olnud kommuuni ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitsiilia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitsiilia kuningriik">Sitsiilia kuningriigiga</a> ja omavahelistest erimeelsustest hoolimata kroonis paavst Friedrichi 18. juunil 1155 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_Peetri_kirik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooma Peetri kirik">Rooma Peetri kirikus</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisriks</a>.</p> <p>1158. aastal tegi Friedrichi I teise Itaalia sõjaretke, mille käigus septembris piiras ja vallutas ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milano</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia">Lombardias</a>. 1159. aastal toimus aga linnas ülestõus ja keisrivõimu esindajad aeti ära.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1159?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1159">1159</a>. aastal tegi Friedrichi I sõjakäigu ülestõusnud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Crema&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Crema (pole veel kirjutatud)">Crema</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brescia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> ja Milano vastu, allutas need ja hävitas linnad, pagendades linnaelankud.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1163?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1163">1163</a>. aastal alustas Friedrichi I sõjakäiku Rooma vastu. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7._september?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7. september">7. septembril</a> 1159 valiti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander III">Aleksander III</a> paavstiks. 1159. aasta 7. septembril valis 8 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisrit</a> Friedrich I Barbarossat pooldanud kardinali <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vastupaavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vastupaavst">vastupaavstiks</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Victor_IV&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Victor IV (pole veel kirjutatud)">Victor IV</a>, kes pühitseti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4._oktoober?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4. oktoober">4. oktoobril</a> keisri saadiku Wittelsbachi krahvi Otto heakskiidul ametisse. Keiser Friedrich oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skisma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skisma">skisma</a> puhkemisel esialgu neutraalne, kuid kutsus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veebruar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veebruar">veebruaris</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1160?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1160">1160</a> vastuolude lõpetamiseks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavias</a> kokku <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kirikukogu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kirikukogu (pole veel kirjutatud)">kirikukogu</a>, kus osalesid valdavalt Saksa ja Itaalia <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piiskop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piiskop">piiskopid</a>, kes pidasid legitiimseks paavstiks Victor IV-t, keda seejärel tunnustas ka keiser. Aleksander III pani esmalt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekskommunikatsioon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekskommunikatsioon">kirikuvande</a> alla Victori ja ekskommunitseeris seejärel 1160 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anagni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anagni">Anagni</a> sinodil Friedrichi. 1160. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toulouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>'is toimunud kirikukogul osalenud piiskopid tunnustasid paavstina Aleksandrit ja tema rivaal Victor IV mõisteti hukka. Aleksander III siirdus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aprill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aprill">aprillis</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1162?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1162">1162</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa">Prantsusmaale</a>, kust naasis Rooma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/November?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="November">novembris</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1165?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1165">1165</a>, kuid pidi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1167?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1167">1167</a> Friedrichi tõttu minema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benevento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benevento">Beneventosse</a>, sealt edasi Anagnisse ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneetsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneetsia">Veneetsiasse</a>. Friedrich ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa kuningas">Prantsusmaa kuningas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis VII">Louis VII</a> olid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/September?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="September">septembris</a> 1162 valmis vahendama skisma osapooli Saint-Jean-de-Losne'is kavandatud sinodil, kuid nende püüded jäid tulemusteta ning Victor IV mõistis 7. septembril 1162 Aleksandri taas hukka, Aleksander mõistis vastupaavsti aga hukka samal aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montpellier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>'s toimunud sinodil.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhja-Itaalia">Põhja-Itaalia</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneetsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneetsia">Veneetsia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicenza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona">Verona</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua">Padua</a> linnad moodustasid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Verona_Liiga&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Verona Liiga (pole veel kirjutatud)">Verona Liiga</a> keisri vastu ning keisril ei olnud piiravalt vägesid nende löömiseks. Victor IV surma järel seni vastupaavsti soosinud valitsejad asusid toetama Aleksandrit. 1165. aastal tegi Friedrichi I sõjakäigu Rooma ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander III">Aleksander III</a> vastu ning tõstis paavstitroonile <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vastupaavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vastupaavst">vastupaavst</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paschalis_III&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paschalis III (pole veel kirjutatud)">Paschalis III</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1166">1166</a>. aastal võitis Friedrichi I vastaseid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Monte_Porzio_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Monte Porzio lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Monte Porzio lahingus</a>, kuid oli seejärel sunnitud vägesid tabanud haiguste tõttu taganema Saksamaale.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1174?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1174">1174</a>. aasta septembris alustas Friedrichi I oma viiendat Itaalia sõjaretke, kaasates palgasõdureid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brabant (pole veel kirjutatud)">Brabantist</a>, surumaks maha pidevad Lombardias toimuvad mässud ja lahendamaks oma tülid paavstiga. Tema nõo hertsog <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvi</a> väed ei võtnud taas keiserlikust sõjakäigust osa. Friedrichi sõjakäigu ajend oli kättemaks ja selle eesmärk oli Lombardia Liiga täielikult hävitada ja paavst <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander III">Aleksander III</a> kõrvaldada.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1176?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1176">1176</a>. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29._mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29. mai">29. mail</a> Friedrich I Barbarossa juhitud Saksa-Rooma riigi vägede ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia_Liiga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia Liiga">Lombardia Liiga</a> vahel toimunud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnano_lahing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnano lahing">Legnano lahingus</a> sai keiserlik armee sai suure kaotuse osaliseks. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1177?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1177">1177</a>. aastal sõlmitud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneetsia_rahu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneetsia rahu">Veneetsia rahuga</a> leppisid Friedrich I ja paavst Aleksander III ära. Keiser tunnustas paavsti suveräänsust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirikuriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirikuriik">Kirikuriigi</a> üle, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toscana_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toscana mark">Toscana marki</a> paavsti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lään">läänina</a> ja vastutasuks tunnustas Aleksander keisrit kui Keiserliku kiriku ülemisandat.</p> <p>Lombardia linnadega sõlmis ta 1177. aastal vaherahu ning alles <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1183?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1183">1183</a>. aastal nõustus Friedrich I <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Konstanzi_rahuga&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Konstanzi rahuga (pole veel kirjutatud)">Konstanzi rahuga</a> nende õigusega linnade võimukandjaid ise valida. Konstanzi rahuleping valati pronksi. Märgina sellest, et rahu oli tõesti kehtestatud, abiellus 1186. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27._jaanuar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27. jaanuar">27. jaanuaril</a> Friedrich I Barbarossa poeg <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_VI_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich VI (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Heinrich VI</a>, hilisem isa järglane tema troonil, Milanos <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hauteville_(perekond)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauteville (perekond)">Hauteville dünastia</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitsiilia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitsiilia kuningriik">Sitsiilia</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitsiilia_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitsiilia kuningas">kuninga</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_II_(Sitsiilia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wilhelm II (Sitsiilia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Wilhelm II</a> tädi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sitsiilia_Costanza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sitsiilia Costanza (pole veel kirjutatud)">Costanzaga</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/220px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1338"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/220px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/330px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/440px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Burgundia 12./13. sajandil: <div style="width: 14em; text-align: left; margin: 0 auto;"> <div style="display:block;margin:0px;"> <span style="font-size:90%;"><span style="margin:0px; border:none; background-color:#ECE87B; color:#ECE87B;">██</span> </span><span style="font-size:90%;">Arles'i kuningriik</span> </div> <div style="display:block;margin:0px;"> <span style="font-size:90%;"><span style="margin:0px; border:none; background-color:#D6B68A; color:#D6B68A;">██</span> </span><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia hertsogkond">Burgundia hertsogkond</a></span> </div> <div style="display:block;margin:0px;"> <span style="font-size:90%;"><span style="margin:0px; border:none; background-color:#E6D3B8; color:#E6D3B8;">██</span> </span><span style="font-size:90%;">Hertsogkonna sõltlased</span> </div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Burgundia_kuningas">Burgundia kuningas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Burgundia kuningas"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Keiser Friedrich I Barbarossa oli aastal 1156 saanud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia kuningriik">Burgundia kuningriigi</a> läänepiirkonnad kindlalt kätte, abielludes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_krahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia krahvkond">Burgundia krahvkonna</a> pärijanna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9atrice_I_(Burgundia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Béatrice I (Burgundia) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Béatriceiga</a> ning Itaalia sõjakäigu lõppedes lasi ta end kroonida Burgundia kuningaks 1178. aastal. Kuningriik kasutas märkimisväärset autonoomiat. Riigi ülemkantsleri ametit hoidis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieri_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieri kuurvürstkond">Trieri peapiiskop</a>, selle kinnitas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1356._aasta_kuldbulla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1356. aasta kuldbulla">1356. aasta kuldbulla</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Võimuvõitlus_Heinrich_Lõviga"><span id="V.C3.B5imuv.C3.B5itlus_Heinrich_L.C3.B5viga"></span>Võimuvõitlus Heinrich Lõviga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Võimuvõitlus Heinrich Lõviga"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1142?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1142">1142</a>. aastal andis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konrad_III_(Saksa_kuningas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konrad III (Saksa kuningas)">Konrad III</a> Saksimaa hertsogi tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welfid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welfid">Welfide</a> dünastiast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvile</a> (Heinrich XII nime all). Heinrich Lõvi laiendas järk-järgult oma võimu üle Kirde-Saksamaa. Pärast ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogkonna</a> omandamist, kui Friedrich I Barbarossa püüdis Welfidega leppida ja andis aastal 1156 Welfide <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvile</a> tagasi Baieri, ulatusid Heinrichi valdused rohkem kui kahe kolmandikuni Saksamaast, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpid">Alpidest</a> kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hjameri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhjameri">Põhjamere</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Läänemeri">Läänemereni</a> välja, tehes temast võimsaima valitseja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesk-Euroopa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesk-Euroopa">Kesk-Euroopas</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvi</a> laiendas Saksa võimu ja kristlust tänapäeva <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburgi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pommeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pommeri">Pommerisse</a>. Heinrich Lõvi oli oma aja võimsaim Saksamaa vürst, kes soovis saada ka Saksa-Rooma riigi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">kuninga- ja keisrikrooni</a>.</p> <p>Friedrichi I viiendast Itaalia sõjaretkest keeldus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvi</a> osa võtmast. Friedrich ei andestanud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%B5vi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Lõvi">Heinrich Lõvile</a> seda, et viimane keeldus talle 1176. aastal appi tulemast. Kasutades ära teiste Saksamaa printside vaenulikkust Heinrichi suhtes, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halberstadti_piiskopkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halberstadti piiskopkond">Halberstadti piiskopi</a> kaebust tema valduste hõivamise kohta ning Heinrich Lõvi mitteilmumist <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigip%C3%A4ev_(Saksa-Rooma_riik)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigipäev (Saksa-Rooma riik)">riigipäevale</a>, lasi Friedrich <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1180?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1180">1180</a>. aastal piiskoppide ja printside kohtul tema üle <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Würzburg">Würzburgis</a> tagaselja kohut mõista, väites, et keiserlik seadus on traditsioonilise saksa õiguse suhtes ülemuslikum. Friedrich lasi Heinrichilt tema maad ära võtta riigivande alla panna ja ta lindpriiks kuulutada. Keiser Friedrich Barbarossa võttis temalt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braunschweigi_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braunschweigi hertsogkond">Braunschweigi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksimaa hertsogkond">Saksimaa</a> valitsemisõiguse.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Guelf_c12.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guelf_c12.jpg/220px-Guelf_c12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="614"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guelf_c12.jpg/220px-Guelf_c12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guelf_c12.jpg/330px-Guelf_c12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guelf_c12.jpg/440px-Guelf_c12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Welfide valdused Heinrich Lõvi ajal </figcaption> </figure> <p>Aastatel 1180–1181 toimus kodusõda Heinrich Lõvi ja keisri Friedrich Barbarossa vahel. Friedrich Barbarossa viis väed Saksimaale, vallutas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braunschweig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweigi</a>, mis oli Heinrich Lõvi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braunschweigi_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Braunschweigi hertsogiriik">Braunschweigi hertsogiriigi</a> pealinnaks, ning piiras <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lübeck">Lübeckit</a>. Heinrich Lõvi alistus Friedrich I Barbarossale, kes tagastas talle Braunschweigi valdused. Friedrich I Barbarossa jaotas Saksimaa mitmeks tosinaks otse keisrile alluvaks territooriumiks, andes territooriumi sellele oma liitlasele, kes oli selle varem Heinrich Lõvilt või tema allesjäänud toetajailt vallutanud. Aastal 1181 tükeldati vana Saksimaa hertsogkond <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gelnhauseni_riigip%C3%A4ev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gelnhauseni riigipäev (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gelnhauseni riigipäeval</a> paljudeks väikesteks osadeks.</p> <p>Ida-Saksimaa sai Anhalti krahv <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_III_(Saksi)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard III (Saksi)">Bernhard</a>, kes aastal 1180 sai ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_hertsogiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa hertsogiriik">Saksimaa hertsogi</a> tiitli. Lääne-Saksimaa suurim jagu anti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vestfaali_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vestfaali hertsogkond">Vestfaali hertsogkonnana</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lni_peapiiskop&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kölni peapiiskop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kölni peapiiskopile</a>. Saksidest piiskopid, kes olid enne seda vallanud suveräänset võimu oma territooriumitel, kuigi Saksimaa hertsogi eestkoste all, saavutasid sõltuvuse ainult keiserlikust valitsusest; sama juhtus ka suure arvu ilmalike krahvkondade ja linnadega. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogkonna</a> ja territooriumi andis Friedrich I Barbarossa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wittelsbachi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wittelsbachi dünastia">Wittelsbachi dünastiast</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Otto_I_(Baieri)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Otto I (Baieri) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Otto I</a>-le. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steiermark_(mark)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steiermark (mark)">Steiermargi</a> mark sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steiermargi_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steiermargi hertsogkond">Steiermargi hertsogkonnaks</a> Friedrich I valduses.</p> <p>Heinrich Lõvi pagendati <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inglismaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inglismaa">Inglismaale</a>, kust ta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1189?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1189">1189</a>, kui Friedrich oli ristisõtta läinud, naasis. Ta sai aga taas lüüa ning pidi uuesti põgenema.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg/220px-Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg/220px-Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg/330px-Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg/440px-Deutschl%26Oberitalien.1477.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Saksamaa ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Põhja-Itaalia">Põhja-Itaalia</a> alad 1477 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg/220px-Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="690"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg/220px-Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg/330px-Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg/440px-Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V_02.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> impeerium enne 1526. aastat. Lilla (Kastiilia), punase (Aragón) ja tumekollasega (Burgundia) on tähistatud Saksa-Rooma keiser (1520/1530–1556) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl V">Karl V</a> võimuala, kollasega tema venna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_ertshertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria ertshertsogkond">Austria</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_ertshertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria ertshertsog">ertshertsogi</a> (1521–1564) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saksa kuningriik">Saksa</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">kuninga</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1531?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1531">1531</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1564?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1564">1564</a>) ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6mimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Böömimaa">Böömi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungari">Ungari</a> kuninga (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1526?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1526">1526</a>–1564) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Ferdinand I</a> valdused </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/220px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="1350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/220px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/330px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg/440px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgide_monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgide monarhia">Habsburgide monarhia</a> valduste laienemine Euroopas </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Friedrich_II_valitsusaeg">Friedrich II valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Friedrich II valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>Saksa-Rooma keisri <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_IV_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto IV (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto IV</a> vastuolude tõttu Rooma paavstiga valiti Saksa vürstide poolt 16-aastane Friedrich <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1211?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1211">1211</a>. aastal Saksa kuningaks, ta krooniti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1212?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1212">1212</a>. aastal ja sai ka paavsti toetuse. Et <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_II_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich II (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Friedrich II</a> resideeris <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sitsiilia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sitsiilia kuningriik">Sitsiilia kuningriigis</a>, jäi tema võim Saksamaal aga ka seejärel ebakindlaks. Sestpeale piirdus Saksa-Rooma keisri ja Saksa kuninga võim ta otseste valdustega ja mõningate endiste riigimaade jäänustega. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1215?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1215">1215</a>. aastal krooniti Friedrich uuesti ja et Otto sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa kuningas">Prantsusmaa kuninga</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippe_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippe II">Philippe II</a> vastu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bouvines'_lahing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bouvines' lahing (pole veel kirjutatud)">Bouvines' lahingus</a> lüüa, õnnestus Friedrichil ka tegelik võim <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksamaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksamaa kuningriik">Saksamaal</a> üle võtta. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1220?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1220">1220</a>. aastal krooniti ta ka Saksa-Rooma keisriks.</p> <p>Kuigi Friedrichi valdused paiknesid peamiselt Saksamaal, veetis ta seal vähe aega. Juba 1220. aastal lasi ta oma poja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_von_Hohenstaufen_(Saksa_kuningas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich von Hohenstaufen (Saksa kuningas)">Heinrichi</a> Saksa kuningaks kroonida ning siirdus tagasi Sitsiiliasse, asudes õukonnaga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palermo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palermo">Palermos</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Karl_IV_valitsusaeg">Karl IV valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Karl IV valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgi_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburgi dünastia">Luksemburgi dünastiast</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">keiser</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhi_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tšehhi kuningriik">Böömi</a> kuningas (Karel) rajas valitses <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6mimaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Böömimaa">Böömimaa</a> pealinnast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praha">Prahast</a> impeeriumi. Praha õitseaeg oli 14. sajandil, mil sellest sai Saksa-Rooma riigi keskus. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl IV">Karl IV</a> laiendas valdusi: liideti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clem-Lausitz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ülem-Lausitz (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ülem-Lausitz</a>, endine <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausitzi_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausitzi mark">Lausitzi mark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgi mark">Brandenburgi kuurvürstkond</a>, liidendas oma pärusvaldustega (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgi_krahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburgi krahvkond">Luksemburgi krahvkonna</a> ja Tšehhi kuningriigiga) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sileesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sileesia">Sileesia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Luksemburgid" title="Brandenburgi mark">Brandenburgi</a>, osa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksimaast&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksimaast (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksimaast</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tüüring">Tüüringist</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alam-Lausitz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alam-Lausitz (pole veel kirjutatud)">Alam-Lausitzist</a>.</p> <p>Karl IV andis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1356?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1356">1356</a>. aastal välja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuldbulla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuldbulla">Kuldbulla</a>, mis määras kindlaks Saksa-Rooma keisririigi keisrite valimise korra ja andis eriprivileegid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">kuurvürstidele</a>, samas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_mark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgi mark">Brandenburgi kuurvürstkonna</a> omandamine andis Tšehhi kuningriigile kaks häält Saksa-Rooma keisri <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">valimiskogus</a>. Kuldbulla väljakuulutamine Nürnbergi riigipäeval defineeris rohkem kui neljasajaks aastaks Saksa-Rooma riigi põhiseadusliku struktuuri.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Maximilian_I_valitsusaeg">Maximilian I valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Maximilian I valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Augsburgi_Riigip%C3%A4ev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Augsburgi Riigipäev (pole veel kirjutatud)">Augsburgi Riigipäeval</a> loodi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Keisririigi_reform&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Keisririigi reform (pole veel kirjutatud)">Keisririigi reformi</a> osana 1500. aastal kuus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keisririigi_ringkonnad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keisririigi ringkonnad">ringkonda</a>: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri ringkond">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0vaabi_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Švaabi ringkond">Švaabi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9Clem-Reini_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ülem-Reini ringkond">Ülem-Reini</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alam-Reini-Vestfaali_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alam-Reini-Vestfaali ringkond">Alam-Reini-Vestfaali</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangimaa_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangimaa ringkond">Frangimaa</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alam-Saksi_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alam-Saksi ringkond">Saksi ringkond</a>. Algselt jäid Habsburgi dünastia ja kuurvürstide territooriumid ringkondadest väljapoole. Aastal 1512 organiseerisid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trieri</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köln">Kölni</a> Riigipäevad need maad nelja uude ringkonda: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria ringkond">Austria</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia ringkond">Burgundia</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9Clem-Saksi_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ülem-Saksi ringkond">Ülem-Saksi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuur-Reini_ringkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuur-Reini ringkond">Kuur-Reini ringkond</a>, sealhulgas vaimulikud kuurvürstkonnad <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainzi_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainzi kuurvürstkond">Mainz</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6lni_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kölni kuurvürstkond">Köln</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieri_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieri kuurvürstkond">Trier</a> ning ilmalik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfalzi_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfalzi kuurvürstkond">Kuurpfalz</a>. Need olid regionaalsed grupid enamusest (kuid mitte kõigist) erisugustest keisririigi riikidest kaitse, keiserliku maksustamise, müntimise järelevalve, rahuhoidmise funktsioonide ja avaliku julgeoleku eesmärkidel. Igal ringkonnal oli oma parlament, tuntud kui <i>Kreistag</i> ("Ringkonnapäev"), ja üks või mitu juhti, kes koordineerisid ringkonna asju. Mitte kõiki keisririigi territooriume ei arvatud keisririigi ringkondadesse, isegi mitte pärast 1512. aastat; <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhi_krooni_maad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tšehhi krooni maad">Tšehhi krooni maad</a> arvati välja, nagu ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vana_%C5%A0veitsi_Konf%C3%B6deratsioon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vana Šveitsi Konföderatsioon">Šveits</a>, keiserlikud läänid Põhja-Itaalias, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigir%C3%BC%C3%BCtel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigirüütel">riigirüütlite</a> maad ja mõned muud väikesed territooriumid nagu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jever?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jever">Jever</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Karl_V_valitsusaeg">Karl V valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Karl V valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl V">Karl V</a>, Saksa-Rooma riigi valitseja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1519?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1519">1519</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1556?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1556">1556</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">keisri</a> alates <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1530?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1530">1530</a>. aastast, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arag%C3%B3ni_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aragóni kuningriik">Aragóni</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kastiilia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kastiilia kuningriik">Kastiilia</a> (hilisema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania">Hispaania</a>) kuningas (Carlos I nime all) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1516?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1516">1516</a>–1556 (Kastiilia kuningaks sai ta ametlikult alles pärast oma nõdrameelse ema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juana">Juana</a> surma <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1555?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1555">1555</a>, kuid tegelikult valitses alates 1516), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a> 1519–1531, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalia</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoli_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoli kuningriik">Napoli kuningas</a> (Carlo IV), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia_hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia hertsog">Burgundia hertsog</a> (Charles II) (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1506?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1506">1506</a>–1555) ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_ertshertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria ertshertsog">Austria ertshertsog</a>, Austria valitseja aastatel 1519–1521 ajal jõudis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> dünastia oma võimsuse tipule.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1092"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_Reilly_093.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Keisririigi alad 1781. aastal </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ferdinand_I_valitsusaeg">Ferdinand I valitsusaeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Ferdinand I valitsusaeg"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Ferdinand I</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roomlaste_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roomlaste kuningas">roomlaste kuningas</a> aastast 1531, on Habsburgide dünastia (aastast 1745 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid-Lotringid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid-Lotringid">Habsburgid-Lotringid</a>) Austria haru rajaja, mis Austria ertshertsogitena ja Böömimaa kuningatena valitses Saksa-Rooma riiki kuni selle lõpetamiseni aastal 1806. Saksa kuningaks lasi Karl Ferdinandi valida 1531. aastal, aasta pärast esimese keisriks kroonimist, et kindlustada Saksa-Rooma troonil Habsburgide järjepidevus. Ferdinand sai Saksa-Rooma keisriks pärast Karl V troonist loobumist 1556. aastal, ühtlasi jagati ka lõplikult <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgide_impeerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgide impeerium">Habsburgide impeerium</a>, Karli valitsetud alad (Burgundia jäänused ja Hispaania ning Itaalia valdused) läksid Karl V pojale <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felipe_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felipe II">Felipe II</a>-le, Ferdinandile jäid Austria, Böömimaa ja Ungari.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Habsburgide_monarhia">Habsburgide monarhia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Habsburgide monarhia"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgide_monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgide monarhia">Habsburgide monarhia</a> kattis territooriumi, mida <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> dünastia noorem <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> haru (1278–1780) ja siis järglasdünastia <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid-Lotringid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid-Lotringid">Habsburgid-Lotringid</a> (aastast 1780) valitsesid aastatel 1526 – 1867/1918. Keiserlik pealinn oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viin">Viin</a>. Aastatel 1804–1867 valitsesid Habsburgid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria keisririik">Austria keisririiki</a> ja aastatel 1867–1918 <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria-Ungari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria-Ungari">Austria-Ungarit</a>. Habsburgide dünastia pea oli tavaliselt ka Saksa-Rooma riigi valitseja aastast 1440 kuni <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pressburgi_rahu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pressburgi rahu">selle lõpetamiseni aastal 1806</a>.</p> <p>Aastatel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1618?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1618">1618</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a> peeti põhiliselt Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumil Kesk-Euroopas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolmek%C3%BCmneaastane_s%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolmekümneaastane sõda">kolmekümneaastane sõda</a>, kus osales enamik <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euroopa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euroopa">Euroopa</a> riike. Sõjal oli palju põhjuseid, kuid üheks peamiseks oli konflikt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">protestantismi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katoliiklus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katoliiklus">katoliikluse</a> vahel, mistõttu seda on peetud viimaseks suureks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Usus%C3%B5da&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ususõda (pole veel kirjutatud)">ususõjaks</a> Euroopas.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hispaania_pärilussõda"><span id="Hispaania_p.C3.A4riluss.C3.B5da"></span>Hispaania pärilussõda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Hispaania pärilussõda"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania_p%C3%A4riluss%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania pärilussõda">Hispaania pärilussõda</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>Hispaania pärilussõda (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1701?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1701">1701</a>–<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1714?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1714">1714</a>) oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18. sajand">18. sajandi</a> alguspoole suurimaid sõjalisi kokkupõrkeid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euroopa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euroopa">Euroopas</a>, milles osalesid peaaegu kõik toonased Euroopa suurriigid. Hispaania pärilussõja põhjustas Saksa-Rooma keisri Leopold I ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa kuningas">Prantsusmaa kuninga</a> Louis XIV vaheline vastuolu küsimuses, kes peaks pääsema <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania">Hispaania</a> troonile pärast viimase <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide</a> soost <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania kuningas">Hispaania kuninga</a> järglasteta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlos_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlos II">Carlos II</a> surma.</p> <p><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania kuningas">Hispaania kuningas</a> Carlos II oli pärandanud oma valdused <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourbonid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourbonid">Bourbonide</a> dünastia <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_XIV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> pojapojale Philippe'ile, kes Hispaania kuningana võttis hispaaniapärase nimekuju <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felipe_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felipe V">Felipe V</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Leopold I</a> aga soovis Hispaania troonil näha endiselt Habsburgide soost kuningat ning alustas sõda Louis XIV <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa">Prantsusmaa</a> vastu. Saksa-Rooma vägede poolel astusid sõtta ka teised Prantsusmaa ülemvõimupüüdlusi piirata soovivad Euroopa suurriigid: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suurbritannia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suurbritannia kuningriik">Suurbritannia kuningriik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hollandi_vabariik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandi vabariik">Hollandi vabariik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugali_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugali kuningriik">Portugali kuningriik</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preisi_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preisi kuningriik">Preisi kuningriik</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Savoia_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Savoia hertsogkond">Savoia hertsogkond</a>. Prantsusmaa ja Hispaania poolel sõdisid katoliikliku <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsogkond">Baieri hertsogkonna</a> väed.</p> <p>Lahingud toimusid mitmel pool Euroopas, peamiselt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madalmaad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madalmaad">Madalmaades</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itaalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itaalia">Itaalias</a> ja Hispaanias. Sõja tulemusena jäi Hispaania troon küll <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourbonid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourbonid">Bourbonide</a> soost <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felipe_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felipe V">Felipe V</a>-le. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a> (kaasa arvatud <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milano">Milano</a>) ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispaania_Madalmaad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispaania Madalmaad">Hispaania Madalmaad</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>) läksid Püha Rooma riigi koosseisu (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria keiser">Austria keisri</a> võimu alla).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Austria_pärilussõda"><span id="Austria_p.C3.A4riluss.C3.B5da"></span>Austria pärilussõda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Austria pärilussõda"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Europe_1748-1766_en.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/220px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/220px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/330px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/440px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Euroopa 1748. aasta Aacheni rahu järgsetel aastatel </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_p%C3%A4riluss%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria pärilussõda">Austria pärilussõda</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>Aastatel 1740–1748 toimunud Austria pärilussõda kaasas enamiku Euroopa riikidest lahendama küsimust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgide_monarhia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgide monarhia">Habsburgide valduste</a> pärimisest <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl VI">Karl VI</a> tütre <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maria_Theresia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maria Theresia">Maria Theresia</a> poolt. Sõda algas ettekäändel, et Maria Theresia oli kõlbmatu pärima oma isa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl VI">Karl VI</a> Habsburgide troone, kuna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saali_tava%C3%B5igus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saali tavaõigus">Saali tavaõigus</a> välistas kuningliku pärimise naise poolt – kuigi tegelikult oli see mugav vabandus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preisimaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Preisimaa kuningriik">Preisimaa</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prantsusmaa_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prantsusmaa kuningriik">Prantsusmaa</a> poolt Habsburgide võimu vaidlustamiseks. Austriat toetasid traditsioonilised Prantsusmaa vaenlased <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suurbritannia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suurbritannia kuningriik">Suurbritannia</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hollandi_Vabariik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hollandi Vabariik">Hollandi Vabariik</a>, samuti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sardiinia_kuningriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sardiinia kuningriik">Sardiinia kuningriik</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksimaa_kuurv%C3%BCrstiriik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksimaa kuurvürstiriik">Saksimaa kuurvürstiriik</a>. Prantsusmaa ja Preisimaaga oli liidus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri kuurvürstkond">Baieri kuurvürstkond</a>.</p> <p>Austria pärilussõda lõppes <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aacheni_rahu_(1748)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aacheni rahu (1748)">Aacheni rahuga</a>. Maria Theresia ja Austria elasid üle <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Status_quo_ante_bellum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Status quo ante bellum (pole veel kirjutatud)">status quo ante bellum</a></i>, ohverdades vaid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria_Sileesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria Sileesia">Austria Sileesia</a> territooriumi, mille Austria loovutas Preisimaale. Sõja lõpp pani alguse ka <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksa dualism (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksa dualismile</a> Preisimaa ja Austria vahel, mis õhutas lõpuks Saksa rahvuslust ja viis Saksamaa ühendamiseni.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Saksa-Rooma_riigi_aadlihierarhia">Saksa-Rooma riigi aadlihierarhia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Saksa-Rooma riigi aadlihierarhia"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keiser">Keiser</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keel">saksa keeles</a> <i>Kaiser</i>), kuna Saksa-Rooma keisririigis järgiti Rooma riigi traditsioone, oli ka kõrgeim võimukandja Rooma riigi traditsioone jätkav <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarh">monarh</a>. Keisri (<i>Caesar</i>) positsioon kujunes välja Saksa-Rooma riigi eellase – <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Suur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Suur">Karl Suure</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frangi_riik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frangi riik">Frangi riigis</a>. Keisrist kõrgemal oli vaid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooma_paavst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma paavst">Rooma paavst</a>. Keisri valisid Saksamaa tähtsamate osalisriikide <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">kuurvürstid</a>. Saksa-Rooma keisririigis oli keisri asetäitjaks ning keisri surma ja tema järglase valimise vahepeal valitsejaks <i><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reichsvikar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reichsvikar (pole veel kirjutatud)">Reichsvikar</a></i>, kelleks olid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksi hertsog</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reini_pfaltskrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reini pfaltskrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Reini pfaltskrahv</a>. Keisri kõnetlusvormel: <i>Tema Keiserlik Majesteet!</i></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuningas">Kuningas</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ladina_keel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>rex</i>; <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vanem%C3%BClemsaksa_keel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vanemülemsaksa keel (pole veel kirjutatud)">vanemülemsaksa keeles</a> <i>Konung, kuning-chuni, cyn</i> 'sugukond'). Kuningas kujunes valitseja tiitliks keskajal, algselt oli kuningas sugukonnavanem, kes täitis ka kohtuniku ülesandeid ja oli ka sõjaväejuht. Keskajal peeti kuningat Jumalast seatud valitsejaks. Olenemata seisusest olid kõik kuninga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasall">vasallid</a>. Kuninga kõnetlusvormel: <i>Tema Kuninglik Majesteet!</i></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> Kuninga perekonda kuuluvad vürstid kandsid nimetust <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prints_(tiitel)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prints (tiitel) (pole veel kirjutatud)">prints</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Troonip%C3%A4rija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Troonipärija (pole veel kirjutatud)">troonipärija</a> – <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroonprints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroonprints">kroonprints</a>, printside kõnetlusvormel oli: <i>Tema Kuninglik Kõrgus!</i> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suurhertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suurhertsog">Suurhertsog</a> (ladina <i>magnus dux</i>). Suurhertsog asus hierarhias kuninga ja hertsogi vahel. Esimest korda anti suurhertsogi tiitel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1569?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1569">1569</a>. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Toscana_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Toscana hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Toscana hertsogile</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo I">Cosimo I</a>-le.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> Prantsusmaa keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> andis selle tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Joaquin_Murat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Joaquin Murat (pole veel kirjutatud)">Joaquin Murat</a>'le, kes sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bergi_suurhertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bergi suurhertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Bergi suurhertsogiks</a>. 1806. aastal andis Napoleon suurhertsogi tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hessen-Darmstadti_landkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hessen-Darmstadti landkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hessen-Darmstadti landkrahvile</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badeni_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Badeni kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Badeni kuurvürstile</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrtzburgi_piiskop&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Würtzburgi piiskop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Würtzburgi piiskopile</a> ja 1810. aastal ka Reinimaa Fürstprimasele. 1815. aasta <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viini_kongress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viini kongress">Viini kongressi</a> otsusega said suurhertsogkonnaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksi-Weimar-Eisenochi_suurhertsogkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksi-Weimar-Eisenochi suurhertsogkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksi-Weimar-Eisenochi suurhertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg-Schwerini_suurhertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg-Schwerini suurhertsogkond">Mecklenburg-Schwerini suurhertsogkond</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mecklenburg-Sterlitzi_suurhertsogkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mecklenburg-Sterlitzi suurhertsogkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Mecklenburg-Sterlitzi suurhertsogkond</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Luksemburgi_suurhertsogkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Luksemburgi suurhertsogkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Luksemburgi suurhertsogkond</a>. 1829. aastal sai suurhertsogkonnaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldenburgi_suurhertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldenburgi suurhertsogkond">Oldenburg</a>. 1815. aastal oli Saksa-Rooma keisririigi järglases – <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_Liit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa Liit">Saksa Liidus</a> 7 ja 1871. aastal 6 suurhertsogkonda. </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertsog">Hertsog</a> (ladina <i>dux</i>), algselt oli hertsog hõimuvanem ja väejuht, kes valiti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germaani&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germaani (pole veel kirjutatud)">germaani</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vürst">vürstide</a> seast. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4. sajand">4. sajandil</a> kujunes hertsogi amet päritavaks, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9._sajand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9. sajand">9. sajandil</a> aga oli hertsog hertsogkonna valitseja. 9.–13. sajandil olid Saksa-Rooma keisririigis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi">Saksi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Franki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Franki (pole veel kirjutatud)">Franki</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0vaabi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Švaabi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Švaabi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotring">Lotringi</a> hõimuhertsogid. Aja jooksul oli hertsogite arv keisririigis ja Saksamaal erinev: <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>. aastal oli Saksa-Rooma keisririigi järglases – Saksa Liidus 10 ja 1871. aastal 12 hertsogit. Enne <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_keisririik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa keisririik">Saksa keisririigi</a> lagunemist 1918. aastal oli Saksamaal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anhalti_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anhalti hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Anhalti</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Braunschweigi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Braunschweigi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Braunschweigi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi-Altenburgi_hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi-Altenburgi hertsog">Saksi-Altenburgi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksi-Coburg-Cotha_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksi-Coburg-Cotha hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksi-Coburg-Cotha</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksi-Meiningeni_hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksi-Meiningeni hertsog">Saksi-Meiningeni hertsog</a>. Hertsogi kõnetlusvormel: <i>Kõrgus! Hiilgus!</i></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ertshertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ertshertsog">Ertshertsog</a> (ladina <i>archidux</i>) oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgid">Habsburgide dünastia</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Prints">printside</a> tiitel alates 16. sajandist. Algselt 1453. aastast oli ertshertsog <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> valitseja päritav tiitel, mille andis keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_III_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich III (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Friedrich III</a> võrdsustamaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Austria_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Austria hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Austria hertsogit</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">kuur-</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ertsv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ertsvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">ertsvürstidega</a>. </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vürst">Vürst</a> (ladina <i>princeps</i>) oli algselt <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%B5im?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hõim">hõimuliidu</a> juht, hiljem <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lään">läänide</a> valitseja. Saksa-Rooma keisririigi järglases – Saksa Liidus 1815. aastal oli Saksamaal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lippe_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lippe vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lippe</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reussi_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reussi vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Reussi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schaumburg-Lippe_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Schaumburg-Lippe vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Schaumburg-Lippe</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schwarzburg-Rudolstadti_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadti vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadti</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schwarzburg-Sonderhauseni_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Schwarzburg-Sonderhauseni vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Schwarzburg-Sonderhauseni</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldeck-Pyrmonti_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Waldeck-Pyrmonti vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Waldeck-Pyrmonti vürstid</a>, kokku Saksa Liidus 12 vürsti.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuurvürst">Kuurvürst</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ertsv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ertsvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">ertsvürst</a> (ladina <i>principes electores</i>) kuulus erilisse omasuguste gruppi. Neile kuulus 13. sajandist õigus valida Saksa-Rooma keisririigi keiser. Kuurvürstide kolleegiumi moodustasid algul 7, hiljem 8 ja lõpuks 9 kuurvürsti. Nendeks olid <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6mi_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Böömi kuningas">Böömi kuningas</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reini_pfaltskrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reini pfaltskrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Reini pfaltskrahv</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksi hertsog</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgi_markkrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgi markkrahv">Brandenburgi markkrahv</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainzi_peapiiskop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainzi peapiiskop">Mainzi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lni_peapiiskop&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kölni peapiiskop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kölni</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trieri_peapiiskop&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trieri peapiiskop (pole veel kirjutatud)">Trieri peapiiskop</a> ning <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_ordu_k%C3%B5rgmeister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa ordu kõrgmeister">Saksa ordu kõrgmeister</a> (1525. aastast <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liivi_ordumeister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liivi ordumeister">Liivi ordumeister</a>). 1356. aastal kinnitas keisririigi keiser <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl IV">Karl IV</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuldbulla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuldbulla">Kuldbullaga</a> ertsvürstide eesõigused. Neil oli keisrile nõuandmise õigus üldriiklikes asjades, neile kuulusid keiserlikud õukonnaametid (<i>Erzamt</i>). <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainzi</a> ertspiiskop oli Saksamaa ertskantsler, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trieri</a> ertspiiskop oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia">Burgundia</a> ertskantsler, Kölni ertspiiskop oli Itaalia ertskantsler, Böömi kuningas oli ertskinker, Reini pfaltskrahv oli ertslaudnik, Saksi hertsog oli ertsmarssal ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburgi</a> markkrahv oli ertskambristuhärra. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1622?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1622">1622</a>. aastal sai Reini <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfaltskrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfaltskrahv">pfaltskrahvi</a> õiguse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsog">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1692?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1692">1692</a>. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburgi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Braunschweig-Lüneburgi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Braunschweig-Lüneburgi hertsog</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover">Hannoverist</a>). Mainzi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kuurip%C3%A4ev&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kuuripäev (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuuripäeval</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1803?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1803">1803</a>. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg">Regensburgis</a> said Trierile ja Kölnile lisaks kuurvürstitiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergi_kuurv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Württembergi kuurvürst">Württembergi</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrttembergi_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Württembergi vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">vürst</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badeni_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Badeni kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Badeni</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Badeni_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Badeni vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">vürst</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hesseni_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hesseni kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hesseni</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hesseni_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hesseni vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">vürst</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hessen-Kasseli_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hessen-Kasseli kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hessen-Kasseli</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hessen-Kasseli_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hessen-Kasseli vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">vürst</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salzburgi_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salzburgi kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Salzburgi</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salzburgi_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salzburgi vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">vürst</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1805?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1805">1805</a>. aastal lisandus <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrzburgi_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Würzburgi kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Würzburgi kuurvürst</a>. Kuurvürstide kolleegium likvideeriti <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6._august?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6. august">6. augustil</a> 1806. Kuurvürstide kõnetlusvormel: <i>Kuurvürstlik Kõrgus!</i> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigiv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigivürst">Riigivürst</a> oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5rgaadlik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kõrgaadlik (pole veel kirjutatud)">kõrgaadlik</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertsog">hertsog</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vürst">vürst</a> ja mitme suurema valduse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krahv">krahv</a>) või ilmalikku võimu omav vaimulik isand (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peapiiskop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peapiiskop">peapiiskop</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piiskop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piiskop">piiskop</a> ja mõne kloostri <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abt">abt</a> või <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abtiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abtiss">abtiss</a>), kes oli Saksa-Rooma valitseja (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuninga</a> või <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keisri</a>) otsene <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasall">vasall</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krahv">Krahv</a> (ladina <i>comes</i>), krahv oli varasel keskajal kuninga nimetatud kõrgem ametnik, kohtunik ja väepealik. Saksa-Rooma keisririigi eellaseks olnud Frangi riigis oli krahv kuninga ametnik ja asevalitseja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Provintsi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Provintsi (pole veel kirjutatud)">provintsis</a>. Krahvid jagunesid vastavalt ülesannetele:</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Landkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Landkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Landkrahv</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maakrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maakrahv">maakrahv</a> (ladina <i>comes provincialis</i>) oli teatava suurusega valduse haldur, aadlihierarhias hertsogi ja krahvi vahel. Maakrahv oli kuninga ametnik mõnes maapiirkonnas. Tiitel tuli kasutusele 12. sajandil. 13. sajandil kattus nende territoorium endiste <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gaukrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gaukrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">gaukrahvide</a> omaga. Esialgu oli landkrahvide ülesanne tugevdada kuningavõimu <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertsogkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertsogkond">hertsogkondades</a>. Landkrahvi tiitel oli levinum Saksa riigi edelapoolsetel aladel. Neile allusid Ülem- ja Alam-<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsass">Elsass</a> (<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sundgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sundgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sundgau</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nordgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nordgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nordgau</a>), <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Breisgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Breisgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Breisgau</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Albgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Albgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Albgau</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Linzgau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Linzgau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Linzgau</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thurgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aargau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aargau">Aargau</a>. <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1129?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1129">1129</a>. aastast sai landkrahvkonnaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BC%C3%BCringi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tüüringi">Tüüringi</a>, kuna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meisseni_markkrahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meisseni markkrahvkond">Meisseni markkrahvkond</a> läks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wettini_d%C3%BCnastia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettini dünastia">Wettini dünastia</a> kätte ja maahärrad von Husen said <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Meisseni_maakrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Meisseni maakrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Meisseni maakrahvi</a> tiitli. Aja jooksul sai enamik maakrahvidest hertsogi tiitli. Kui Saksa-Rooma keisririik 1806. aastal laiali saadeti, säilis maakrahvi tiitel ainult <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hessen-Homburgi_maakrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hessen-Homburgi maakrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hessen-Homburgi maakrahvidel</a>. Pärast selle liini lakkamist sai 1866. aastal <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preisi-Austria_s%C3%B5da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Preisi-Austria sõda">Preisi-Austria sõjas</a> maakrahvi valdused endale <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hessen-Darmstadti_suurhertsogiriik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hessen-Darmstadti suurhertsogiriik (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hessen-Darmstadti suurhertsogiriik</a>. </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Burgkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Burgkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Burgkrahv</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linnusekrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linnusekrahv">linnusekrahv</a> oli keisri või kuninga linnuse haldur. </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfaltskrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfaltskrahv">Pfaltskrahv</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Krahv-palatiin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Krahv-palatiin (pole veel kirjutatud)">krahv-palatiin</a> oli keisri või kuninga õukonnaametnik, õuekohtu kaasistuja, hiljem kohtu eesistuja ja kuninga esindaja kohtus. 9.–11.sajandil oli mõne piirkonna ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfalts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfalts">pfaltsi</a> (koht, kus valitseja vaheldumisi asus ja mis sageli olid vanad frankide kuningakojad) läänihärra. Kuningas <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_(Saksa-Rooma_keiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I (Saksa-Rooma keiser)">Otto I</a> (936–973, Saksa-Rooma keiser 962. aastast) ajal said pfaltskrahvideks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lotringi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lotringi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lotringi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baieri_hertsog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baieri hertsog">Baieri</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0vaabi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Švaabi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Švaabi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksi_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saksi hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Saksi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4rnteri_hertsog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kärnteri hertsog (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kärnteri hertsogid</a>. Kõige tähtsam oli neist (Reini) <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pfalzi_pfaltskrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pfalzi pfaltskrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pfalzi pfaltskrahv</a>, kes kuulus kuurvürstide kolleegiumi ja oli keisri asetäitja (<i>Reichsvikar</i>). Tema valdustes asus ka Saksa-Rooma keisri resident <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heidelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Markkrahv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Markkrahv">Markkrahv</a> (sama, mis <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Markii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Markii">markii</a>), markkrahv oli Frangi riigis 8.–9. sajandil ja Saksamaal piiriäärse ringkonna (margi) valitseja. Markkrahvil oli suurem võim, kui teistel krahvidel. 10.–12. sajandil said paljud neist Saksamaa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riigiv%C3%BCrst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riigivürst">riigivürstideks</a>. Aastatel 919–1024 said Saksa kuninga uue seadusega <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">markkrahvkondadeks</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meisseni_markkrahvkond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meisseni markkrahvkond">Meissen</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lausitzi_markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lausitzi markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lausitzi</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ostmark&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ostmark (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ostmark</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Verona_markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Verona markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Verona</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kraini_markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kraini markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kraini</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Steiermargi_markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Steiermargi markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Steiermark</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Baieri_Ostmarki_markkrahvkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Baieri Ostmarki markkrahvkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Baieri Ostmark</a>. Alates 12. sajandil said <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Meisseni_riigiv%C3%BCrstkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Meisseni riigivürstkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Meisseni</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lausitzi_riigiv%C3%BCrstkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lausitzi riigivürstkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lausitzi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A4%C3%A4ri_riigiv%C3%BCrstkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Määri riigivürstkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Määri</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Namuri_riigiv%C3%BCrstkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Namuri riigivürstkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">Namuri</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Riigiv%C3%BCrstkond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Riigivürstkond (pole veel kirjutatud)">riigivürstkondadeks</a>. 16. sajandil said <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg-Ausbachi_markkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brandenburg-Ausbachi markkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Brandenburg-Ausbachi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg-Bayreuthi_markkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brandenburg-Bayreuthi markkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Brandenburg-Bayreuthi</a> maahärrad markkrahvi tiitli. 1815.aastal oli Saksa Liidus 1 markkrahvkond. </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Apanaa%C5%BEkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Apanaažkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Apanaažkrahv</a> oli Saksa-Rooma keisririigi valitsejasoo mittevalitsevate liikmetele antav, kas eluajaks või pärandatavana, ülalpidamiseks olev krahvkond </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Raukrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Raukrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Raukrahv</a> oli keskaegse <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nahegau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nahegau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nahegau</a> krahvide nimetus. Gaugrahv <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Emich_VI&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Emich VI (pole veel kirjutatud)">Emich VI</a> (1140–1160) andis poeg Konradile ja Emichile osadel perekonna valdustel <i>Wildgraf</i>'i tiitli. Hiljem said nad oma mägistele valdustele lisaks <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Altenbaumburg&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Altenbaumburg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Altenbaumburgi</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruwenburg&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ruwenburg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ruwenburgi</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stalzenburg&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stalzenburg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Stalzenburgi</a> ning tiitli <i>raukrahv</i>. Pärast raukrahvide suguvõsa lõppemist läksid nende valdused 1667. aastal üle <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pfalzi_kuurv%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pfalzi kuurvürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pfalzi kuurvürsti</a> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Ludwig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Ludwig">Karl Ludwigi</a> (1649–1680) abikaasa Marie Louise von Degenfeldile, kellest sai raukrahvinna. </dd> <dd> <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reinkrahv&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reinkrahv (pole veel kirjutatud)">Reinkrahv</a> oli tiitel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rheingau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rheingau (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rheingau</a> krahvidel, kelle tugevaim kindlus oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kreuznach&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kreuznach (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kreuznach</a>. Esimene reinkrahv oli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hatto_VI&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hatto VI (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hatto VI</a> (937–960). Reinkrahv Johann III (1383–1428) tütar abiellus viimase <i>wildkrahv</i>iga <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kyrburg&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kyrburg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kyrburgist</a> ning dünastiate liitumisel tekkis tiitel <i>Wildgraf und Reingraf</i>. Johann V (1476–1495) omandas mitmeid uusi valdusi. Hiljem sai <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Obersalm&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Obersalm (pole veel kirjutatud)">Obersalmi</a> krahv von Salm endale tiitli Wildgraf und Reingraf, mida kandsid edasi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salmi_v%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salmi vürst (pole veel kirjutatud)">Salmi vürstid</a>. </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parun">Parun</a> ehk <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vabah%C3%A4rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vabahärra">vabahärra</a> (saksa <i>freiherr</i>, ladina <i>bar, baro</i> 'vaba mees'). Parun oli algselt madalaim krooni<a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasall">vasall</a>, mis hiliskeskajal kujunes eraldi <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aadlitiitel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aadlitiitel">aadlitiitliks</a>. 16. sajandil hakati Saksa aladel vabahärra asemel kasutama tiitlit <i>parun</i>. Parunitel <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Suver%C3%A4%C3%A4n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Suverään (pole veel kirjutatud)">suverääniõigused</a> puudusid. <i>Parun</i> oli levinum aadlitiitel Baltimaades, kuna <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peeter_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peeter I">Peeter I</a> andis selle tiitli <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemereprovintsid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Läänemereprovintsid">Läänemereprovintside</a> aadlikele eristamaks neid teistest Venemaa <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kubermang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kubermang">kubermangude</a> aadlikest. Parunite kõnetlusvormel: <i>Kõrgeauline!</i></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BC%C3%BCtel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rüütel">Rüütel</a>, <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aadlik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aadlik">aadlik</a>, oli vabadest talupoegadest pärit vasalli tiitel, mis rüütliteenistuse kadumisega muutusid tituleeritud seisuseks, partikliga von või de. See oli madalaim aadliaste, millega käis kaasas vapiõigus. Rüütite kõnetlusvormel: <i>Kõrgeauline!</i></li> <li>Keskajal olid rüütliseisuse madalamad astmed <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kannupoiss&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kannupoiss (pole veel kirjutatud)">kannupoiss</a> ja <a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Relvakandja&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relvakandja (pole veel kirjutatud)">relvakandja</a> (kilbikandja).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa_kuningas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa kuningas">Saksa kuningas</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keiser">Saksa-Rooma keiser</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_keisrite_ja_Saksa_kuningate_loend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma keisrite ja Saksa kuningate loend">Saksa-Rooma keisrite ja Saksa kuningate loend</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleinstaaterei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleinstaaterei">Kleinstaaterei</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksamaa_mediatisatsioon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksamaa mediatisatsioon">Saksamaa mediatisatsioon</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksa-Rooma_riigi_territooriumite_loend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumite loend">Saksa-Rooma riigi territooriumite loend</a></li> <li><a href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keisririigi_ringkonnad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keisririigi ringkonnad">Keisririigi ringkonnad</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muuda</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <div class="sisterproject plainlinks" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Empire?uselang%3Det">Saksa-Rooma riik</a> – pildid, videod ja helifailid Wikimedia Commonsis </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSaksa-Rooma_riik%26oldid%3D6699988">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&oldid=6699988</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://et-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saksa-Rooma_riik&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Kuriuss" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1723189824"> <span>Lehekülje viimane muutmine: 9. august 2024, 09:50</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Keeled</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_R%25C3%25B6misches_Reich" title="Heiliges Römisches Reich – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heiliges Römisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C2%25AB%25E1%2589%2585%25E1%258B%25B1%25E1%2588%25B5_%25E1%2588%25AE%25E1%2588%259B%25E1%258B%258A_%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2588%25A5%25E1%2589%25B5%25C2%25BB" title="«ቅዱስ ሮማዊ መንግሥት» – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="«ቅዱስ ሮማዊ መንግሥት»" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pase_saksal%25C3%25A2%25C5%25A1-roomal%25C3%25A2%25C5%25A1_ki%25C3%25A4is%25C3%25A1rkodde" title="Pase saksalâš-roomalâš kiäisárkodde – Inari saami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pase saksalâš-roomalâš kiäisárkodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari saami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C4%2581lig_R%25C5%258Dm%25C4%2581nisc_R%25C4%25ABce" title="Hālig Rōmānisc Rīce – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hālig Rōmānisc Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9" title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Chermanico" title="Sacro Imperio Romano Chermanico – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sacro Imperio Romano Chermanico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant-Empiro_romen_g%25C3%25A8rmanico" title="Sant-Empiro romen gèrmanico – frankoprovansi" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sant-Empiro romen gèrmanico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="frankoprovansi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacru_Imperiu_Romanu_Xerm%25C3%25A1nicu" title="Sacru Imperiu Romanu Xermánicu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sacru Imperiu Romanu Xermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%25C3%25B3ma_ha_Heym%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a_Mburuvi_Marangatu" title="Rróma ha Heymáña Mburuvi Marangatu – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma ha Heymáña Mburuvi Marangatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25BCq%25C9%2599dd%25C9%2599s_Roma_imperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Müqəddəs Roma imperiyası – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25DA%2598%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D9%2588" title="موقدس روم ژرمن ایمپراتورلوغو – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موقدس روم ژرمن ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Suci" title="Empayar Rom Suci – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rom Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF" title="পবিত্র রোমান সাম্রাজ্য – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পবিত্র রোমান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25AEn-s%25C3%25A8ng_L%25C3%25B4-m%25C3%25A1_T%25C3%25A8-kok" title="Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-sèng Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Изге Рим империяһы – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Изге Рим империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Свяшчэнная Рымская імперыя – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свяшчэнная Рымская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258C%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Сьвятая Рымская імпэрыя – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвятая Рымская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_Remisches_Reich" title="Heiliges Remisches Reich – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Heiliges Remisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_santel_roman_german" title="Impalaeriezh santel roman german – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh santel roman german" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Свещена Римска империя – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свещена Римска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D1%258E%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258D_%25D0%25B3%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Арюун Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арюун Римэй эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%25C3%25A0nic" title="Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25C4%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25C4%2595" title="Сăваплăхлă Рим империйĕ – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăваплăхлă Рим империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%25C3%25A1_%25C5%2599%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1e_%25C5%2599%25C3%25ADmsk%25C3%25A1" title="Svatá říše římská – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatá říše římská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_L%25C3%25A2n_Rufeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Lân Rufeinig – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Lân Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tysk-romerske_Rige" title="Det tysk-romerske Rige – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det tysk-romerske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_R%25C3%25B6misches_Reich" title="Heiliges Römisches Reich – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliges Römisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%25C4%259Bte_romske_m%25C3%25B3cna%25C5%2595stwo" title="Swěte romske mócnaŕstwo – alamsorbi" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Swěte romske mócnaŕstwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="alamsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25B3%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25A1%25CF%2589%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%258A%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%2591%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Αγία Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Holy Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%25C3%25A1nico" title="Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Romia_Imperio" title="Sankta Romia Imperio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Romia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacru_Emperiu_Romanu_Germ%25C3%25A1nicu" title="Sacru Emperiu Romanu Germánicu – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sacru Emperiu Romanu Germánicu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santua" title="Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="امپراتوری مقدس روم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری مقدس روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Samrajya" title="Holy Roman Samrajya – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Holy Roman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilaga_r%25C3%25B3mverska_r%25C3%25ADki%25C3%25B0" title="Heilaga rómverska ríkið – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heilaga rómverska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Empire romain germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillige_Roomske_Ryk" title="Hillige Roomske Ryk – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hillige Roomske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Naofa_R%25C3%25B3mh%25C3%25A1nach" title="An Impireacht Naofa Rómhánach – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Naofa Rómhánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Impiraght_Raueagh_Vannee" title="Yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cmpireachd_Naomh_na_R%25C3%25B2imhe" title="Ìmpireachd Naomh na Ròimhe – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ìmpireachd Naomh na Ròimhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Xerm%25C3%25A1nico" title="Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2580n-s%25E1%25B9%25B3n_L%25C3%25B2-m%25C3%25A2_Ti-koet" title="Sṳ̀n-sṳn Lò-mâ Ti-koet – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̀n-sṳn Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%258B%25A0%25EC%2584%25B1_%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588_%25EC%25A0%259C%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="신성 로마 제국 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신성 로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Roma_Mai_Tsarki" title="Daular Roma Mai Tsarki – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Roma Mai Tsarki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258D%25D6%2580%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%2580%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Սրբազան Հռոմեական կայսրություն – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրբազան Հռոմեական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swjate_romske_m%25C3%25B3cnarstwo" title="Swjate romske mócnarstwo – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swjate romske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Romana_Imperio" title="Santa Romana Imperio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santa Romana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasantuan_nga_Imperio_a_Romano" title="Nasantuan nga Imperio a Romano – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nasantuan nga Imperio a Romano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacre_Imperio_Roman" title="Sacre Imperio Roman – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sacre Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258B%25D0%25B3%25D1%258A%25D0%25B4%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Сыгъдæг Ромы импери – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сыгъдæг Ромы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilaga_r%25C3%25B3mverska_r%25C3%25ADki%25C3%25B0" title="Heilaga rómverska ríkið – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilaga rómverska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Romano_Impero" title="Sacro Romano Impero – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacro Romano Impero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A7%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%2594" title="האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kakaisaran Romawi Suci – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_Ampiiri_Ki%25C9%2596e%25C9%2596eu_(Saint-Empire_Romain)" title="Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire Romain) – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire Romain)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A6%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="საღვთო რომის იმპერია – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საღვთო რომის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D1%2596_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Қасиетті Рим империясы – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасиетті Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Romanek_Sans" title="Emperoureth Romanek Sans – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Romanek Sans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AB%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Ыйык Рим империясы – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ыйык Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_Takatifu_la_Kiroma" title="Dola Takatifu la Kiroma – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola Takatifu la Kiroma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Anpi_Women" title="Sen Anpi Women – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sen Anpi Women" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-Ampir_romen_jermanik" title="Sent-Ampir romen jermanik – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sent-Ampir romen jermanik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Emperatoriya_Romay%25C3%25AA_ya_P%25C3%25AEroz" title="Împeratoriya Romayê ya Pîroz – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Romayê ya Pîroz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacher_Imper_Roman" title="Sacher Imper Roman – ladiini" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sacher Imper Roman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2588%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນອັນສັກສິດ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນອັນສັກສິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrum_Romanum_Imperium" title="Sacrum Romanum Imperium – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sacrum Romanum Imperium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%25C4%2581tuo_R%25C5%25ABmys_Imp%25C4%2593reja" title="Svātuo Rūmys Impēreja – latgali" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Svātuo Rūmys Impēreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%25C4%2593t%25C4%2581_Romas_imp%25C4%2593rija" title="Svētā Romas impērija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētā Romas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellegt_R%25C3%25A9imescht_R%25C3%25A4ich_vun_D%25C3%25A4itscher_Natioun" title="Hellegt Réimescht Räich vun Däitscher Natioun – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hellegt Réimescht Räich vun Däitscher Natioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Пак тир Рим империя – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пак тир Рим империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0ventoji_Romos_imperija" title="Šventoji Romos imperija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventoji Romos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Imp%25C3%25AAo_Roman" title="Sacro Impêo Roman – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sacro Impêo Roman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig_Roeams_Riek" title="Heilig Roeams Riek – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Heilig Roeams Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Roman_Santa" title="Impero Roman Santa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Roman Santa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacr_Roman_Imper" title="Sacr Roman Imper – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sacr Roman Imper" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9met-r%25C3%25B3mai_Birodalom" title="Német-római Birodalom – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német-római Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Свето Римско Царство – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свето Римско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Masina_R%25C3%25B4mana_Jermanika" title="Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Masina Rômana Jermanika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A7_%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="വിശുദ്ധ റോമാസാമ്രാജ്യം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശുദ്ധ റോമാസാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A6%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A8_%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="საღორონთო რომიშ იმპერია – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საღორონთო რომიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587" title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسه – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="روم مقدس امپراتوری – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روم مقدس امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kakaisaran Romawi Suci – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Amp%25C3%25A9rio_Romano-Germ%25C3%25A1nico" title="Sacro Ampério Romano-Germánico – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sacro Ampério Romano-Germánico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582_%25D0%2593%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Ариун Ромын Эзэнт Гүрэн – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ариун Ромын Эзэнт Гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC_%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC" title="မြင့်မြတ်သော ရောမအင်ပါယာ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင့်မြတ်သော ရောမအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Roomse_Rijk" title="Heilige Roomse Rijk – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilige Roomse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Roomse_Riek" title="Heilige Roomse Riek – Hollandi alamsaksa" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Heilige Roomse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Hollandi alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="神聖ローマ帝国 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神聖ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Сийлахь Руман импери – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь Руман импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halag_R%25C3%25B6%25C3%25B6msk_Rik" title="Halag Röömsk Rik – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Halag Röömsk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tysk-romerske_rike" title="Det tysk-romerske rike – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tysk-romerske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tysk-romerske_riket" title="Det tysk-romerske riket – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tysk-romerske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint-Empire romain germanique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Emp%25C3%25A8ri_Roman_Germanic" title="Sant Empèri Roman Germanic – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sant Empèri Roman Germanic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddas_Rim_imperiyasi" title="Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_R%25C3%25B6misches_Reich" title="Heiliges Römisches Reich – Pfalzi" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Heiliges Römisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Pfalzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="مقدس رومی سلطنت – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقدس رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%25BE%25DB%2590%25DA%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A" title="سپېڅلي روم سترواکي – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپېڅلي روم سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoli_Ruoman_Empaya" title="Uoli Ruoman Empaya – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uoli Ruoman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman_Sacr%25C3%25A0" title="Imperi Roman Sacrà – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman Sacrà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillig_R%25C3%25B6%25C3%25B6msch_Riek_vun_D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsche_Natschoon" title="Hillig Röömsch Riek vun Düütsche Natschoon – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hillig Röömsch Riek vun Düütsche Natschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Awi%25C4%2599te_Cesarstwo_Rzymskie" title="Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Imp%25C3%25A9rio_Romano-Germ%25C3%25A2nico" title="Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddes_Roma_imperiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Muqaddes Roma imperiyası – krimmitatari" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Muqaddes Roma imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimmitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_R%25C3%25B6misches_Reich_deutscher_Nation" title="Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation – kölni" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%25C3%25A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sontg_Imperi_roman" title="Sontg Imperi roman – romanši" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sontg Imperi roman" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Священна римска імперія – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Священна римска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Священная Римская империя – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Священная Римская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2583_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%258D%25D1%2582%25D1%258D" title="Улуу Риим импиэрийэтэ – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Улуу Риим импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="مقدس رومی سلطنت – seraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مقدس رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="seraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacru_Romanu_Imp%25C3%25A8riu" title="Sacru Romanu Impèriu – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sacru Romanu Impèriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halie_Romane_Rik" title="Halie Romane Rik – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Halie Romane Rik" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillich_Roomsk_Riek" title="Hillich Roomsk Riek – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hillich Roomsk Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_e_Shenjt%25C3%25AB_Romake" title="Perandoria e Shenjtë Romake – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria e Shenjtë Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacru_Rumanu_Mpiru" title="Sacru Rumanu Mpiru – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sacru Rumanu Mpiru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holy Roman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="پوتر رومي سلطنت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پوتر رومي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25ADmsko-nemeck%25C3%25A1_r%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1a" title="Rímsko-nemecká ríša – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímsko-nemecká ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Sveto rimsko cesarstvo – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveto rimsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%2586%25D8%25B2" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمیی پیرۆز – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمیی پیرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Свето римско царство – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свето римско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%25C3%25A4_saksalais-roomalainen_keisarikunta" title="Pyhä saksalais-roomalainen keisarikunta – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä saksalais-roomalainen keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-romerska_riket" title="Tysk-romerska riket – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysk-romerska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banal_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Banal na Imperyong Romano – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Banal na Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4_%25E0%25AE%2589%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசு – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0zge_Rim_imperi%25C3%25A4se" title="İzge Rim imperiäse – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="İzge Rim imperiäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%258C" title="จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BA%25BF_qu%25E1%25BB%2591c_La_M%25C3%25A3_Th%25E1%25BA%25A7n_th%25C3%25A1nh" title="Đế quốc La Mã Thần thánh – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc La Mã Thần thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_Roma_%25C4%25B0mparatorlu%25C4%259Fu" title="Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaddes_Rim_imperi%25C3%25BDasy" title="Mukaddes Rim imperiýasy – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mukaddes Rim imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D1%2589%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Священна Римська імперія – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Священна Римська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA" title="مقدس رومی سلطنت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقدس رومی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoz_Lozmaj_Sinzswng" title="Digoz Lozmaj Sinzswng – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Digoz Lozmaj Sinzswng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Roman_Inpero" title="Sacro Roman Inpero – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sacro Roman Inpero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksa-Rooma_riik" title="S'aksa-Rooma riik – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa-Rooma riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Impire_Romin_Djermanike" title="Sint Impire Romin Djermanike – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint Impire Romin Djermanike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="神聖羅馬帝國 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="神聖羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illig_R%25C3%25B4oms_Ryk" title="Illig Rôoms Ryk – lääneflaami" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Illig Rôoms Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="lääneflaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraan_nga_Imperyo_Romano" title="Baraan nga Imperyo Romano – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baraan nga Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="神圣罗马帝国 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神圣罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2592%25D7%25A2_%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2_%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="הייליגע רוימישע אימפעריע – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייליגע רוימישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580_%25E1%25BB%258Cbal%25C3%25BAay%25C3%25A9_R%25C3%25B3m%25C3%25B9_M%25C3%25ADm%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2581" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù Mímọ́ – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù Mímọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B" title="神聖羅馬帝國 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神聖羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A0v%25C4%2597ntuoj%25C4%2597_Ruomas_imper%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Švėntuojė Ruomas imperėjė – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėntuojė Ruomas imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD" title="神圣罗马帝国 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神圣罗马帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-et.svg" alt="Vikipeedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 09:50, 9. august 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Sisu on kasutatav litsentsi <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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