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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burmese_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burmese_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Burmese Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burmese_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Chinese Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Filipino Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Indian Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Indonesian Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thai_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thai_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Thai Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thai_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 19th century Asian American military academy graduates 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href="#Philippine–American_War_and_Moro_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Philippine–American War and Moro Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine–American_War_and_Moro_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 20th century Asian American military academy graduates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mexican Expedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Interwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Japanese Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Americans_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Americans_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Chinese Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Americans_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_Americans_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_Americans_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 Filipino Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_Americans_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 Korean Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_military_units_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Persian Gulf War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 21st century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 21st century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_on_Terrorism" 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id="toc-Asian_American_military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_American_military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Asian American military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_American_military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234909266">.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar{width:22.0em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;background-clip:padding-box}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline and periods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>, who are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian descent</a>, have fought and served on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> since the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> Asian Americans fought for both the Union and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GN-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CHCP-4">[4]</a> Afterwards Asian Americans served primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DEOMI-5">[5]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Asian Americans began to attend <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">U.S. military academies</a>, and the first Asian Americans were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JBNMOH-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-1908WP-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw Asian Americans serving as "non-whites" in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">National Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWIQ-8">[8]</a> After World War I, Asian American service fell into obscurity until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when significant contributions by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PBSTheWarJA-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-JASWW2-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OMC-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FASWW2-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a><a href="#cite_note-KASWW2-13">[13]</a> were documented. With the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">desegregation of the U.S. military</a> in 1948, segregated Asian American units ceased to exist, and Asian Americans served in integrated armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-NJ-14">[14]</a> Asian American combatants in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> conflicts were awarded the Medal of Honor, and Asian Americans have continued to serve into the present day.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAS2009-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_action_between_the_Serapis,_capt._Pearson,_the_Countess_of_Scarborough,_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/220px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/330px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/440px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Battle of Flamborough Head</a>, fought in 1779 off the East Coast of England, involved Malay sailors making up one of the many ethnicities serving onboard Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>' flagship the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard" title="USS Bonhomme Richard">USS Bonhomme Richard</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliver_&_Boyd-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> Historian Daniel Sieh states that Asian-Americans during the American Revolutionary War, while few, were fairly widespread throughout the colonies, numbering at least a hundred during the 1770s and 1780s.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Asian Americans during the Revolution largely served as "sailors, servants, and enslaved people."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In the diaries of American naval captain <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>, Malays were listed as one of the ethnicities who were part of the crew of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard" title="USS Bonhomme Richard">USS Bonhomme Richard</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Battle of Flamborough Head</a> in 1779.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver_&_Boyd-17">[17]</a> Another four Asian-Americans, who are well-documented, are also known to have fought in the American Revolution (two serving with the American Continentals and two with the British).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg/170px-BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg/255px-BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg/340px-BattleofNewOrleans2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> commanding the American artillery batteries at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> in 1815. Filipino Americans were the earliest recorded Asian-Americans to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tactical map depicting locations of units during the Battle of New Orleans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg/170px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg/255px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg/340px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>, where Filipino Americans, known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">"Manilamen"</a>, played a decisive role in 1815 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> in manning the artillery defenses, which allowed American forces to repulse enemy forces during the battle.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> During the War of 1812, <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> recorded that "Manilamen" had fought under his general command in defense of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, under the direct command of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Baptiste Lafitte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS-2">[2]</a> Following the war, at least one Filipino American, Augustin Feliciano, continued to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> From the end of the War of 1812 to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Asian Americans were not recorded in the annals of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">U.S. military history</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> Many more Asian Americans served in the forces of both sides of the Civil War, being born in various places including <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[Note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Canton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[Note 2]</a> Changchow,<a href="#cite_note-24">[Note 3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hawaiians_CB-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Moulmein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CivilWar2015-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a> Indian-American <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Simons" title="Charles J. Simons">Charles J. Simons</a> was the first Asian-American awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a> in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Below is listed in alphabetical order. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burmese_Americans">Burmese Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Burmese Americans">edit</a>]</div> William C. Lutter, born in Moulmein, Burma in c. 1840, enlisted in New York for one year as a United States Navy sailor in September 1862. He served onboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Mohican_(1859)" title="USS Mohican (1859)">USS Mohican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_Americans">Chinese Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joseph Pierce, soldier who served in North during American Civil War.[28][29] to Gettysburg to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House.[30] Pierce achieved the highest rank of any Chinese American to serve in the Union Army, reaching the rank of corporal.[31] Pierce's picture hangs in the Gettysburg Museum.[25][32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg/115px-Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg/173px-Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg/230px-Joseph_Pierce_Chinese_Union_Army_Soldier_In_14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Chinese immigrants served the Union cause by enlisting in both in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a>, while some immigrants served with the Confederacy in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. Pictured is <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> Joseph Pierce, a Chinese Union soldier born in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, who served in the <a href="/wiki/14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment" title="14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment">14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment</a>, Company F, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battles of Antietam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1861, a Chinese American by the name of John Tomney joined the <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_Civil_War_units" title="List of New York Civil War units">New York Infantry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CHCP-4">[4]</a> eventually dying of wounds received at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-APAT-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Joseph Pierce (his chosen name) was brought to the U.S. from China by his adoptive father, Connecticut ship <a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">captain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> trader Amos Peck. Pierce enlisted on 26 July 1862 and was mustered into the <a href="/wiki/14th_Connecticut_Infantry_Regiment" title="14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment">Fourteenth Regiment</a>, Company F of the Connecticut Volunteer Infantry that became part of the Second Brigade of the Third Division, <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">Second Army Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soldiers_Biographies,_Page_3-31">[28]</a> From 1862 to 1865, Pierce fought in pivotal battles of the war, fighting in major campaigns from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a><a href="#cite_note-Civil_War-32">[29]</a> to Gettysburg to Lee's surrender at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-33">[30]</a> Pierce achieved the highest rank of any Chinese American to serve in the Union Army, reaching the rank of <a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_States_Army" title="Corporal">corporal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Heidler_2002_434-34">[31]</a> Pierce's picture hangs in the Gettysburg Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Pierce-35">[32]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> passed a resolution honoring the actions of Pierce and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Pacific American">Asian-Pacific Islander</a> soldiers of the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Day_Cohota" title="Edward Day Cohota">Edward Day Cohota</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, and was "adopted" by the captain of the merchant ship Cohota, Sargent S. Day. He served in the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment" title="23rd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment">23rd Massachusetts Infantry</a> during the American Civil War. After the war, he rejoined the Army and served for 30 years. Cohota believed he was a U.S. citizen by virtue of having served in the Union Army, but his service had not automatically conferred citizenship upon him, and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in 1882 kept him from becoming a naturalized citizen.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ah_Hang" title="William Ah Hang">William Ah Hang</a>, a Chinese American, became one of the first Asian Americans to enlist in the U.S. Navy in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-CHCP-4">[4]</a> In total more than 50 Chinese Americans fought, on both sides, in the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a> Of those who served, only a handful received recognition of their service in the form of pension, benefits, or citizenship. An exception was Ching Lee, who took the alias Thomas Sylvanus and served in the <a href="/wiki/81st_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment" title="81st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment">81st Pennsylvania Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filipino_Americans">Filipino Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filipino Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg/175px-Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg/263px-Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg/350px-Felix_Balderry_Filipino_Union_Army_Soldier_Photo_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Filipinos served the Union cause while some enlisted with the Confederates in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, serving in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>. The majority of Filipino recruits during the war served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>. Pictured is Corporal Felix Cornelius Balderry, one of two Filipinos to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> was born in the Philippines, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/11th_Michigan_Infantry_Regiment" title="11th Michigan Infantry Regiment">11th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a>, Companies A and F, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca" title="Battle of Resaca">Battles of Resaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain" title="Battle of Kennesaw Mountain">Kenesaw Mountain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">siege of Atlanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APICW-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Filipino American, Felix Cornelius Balderry, served in the Union's <a href="/wiki/11th_Michigan_Infantry_Regiment" title="11th Michigan Infantry Regiment">Michigan 11th Infantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Other Filipino Americans served in the U.S. Navy aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Little_Ada_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Little Ada (1864)">Little Ada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Conemaugh_(1862)" title="USS Conemaugh (1862)">Conemaugh</a>, and other ships.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CivilWar2015-26">[23]</a> There are accounts of Filipino Americans serving in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> with the Confederacy during the Civil War;<a href="#cite_note-GN-3">[3]</a> one served aboard the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">C.S.S. Alabama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> and some served in the Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-CivilWar2015-26">[23]</a> More than a hundred documented <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Native Hawaiians</a> also served in the Civil War, however due to poor record keeping of non-white combatants, the origin of some participants like <a href="/wiki/Prince_Romerson" title="Prince Romerson">Prince Romerson</a> have been claimed by both the Filipino and Native Hawaiian communities as many are listed under anglicised names such as "John Boy" with no other information other than as being from "The Sandwich Islands" with dark eyes, hair and complexion.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaiians_CB-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Americans">Indian Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indian Americans">edit</a>]</div> A number of individuals from India and the Indian subcontinent served during the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Anthony F. Gomez, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1837 as Conjee Rustumjee Cohoujee Bey to an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsi</a> family, joined the United States Navy in 1863 after settling in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and converting to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, serving during the Civil War. After the Civil War, he moved to San Francisco in 1867, married a local woman, and worked for the Navy until his death in 1911 from pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Simons" title="Charles J. Simons">Charles J. Simons</a>, born in Bombay, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for his actions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a>. He enlisted as a sergeant in 1861 and was assigned to Company A, <a href="/wiki/9th_New_Hampshire_Infantry_Regiment" title="9th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment">9th New Hampshire Infantry Regiment</a> in 1862. He was promoted to Second Lieutenant in 1864 and First Lieutenant in early 1865. He died in 1914 in Chicago, Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_Americans">Indonesian Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indonesian Americans">edit</a>]</div> A number of individuals from Indonesia served during the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> John Brown, a 27 year old from Java enlisted three years with Company F, <a href="/wiki/40th_New_York_Infantry_Regiment" title="40th New York Infantry Regiment">40th New York Infantry Regiment</a> in 1861. He was discharged for disability in April 1862.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thai_Americans">Thai Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thai Americans">edit</a>]</div> The famous <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">"Siamese Twins"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker" title="Chang and Eng Bunker">Chang and Eng Bunker</a>, owned slaves and a farm in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina" title="Mount Airy, North Carolina">Mount Airy, N.C.</a> Their oldest sons — cousins Christopher Wren Bunker and Stephen Decatur Bunker, born to Chang and Eng, respectively — joined the <a href="/wiki/37th_Virginia_Cavalry_Battalion" title="37th Virginia Cavalry Battalion">37th Virginia Cavalry Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bunker-53">[50]</a> In 1864, Christopher Bunker was captured and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Chase" title="Camp Chase">Camp Chase</a>, where he caught smallpox.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> After the war, both Christopher and Stephen settled in Mount Airy.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Dupont" title="George Dupont">George Dupont</a> migrated to the US from Siam in 1860 and served in Company B, <a href="/wiki/13th_New_Jersey_Infantry_Regiment" title="13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment">13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment</a> during the Civil War. He saw action at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a>. He became a naturalized American citizen after the war and moved back to Thailand to become a drill master for the then newly-created <a href="/wiki/Royal_Siamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Siamese Army">Royal Siamese Army</a>. He received a pension for an injury he received post-war. He died in 1900 in Siam and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Protestant_Cemetery" title="Bangkok Protestant Cemetery">Bangkok Protestant Cemetery</a> in Bangkok, Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Antone Henry served in the United States Navy as an ordinary seaman from 1864 for three years. He was born in 1844 in either Roto (near Guam) or Siam. He served on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Ohio_(1820)" title="USS Ohio (1820)">USS Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Colorado_(1856)" title="USS Colorado (1856)">USS Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates">19th century Asian American military academy graduates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th century Asian American military academy graduates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States service academies</a></div> In the late 1860s, Asians were accepted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> at Annapolis. Matsumura Junzo was the first to graduate in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-SCA-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Matsumura was a foreign national, and like the other Asian graduates who attended around this time who went on to serve their own nations' militaries, upon graduation he served in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, eventually reaching the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SCA-58">[55]</a> Nearly forty years passed before the first Asian American U.S. nationals followed in the footsteps of these foreign nationals and were accepted into the various <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">U.S. military academies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish–American_War">Spanish–American War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> Another lull in recordings of Asian American service followed the end of the Civil War until the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> sank in <a href="/wiki/Havana_Harbor" title="Havana Harbor">Havana Harbor</a>, seven of the casualties were Japanese Americans and one was a Chinese American.<a href="#cite_note-DEOMI-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Later in the war it was recorded that Japanese Americans served aboard U.S. warships in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a>;<a href="#cite_note-APAT-36">[33]</a> the Philippine–American War, previously known as the Philippine Insurrection,<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> followed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/150px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/225px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg/300px-Philippine_Scouts_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Formation of Filipinos in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a> a territory of the U.S. in 1905</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine–American_War_and_Moro_Rebellion">Philippine–American War and Moro Rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippine–American War and Moro Rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_california_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An armored cruiser anchored, with a navy jack flying from the jackstaff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Uss_california_ca.jpg/170px-Uss_california_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Uss_california_ca.jpg/255px-Uss_california_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Uss_california_ca.jpg/340px-Uss_california_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_California_(ACR-6)" title="USS California (ACR-6)">USS San Diego</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> were initially founded to assist the U.S. against the forces of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> and the insurgency that followed after its collapse.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> That same year President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> signed an executive order to allow 500 Filipinos to enlist in the U.S. Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Hooker1976-65">[62]</a> From these routes of enlistment came the first Asian American recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._N%C3%ADsperos" title="José B. Nísperos">Private Jose Nisperos</a>, a Philippine Scout, protected his party from <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moros</a>; for this action, he received the Medal of Honor in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-JBNMOH-6">[6]</a> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Telesforo_Trinidad" title="Telesforo Trinidad">Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Webster_Cary" title="Robert Webster Cary">Ensign Robert Webster Cary</a>, was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving fellow crewmembers when the boiler of the <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(ACR-6)" title="USS California (ACR-6)">USS San Diego</a> exploded.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> As of 2011, Trinidad has been the only Asian American recipient of the naval version of the Medal of Honor.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency of William Howard Taft</a>, Filipino Stewards began to serve in the White House, a practice that would continue into the end of the 20th Century, to include during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency of Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_Asian_American_military_academy_graduates">20th century Asian American military academy graduates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 20th century Asian American military academy graduates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States service academies</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a> was one of the first Asian Americans to graduate. A Filipino American and <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law#Nationals_who_are_not_citizens" title="United States nationality law">U.S. national</a> from the Philippines, Lim graduated from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> in the class of 1914 and was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the Philippine Scouts.<a href="#cite_note-1908WP-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> He was the first of a handful of Filipinos accepted into West Point under a quota system that required one Filipino to be appointed in each class,<a href="#cite_note-1908WP-7">[7]</a> with no more than four being enrolled at any one time.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> In 1916, Filipinos Americans began to be accepted into Annapolis; the first batch would enroll in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-SCA-58">[55]</a> The graduates lost their status as U.S. nationals in 1935, and many went on to serve in the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_Expedition">Mexican Expedition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mexican Expedition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in military uniform in the foreground, dressed in U.S. Army Uniforms appropriate for 1916." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg/185px-General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg/278px-General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg/370px-General_Pershing_and_General_Bliss_inspecting_the_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> during the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Mexican Punitive Expedition</a> searching for <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> where a large number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese Mexican</a> American soldiers participated.</figcaption></figure> In the early 20th century, while the rest of the world was engulfed in the depths of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> the U.S. was looking to its south. Mexico had been embroiled in a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">civil war</a> since 1910, and in 1916 the violence spilt north over the border when <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Columbus_(1916)" title="Battle of Columbus (1916)">raided Columbus</a>, New Mexico, killing 16 Americans.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> This culminated with a U.S. response, officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Mexican Expedition</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Major General John Pershing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> A large number <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese Mexicans</a> assisted U.S. forces in Mexico during the expedition and upon its completion in early 1917, they were threatened with hanging by Villa. Despite the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, Pershing sought permission for these people to be allowed to resettle in the U.S. A total of 527 eventually entered the country, settling mostly in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, and they later became known as "Pershing's Chinese".<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagatsinghthind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bhagatsinghthind.jpg/125px-Bhagatsinghthind.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bhagatsinghthind.jpg/188px-Bhagatsinghthind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bhagatsinghthind.jpg/250px-Bhagatsinghthind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="Bhagat Singh Thind">Bhagat Singh Thind</a>, who served in the U.S. Army, was promoted to sergeant and was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)" title="Fort Lewis (Washington)">Camp Lewis, Washington</a> in 1918. Thind, a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a>, was the first U.S. serviceman to be allowed for religious reasons to wear a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">military uniform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2016p172-76">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1917, the U.S. entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a> created its own <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Guard" title="Philippine National Guard">national guard</a> units to join the effort, but did not see combat.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The units were demobilized at Camp Thomas Claudio in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Within the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#World_War_I" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> was started, and alongside <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, Asian Americans were drafted as "non-whites" filling out the "white quota" in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">National Army</a>. The majority of Asian Americans did not see combat.<a href="#cite_note-WWIQ-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="Bhagat Singh Thind">Bhagat Singh Thind</a> served in the U.S. Army and was stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)" title="Fort Lewis (Washington)">Camp Lewis, Washington</a> in 1918. Thind a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> was the first U.S. serviceman to be allowed for religious reasons to wear a <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">military uniform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2016p172-76">[73]</a> A few saw combat. <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)#United_States" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Claudio" title="Tomás Claudio">Tomas Mateo Claudio</a>, who had studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno" title="University of Nevada, Reno">University of Nevada</a> and became the first, and only, Filipino American to die during the war, being killed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1918)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)">Château-Thierry</a> in 1918;<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Private Henry Chinn who was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Argonne" title="Forest of Argonne">Argonne Forest</a> while serving in the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)" title="Lost Battalion (World War I)">Lost Battalion</a>";<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colour_sergeant#United_States" title="Colour sergeant">Sergeant</a> Sing Kee, another member of the Lost Battalion, who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>;<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_major" title="Sergeant major">Sergeant Major</a> Tokutaro Nishimura Slocum who served in the <a href="/wiki/328th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="328th Infantry Regiment (United States)">328th Infantry Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82d Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slocum-83">[80]</a> In the Navy, the number of enlisted Filipinos peaked at more than 5,700 by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Several thousand Chinese, Japanese, Korean, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a>, and Filipinos eventually served in the U.S. military during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Many Asian American military veterans were allowed to become <a href="/wiki/Naturalization#United_States" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> citizens.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> For instance, some Filipino participants were allowed to become naturalized citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Slocum-83">[80]</a> but others had to overcome numerous legal obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-zhao-87">[84]</a> For example, although many Japanese aliens in America volunteered during World War I under the belief that they would be eligible for naturalization,<a href="#cite_note-nikkei-88">[85]</a> 400 Japanese immigrant veterans in Hawaii who were initially allowed to be naturalized in 1919 had their citizenship rescinded in 1922. Notably, Hidemitsu "Harry" Toyota, who had served in the US Army for seven years, had his petition for naturalization brought before the US Supreme Court, but in 1925 the court ruled in Hidemitsu Toyota v. United States that "a person of the Japanese race may not be naturalized".<a href="#cite_note-nikkei-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-zhao-87">[84]</a> It was not until 1935, with the passage of the Nye-Lea Act, that the 400 Japanese immigrant veterans who had had their citizenship revoked, along with 100 other Asian immigrants, were successfully naturalized.<a href="#cite_note-nikkei-88">[85]</a> Another example, Cesario Agudo Buensuceso (a Filipino American who resided in Chicago after the war), initially attempted to naturalize after serving during World War I, but was denied in 1924; it was not until after World War II that he was able to naturalize.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interwar period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg/170px-Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg/255px-Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg/340px-Marines_teach_Filipino_cadets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Filipino <a href="/wiki/Flight_cadet" title="Flight cadet">aviation cadets</a> being trained by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a> on use of a <a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">M1917 Browning machine gun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortMcKinley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/200px-FortMcKinley.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/300px-FortMcKinley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FortMcKinley.jpg/400px-FortMcKinley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort William McKinley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a> firing a <a href="/wiki/37_mm_gun_M3" title="37 mm gun M3">37mm anti-tank gun</a> in training.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, U.S. forces were involved in several minor actions, including the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and multiple events in the Caribbean that have since become known as the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>; also, the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol" title="Yangtze Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a> was directly and indirectly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and other events. Between 1918 and 1933, at least 3,900 Filipino Americans served in the U.S. Navy at any given time as <a href="/wiki/Culinary_specialist_(United_States_Navy)" title="Culinary specialist (United States Navy)">mess stewards</a>, having largely replaced <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in that rating.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Up to World War I, Filipino sailors were able to serve in a range of occupations in the U.S. Navy; however, after World War I, a rule restricted Filipinos to the ratings of officer's steward and mess attendant.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> These restrictions did not extend to the <a href="/wiki/Guam_Insular_Force_Guard" title="Guam Insular Force Guard">Insular Force</a>, which was limited to 500 individuals from Guam or the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Chung-Hoon" title="Gordon Chung-Hoon">Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon</a> became the first Asian American U.S. citizen to graduate from the Naval Academy,<a href="#cite_note-SCA-58">[55]</a> and the first Asian American West Point graduate, Wing Fook Jung, graduated in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In 1940, Japanese Americans were the largest ethnicity of Asian Americans, followed by (in order of population) Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Hindu Americans, and Korean Americans.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> began. A Chinese American, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chin" title="Arthur Chin">Arthur Chin</a>, had gone to China in 1934 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Republic of China Air Force</a>, and flew as a fighter pilot. During the war Chin becoming the first American <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a> of World War II, with eight victories. He was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In September 1939, war broke out in Europe following the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The U.S. officially remained neutral, but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries' militaries in units such as the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> in China and the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Squadrons" title="Eagle Squadrons">Eagle Squadrons</a> that served with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>;<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">cash and carry</a> program, and by undertaking <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#Growing_American_activity" title="Battle of the Atlantic">convoy escort</a> duties in the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941, the U.S. officially declared war,<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> and from that point on Asian Americans were on the front lines as U.S. civilians. Asian Americans from <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, including Japanese Americans, assisted with aid efforts following the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Inouye-100">[97]</a> On the other side of the Pacific Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> forces, under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">U.S. command</a> since July 1941, prepared for an attack that would come nine hours later.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_Americans">Japanese Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japanese Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_For_Broke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In foreground group of Japanese-American soldiers climb over a ridge and begin to fire upon a German tank in the background which is accompanied by a German half-track in a wooded area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Go_For_Broke.jpg/165px-Go_For_Broke.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Go_For_Broke.jpg/248px-Go_For_Broke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Go_For_Broke.jpg/330px-Go_For_Broke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Troiani" title="Don Troiani">Don Troiani</a> painting depicting Asian American soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese-American</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Regimental Combat Team</a> fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where many received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:442_regimental_combat_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two columns of Japanese American soldiers in route step in France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/442_regimental_combat_team.jpg/170px-442_regimental_combat_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/442_regimental_combat_team.jpg/255px-442_regimental_combat_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/442_regimental_combat_team.jpg/340px-442_regimental_combat_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Regimental Combat Team</a> marching in <a href="/wiki/Chambois,_Orne" title="Chambois, Orne">Chambois Sector</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in late 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man in an overcoat and fedora salutes a unit color's with streamers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg/170px-442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg/255px-442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg/340px-442nd_Infantry_receives_7th_Presidential_Unit_Citation_1946-07-15_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Truman</a> salutes the <a href="/wiki/Regimental_colour#United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimental colour">colors</a> of the combined <a href="/wiki/100th_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Infantry Battalion (United States)">100th Battalion</a> and <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Infantry</a>, during the presentation of the unit's seventh <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation.</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese-American service in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_American_servicemen_and_servicewomen_in_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese American servicemen and servicewomen in World War II">List of Japanese American servicemen and servicewomen in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(Europe,_World_War_II)" title="Lost Battalion (Europe, World War II)">Lost Battalion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></div> Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Army_National_Guard" title="Hawaii Army National Guard">Hawaii National Guard</a> activated and began to guard the beaches, clear rubble, donate blood and aid the wounded but three days later, they were disarmed because of their ancestry. The next day, however, they were authorized to rearm, but an uneasy tension lasted until 5 June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> At the same time, Japanese Americans who had been undertaking the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC program</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> and who had been activated in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Territorial_Guard" title="Hawaii Territorial Guard">Hawaii Territorial Guard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> were discharged on 19 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Many of these discharged soldiers formed a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a> auxiliary, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Varsity_Victory_Volunteers" title="Varsity Victory Volunteers">Varsity Victory Volunteers</a>", in February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> On 5 June 1942, 1,400 <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> of the Hawaii National Guard shipped out from Hawaii bound for Oakland and on 12 June, after docking, they were formed into the <a href="/wiki/100th_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Infantry Battalion (United States)">100th Infantry Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Afterwards, all Japanese American men, not already in the military, were classified as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien#United_States" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>; this policy was reversed in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTheWarJA-9">[9]</a> Eight months later the decision was made to raise an all-Nisei regiment, known as the <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Regimental Combat Team</a>. Progress was slow at first, and another four months passed before the 442nd began training; two months after that, though, the 100th shipped out to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-100442CMH-108">[105]</a> Initially, the notion of employing Japanese American soldiers was rejected by <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s staff at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a>, but they were eventually accepted by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">Fifth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTheWarJA-9">[9]</a> While the 442nd was training in the U.S., the 100th sustained heavy losses, eventually earning the title the "Purple Heart Battalion."<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> On 26 June 1944, two weeks after the 442nd arrived in Europe, the two Nisei units combined to form one single unit, but those who had been a part of the 100th wanted to keep their numerical designation, so they replaced the regiment's 1st Battalion. Keeping with the policy at the time, the unit was segregated,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> and large number of the other members of the 442nd RCT were previously <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">interned Japanese Americans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">continental United States</a>, commanded by mostly <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> officers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The combat chronicle of the regiment became a highly storied one, resulting in it becoming one of the most decorated units in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army" title="European Theater of Operations, United States Army">European Theater</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100442CMH-108">[105]</a> taking part in numerous actions in Italy, France and Germany, including the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[a]</a> The 442nd Regiment was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Army-115">[111]</a> The 4,000 men who initially made up the unit in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times. In total, about 14,000 men served, earning 9,486 <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Hearts</a>. The unit was awarded eight <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citations</a> (five earned in one month).<a href="#cite_note-Asahina2007-116">[112]</a>: 201  Additionally, Japanese Americans also contributed to the war effort in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Front_Recordings" title="Pacific Front Recordings">Pacific Front</a> serving in the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a>, helping with the decoding of Japanese intelligence and the rebuilding of occupied Japan;<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> the first Asian American women to enter the U.S. military served within this unit through the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WomenWWII-118">[114]</a> More than a dozen volunteers from the 442nd were selected to join the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> and were selected for service in <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">India and Burma</a>, where they conducted <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a>, translation, <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signal intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Over 33,000 Japanese Americans served in the military during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTheWarJA-9">[9]</a> Upon returning home, Japanese American service members found <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">old prejudices</a> remained.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTheWarJA-9">[9]</a> In 1946, one of the 442nd's soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Sadao_Munemori" title="Sadao Munemori">PFC Sadao Munemori</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumously</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for his actions during the regiment's service in Italy. His award was one of two made to Asian Americans during, or in the immediate aftermath of, the war, and the only one made to a Japanese American.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> However, in 2000, after a review of other medals awarded to the 442nd, 21 were elevated to Medals of Honor.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> One of those 21 was presented to Hawaiʻi Senator, and former <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel K. Inouye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inouye-100">[97]</a> On 5 October 2010, Congress created the Congressional Gold Medal recognizing the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Infantry Battalion, as well as the 6,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Military Intelligence Service during the war.<a href="#cite_note-steffen-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_Americans_2">Chinese Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chinese Americans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese-American service in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldier kneels aiming down the iron sight of a Thompson submachine gun in front of a M3 Half-track." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg/165px-Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg/248px-Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg/330px-Halftrack-fort-knox-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Chinese American soldier training at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></figcaption></figure> It has been estimated that between 12,000<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> and 20,000<a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-124">[120]</a> Chinese American men, representing up to 22 percent of the men in their portion of the U.S. population, served during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-OMC-11">[11]</a> Of those serving about 40 percent were not citizens,<a href="#cite_note-AFPS-2">[2]</a> and unlike Japanese and Filipino Americans, 75 percent served in non-segregated units.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS-2">[2]</a> Chinese Americans distinguished themselves from Japanese Americans, and suffered less discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> A quarter of those would serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a>, some of which were sent to the Chinese-Burma-India theater for service with the 14th Air Service Group<a href="#cite_note-CACMH-126">[122]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Air_Force#Chinese-American_Composite_Wing" title="Fourteenth Air Force">Chinese-American Composite Wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-page60-127">[123]</a> Another 70 percent would go on to serve in the U.S. Army in various units, including the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="6th Infantry Division (United States)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="32nd Infantry Division (United States)">32nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/77th_Sustainment_Brigade" title="77th Sustainment Brigade">77th</a> Infantry Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-OMC-11">[11]</a> Prior to the war, the U.S. Navy had recruited Chinese Americans but they had been restricted to serve only as stewards;<a href="#cite_note-page60-127">[123]</a> this continued until May 1942, when restrictions ceased and they were allowed to serve in other ratings.<a href="#cite_note-page60-127">[123]</a> In 1943, Chinese American women were accepted into the Women's Army Corps in the Military Intelligence Service.<a href="#cite_note-WomenWWII-118">[114]</a> They were also recruited for service in the Army Air Force, with a few later becoming civilian <a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WomenWWII-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Wai" title="Francis B. Wai">Captain Francis Wai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="34th Infantry Regiment (United States)">34th Infantry</a> was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for actions on the island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a> in late 1944; this awarding was later elevated to a Medal of Honor in the 2000 review.<a href="#cite_note-CACMH-126">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Carl_Sze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilbur Carl Sze">Wilbur Carl Sze</a> became the first Chinese American officer commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filipino_Americans_2">Filipino Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Filipino Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg/135px-Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg/203px-Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg/270px-Brigadier_General_Vicente_Lim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a>, a Filipino American officer and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> graduate served under Generals <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan Wainwright</a> in the Philippines during World War II.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg/135px-The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg/203px-The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg/270px-The_Fighting_Filipinos_-_NARA_-_534127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>World War II propaganda poster depicting the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance movement</a> against the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In foreground a guerrilla armed with a bolo knife is divesting a Japanese sentry of his rifle. Crouched behind the foliage and clutching U.S. issued .30 caliber M1903 series rifles, are other members of the force who wait to assist the 11th Airborne force landing in front of the camp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg/125px-The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg/188px-The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg/250px-The_American_Soldier_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Troiani" title="Don Troiani">Don Troiani</a> painting depicting the Filipino guerrillas' <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Los_Ba%C3%B1os" title="Raid on Los Baños">Raid at Los Baños</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Military history of the Philippines during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American#World_War_II_veteran_benefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Post World War II Filipino Veterans' issues</a></div> From the beginning, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1941–42)">Philippines was on the front lines</a> of the new war, as it was attacked shortly after Pearl Harbor. Under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, initially plans were made to defend all of the islands,<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> but following the Japanese landings on Luzon, the US reinstated <a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a> and a hasty withdrawal to the <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan Peninsula</a> followed,<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> denying Japan the use of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> In March 1942, under orders from President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, MacArthur departed the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> In April 1942, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Edward P. King</a> surrendered his force as they could no longer keep up a sustainable defense.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Of the 75,000 that surrendered, about 63,000 were Filipinos,<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> and a thousand were <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Forced to march to <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando, Pampanga</a>, in what later came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>, between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos died along the way.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> A smaller force held out at <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Fort Mills</a>; however, after an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">assault</a>, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan Wainwright</a> surrendered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">USAFFE</a> forces that remained in the Philippines in May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Of those who surrendered, 23 were Filipino officers who had graduated from West Point; Japanese forces executed six of these Filipino <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war#Empire_of_Japan" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a>, who had by then reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> In the U.S., Filipinos were initially blocked from enlisting, until the laws were revised a day before Japan had begun its invasion back in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Of the Filipinos who lived in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, two-fifths, or sixteen thousand Filipinos, attempted to enlist into the U.S. Army.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Some would serve in non-segregated units,<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> yet a segregated infantry battalion was established, which continued to grow and at its peak was split into two units known as the <a href="/wiki/1st_Filipino_Infantry_Regiment" title="1st Filipino Infantry Regiment">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Filipino_Infantry_Regiment" title="2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment">2nd</a> Filipino Infantry Regiments.<a href="#cite_note-CAINF-143">[139]</a> These soldiers were subjected to discrimination during their time training at <a href="/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base" title="Beale Air Force Base">Camp Beale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ord" title="Fort Ord">Fort Ord</a>, sometimes being mistaken for Japanese Americans when off base.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Nevertheless, these units would serve with distinction similar to that of the 442d Infantry Regiment, although their deeds were not as well documented or widely known.<a href="#cite_note-DEOMI-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> By the end of the war, a total of 50,000 decorations, awards, medals, ribbons, certificates, commendations and citations had been awarded to personnel assigned to these two regiments for their service in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1944–45)">Philippines campaigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Back in the Philippines, some individual service members and units refused to heed orders to surrender. They began a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#Resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">guerilla campaign</a> to resist the Japanese occupation and were later joined by paroled Filipino USAFFE soldiers, as well as Filipino civilians, and other Allied forces that had been inserted into the islands.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Allied forces returned to the Philippines in significant numbers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a>. These included the Filipino infantry units which had been reduced in size from their peak.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Later that year the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a> was reconstituted,<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> and in 1945 those members who elected to remain in the Philippines at the end of the war were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">AUS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CAINF-143">[139]</a> In all approximately 142,000 Filipinos served during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FASWW2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> When recognized guerrillas are taken into account,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> the number of Filipinos who served increases to over 250,000,<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> and possibly up to over 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> This number though is smaller than that recognized for serving in World War II by the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jose_Calugas" title="Jose Calugas">Sergeant Jose Calugas</a> became the third Asian American ever and first Asian American during World War II, to receive the Medal of Honor;<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> he would not receive the medal until after the occupation had ended.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Later, in the 2000 review of medals awarded to Asian Americans, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_B._Davila" title="Rudolph B. Davila">First Lieutenant Rudolph Davila</a>'s Distinguished Service Cross was elevated to a Medal of Honor.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> While in New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Leon Punsalang became the first Asian American to command white troops in combat.<a href="#cite_note-CAINF-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> For their actions in aiding Allied prisoners of war during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Josefina_Guerrero" title="Josefina Guerrero">Josefina Guerrero</a> and Florence Finch were both awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a>;<a href="#cite_note-WomenWWII-118">[114]</a> Finch later enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve#World_War_II" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">Coast Guard Women's Reserve</a> after being liberated from the Philippines and taken to New York.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_Americans">Korean Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Korean Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From left to right, a Sailor, a Soldier, and a navy officer take a group photograph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg/170px-Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg/255px-Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg/340px-Ahn_Siblings_World_War_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ahn_Cuddy" title="Susan Ahn Cuddy">Ahn</a> family portrait Korean Americans who served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea#Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce" title="United States expedition to Korea">a treaty</a> was signed in 1882, Koreans had begun migrating to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-APAT-36">[33]</a> This came to an end when Japan <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">annexed</a> Korea in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Giudici-160">[156]</a> When the war began, Korean Americans were treated as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Giudici-160">[156]</a> although this changed in 1943, when they were exempted from enemy alien status.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> About 100 enlisted in the U.S. Army over the course of the war,<a href="#cite_note-KASWW2-13">[13]</a> some of whom served as translators.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Over a hundred joined the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Guard" title="California State Guard">California State Guard</a> in Los Angeles alone and formed a unit that became known as the "Tiger Brigade".<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Young-Oak_Kim" title="Young-Oak Kim">Young-Oak Kim</a>, who had initially been rejected by the Army before being drafted, served as an enlisted soldier in the engineers until he was selected for commissioning in 1943. He went on to serve in the mainly Japanese American 442nd Infantry Regiment,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> and he was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Battle of Anzio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GKK-165">[161]</a> The only Korean American to be awarded that medal during the war,<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> he also received a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> for actions earlier in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-GKK-165">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Ohr" title="Fred Ohr">Fred Ohr</a>, who initially enlisted as a <a href="/wiki/Trooper_(rank)" title="Trooper (rank)">trooper</a> in the <a href="/wiki/116th_Cavalry_Brigade_Combat_Team" title="116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team">116th Cavalry</a> in 1938, became the only Korean American <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">fighter ace</a> of World War II,<a href="#cite_note-FOhr10NOV11-167">[163]</a> shooting down a total of six enemy aircraft and eventually rising to command the <a href="/wiki/52nd_Fighter_Wing" title="52nd Fighter Wing">52nd Fighter Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Training_Squadron" title="2nd Fighter Training Squadron">2d Fighter Squadron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theater of Operations">Mediterranean Theater of Operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJNov2008-168">[164]</a> As of 8 March 2012, he is the only Korean American to achieve the status of ace,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> and for his actions, Ohr received several medals including the Silver Star with one bronze <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf cluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOhr10NOV11-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Famous_military_units_in_World_War_II">Famous military units in World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Famous military units in World War II">edit</a>]</div> Fita-Fita Guard – native Samoans recruited into the US Naval Reserve to help maintain law and order in <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> from 1900 to 1952 Philippine Scouts – an integral part of the US Army made up of native Filipinos; first organized in 1901, they also fought on the Bataan Peninsula during WWII 442nd Infantry Regiment – later known as the 100th Battalion; an Army unit made of mostly Japanese Americans that fought in the Europe during WWII; one of the most highly decorated regiments with 21 Medal of Honor recipients; among the troops that liberated concentration camps near Dachau 14th Air Force Chinese American Composite Wing – the ‘<a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>’; created during WWII as a bomber and fighter group; consisted of pilots from both the US and China; deployed to the Pacific Theater Korean Augmentation to the US Army (KATUSA) – the severe shortage of front-line soldiers led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Augmentation_To_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Augmentation To the United States Army">KATUSA</a> during the Korean War; they were Korean stragglers who joined US Army units in the battlefield, primarily for rations; some also acted as interpreters and enhanced US combat readiness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, World War II came to an end, and the U.S. military began to <a href="/wiki/Demobilization" title="Demobilization">demobilize</a>. Millions of service-members were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet" title="Operation Magic Carpet">transported home</a>, including the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. In 1946, the regiment was reviewed by President Truman who awarded them their seventh <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)#Army_and_Air_Force" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Distinguished Unit Citation</a>. They were subsequently deactivated, but they were reorganized a year later as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">U.S. Army Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> That same year, Truman signed the <a href="/wiki/Rescission_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescission Act of 1946">Rescission Act of 1946</a>, which denied Filipinos who served during World War II in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Commonwealth military</a> and guerrillas, benefits that were afforded to other veterans.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> With the consent of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)#The_Roxas_Administration_(1946-1948)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Philippine government</a>, 50,000 Philippine Scouts were authorized by Congress, retained, and recruited.<a href="#cite_note-JBW-172">[168]</a> As part of the Philippine Division, this force undertook <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands">occupation duty</a> on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> until 1947,<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> when the Philippine Scouts were disbanded by presidential order after Truman came to view them as a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> organization.<a href="#cite_note-JBW-172">[168]</a> In 1947, the signing of the U.S.-Philippine Military Bases Agreement formalized Filipino enlistment in the U.S. Navy without immigrant credentials.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> In 1948, Truman <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">ordered the desegregation</a> of the U.S. military.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg/170px-Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg/255px-Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg/340px-Hiroshi_Miyamura_and_Eisenhowser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_H._Miyamura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshi H. Miyamura">Hiroshi Miyamura</a>, a Japanese American U.S. Army soldier and POW with President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>, after receiving the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> in 1953 for meritorious service in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></figcaption></figure> Following Truman's order for the integration of the U.S. military, the majority of segregated Asian American units were disbanded by 1951. Many individuals continued to serve in integrated units following desegregation, although the exact number of Asian Americans who served during the Korean War has not been determined.<a href="#cite_note-NJ-14">[14]</a> Despite the official acceptance of the desegregation policy, some units, including the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)#Korean_War" title="5th Infantry Regiment (United States)">5th Regimental Combat Team</a>, retained strong racial ties, with a predominant number of Asian Americans serving in these units.<a href="#cite_note-NJ-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Of the 36,572 who died during the Korean War, 241 were Asian Americans.<a href="#cite_note-DMDC2009-177">[173]</a> One Asian American received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean War. This went to Japanese American Corporal <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_H._Miyamura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshi H. Miyamura">Hiroshi Miyamura</a> of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Regiment (United States)">7th Infantry Regiment</a>;<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> the awarding of the medal was initially made in secret, as at the time Miyamura was being held by North Koreans as a <a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Prisoners_of_War_(POWs)" title="Korean War">prisoner of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> Three brothers, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Chew-Een_Lee" title="Kurt Chew-Een Lee">Kurt Chew-Een Lee</a> (the first Chinese American Marine officer), Chew-Mon Lee (an army <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">infantry</a> officer), and Chew-Fan Lee (an army <a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_(United_States)" title="Army Medical Department (United States)">medical service</a> officer), all served in different units during the conflict and were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>, Distinguished Service Cross, and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Young-Oak_Kim" title="Young-Oak Kim">Young-Oak Kim</a>, having reenlisted and promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>, became the first ethnic minority to command a regular combat battalion, the 1st of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st Infantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Walter Tsukamoto, who was first commissioned in 1927 and entered <a href="/wiki/Active_duty#United_States" title="Active duty">active duty</a> in 1943, was sent from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation duty in Japan</a> to Korea in 1950 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel, the first Asian American to achieve that rank in the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps,_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army">Army Judge Advocate General's Corps</a>, served as the senior ranking judge advocate for <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_States)" title="X Corps (United States)">X Corps</a> and was awarded two Bronze Star Medals for his service in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Asian American male wearing Army Dress Green Uniform and glasses posing for a photo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg/110px-Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg/165px-Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg/220px-Terry_T_Kawamura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_States" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Teruo_Kawamura" title="Terry Teruo Kawamura">Terry Kawamura</a> a Japanese American U.S. Army soldier was with the 173rd Engineer Company, <a href="/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade" title="173rd Airborne Brigade">173rd Airborne Brigade</a> posthumously received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for actions in 1969 at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Radcliff" title="Camp Radcliff">Camp Radcliff</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Định Province">Bình Định Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the Vietnam War 35,000 Asian Americans served as part of the more than eight million U.S. service personnel that were deployed to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AWDEC1998-183">[179]</a> in fully integrated units.<a href="#cite_note-DEOMI-5">[5]</a> Three of them were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, including Corporal <a href="/wiki/Terry_Teruo_Kawamura" title="Terry Teruo Kawamura">Terry Kawamura</a> who was, as of March 2014, the last Asian American to receive that medal. During the conflict, in addition to the Asian American personnel who served in conventional units, the Army also formed a <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> team of Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Native American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers" title="United States Army Rangers">Rangers</a> called Team Hawaii, as they could pass for Vietnamese and conduct <a href="/wiki/Long-range_reconnaissance_patrol#US_Forces_in_Vietnam" title="Long-range reconnaissance patrol">long range reconnaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhan1999-184">[180]</a> Discrimination and racism continued to be experienced by Asian Americans who served during the conflict. Their loyalty was questioned,<a href="#cite_note-AWDEC1998-183">[179]</a> and during <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">basic training</a> they were sometimes described as being similar to <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> In country, some were <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">fired upon</a> when mistaken for Viet Cong,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> and some had medical care delayed after being mistaken for North Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Additionally, the Viet Cong especially targeted Asian American service members, sometimes putting a <a href="/wiki/Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">price on their heads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhan1999-184">[180]</a> Proportionally, Asian Americans suffered fewer casualties compared to other ethnic groups in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> with a total of 139 Asian American servicemen dying during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-DMDC2009-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS_Casualties-189">[185]</a> Many other then-future Asian Americans serve the military out of its normal ranks during the conflict. These included groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Laotians</a> who fought alongside American service members in the <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a>, Vietnamese Americans who fought as members of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">South Vietnam's armed forces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Montagnard</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)" title="Montagnard (Vietnam)">Degar</a>) who assisted American forces.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Throughout the war, Filipino American sailors remained restricted to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">rating</a> of steward, with 80% of the almost seventeen thousand Filipino American sailors being stewards.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> In 1970, there were more Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy than there were in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> that same year, the number of Filipinos recruited into the United States Navy was reduced from the thousands per year down to 35 a month, while Filipinos re-enlistment rates were 95% (which made them eligible for naturalization).<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> The rating restriction ended in 1973, after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> investigated civil rights issues in the U.S. Navy and opened all ratings to Filipino Americans.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Filipinos Navy stewards continued to serve as <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valets</a> after the restriction was lifted,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> as late as into the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> A few years later, in 1976, there were over seventeen thousand Filipino Americans in the U.S. Navy, including just under a hundred officers.<a href="#cite_note-Hooker1976-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> By 1989, Asian Americans made up approximately 2.3 percent of the total armed services, slightly greater than their proportion of the total U.S. population at that time (1.6 percent).<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_War">Persian Gulf War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> During the Persian Gulf War, many Asian Americans served in the U.S. military, with some filling senior officer positions,<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> including Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Fugh" title="John Fugh">John Fugh</a> who was promoted to the position of <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Judge Advocate General of the United States Army">Army Judge Advocate General</a> during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> One Asian American service member died during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_Casualties-189">[185]</a> In 1992, the U.S. Navy stopped recruiting <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Filipino nationals</a> due to the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nine servicemembers representing the four active duty services, reserve components and the Coast Guard were presented the Federal Asian Pacific American Council's Military Meritorious Service Award during the Defense Department's Asian Pacific American Heritage Month luncheon and military awards ceremony in Arlington, Va., 2 June." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg/175px-Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg/263px-Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg/350px-Asian-Pacific_service_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Asian American service members at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Pacific_American_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Pacific American Heritage Month">Asian Pacific American Heritage Month</a> luncheon in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> Recent trends show that Asian Americans, particularly those from California, are enlisting at rates greater than their proportion of population; they are more likely to take up non-combat jobs.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In 2009, the Army had Asian Americans serving as 4.4 percent of its commissioned officers, and 3.5 percent of its enlisted personnel.<a href="#cite_note-AAS2009-16">[16]</a> In 2008, Filipinos made up the largest immigrant population servicing in the U.S. Military, with Korean immigrants also serving in significant numbers.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> In 2010, Asian Americans made up 3.7 percent of active duty service members, mostly in the Army and Navy, and 3.9 percent of the officers.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> In 2012, there were about 65,000 immigrants serving in the U.S. armed forces; of those, about 23 percent were from the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Due to the numerous Filipinos serving in the Navy, when seen together, they've been described as the "Filipino Mafia".<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit">[update]</a>, Filipinos made up the largest immigrant population serving in the U.S. Military.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> That same year, it was found that Asian Americans are over represented in the military compared to their proportion of the total population, and were increasingly choosing to become commissioned officers over choosing to enlist.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Yet in 2013, it was found that Asian Americans are under represented in the Marine Corps, leading to a targeted effort to recruit more Asian Americans into the Corps.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_Terrorism">War on Terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: War on Terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div> As of April 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit">[update]</a>, out of the 2,346 deaths that have occurred in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>, 62 have been Asian Americans (47 Soldiers, 8 Marines, 6 Sailors, and 1 Airman).<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> As of September 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit">[update]</a>, an additional 390 Asian American service-members have been wounded (307 Soldiers, 58 Marines, 18 Sailors, and 7 Airmen).<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan_War">Afghanistan War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Afghanistan War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090513-M-6882R-233_Navy_Petty_Officers_1st_Class_John_Cid,_from_Quezon_City,_Philippines,_and_Thomas_Damron,_from_Port_Hueneme,_Calif.,_frame_walls_of_the_Regimental_Combat_Team_3_Combat_Operations_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Camp Leatherneck, Afghanistan (13 May 2009) Navy Petty Officers 1st Class John Cid, from Quezon City, Philippines, and Thomas Damron, from Port Hueneme, California, frame walls of the Regimental Combat Team 3 Combat Operations Center at Camp Leatherneck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_Navy_090513-M-6882R-233_Navy_Petty_Officers_1st_Class_John_Cid%2C_from_Quezon_City%2C_Philippines%2C_and_Thomas_Damron%2C_from_Port_Hueneme%2C_Calif.%2C_frame_walls_of_the_Regimental_Combat_Team_3_Combat_Operations_Center.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_Navy_090513-M-6882R-233_Navy_Petty_Officers_1st_Class_John_Cid%2C_from_Quezon_City%2C_Philippines%2C_and_Thomas_Damron%2C_from_Port_Hueneme%2C_Calif.%2C_frame_walls_of_the_Regimental_Combat_Team_3_Combat_Operations_Center.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/US_Navy_090513-M-6882R-233_Navy_Petty_Officers_1st_Class_John_Cid%2C_from_Quezon_City%2C_Philippines%2C_and_Thomas_Damron%2C_from_Port_Hueneme%2C_Calif.%2C_frame_walls_of_the_Regimental_Combat_Team_3_Combat_Operations_Center.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Two U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a> who are Filipinos framing walls at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Leatherneck" title="Camp Leatherneck">Camp Leatherneck</a> in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> Asian American Marines were part of the first conventional units to enter into Afghanistan in late 2001;<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani American</a> marine Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Asad_Khan_(sitarist)" title="Asad Khan (sitarist)">Asad A. Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Khan would return to Afghanistan in command of <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_6th_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 6th Marines">1st Battalion 6th Marines</a> in 2004;<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBSTate2010-215">[211]</a> only to be later relieved of command.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTate2010-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> In 2011, Private <a href="/wiki/Danny_Chen" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a> and Lance Corporal <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Harry_Lew" title="Suicide of Harry Lew">Harry Lew</a> both committed suicide in Afghanistan following hazing;<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> prosecution of several of their unit members followed.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Also in 2011, Petty Officer third class Jonathan Kong, as a <a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">corpsman</a> risked his life to save Corporal Michael Dawers who had been shot in a battle near the village of Kotozay; in 2014, Kong was awarded a Silver Star for his actions in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sgt. Neal Naputo, a native of Zambales, Philippines, prepares to launch an unmanned aerial vehicle at Camp Taji, northwest of Iraq, 15 November." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Army_puts_Soldier%27s_life_in_%27Check%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>SGT Naputo with a <a href="/wiki/AAI_RQ-7_Shadow" title="AAI RQ-7 Shadow">RQ-7</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Taji" title="Camp Taji">Camp Taji</a></figcaption></figure> Hundreds of Asian Americans have deployed to Iraq out of the 59,000 plus that are serving in active duty as of May 2009,<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> with one study stating that 2.6 percent have been Asian American.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/100th_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Infantry Battalion (United States)">100th Infantry Battalion</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">USAR</a>) was activated in 2004 for its first deployment in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> their first activation since the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> At the end of that deployment the unit was authorized to wear the 442nd's <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia" title="Shoulder sleeve insignia">sleeve insignia</a> on the right shoulder, the first time this had occurred since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> The 100th Infantry Battalion was activated, and deployed to Iraq, for second time from 2008 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> With Operation Iraqi Freedom and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn" title="Iraq War">Operation New Dawn</a> having ended, 78 Asian American service members died during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Albert_Lyman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a Chinese Hawaiian American in United States Army uniform circa 1942." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/General_Albert_Lyman.jpg/125px-General_Albert_Lyman.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/General_Albert_Lyman.jpg/188px-General_Albert_Lyman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/General_Albert_Lyman.jpg/250px-General_Albert_Lyman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Anderson_Lyman#Children" title="Rufus Anderson Lyman">Albert Lyman</a>, first Asian American general officer was of part Chinese and Hawaiian roots</figcaption></figure> The first Asian American <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> was Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Anderson_Lyman#Children" title="Rufus Anderson Lyman">Albert Lyman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> who was part Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a> American. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Chung-Hoon" title="Gordon Chung-Hoon">Rear Admiral Gordon Chung-Hoon</a>, the first Asian American <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer#United_States" title="Flag officer">flag officer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The highest ranked is former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veteran Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">four-star general</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army Chief of Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_J._MacLaren" title="Ron J. MacLaren">Ron J. MacLaren</a> was the first Korean American to become an admiral in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-SD_METRO-2011-231">[227]</a> In recent years, Asian Americans have been represented well at the military academies compared to their share of the national population. Although Asian/Pacific Islander Americans are 3.49% of the national population aged 18–24,<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> they are about 9–10% of the classes of 2014 at West Point,<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> the Naval Academy,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">Air Force Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The following television shows, movies, songs, and operas have depicted events that relate to this article: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Pastime_(film)" title="American Pastime (film)">American Pastime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Soldier_(opera)" title="An American Soldier (opera)">An American Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Shit_One" title="Cat Shit One">Apocalypse Meow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_(film)" title="Bataan (film)">Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger" title="Captain America: The First Avenger">Captain America: The First Avenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_for_Broke!_(1951_film)" title="Go for Broke! (1951 film)">Go for Broke!</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a> episode:<a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(season_8)" class="mw-redirect" title="M*A*S*H (season 8)">"Goodbye, Cruel World"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sunshine_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Mr. Sunshine (South Korean TV series)">Mr. Sunshine (South Korean TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_the_Brave_(2006_film)" title="Only the Brave (2006 film)">Only the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Raid" title="The Great Raid">The Great Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid" title="The Karate Kid">The Karate Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kid" title="The Next Karate Kid">The Next Karate Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Steel_Helmet" title="The Steel Helmet">The Steel Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_(miniseries)" title="The War (miniseries)">The War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Were_Soldiers" title="We Were Soldiers">We Were Soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(TV_series)" title="Medal of Honor (TV series)">Medal of Honor (TV series)</a> episode: "Hiroshi 'Hershey' Miyamura"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">History of Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Pacific_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Asian Pacific American Medal of Honor recipients">List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans#Military" title="List of Asian Americans">List of Asian American servicemembers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii and the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Military history of Pakistani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Military history of Sikh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American_Armed_Forces_Association" title="Vietnamese American Armed Forces Association">Vietnamese American Armed Forces Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_military_history">Minority military history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Minority military history">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history of African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans#Military" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Military history of Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Military history of Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_American_military_units">Asian American military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Asian American military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Filipino_Infantry_Regiment" title="1st Filipino Infantry Regiment">1st Filipino Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd RCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Scouts" title="Alamo Scouts">Alamo Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rizal" title="USS Rizal">USS Rizal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The city of Bombay was, and under its modern name of Mumbai. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, it was the seat of government of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. It is possible that "Bombay" in the source refers not only to the city itself, but also to that much larger region which made up the presidency. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Canton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Canton (disambiguation)">Canton</a> has multiple meanings. The source is unspecific, but only two of the meanings relate to Asia (more precisely, to China). Those are the old romanized names of the city of Canton (modern <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>), which was the capital of the province of Canton (modern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>). It is unclear whether the narrower or the broader meaning was intended. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> There are two cities, both in China, whose names were at one time romanized as <a href="/wiki/Changchow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Changchow (disambiguation)">Changchow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> in Jiangsu Province and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> in Fujian Province. Both are sizable port cities. The source does not say which one, or both, was meant. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> In doing so, the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion, halted the <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)#Dachau_to_the_Austrian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death march</a> from Dachau, two days after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDm8zpWZzh0">"Asian Americans in the American Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Asian+Americans+in+the+American+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdDm8zpWZzh0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPS-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Rudi (3 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615091238/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16498">"DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdg.org%2FResearch%2FPeople%2Fjpierce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APAT-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APAT_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APAT_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APAT_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Rudi (19 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43031">"An Asian Pacific American Timeline"</a>. American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 27 August 2009. <q>21-1861 Chinese American John Tomney joins New York Infantry, later dies of wounds at Battle of Gettysburg (1863).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Forces+Press+Service&rft.atitle=An+Asian+Pacific+American+Timeline&rft.date=1999-05-19&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenselink.mil%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D43031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1863/07/12/news/china-at-gettysburg.html?scp=23&sq=Gettysburg&st=p">"China at Gettysburg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 12 July 1863. Retrieved 5 July 2012. <q>Among the killed at Gettysburgh was a young; Chinaman, known as JOHN TOMMY.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+at+Gettysburg&rft.date=1863-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1863%2F07%2F12%2Fnews%2Fchina-at-gettysburg.html%3Fscp%3D23%26sq%3DGettysburg%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hr110-415">"H. Res. 415 [110th]: Honoring Edward Day Cohota, Joseph L. Pierce, and other veterans of Asian and Pacific Islander... (GovTrack.us)"</a>. Honoring Edward Day Cohota, Joseph L. Pierce, and other veterans of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought in the U.S. Civil War. 110th Congress 2007–2008. Retrieved 30 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honoring+Edward+Day+Cohota%2C+Joseph+L.+Pierce%2C+and+other+veterans+of+Asian+and+Pacific+Islander+descent+who+fought+in+the+U.S.+Civil+War.&rft.atitle=H.+Res.+415+%5B110th%5D%3A+Honoring+Edward+Day+Cohota%2C+Joseph+L.+Pierce%2C+and+other+veterans+of+Asian+and+Pacific+Islander...+%28GovTrack.us%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Dhr110-415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaramone2001" class="citation web cs1">Garamone, Jim (24 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44949">"Chinese Soldiers Fought in U.S. Civil War"</a>. DoD News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DoD+News&rft.atitle=Chinese+Soldiers+Fought+in+U.S.+Civil+War&rft.date=2001-04-24&rft.aulast=Garamone&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.defense.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D44949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin" class="citation web cs1">Lin, Sam Chu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205073257/http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/sam_chu_lin.html">"Chinese American Civil War Veteran Honored In Pennsylvania Ceremonies"</a>. Articles of Interest. Committee of 100, inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.committee100.org/media/media_eng/sam_chu_lin.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Articles+of+Interest&rft.atitle=Chinese+American+Civil+War+Veteran+Honored+In+Pennsylvania+Ceremonies&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sam+Chu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.committee100.org%2Fmedia%2Fmedia_eng%2Fsam_chu_lin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804190133/http://haldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4006coll3&CISOPTR=981&CISOBOX=1&REC=1">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4006coll3&CISOPTR=981&CISOBOX=1&REC=1">the original</a> on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm4%2Fitem_viewer.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%252Fp4006coll3%26CISOPTR%3D981%26CISOBOX%3D1%26REC%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804042014/http://haldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4006coll3&CISOPTR=816&CISOBOX=1&REC=2">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4006coll3&CISOPTR=816&CISOBOX=1&REC=2">the original</a> on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaldigitalcollections.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm4%2Fitem_viewer.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%252Fp4006coll3%26CISOPTR%3D816%26CISOBOX%3D1%26REC%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_Wishe2010" class="citation news cs1">Brett Wishe (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/11/filipinos_display_proud_herita.html">"Filipinos display proud heritage exhibit at Five Corners Library"</a>. The Jersey Journal. Retrieved 19 May 2011. <q>Filled with photos and mini-essays, including old newspaper documents, it chronicles the roles of influential Filipino-Americans, from San Francisco Giants pitcher Tim Lincecum to Felix Cornelius Balderry, a Union soldier in the Civil War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jersey+Journal&rft.atitle=Filipinos+display+proud+heritage+exhibit+at+Five+Corners+Library&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.au=Brett+Wishe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fhudson%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F11%2Ffilipinos_display_proud_herita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Jack (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=on6b2Pcl1lIC&q=Felix%20Balderry%20civil%20war%20michigan&pg=PA88">Michigan and the Civil War: A Great and Bloody Sacrifice</a>. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-173-4"><bdi>978-1-60949-173-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan+and+the+Civil+War%3A+A+Great+and+Bloody+Sacrifice&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-173-4&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Don6b2Pcl1lIC%26q%3DFelix%2520Balderry%2520civil%2520war%2520michigan%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliseo_Art_Arambulo_Silva2012" class="citation book cs1">Eliseo Art Arambulo Silva (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WsDpsSeBO3kC&pg=PA9">Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-9269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-9269-5"><bdi>978-0-7385-9269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipinos+of+Greater+Philadelphia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-9269-5&rft.au=Eliseo+Art+Arambulo+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWsDpsSeBO3kC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIleto1998" class="citation book cs1">Ileto, Reynaldo Clemeña (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u92ZR42UhpIC&q=Filipino%20Confederates&pg=PA121">Filipinos and Their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography</a>. Ateneo University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715502948" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715502948"><bdi>978-9715502948</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipinos+and+Their+Revolution%3A+Event%2C+Discourse%2C+and+Historiography&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Ateneo+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9715502948&rft.aulast=Ileto&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+Cleme%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du92ZR42UhpIC%26q%3DFilipino%2520Confederates%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell-Rosales2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell-Rosales, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsuy2CLtuD0C&q=Confederacy%20Filipino%20Americans%20Louisiana&pg=PR9">Hispanic Confederates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: Genealogical Publishing Com. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-5230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-5230-5"><bdi>978-0-8063-5230-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispanic+Confederates&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-5230-5&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell-Rosales&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsuy2CLtuD0C%26q%3DConfederacy%2520Filipino%2520Americans%2520Louisiana%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NPS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fupload%2Fmore-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8590591/anthony_frank_gomez_died_1911/">"Pneumonia Fatal To Naval Veteran"</a>. The San Francisco Call. 18 February 1911. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=Pneumonia+Fatal+To+Naval+Veteran&rft.date=1911-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F8590591%2Fanthony_frank_gomez_died_1911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iahmuseum.org/galleries/on-the-battlefront/">"On the Battlefront"</a>. The National Indo-American Museum. 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Battlefront&rft.pub=The+National+Indo-American+Museum&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiahmuseum.org%2Fgalleries%2Fon-the-battlefront%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NPS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fupload%2Fmore-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwardata.com/active/hdsquery.dll?SoldierHistory?U&619452">"American Civil War Research Database"</a>. www.civilwardata.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.civilwardata.com&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War+Research+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwardata.com%2Factive%2Fhdsquery.dll%3FSoldierHistory%3FU%26619452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NPS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fupload%2Fmore-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NPS. p. 28 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft.pages=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fupload%2Fmore-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunker-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bunker_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaojian_ZhaoEdward_J.W._Park_Ph.D.2013" class="citation book cs1">Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park Ph.D. (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-240-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+History+%26%2391%3B3+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-240-1&rft.au=Xiaojian+Zhao&rft.au=Edward+J.W.+Park+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AxIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/b/Bunker,Christopher_Wren.html">"Collection Number: 04822-z"</a>. The Southern Historical Collection. University of North Carolina. May 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2016. <q>He was captured 7 August 1864 and imprisoned at Camp Chase, Ohio.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Southern+Historical+Collection&rft.atitle=Collection+Number%3A+04822-z&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lib.unc.edu%2Fmss%2Finv%2Fb%2FBunker%2CChristopher_Wren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Kwok2002" class="citation web cs1">Gordon Kwok (14 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/accsacw/Home/confederate-1">"Chinese serving in the Confederate arm force; Christopher Wren Bunker and Stephen Decatur Bunker"</a>. Association to commemorate the Chinese serving in the American Civil War. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+to+commemorate+the+Chinese+serving+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Chinese+serving+in+the+Confederate+arm+force%3B+Christopher+Wren+Bunker+and+Stephen+Decatur+Bunker&rft.date=2002-02-14&rft.au=Gordon+Kwok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Faccsacw%2FHome%2Fconfederate-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost2012" class="citation web cs1">Post, ECW Guest (8 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2012/03/08/a-soldier-from-siam/">"A Soldier From Siam"</a>. Emerging Civil War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Civil+War&rft.atitle=A+Soldier+From+Siam&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=ECW+Guest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergingcivilwar.com%2F2012%2F03%2F08%2Fa-soldier-from-siam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">NPS. p. 51 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf">https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/more-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft.pages=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fupload%2Fmore-info-on-asians-pacific-islanders-in-the-civil-war-alphabetically-by-name.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SCA-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCA_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCA_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCA_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCA_58-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelfand2006" class="citation book cs1">Gelfand, H. Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJDHptZWHUUC&q=first%20filipino%20graduate%20usna&pg=PA48">Sea change at Annapolis: the United States Naval Academy, 1949–2000, Volume 415</a>. UNC Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807830475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807830475"><bdi>978-0807830475</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+change+at+Annapolis%3A+the+United+States+Naval+Academy%2C+1949%E2%80%932000%2C+Volume+415&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0807830475&rft.aulast=Gelfand&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJDHptZWHUUC%26q%3Dfirst%2520filipino%2520graduate%2520usna%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley1995" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, William (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8qI7vtqcMEC&q=%22Matsumura%20Junzo%22&pg=PA135">Japan encounters the barbarian: Japanese travellers in America and Europe</a>. Yale University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300063240" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300063240"><bdi>978-0300063240</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+encounters+the+barbarian%3A+Japanese+travellers+in+America+and+Europe&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0300063240&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8qI7vtqcMEC%26q%3D%2522Matsumura%2520Junzo%2522%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffis1876" class="citation book cs1">Griffis, William Elliot (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/themikadosempire00grifiala/themikadosempire00grifiala_djvu.txt">The Mikado's Empire</a>. New York: Harper. p. 8. Retrieved 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mikado%27s+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Griffis&rft.aufirst=William+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthemikadosempire00grifiala%2Fthemikadosempire00grifiala_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVADM_J.C._Harvey_Jr.2007" class="citation web cs1">VADM J.C. Harvey Jr. (18 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927053923/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/messages/Documents/NAVADMINS/NAV2007/NAV07091.txt">"SUBJ/ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/messages/Documents/NAVADMINS/NAV2007/NAV07091.txt">the original</a> on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2011. <q>Seven first-generation Japanese Americans and one Chinese American where killed when the U.S.S. Main was sunk in Havana Harbor in 1898.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUBJ%2FASIAN+PACIFIC+AMERICAN+HERITAGE+MONTH&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft.au=VADM+J.C.+Harvey+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.navy.mil%2Fbupers-npc%2Freference%2Fmessages%2FDocuments%2FNAVADMINS%2FNAV2007%2FNAV07091.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Robert_Winslow" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Robert Winslow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518034026/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html">"Philippines"</a>. A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World. San Diego State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013. <q>Although Americans have historically used the term "the Philippine Insurrection," Filipinos and an increasing number of American historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), and in 1999 the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Comparative+Criminology+Tour+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.au=Dr.+Robert+Winslow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-rohan.sdsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frwinslow%2Fasia_pacific%2Fphilippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1996" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, William K. 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Simon and Schuster. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3941-0"><bdi>978-1-4767-3941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Asian+America%3A+A+History&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-3941-0&rft.au=Erika+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sfQDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Historian" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/WWI">"American Entry into World War I, 1917"</a>. Bureau of Public Affairs. United States Department of State. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=American+Entry+into+World+War+I%2C+1917&rft.au=Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1914-1920%2FWWI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John B. 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Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Test+%E2%80%93+World+War+I&rft.btitle=Maneuver+and+Firepower%3A+The+Evolution+of+Divisions+and+Separate+Brigades&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Army+Lineage+Series&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0160495717&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FLineage%2FM-F%2Fchapter3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinaldi2004" class="citation book cs1">Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsoh_fBkAtwC&q=%22Philippine%20National%20Guard%22%20World%20War%20One&pg=PA73">The US Army in World War I: Orders of Battle</a>. Tiger Lily Publications LLC. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972029643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972029643"><bdi>978-0972029643</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US+Army+in+World+War+I%3A+Orders+of+Battle&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Tiger+Lily+Publications+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0972029643&rft.aulast=Rinaldi&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvsoh_fBkAtwC%26q%3D%2522Philippine%2520National%2520Guard%2522%2520World%2520War%2520One%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZena_Sultana-Babao" class="citation cs2">Zena Sultana-Babao, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111063105/http://asianjournalusa.com/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=141&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3692&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1028&hn=asianjournalusa&he=.com">"America's Thanksgiving and the Philippines' National Heroes Day: Two Holidays Rooted in History and Tradition"</a>, Asian Journal, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianjournalusa.com/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=141&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=3692&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1028&hn=asianjournalusa&he=.com">the original</a> on 11 January 2009, retrieved 12 January 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=America%27s+Thanksgiving+and+the+Philippines%27+National+Heroes+Day%3A+Two+Holidays+Rooted+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.au=Zena+Sultana-Babao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianjournalusa.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fsourceid%3D%26smenu%3D141%26twindow%3D%26mad%3D%26sdetail%3D3692%26wpage%3D1%26skeyword%3D%26sidate%3D%26ccat%3D%26ccatm%3D%26restate%3D%26restatus%3D%26reoption%3D%26retype%3D%26repmin%3D%26repmax%3D%26rebed%3D%26rebath%3D%26subname%3D%26pform%3D%26sc%3D1028%26hn%3Dasianjournalusa%26he%3D.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSol_Jose_Vanzi2004" class="citation news cs1">Sol Jose Vanzi (3 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609104852/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm">"Balitang Beterano: Facts about the Philippine independence"</a>. Philippine Headline News Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/tl/tl012375.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Headline+News+Online&rft.atitle=Balitang+Beterano%3A+Facts+about+the+Philippine+independence&rft.date=2004-06-03&rft.au=Sol+Jose+Vanzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsflash.org%2F2004%2F02%2Ftl%2Ftl012375.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015924/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/01/25/SCAU2007012585502.html">"Schools, colleges and Universities: Tomas Claudio Memorial College"</a>. Manila Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2007/01/25/SCAU2007012585502.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Schools%2C+colleges+and+Universities%3A+Tomas+Claudio+Memorial+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fissues%2F2007%2F01%2F25%2FSCAU2007012585502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630115212/http://www.tcmc.edu.ph/">"Thomas Claudio Memorial College"</a>. tcmc.edu.ph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmc.edu.ph/">the original</a> on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Claudio+Memorial+College&rft.pub=tcmc.edu.ph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcmc.edu.ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell2005" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Robert H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhJPW4b8WmQC&q=Henry%20Chinn%20Lost%20Battalion&pg=PA97">Five Days in October: The Lost Battalion of World War I</a>. University of Missouri Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826215949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826215949"><bdi>978-0826215949</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Days+in+October%3A+The+Lost+Battalion+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0826215949&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhJPW4b8WmQC%26q%3DHenry%2520Chinn%2520Lost%2520Battalion%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPratt2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas M.; Pratt, Fletcher (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vB8SU4cZ4VMC&q=Chinn%20Lost%20Battalion&pg=PA220">The Lost Battalion</a>. Edward M. Coffman. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803276130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803276130"><bdi>978-0803276130</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Battalion&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0803276130&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvB8SU4cZ4VMC%26q%3DChinn%2520Lost%2520Battalion%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlotkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Slotkin, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=untfy7pCwWgC&q=Sergeant%20Sing%20Kee%20Lost%20Battalion&pg=PA199">Lost Battalions: The Great War and the Crisis of American Nationality</a>. Macmillan. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805081381" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805081381"><bdi>978-0805081381</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2012. <q>Sing Kee would receive the Distinguished Service Cross and be promoted to color sergeant, the highest rank attained by a Chinese-American in the AEF.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Battalions%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+Crisis+of+American+Nationality&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0805081381&rft.aulast=Slotkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duntfy7pCwWgC%26q%3DSergeant%2520Sing%2520Kee%2520Lost%2520Battalion%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Wey2004" class="citation web cs1">Nancy Wey (17 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/5views/5views3g.htm">"Quarantine And Its Aftereffects"</a>. Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 February 2013. <q>On June 13, 1919, Sing Kee returned home to San Jose after receiving the Distinguished Service Cross for bravery in action with the 77th or "Liberty" Division in the Argonne Forest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Five+Views%3A+An+Ethnic+Historic+Site+Survey+for+California&rft.atitle=Quarantine+And+Its+Aftereffects&rft.date=2004-11-17&rft.au=Nancy+Wey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2F5views%2F5views3g.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=12842">"Valor awards for Sing Kee"</a>. Military Times Hall of Valor. Gannett Government Media Corporation. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times+Hall+of+Valor&rft.atitle=Valor+awards+for+Sing+Kee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitarytimes.com%2Fcitations-medals-awards%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D12842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slocum-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slocum_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slocum_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalyer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Salyer, Lucy (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oahsecure.org/portal/publications/pub:jah/volume:91/number:3/starting_page:847/pt:pub">"Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and U.S. Citizenship Policy, 1918–1935"</a>. The Journal of American History. 91 (3): 847–876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3662858">10.2307/3662858</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3662858">3662858</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Baptism+by+Fire%3A+Race%2C+Military+Service%2C+and+U.S.+Citizenship+Policy%2C+1918%E2%80%931935&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=847-876&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3662858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3662858%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Salyer&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oahsecure.org%2Fportal%2Fpublications%2Fpub%3Ajah%2Fvolume%3A91%2Fnumber%3A3%2Fstarting_page%3A847%2Fpt%3Apub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2006" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2OIAj3cp7wC&q=all%20filipino%20crew%20united%20states%20navy&pg=PA384">The blood of government: race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines</a>. UNC Press. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5653-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-5653-6</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/pi.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Philippine+Islands&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fpi%2Fpi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203133327/http://goforbroke.org/history/history_historical_veterans_100th.asp">"100th Infantry battalion"</a>. History. Go For Broke National Education Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goforbroke.org/history/history_historical_veterans_100th.asp">the original</a> on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=100th+Infantry+battalion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoforbroke.org%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_historical_veterans_100th.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirin" class="citation web cs1">Hirin, Mazie K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221030128/http://hirono.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=267216">"Congresswoman Hirono Statement on Legislation Honoring 'Go For Broke' Japanese-American WWII Veterans with the Congressional Gold Medal"</a>. Floor Statements. United States House of Representatives. 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Retrieved 31 December 2012. <q>in spite of these acts of loyalty and courage, the U.S. Army discharged all <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a> in the ROTC unit, changed their draft status to ineligible, and segregated all Japanese Americans in the military on the mainland out of their units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Floor+Statements&rft.atitle=Congresswoman+Hirono+Statement+on+Legislation+Honoring+%27Go+For+Broke%27+Japanese-American+WWII+Veterans+with+the+Congressional+Gold+Medal&rft.aulast=Hirin&rft.aufirst=Mazie+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirono.house.gov%2Fnews%2Fdocumentsingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D267216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayChang2012" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Kevin; Chang, Diane (9 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=5093">"Seven posthumous degrees to be awarded at ROTC Commissioning Ceremony"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2015. <q>Jewish prisoners from the outer Dachau camps were marched to Dachau, and then 70 miles south. Many of the Jewish marchers weighed less than 80 pounds. Shivering in their tattered striped uniforms, the "skeletons" marched 10 to 15 hours a day, passing more than a dozen Bavarian towns. If they stopped or fell behind, the SS guards shot them and left their corpses along the road.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Europe+Campaign+%E2%80%93+522nd+Field+Artillery+Battalion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goforbroke.org%2Flearn%2Fhistory%2Fcombat_history%2Fworld_war_2%2Feuropean_theater%2Fcentral_europe_campaign.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/search/results/?q=Waakirchen">"Search Results"</a>. ushmm.org. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2F%3Fq%3DWaakirchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenorio2017" class="citation news cs1">Tenorio, Rich (29 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/these-us-soldiers-liberated-dachau-while-their-own-families-were-locked-up-back-home/">"soldiers liberated Dachau while their own families were locked up back home"</a>. The Times of Israel. Jerusalem. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=soldiers+liberated+Dachau+while+their+own+families+were+locked+up+back+home&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft.aulast=Tenorio&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthese-us-soldiers-liberated-dachau-while-their-own-families-were-locked-up-back-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfron1991" class="citation news cs1">Efron, Sonni (1 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-01-mn-872-story.html">"Japanese-American GIs Are Focus of Dachau Memories : World War II: Nisei veterans are reunited with some people they rescued from horror of Nazi death camp"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Japanese-American+GIs+Are+Focus+of+Dachau+Memories+%3A+World+War+II%3A+Nisei+veterans+are+reunited+with+some+people+they+rescued+from+horror+of+Nazi+death+camp.&rft.date=1991-12-01&rft.aulast=Efron&rft.aufirst=Sonni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-12-01-mn-872-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Army-115"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Army_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenkle,_Kathryn2006" class="citation web cs1">Shenkle, Kathryn (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623035411/http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/patriots.html">"Patriots under Fire: Japanese Americans in World War II"</a>. United States Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/patriots.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patriots+under+Fire%3A+Japanese+Americans+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense%2C+Department+of+the+Army%2C+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2006-05&rft.au=Shenkle%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Ftopics%2Fapam%2Fpatriots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asahina2007-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Asahina2007_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsahina2007" class="citation book cs1">Asahina, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dV-lgSTebEsC">Just Americans: How Japanese Americans Won a War at Home and Abroad</a>. Penguin Group USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-300-4"><bdi>978-1-59240-300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Americans%3A+How+Japanese+Americans+Won+a+War+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-300-4&rft.aulast=Asahina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdV-lgSTebEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njahs.org/misnorcal/campaigns/campaigns_japan.htm">"Occupied Japan"</a>. Campaigns of the Pacific. Military Intelligence Service Association of Northern California. 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaigns+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Occupied+Japan&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njahs.org%2Fmisnorcal%2Fcampaigns%2Fcampaigns_japan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njahs.org/misnorcal/campaigns/campaigns.htm">"Pacific Theater"</a>. Campaigns of the Pacific. Military Intelligence Service Association of Northern California. 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaigns+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Pacific+Theater&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njahs.org%2Fmisnorcal%2Fcampaigns%2Fcampaigns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughton2007" class="citation book cs1">McNaughton, James C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309022041/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/nisei_linguists/CMH_70-99-1.pdf">Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service during World War II</a> (PDF). Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780390437" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780390437"><bdi>978-1780390437</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/nisei_linguists/CMH_70-99-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nisei+Linguists%3A+Japanese+Americans+in+the+Military+Intelligence+Service+during+World+War+II&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1780390437&rft.aulast=McNaughton&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fnisei_linguists%2FCMH_70-99-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WomenWWII-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WomenWWII_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenWWII_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenWWII_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenWWII_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudi_Williams1999" class="citation web cs1">Rudi Williams (27 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=43027">"Asian Pacific American Women Served in World War II, Too"</a>. American Forces Press Service. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Forces+Press+Service&rft.atitle=Asian+Pacific+American+Women+Served+in+World+War+II%2C+Too&rft.date=1999-05-27&rft.au=Rudi+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNewsArticle.aspx%3FID%3D43027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713030615/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2012-featured-story-archive/japanese-americans-WWII-intel.html">"Japanese Americans in World War II Intelligence"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Featured+Story+Archive&rft.atitle=Japanese+Americans+in+World+War+II+Intelligence&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fnews-information%2Ffeatured-story-archive%2F2012-featured-story-archive%2Fjapanese-americans-WWII-intel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=2826">"Sadao S. Munemori"</a>. Military Times Hall of Valor. Gannett Government Media Corporation. Retrieved 30 October 2012. <q>Sadao Munemori was the ONLY Japanese-American awarded the Medal of Honor during or immediately after World War II. With prejudice still strong, it required intervention by Congress to at last see him posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times+Hall+of+Valor&rft.atitle=Sadao+S.+Munemori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitarytimes.com%2Fcitations-medals-awards%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D2826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904054117/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/ap-moh1.html">"Asian Pacific American World War II"</a>. Medal of Honor Recipients. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. 8 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/ap-moh1.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft.atitle=Asian+Pacific+American+World+War+II&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fmoh%2Fap-moh1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/100-442in.htm">"100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. 23 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911011150/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/100-442in.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100th+Battalion%2C+442nd+Infantry&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fagency%2Farmy%2F100-442in.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steffen-122"><a href="#cite_ref-steffen_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffen2010" class="citation cs2">Steffen, Jordan (6 October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-veterans-medal-20101006,0,7017069.story">"White House honors Japanese American WWII veterans"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+honors+Japanese+American+WWII+veterans&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-veterans-medal-20101006%2C0%2C7017069.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2005" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Kevin Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wex-8MBRkKYC&q=%22Chinese%20Americans%22%20%22World%20War%20II%22&pg=PA1">Americans first: Chinese Americans and the Second World War</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01671-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01671-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+America&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-4873-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Yr-p5T54qEC%26q%3D%2522First%2520Filipino%2520Regiment%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Bohulano_Mabalon2013" class="citation book cs1">Dawn Bohulano Mabalon (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ES2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California</a>. Duke University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9574-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-9574-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Manila+Is+in+the+Heart%3A+The+Making+of+the+Filipina%2Fo+American+Community+in+Stockton%2C+California&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9574-4&rft.au=Dawn+Bohulano+Mabalon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ES2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoroteo_V._Vite" class="citation web cs1">Doroteo V. Vite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154203/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~gonzo1/files/456/456_READER_2004S.pdf">"A Filipino Rookie In Uncle Sam's Army"</a> (PDF). Asian American Studies 456 Filipinos In America Course Reader. San Francisco State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~gonzo1/files/456/456_READER_2004S.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+American+Studies+456+Filipinos+In+America+Course+Reader&rft.atitle=A+Filipino+Rookie+In+Uncle+Sam%27s+Army&rft.au=Doroteo+V.+Vite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuserwww.sfsu.edu%2F~gonzo1%2Ffiles%2F456%2F456_READER_2004S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAINF-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAINF_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAINF_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAINF_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_S._Fabros" class="citation web cs1">Alex S. Fabros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Filipino.html">"California's Filipino Infantry"</a>. The California State Military Museum. California State Military Department. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+California+State+Military+Museum&rft.atitle=California%27s+Filipino+Infantry&rft.au=Alex+S.+Fabros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymuseum.org%2FFilipino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldoz2011" class="citation book cs1">Baldoz, Rick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtn31sdI4j8C&q=The%20Third%20Asiatic%20Invasion%3A%20Migration%20and%20Empire%20in%20Filipino%20America%2C%201898-1946%20(Nation%20of%20Newcomers)&pg=PA214">The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946</a>. New York: NYU Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9109-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-9109-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Asiatic+Invasion%3A+Migration+and+Empire+in+Filipino+America%2C+1898%E2%80%931946&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9109-7&rft.aulast=Baldoz&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqtn31sdI4j8C%26q%3DThe%2520Third%2520Asiatic%2520Invasion%253A%2520Migration%2520and%2520Empire%2520in%2520Filipino%2520America%252C%25201898-1946%2520%28Nation%2520of%2520Newcomers%29%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nakano, Satoshi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080219/http://www.cpas.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/PAS6_Nakano_133-58.pdf">"The Filipino World War II veterans equity movement and the Filipino American community"</a> (PDF). Seventh Annual International Philippine Studies. Center for Pacific And American Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpas.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/PAS6_Nakano_133-58.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventh+Annual+International+Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+World+War+II+veterans+equity+movement+and+the+Filipino+American+community&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nakano&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpas.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fpub%2FPAS6_Nakano_133-58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_RuppenstienManny_Santos2010" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Ruppenstien; Manny Santos (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=28040">"The First and Second Filipino Infantry Regiments U.S. Army"</a>. Historic Marker Database. Retrieved 10 May 2011. <q>Personnel won more than 50,000 decorations, awards, medals, ribbons, certificates, commendations and citations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+and+Second+Filipino+Infantry+Regiments+U.S.+Army&rft.pub=Historic+Marker+Database&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.au=Andrew+Ruppenstien&rft.au=Manny+Santos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fmarker.asp%3Fmarker%3D28040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html">"The Guerrilla War"</a>. MacArthur. PBS. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacArthur&rft.atitle=The+Guerrilla+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmacarthur%2Fsfeature%2Fbataan_guerrilla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnCNdLO888C&q=5217th%20Reconnaissance%20Battalion&pg=PA40">Us Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theater 1941–45</a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 39–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-707-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-707-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Us+Special+Warfare+Units+in+the+Pacific+Theater+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=39-43&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-707-9&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMnCNdLO888C%26q%3D5217th%2520Reconnaissance%2520Battalion%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Ishikawa2001" class="citation news cs1">Scott Ishikawa (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2001/Nov/30/ln/ln03a.html">"New film depicts Filipino regiments' exploits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Advertiser">Honolulu Advertiser</a>. Retrieved 28 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=New+film+depicts+Filipino+regiments%27+exploits&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.au=Scott+Ishikawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2001%2FNov%2F30%2Fln%2Fln03a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Sarah (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yr-p5T54qEC&q=%22Filipino%20Infantry%20regiment%22&pg=PA39">Filipinos in America</a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publications. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4873-7"><bdi>978-0-8225-4873-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+America&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-4873-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Yr-p5T54qEC%26q%3D%2522Filipino%2520Infantry%2520regiment%2522%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> (Nota Bene: These combat chronicles, current as of October 1948, are reproduced from The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950, pp. 510–592.) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Michael_Houlahan2007" class="citation web cs1">J. Michael Houlahan (11 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430073214/http://www.philippine-scouts.org/history.html">"Post World War II Philippine Scouts"</a>. History. Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippine-scouts.org/history.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Post+World+War+II+Philippine+Scouts&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.au=J.+Michael+Houlahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippine-scouts.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenator_Daniel_Akaka1997" class="citation web cs1">Senator Daniel Akaka (25 July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117183210/http://akaka.senate.gov/statements-and-speeches.cfm?method=releases.view&id=70972a30-b1fc-46d1-8390-df63eba8a217">"Statement on Senator Daniel K. Akaka before the Senate Veterans' Affairs committee hearing on pending legislation"</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Daniel Akaka</a>. United States Senate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akaka.senate.gov/statements-and-speeches.cfm?method=releases.view&id=70972a30-b1fc-46d1-8390-df63eba8a217">the original</a> on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senator+Daniel+Akaka&rft.atitle=Statement+on+Senator+Daniel+K.+Akaka+before+the+Senate+Veterans%27+Affairs+committee+hearing+on+pending+legislation&rft.date=1997-07-25&rft.au=Senator+Daniel+Akaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakaka.senate.gov%2Fstatements-and-speeches.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dreleases.view%26id%3D70972a30-b1fc-46d1-8390-df63eba8a217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_filipino_veterans.pdf">"VA Benefits for Filipino Veterans"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a>. April 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VA+Benefits+for+Filipino+Veterans&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.va.gov%2Fopa%2Fpublications%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs_filipino_veterans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/military-personnel/philippine-army-records.html">"Philippine Army and Guerrilla Records"</a>. National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Personnel+Records+Center%2C+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=Philippine+Army+and+Guerrilla+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fst-louis%2Fmilitary-personnel%2Fphilippine-army-records.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Yap_Morales2006" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Yap Morales, Maria (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPPh-Of8sEwC&q=750%2C000&pg=PA198">Diary of the war: World War II memoirs of Lt. Col. Anastacio Campo</a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-489-8"><bdi>978-971-550-489-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+the+war%3A+World+War+II+memoirs+of+Lt.+Col.+Anastacio+Campo&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-550-489-8&rft.aulast=Virginia+Yap+Morales&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoPPh-Of8sEwC%26q%3D750%252C000%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanonizado_BuellEvelyn_LuluguisenLillian_GaledoEleanor_Hipol_Luis2008" class="citation book cs1">Canonizado Buell, Evengeline; Evelyn Luluguisen; Lillian Galedo; Eleanor Hipol Luis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4cagVAo5D0C&q=250%2C000&pg=PA8">Filipinos in the East Bay</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5832-5"><bdi>978-0-7385-5832-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+the+East+Bay&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-5832-5&rft.aulast=Canonizado+Buell&rft.aufirst=Evengeline&rft.au=Evelyn+Luluguisen&rft.au=Lillian+Galedo&rft.au=Eleanor+Hipol+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4cagVAo5D0C%26q%3D250%252C000%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023150647/http://www.cr.nps.gov/crdi/publications/Asianisms-chapter4.pdf">"Asian Heritage in the National Park Service Cultural Resources Programs"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/crdi/publications/Asianisms-chapter4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Heritage+in+the+National+Park+Service+Cultural+Resources+Programs&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fcrdi%2Fpublications%2FAsianisms-chapter4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaleco2010" class="citation news cs1">Jaleco, Rodney (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330180411/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/pinoy-migration/balitang-america/03/28/09/excluded-fil-vets-now-eligible-lump-sum-money">"Excluded Fil-Vets Now Eligible for Lump-Sum Money"</a>. Balitang America. ABS-CBN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/pinoy-migration/balitang-america/03/28/09/excluded-fil-vets-now-eligible-lump-sum-money">the original</a> on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balitang+America&rft.atitle=Excluded+Fil-Vets+Now+Eligible+for+Lump-Sum+Money&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Jaleco&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fpinoy-migration%2Fbalitang-america%2F03%2F28%2F09%2Fexcluded-fil-vets-now-eligible-lump-sum-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterner2007" class="citation book cs1">Sterner, C. Douglas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teeObc0NHUAC&q=Jose%20Calugas&pg=PA134">Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clearfield,_Utah" title="Clearfield, Utah">Clearfield, Utah</a>: American Legacy Media. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796896-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9796896-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9796896-1-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+For+Broke%3A+The+Nisei+Warriors+of+World+War+II+Who+Conquered+Germany&rft.place=Clearfield%2C+Utah&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=American+Legacy+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9796896-1-1&rft.aulast=Sterner&rft.aufirst=C.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteeObc0NHUAC%26q%3DJose%2520Calugas%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarole_Beers1998" class="citation news cs1">Carole Beers (24 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19980124/2730347/jose-calugas-medal-of-honor-winner-death-march-survivor">"Jose Calugas, Medal of Honor Winnier 'Death March' Survivor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919223749/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980124&slug=2730347">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Jose+Calugas%2C+Medal+of+Honor+Winnier+%27Death+March%27+Survivor&rft.date=1998-01-24&rft.au=Carole+Beers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19980124%2F2730347%2Fjose-calugas-medal-of-honor-winner-death-march-survivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Goldstein2002" class="citation news cs1">Richard Goldstein (11 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/11/us/rudolph-davila-85-recipient-of-highest-award-for-valor.html">"Rudolph Davila, 85, Recipient of Highest Award for Valor"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rudolph+Davila%2C+85%2C+Recipient+of+Highest+Award+for+Valor&rft.date=2002-02-11&rft.au=Richard+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F02%2F11%2Fus%2Frudolph-davila-85-recipient-of-highest-award-for-valor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Steven_M._Graves" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Steven M. 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Leon Punsalang, a West Point graduate, command of the 1st Battalion marking the first time in that an Asian American commanded white troops in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+417&rft.pub=California+State+University%2C+Northridge&rft.au=Dr.+Steven+M.+Graves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~sg4002%2Fcourses%2F417%2F417_lectures%2F417_post_war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/FlorenceFinchBio.asp">"Florence Ebersole Smith Finch, USCGR (W)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a>. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Coast+Guard&rft.atitle=Florence+Ebersole+Smith+Finch%2C+USCGR+%28W%29&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscg.mil%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2FFlorenceFinchBio.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giudici-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giudici_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giudici_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey_Giudici2001" class="citation web cs1">Carey Giudici (31 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3251">"Korean Americans in King County"</a>. Cyberpedia Library. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cyberpedia+Library&rft.atitle=Korean+Americans+in+King+County&rft.date=2001-05-31&rft.au=Carey+Giudici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2Findex.cfm%3FDisplayPage%3Doutput.cfm%26file_id%3D3251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay_Chow2003" class="citation news cs1">May Chow (10–16 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526003555/http://www.asianweek.com/2003_01_10/feature_timeline.html">"Korean American History"</a>. Asian Week. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianweek.com/2003_01_10/feature_timeline.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Week&rft.atitle=Korean+American+History&rft.date=2003-01-10%2F2003-01-16&rft.au=May+Chow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianweek.com%2F2003_01_10%2Ffeature_timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2007" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mh4Qv4lAkQC&q=Military%20Order%20No.%2045%20Korean%20Americans&pg=PT116">The Koreas</a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94853-1"><bdi>978-0-415-94853-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koreas&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94853-1&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mh4Qv4lAkQC%26q%3DMilitary%2520Order%2520No.%252045%2520Korean%2520Americans%26pg%3DPT116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaus-Bolstad2005" class="citation book cs1">Taus-Bolstad, Stacy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6Tw_NPEe58C&q=%22Korean%20americans%22%20World%20War%20II&pg=PA45">Koreans in America</a>. Lerner Publications. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4874-4"><bdi>978-0-8225-4874-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koreans+in+America&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-4874-4&rft.aulast=Taus-Bolstad&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6Tw_NPEe58C%26q%3D%2522Korean%2520americans%2522%2520World%2520War%2520II%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2011" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Kathrine Yungmee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgaL4QsFHDUC&q=Korean%20%22Tiger%20Brigade%22%20%22California%20National%20Guard%22&pg=PA55">Los Angeles's Koreatown</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738575520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738575520"><bdi>978-0738575520</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles%27s+Koreatown&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0738575520&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Kathrine+Yungmee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlgaL4QsFHDUC%26q%3DKorean%2520%2522Tiger%2520Brigade%2522%2520%2522California%2520National%2520Guard%2522%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmothLondon2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilmoth, Janet M.; London, Andrew S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TdqEVEtXLQC&q=Racism%20%22Asian%22%20%22United%20States%20Military%22%20%22Korean%20War%22&pg=PA85">Life Course Perspectives on Military Service</a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415879415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415879415"><bdi>978-0415879415</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Course+Perspectives+on+Military+Service&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415879415&rft.aulast=Wilmoth&rft.aufirst=Janet+M.&rft.au=London%2C+Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TdqEVEtXLQC%26q%3DRacism%2520%2522Asian%2522%2520%2522United%2520States%2520Military%2522%2520%2522Korean%2520War%2522%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyangLie2009" class="citation book cs1">Ryang, Sonia; Lie, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78537bNL7VIC&q=Korean%20%22Tiger%20Brigade%22%20%22California%20National%20Guard%22&pg=PA161">Diaspora Without Homeland: Being Korean in Japan</a>. University of California Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520098633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520098633"><bdi>978-0520098633</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airport+Journal&rft.atitle=Fighter+Pilots+Lived+Their+Dreams&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bledsoe&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airportjournals.com%2FDisplay.cfm%3FvarID%3D0811025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofflight.org/press/world-war-ii-american-fighter-aces-museum">"World War II American Fighter Aces at Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Flight" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Flight">The Museum of Flight</a>. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2012. <q>The Museum will host a panel of three fighter pilots: Capt. Fred Ohr, who is the only American ace of Korean ancestry, and had six aerial victories and 17 ground victories; Lt. Col. Richard W. Asbury, who participated in 240 combat missions spanning three wars; and Lt. Col. Stan Richardson, who flew P-38s and P-51s in the European Theater during World War II, and participated in the D-Day Invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+American+Fighter+Aces+at+Museum&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Flight&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofflight.org%2Fpress%2Fworld-war-ii-american-fighter-aces-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/100-442in.htm">"100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100th+Battalion%2C+442nd+Infantry&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fagency%2Farmy%2F100-442in.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_filipino.html">"The Filipino Veterans Movement"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Public Broadcasting Service. 1996. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+Veterans+Movement&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmacarthur%2Fsfeature%2Fbataan_filipino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Rogers2013" class="citation news cs1">Keith Rogers (3 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvrj.com/news/ron-paul-to-speak-to-filipino-wwii-veterans-at-rally-138630504.html">"Ron Paul to speak to Filipino WWII veterans at rally"</a>. Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+to+speak+to+Filipino+WWII+veterans+at+rally&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft.au=Keith+Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvrj.com%2Fnews%2Fron-paul-to-speak-to-filipino-wwii-veterans-at-rally-138630504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBW-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBW_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBW_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonJeffrey_J._Clarke1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John B.; Jeffrey J. Clarke (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091205193532/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/m-f/chapter8.htm">Maneuver and Firepower</a>. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Military History">Center of Military History</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. p. 212. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009. <q>As the nation demobilized, Congress approved, with the consent of the Philippine government, the maintenance of 50,000 Philippine Scouts (PS) as occupation forces for Japan. On 6 April 1946 Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Hibbs" title="Louis E. Hibbs">Louis E. Hibbs</a>, who had commanded the <a href="/wiki/63rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="63rd Infantry Division (United States)">63d Infantry Division</a> during the war, reorganized the Philippine Division, which had surrendered on Bataan in 1942, as the 12th Infantry Division (PS). Unlike its predecessor, the 12th's enlisted personnel were exclusively Philippine Scouts. The War Department proposed to organize a second Philippine Scout division, the 14th, but never did so. After a short period President Harry S. Truman decided to disband all Philippine Scout units, determining that they were not needed for duty in Japan. The United States could not afford them, and he felt the Republic of the Philippines, a sovereign nation, should not furnish mercenaries for the United States. Therefore, the Far East Command inactivated the 12th Infantry Division (PS) in 1947 and eventually inactivated or disbanded all Philippine Scout units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maneuver+and+Firepower&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Jeffrey+J.+Clarke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Flineage%2FM-F%2Fchapter8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripletRobert_H._Ferrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Triplet, William S.; Robert H. 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Navy Region Southwest. United States Navy. Retrieved 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navy+Region+Southwest&rft.atitle=Philippine+Enlistment+Program+Sailors+Reflect+on+Heritage&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.au=Mass+Communication+Specialist+3rd+Class+Rialyn+Rodrigo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fsubmit%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fstory_id%3D43042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaligat2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Maligat, Luisto G. 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Asian Americans: Vulnerable Populations, Model Interventions, and Clarifying Agendas. Other Nursing Titles of Interest Series. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0763722418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0763722418"><bdi>978-0763722418</bdi></a>. 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Asian Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=3aa56896ce0e9bc13f9afc78829530d0">the original</a> on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=From+Stewards+to+Admirals%3A+Filipinos+in+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.date=2003-07-21&rft.aulast=Farolan&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.newamericamedia.org%2Fnews%2Fview_article.html%3Farticle_id%3D3aa56896ce0e9bc13f9afc78829530d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Cruz1999" class="citation book cs1">Jon Cruz (1 January 1999). 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29961-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29961-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+of+Peoples%3A+A+Sourcebook+on+America%27s+Multicultural+Heritage&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29961-2&rft.au=Jon+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DseJ5bceT5BkC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226014849/http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/RAD/Filipino_Profile.pdf">"The Filipino Diaspora in the United States"</a> (PDF). Rockefeller-Aspen Diaspora Program. Migration Policy Institute. February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/RAD/Filipino_Profile.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rockefeller-Aspen+Diaspora+Program&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+Diaspora+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspeninstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fdocs%2FRAD%2FFilipino_Profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfo.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2523:-the-filipino-diaspora-in-the-united-states&catid=163:migrants-news&Itemid=859">"The Filipino Diaspora in the United States"</a>. Commission on Filipinos Overseas. 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commission+on+Filipinos+Overseas&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+Diaspora+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfo.gov.ph%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2523%3A-the-filipino-diaspora-in-the-united-states%26catid%3D163%3Amigrants-news%26Itemid%3D859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrell_HamamotoRodolfo_D._Torres2012" class="citation book cs1">Darrell Hamamoto; Rodolfo D. Torres (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Bmr57fKT90C&pg=PA27">New American Destinies: A Reader in Contemporary Asian and Latino Immigration</a>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-05062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-05062-6"><bdi>978-1-136-05062-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+American+Destinies%3A+A+Reader+in+Contemporary+Asian+and+Latino+Immigration&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-05062-6&rft.au=Darrell+Hamamoto&rft.au=Rodolfo+D.+Torres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Bmr57fKT90C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/25/archives/filipino-stewards-still-used-by-navy-but-number-drops.html">"Filipino Stewards Still Used by Navy, But Number Drops"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 October 1970. Retrieved 22 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Filipino+Stewards+Still+Used+by+Navy%2C+But+Number+Drops&rft.date=1970-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F10%2F25%2Farchives%2Ffilipino-stewards-still-used-by-navy-but-number-drops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmothLondon2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilmoth, Janet M.; London, Andrew S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TdqEVEtXLQC&q=Racism%20%22Asian%22%20%22United%20States%20Military%22%20%22Korean%20War%22&pg=PA85">Life Course Perspectives on Military Service</a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415879415" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415879415"><bdi>978-0415879415</bdi></a>. 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Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Washington Star News Service. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daytona+Beach+Morning+Journal&rft.atitle=Filipinos+Remain+As+White+House+Lackeys&rft.date=1974-07-29&rft.aulast=Scharff&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-oseAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2672%252C5052748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2014" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Michel (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128694780">"The White House Doctor"</a>. NPR. 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Retrieved 24 September 2014. <q>McCurry described the Chinese guard as over-excited and said Clinton's Secret Service agents told him that the two were Clinton's personal valets, who are Filipino-Americans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Chinese+guard+harasses+Clinton%27s+two+valets&rft.date=1998-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpackages%2Fchinatrip98%2Fvalets.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabafunda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tabafunda, James (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwasianweekly.com/2010/10/1st-api-female-doctor-to-three-u-s-presidents-speaks-on-honoring-filipino-roots/">"1st API female doctor to three U.S. presidents speaks on honoring Filipino roots"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 January 2013. <q>Whereas Company E has served with great honor and distinction for two tours in Iraq in 2004–2006 and 2008–2009;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record+111th+Congress+%282009%E2%80%932010%29&rft.atitle=Recognizing+Echo+Company+of+100th+Infantry+Battalion+of+the+442d+Infantry+%28House+of+Representatives+%E2%80%93+December+07%2C+2009%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fr111%3AH07DE9-0013%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Fischer2014" class="citation web cs1">Hannah Fischer (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22452.pdf">"U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. 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SD METRO. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SD+METRO&rft.atitle=Daily+Business+Report+%E2%80%94+July+18%2C+2011%2C+San+Diego+Metro+Magazine&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegometro.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fdaily-business-report-%25E2%2580%2594-july-18-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609031420/http://www.heritage.org/static/reportimages/3E59D41279449CAB99F8C7CF54E02351.gif">"Racial Composition of New Enlisted Recruits in 2006 and 2007"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/static/reportimages/3E59D41279449CAB99F8C7CF54E02351.gif">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+Composition+of+New+Enlisted+Recruits+in+2006+and+2007&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fstatic%2Freportimages%2F3E59D41279449CAB99F8C7CF54E02351.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Affairs_Office2010" class="citation web cs1">Public Affairs Office (21 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722114548/http://www.westpoint.edu/Dcomm/PressReleasesbd/nr41-10class_of_2014_RDay.html">"News Release"</a>. United States Military Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westpoint.edu/Dcomm/PressReleasesbd/nr41-10class_of_2014_RDay.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Release&rft.pub=United+States+Military+Academy&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.au=Public+Affairs+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westpoint.edu%2FDcomm%2FPressReleasesbd%2Fnr41-10class_of_2014_RDay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usna.edu/admissions/USNA%202014%20Class%20Portrait.pdf">"2014 Class Portrait"</a> (PDF). United States Naval Academy. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Class+Portrait&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.edu%2Fadmissions%2FUSNA%25202014%2520Class%2520Portrait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammie_Adams2010" class="citation news cs1">Tammie Adams (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133117/http://csmng.com/2010/07/02/focus-on-newcomers-class-of-2014/">"Focus on newcomers: Class of 2014"</a>. Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmng.com/2010/07/02/focus-on-newcomers-class-of-2014/">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Military+Newspaper+Group&rft.atitle=Focus+on+newcomers%3A+Class+of+2014&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.au=Tammie+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmng.com%2F2010%2F07%2F02%2Ffocus-on-newcomers-class-of-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalayBryson1977" class="citation report cs1">Szalay, Lorand B.; Bryson, Jean A. (January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a036128.pdf">Filipinos in the Navy: Service, Interpersonal Relations and Cultural Adaption</a> (PDF) (Report). American Institutes for Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041015/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a036128.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Filipinos+in+the+Navy%3A+Service%2C+Interpersonal+Relations+and+Cultural+Adaption&rft.pub=American+Institutes+for+Research&rft.date=1977-01&rft.aulast=Szalay&rft.aufirst=Lorand+B.&rft.au=Bryson%2C+Jean+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa036128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiesenSherbs2017" class="citation web cs1">Thiesen, William H.; Sherbs, Diana (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/05/the-long-blue-line-coast-guards-asian-american-pacific-islander-history/">"The Long Blue Line: Coast Guard's Asian American Pacific Islander history"</a>. Coast Guard Compass Archive. United States Coast Guard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coast+Guard+Compass+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Long+Blue+Line%3A+Coast+Guard%27s+Asian+American+Pacific+Islander+history&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.aulast=Thiesen&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Sherbs%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoastguard.dodlive.mil%2F2017%2F05%2Fthe-long-blue-line-coast-guards-asian-american-pacific-islander-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Asian+Americans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Asian_Americans&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/apam/index.html">Asian Pacific Americans in the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/asianpacificsoldiers/">Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/asianpacificamericans/history/">Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders in the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterson.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1184539/asian-american-and-pacific-islanders-in-the-military/">Asian American and Pacific Islanders in the Military</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/prs-tpic/asians/aspm-usn.htm">Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in the U.S. Navy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505005447/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/prs-tpic/asians/aspm-usn.htm">Archived</a> 5 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/AsianPacific_Americans.asp">Asian-Pacific Americans and the U.S. Coast Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Americans" title="Template:Asian Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Americans" title="Template talk:Asian Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States#Turkmen_Americans" title="Central Asians in the United States">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange"><img alt="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/95px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/143px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/190px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Okinawans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_American_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Asian American immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_arts_and_entertainment" title="Asian Americans in arts and entertainment">Arts and Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_broadcast_journalism" title="Asian Americans in broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asian_Americans" title="Demographics of Asian Americans">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_government_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in government and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_science_and_technology" title="Asian Americans in science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_sports" title="Asian Americans in sports">Sports</a></li> <li>Stereotypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_and_Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States">East and Southeast Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_California" title="Asian Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Asian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_San_Francisco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Asian Americans in San Francisco (disambiguation)">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Asian immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Houston" title="Asian Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian-Americans_in_Maryland" title="Asian-Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Nevada" title="Asian Americans in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Puerto Rican">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington_(state)" title="Asian Americans in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Virginia" title="Asian Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd> <dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd> <dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd> <dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd> <dd>SF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></dd> <dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Committees on Armed Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_three-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States three-star officers">Active duty three-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States military seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_components_of_the_U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="List of components of the U.S. Department of Defense">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service branches and heads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant of the Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reserves: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Cyber_Auxiliary" title="Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary">Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li> <li>Units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:Units and formations of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Mass media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_unit_mottoes" title="List of United States Armed Forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ancestry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Hispanics in the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Hispanics in the United States Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" title="Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy">Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">Marine Corps History Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">War artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">Air Force Art Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">MC/N</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">AF/SF</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Officer candidate/training school: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School">A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> (MC)</li> <li>Enlisted recruit training: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces">Uniforms</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards & decorations</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the uniformed services of the United States">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Officer: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li> <li>Enlisted: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_ranks" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oath: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Officer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Creeds & Codes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">Tricare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="List of equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of equipment of the United States Army">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Nomenclature_System" title="Army Nomenclature System">Designations</a>)</li> <li>MC: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li> <li>Ships: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy#Future_ships" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weapons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undesignated_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of undesignated military aircraft of the United States">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of future military aircraft of the United States">future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">WWII equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Navboxes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template:United States Space 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Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World_War_II">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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