fulcrum

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="esm_NB85ZuApTRL9V8Df4qJalUEt17h0zTN29LBFs8Q" /> <title>fulcrum</title> <meta name="description" content="Fulcrum is a publishing platform that helps publishers present the full richness of their authors' research outputs in a durable, discoverable, accessible, and flexible form. ">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/favicon/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/favicon/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/favicon/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Crete+Round:400,400italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <script src="//use.typekit.net/fob1mqk.js"></script> <script>try{Typekit.load({ async: true });}catch(e){}</script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/materialize.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/init.js"></script>  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/materialize.css"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/custom.css"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fulcrum.org/"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="fulcrum" href="https://fulcrum.org/feed.xml">  <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-77847516-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MBPEML5F6R"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-MBPEML5F6R'); </script> </head> <body> <div class="skip"><a href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a></div> <header> <div class="nav-container"> <nav class="white"> <div class="nav-wrapper container"> <a id="logo-container" href="/" class="nav-logo brand-logo"> <h1 class="u-screenreader">fulcrum</h1>  <svg width="165" height="45" viewBox="0 0 165 45" aria-hidden="true"><defs><linearGradient x1="-6.506%" y1="9.852%" x2="142.586%" y2="73.359%" id="a"><stop stop-color="#00AFEC" offset="0%"/><stop stop-color="#002C63" offset="100%"/></linearGradient></defs><g fill="none"><path d="M0 10h25v-10h-25v10zm13 6c0 3.314 2.686 6 6 6s6-2.686 6-6-2.686-6-6-6-6 2.686-6 6zm-13 22c0 3.314 2.686 6 6 6s6-2.686 6-6-2.686-6-6-6-6 2.686-6 6zm0-6h25v-10h-25v10z" id="mark" fill="url(#a)"/><path d="M69 44h6v-30h-6v30zm19.485-4.854c-3.332 0-5.461-2.697-5.461-6.048v-.082c0-3.229 2.168-5.966 5.221-5.966 2.17 0 3.535.939 4.9 2.411l3.735-4.088c-2.008-2.288-4.539-3.677-8.594-3.677-6.588 0-11.285 5.149-11.285 11.402v.082c0 6.253 4.738 11.32 11.205 11.32 4.297 0 6.706-1.675 8.795-4.005l-3.574-3.679c-1.486 1.431-2.892 2.329-4.941 2.329zm35.515-4.84c.025 2.942-1.43 4.454-3.71 4.454-2.279 0-3.617-1.512-3.29-4.454v-12.306h-5.354c-3.634 0-6.452 1.477-7.646 4.5v-4.5h-6v21.991h6v-8.091c-.024-5.231 2.729-8.023 7-8.023v8.391c-.302 5.026 2.332 8.132 6.852 8.132 3.028 0 4.797-1.675 6.148-3.515v3.106h6v-21.991h-6v12.306zm27.035-9.136c-1.096-2.208-3.169-3.474-5.907-3.474-3.013 0-4.813 1.675-6.128 3.514v-3.21h-6v22.009h6v-12.219c-.053-2.943 1.315-4.454 3.546-4.454 2.23 0 3.482 1.511 3.454 4.454v12.219h6v-12.219c-.027-2.943 1.343-4.454 3.573-4.454s3.481 1.511 3.427 4.454v12.219h6v-14.262c0-5.272-2.66-8.051-7.08-8.051-2.856 0-5.047 1.226-6.885 3.474zm-91.035 9.154c.043 2.942-1.407 4.454-3.681 4.454-2.272 0-3.319-1.778-3.319-4.454v-12.324h-11c-.099-1.616.7-2.969 2.057-3.169 1.104-.163 1.881-.001 2.943.532v-5.149c-1.336-.368-2.59-.614-4.472-.614-2.116 0-3.622.645-4.719 1.79-1.098 1.145-1.786 2.829-1.786 5.239v1.389h-3.023v4.982h3v17h5.979l.021-17h5v9.286c-.244 5.026 2.383 8.132 6.889 8.132 3.019 0 4.782-1.675 6.111-3.515v3.106h6v-21.991h-6v12.306z" id="fulcrum" fill="#002C63"/><path d="M0 10h25v-10h-25v10zm13 6c0 3.314 2.686 6 6 6s6-2.686 6-6-2.686-6-6-6-6 2.686-6 6zm-13 22c0 3.314 2.686 6 6 6s6-2.686 6-6-2.686-6-6-6-6 2.686-6 6zm0-6h25v-10h-25v10z" fill="url(#a)"/><path d="M69 44h6v-30h-6v30zm19.485-4.854c-3.332 0-5.461-2.697-5.461-6.048v-.082c0-3.229 2.168-5.966 5.221-5.966 2.17 0 3.535.939 4.9 2.411l3.735-4.088c-2.008-2.288-4.539-3.677-8.594-3.677-6.588 0-11.285 5.149-11.285 11.402v.082c0 6.253 4.738 11.32 11.205 11.32 4.297 0 6.706-1.675 8.795-4.005l-3.574-3.679c-1.486 1.431-2.892 2.329-4.941 2.329zm35.515-4.84c.025 2.942-1.43 4.454-3.71 4.454-2.279 0-3.617-1.512-3.29-4.454v-12.306h-5.354c-3.634 0-6.452 1.477-7.646 4.5v-4.5h-6v21.991h6v-8.091c-.024-5.231 2.729-8.023 7-8.023v8.391c-.302 5.026 2.332 8.132 6.852 8.132 3.028 0 4.797-1.675 6.148-3.515v3.106h6v-21.991h-6v12.306zm27.035-9.136c-1.096-2.208-3.169-3.474-5.907-3.474-3.013 0-4.813 1.675-6.128 3.514v-3.21h-6v22.009h6v-12.219c-.053-2.943 1.315-4.454 3.546-4.454 2.23 0 3.482 1.511 3.454 4.454v12.219h6v-12.219c-.027-2.943 1.343-4.454 3.573-4.454s3.481 1.511 3.427 4.454v12.219h6v-14.262c0-5.272-2.66-8.051-7.08-8.051-2.856 0-5.047 1.226-6.885 3.474zm-91.035 9.154c.043 2.942-1.407 4.454-3.681 4.454-2.272 0-3.319-1.778-3.319-4.454v-12.324h-11c-.099-1.616.7-2.969 2.057-3.169 1.104-.163 1.881-.001 2.943.532v-5.149c-1.336-.368-2.59-.614-4.472-.614-2.116 0-3.622.645-4.719 1.79-1.098 1.145-1.786 2.829-1.786 5.239v1.389h-3.023v4.982h3v17h5.979l.021-17h5v9.286c-.244 5.026 2.383 8.132 6.889 8.132 3.019 0 4.782-1.675 6.111-3.515v3.106h6v-21.991h-6v12.306z" fill="#002C63"/></g>  <image xlink:href="https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/538033/fulcrum-logo.png" width="165" height="45"/></svg> </a> <ul class="right hide-on-med-and-down"> <li><a href="/about/" class="main-nav-link navi">About</a></li> <li><a href="/partner-with-us/" class="main-nav-link navi">Partner With Us</a></li> </ul> <ul id="nav-mobile" class="side-nav"> <li><a href="/about/">About</a></li> <li><a href="/partner-with-us/">Partner With Us</a></li> <li><a href="/feedback/">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:fulcrum-info@umich.edu">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/mlibrary/heliotrope">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/preservation/">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/privacy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/terms/">Terms of Service</a></li> <li><a href="/users/sign_in">Login</a></li> </ul> <a href="#" data-activates="nav-mobile" class="button-collapse" aria-label="Open menu"><i class="material-icons">menu</i></a> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="maincontent" class="page-content" role="main"> <div id="index-banner" class="parallax-container"> <div class="section no-pad-bot"> <div class="container"> <p class="header center zeta tagline">Infrastructure and services for mission-driven publishers</p> <div class="row center"> <p class="col s12 tagline-long gamma">Fulcrum is a community-based, open-source publishing platform that helps publishers present the full richness of their authors' research outputs. Our design principles are flexibility, durability, discoverability, accessibility, and integrity.</p> </div> <div class="row center"> <a href="/partner-with-us" class="btn-large button--lg waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">Learn More</a> </div> <br><br> </div> </div> <div class="parallax"><img src="/img/background-1.png" alt="Unsplashed background img 1"></div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="section"> <h2 class="u-screenreader">Overview</h2>  <div class="row center promo"> <div class="col s12 l8 offset-l2"> <div class="video widescreen"> <iframe title="Fulcrum: Digital Scholarship and the Future of Book" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/F1LiFINq27k?rel=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <div class="icon-block"> <span class="center brown-text icon"><i class="material-icons">timeline</i></span> <span class="center value">Flexibility</span> <p class="light">By adopting an agile development approach and working in partnership with other open-source communities, Fulcrum is responsive to the changing needs of digital scholars.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <div class="icon-block"> <span class="center brown-text icon"><i class="material-icons">link</i></span> <span class="center value">Durability</span> <p class="light">Built on research university library infrastructure specifically designed to curate digital objects, Fulcrum is a trusted steward committed to preservation and stability.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <div class="icon-block"> <span class="center brown-text icon"><i class="material-icons">explore</i></span>   <span class="center value">Discoverability</span> <p class="light">Interoperable with other publishing tools and integrated into the information supply chain, Fulcrum ensures that content is discovered by readers and impact is tracked.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m6"> <div class="icon-block"> <span class="center brown-text icon"><i class="material-icons">accessibility_new</i></span> <span class="center value">Accessibility</span> <p class="light">Dedicated to creating inclusive services and content for all readers, Fulcrum aims to implement accessible systems and features and effect change among peers and partners by sharing and maintaining a high standard of accessibility.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col s12 m6"> <div class="icon-block"> <span class="center brown-text icon"><i class="material-icons">assured_workload</i></span> <span class="center value">Integrity</span> <p class="light">Sustaining the future of the Fulcrum platform requires that we have a business model that allows us to keep the core strong, that we communicate with honesty and transparency, and take responsibility for our actions.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parallax-container valign-wrapper"> <div class="section no-pad-bot phases"> <div class="container"> <div class="row center"> <div class="header col s12 white-text"><p class="blurb">Do you want to create and sell an ebook collection to libraries? Host open access books in a values-based open source environment? Help your authors publish their interactive scholarly work without breaking the bank? Publishers control their digital destiny with Fulcrum.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parallax"><img src="/img/background-2.png" alt=""></div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="section partners"> <h2>Partners</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://bigtenopenbooks.org/"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/btaa.png" alt="Big Ten Open Books - Big Ten Academic Alliance logo"> <span>Big Ten Open Books</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://aperio.press"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/aperio.png" alt="Aperio Press Logo"> <span>University of Virginia</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://aberdeenunipress.org"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/aberdeen.png" alt="Aberdeen University Press Logo"> <span>Aberdeen University Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://humanitiesebook.org"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/heb.jpg" alt="ACLS Humanities E-Book Logo"> <span>ACLS Humanities Ebook</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/barpublishing"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/bar.jpg" alt="BAR Publishing Digital Collection Logo"> <span>British Archealogical Reports Digital Collection</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://acpress.amherst.edu"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/amherst.png" alt="Amherst College Press Logo"> <span>Amherst College Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://press.uvm.edu"> <img src="/img/partners/vermont.png" alt="University of Vermont Press Logo"> <span>University of Vermont Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://leverpress.org"> <img class="vertical" src="/img/partners/lever.png" alt="Lever Press Logo"> <span>Lever Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://uwestminsterpress.co.uk"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/westminster.png" alt="University of Westminster Press Logo"> <span>University of Westminster Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/northwestern"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/northwestern.png" alt="Northwestern University Press Logo" style="height:125px; width: auto;"> <span>Northwestern University Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/minnesota"> <img class="vertical" src="/img/partners/minnesota.png" alt="University of Minnesota Press Logo"> <span>University of Minnesota Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="https://ebc.press.umich.edu"> <img class="vertical" src="/img/partners/michigan.png" alt="University of Michigan Press Logo"> <span>University of Michigan Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/rekihaku"> <img src="/img/partners/rekihaku.png" alt="National Museum of Japanese History Logo" style="width: 75%;"> <span>National Museum of Japanese History</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/sussex"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/sussex.jpg" alt="University of Sussex Logo" style="height:125px; width: auto;"> <span>University of Sussex Library</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m4"> <figure> <a href="/pennstate"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/pennstate.png" alt="Penn State University Press Logo" style="height:125px; width: auto;"> <span>Penn State University Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m6"> <figure> <a href="/nyupress"> <img src="/img/partners/nyupress.png" alt="NYU Press Logo" style="width: 75%;"> <span>NYU Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m6"> <figure> <a href="/uncpress"> <img src="/img/partners/uncpress.png" alt="University of North Carolina Press Logo" style="width: 75%;"> <span>University of North Carolina Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m6"> <figure> <a href="https://bridwellpress.org"> <img src="/img/partners/bridwell.png" alt="Bridwell Press Logo" style="width: 75%;"> <span>Bridwell Press</span> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="col s12 m6"> <figure> <a href="/ee"> <img class="square" src="/img/partners/ee.png" alt="Free Electrical Engineering Textbooks Logo"> <span>The Free Electrical Engineering Textbook Initiative</span> </a> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s10 m6 l4 offset-s1 offset-m3 offset-l4 center"> <a href="/partner-with-us/" class="btn-large button--lg waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">Partner with Us</a> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="brand" /> <div class="section case-study"> <h2>Case Studies</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4 project-cover"> <img class="responsive-img" src="//fulcrum.org/image-service/b8515q3641594451876/full/286,/0/default.png" alt="" /> </div> <div class="col s12 m8 project-info"> <h3>i used to love to dream</h3> <p class="light">Fulcrum helped bring together and lend scholarly credibility to A.D. Carson’s vision of a new scholarly genre: the mixtap/e/ssay. Combining a mixtape of self-produced or independently released album issued free of charge to gain publicity and the personal and scholarly essays. The tracks are presented along with liner notes and a short documentary about the making of the mixtap/e/ssay, and accompanying articles to provide context for the tracks for listeners both in classrooms and outside of them. <em>i used to love to dream</em> won the Association of American Publisher’s 2021 Prose Award for Best E-Product. </p> <a href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/m900nw52n?locale=en" class="btn button waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">View Project</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4 project-cover"> <img class="responsive-img" src="//fulcrum.org/image-service/nc580p6681591082672/full/286,/0/default.png" alt="" /> </div> <div class="col s12 m8 project-info"> <h3>Music on the Move</h3> <p class="light">A dynamic multimedia introduction to the global connections among peoples and their music, Fulcrum served as a platform that could support Fosler-Lussier’s innovative multimodal scholarship that blends audio, video, playlists, and interactive maps, to produce a highly accessible, jargon-free, and media-rich digital monograph that is suitable for students as well as general-interest readers. </p> <a href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/m613n040s?locale=en" class="btn button waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">View Project</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s12 m4 project-cover"> <img class="responsive-img" src="//fulcrum.org/image-service/m039k765c1702418187/full/286,/0/default.png" alt="" /> </div> <div class="col s12 m8 project-info"> <h3>The Chemistry of Character in <em>Breaking Bad</em></h3> <p class="light">This multimedia, open access project explores the landmark American television series <em>Breaking Bad</em> (2008–13) via the emerging format of videographic criticism. Fulcrum supports author Jason Mittell's collection of open access video essays to produce a “videographic book”, which aims to interpret the particular modes of characterization within the series and discusses the significance of character as an aspect of media storytelling. With this innovative project, Mittell demonstrates the vital importance and exciting possibilities of analyzing a medium using its own media form. </p> <a href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/6395wb270" class="btn button waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">View Project</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col s10 m6 l4 offset-s1 offset-m3 offset-l4 center"> <a href="/case-studies" class="btn-large button--lg waves-effect waves-light lighten-1">Read More Case Studies</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="parallax-container valign-wrapper"> <div class="section no-pad-bot sponsor"> <h2 class="u-screenreader">Development</h2> <div class="container"> <div class="row center"> <p class="col s12 white-text gamma">Fulcrum provides essential non-profit infrastructure to the mission-driven academic publishing community. Fulcrum has been developed with support from the Mellon Foundation and is being made available as a hosted solution through a business development relationship with Lyrasis. Hosting and supporting publishing services are provided by a team of publishing and technology experts based at the University of Michigan Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. <a class="underline" href="/about/" title="Read more about Fulcrum">Read more about Fulcrum...</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parallax"><img src="/img/background-3.png" alt="Unsplashed background img 3"></div> </div>  </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col l6 s12"> <img class="responsive-img" src="/img/fulcrum-white-footer.png" alt="Fulcrum"> <p class="grey-text text-lighten-4 about light">Fulcrum is a publishing platform that helps publishers present the full richness of their authors' research outputs in a durable, discoverable, accessible, and flexible form. For more information about the platform, please follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/fulcrumpub">Twitter/X</a> or send an e-mail to <a href="mailto:fulcrum-info@umich.edu">fulcrum-info@umich.edu</a>.</p> </div> <div class="col l3 s12 offset-l1 footer-menu"> <ul> <li><a class="white-text" href="/about/">About</a></li> <li><a class="white-text" href="/partner-with-us/">Partner With Us</a></li> <li><a class="white-text" href="/feedback/">Feedback</a></li> <li><a class="white-text" href="mailto:fulcrum-info@umich.edu">Contact</a></li> <li><a class="white-text" href="https://github.com/mlibrary/heliotrope">Contribute</a></li> <li><a id="sign-in" class="white-text" rel="nofollow"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col l1 s12 offset-l1 footer-menu"> <ul class="social-media-list"> <li> <a title="Fulcrum on GitHub" aria-label="Fulcrum on Github" href="https://github.com/mlibrary/heliotrope"><span><svg class="github" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#BEC4CC" d="M7.999,0.431c-4.285,0-7.76,3.474-7.76,7.761 c0,3.428,2.223,6.337,5.307,7.363c0.388,0.071,0.53-0.168,0.53-0.374c0-0.184-0.007-0.672-0.01-1.32 c-2.159,0.469-2.614-1.04-2.614-1.04c-0.353-0.896-0.862-1.135-0.862-1.135c-0.705-0.481,0.053-0.472,0.053-0.472 c0.779,0.055,1.189,0.8,1.189,0.8c0.692,1.186,1.816,0.843,2.258,0.645c0.071-0.502,0.271-0.843,0.493-1.037 C4.86,11.425,3.049,10.76,3.049,7.786c0-0.847,0.302-1.54,0.799-2.082C3.768,5.507,3.501,4.718,3.924,3.65 c0,0,0.652-0.209,2.134,0.796C6.677,4.273,7.34,4.187,8,4.184c0.659,0.003,1.323,0.089,1.943,0.261 c1.482-1.004,2.132-0.796,2.132-0.796c0.423,1.068,0.157,1.857,0.077,2.054c0.497,0.542,0.798,1.235,0.798,2.082 c0,2.981-1.814,3.637-3.543,3.829c0.279,0.24,0.527,0.713,0.527,1.437c0,1.037-0.01,1.874-0.01,2.129 c0,0.208,0.14,0.449,0.534,0.373c3.081-1.028,5.302-3.935,5.302-7.362C15.76,3.906,12.285,0.431,7.999,0.431z"/></svg> </span></a> </li> <li> <a title="Follow Fulcrum on Twitter" aria-label="Follow Fulcrum on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/fulcrumpub"><span><svg class="twitter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#BEC4CC" d="M15.969,3.058c-0.586,0.26-1.217,0.436-1.878,0.515c0.675-0.405,1.194-1.045,1.438-1.809c-0.632,0.375-1.332,0.647-2.076,0.793c-0.596-0.636-1.446-1.033-2.387-1.033c-1.806,0-3.27,1.464-3.27,3.27 c0,0.256,0.029,0.506,0.085,0.745C5.163,5.404,2.753,4.102,1.14,2.124C0.859,2.607,0.698,3.168,0.698,3.767 c0,1.134,0.577,2.135,1.455,2.722C1.616,6.472,1.112,6.325,0.671,6.08c0,0.014,0,0.027,0,0.041c0,1.584,1.127,2.906,2.623,3.206 C3.02,9.402,2.731,9.442,2.433,9.442c-0.211,0-0.416-0.021-0.615-0.059c0.416,1.299,1.624,2.245,3.055,2.271 c-1.119,0.877-2.529,1.4-4.061,1.4c-0.264,0-0.524-0.015-0.78-0.046c1.447,0.928,3.166,1.469,5.013,1.469 c6.015,0,9.304-4.983,9.304-9.304c0-0.142-0.003-0.283-0.009-0.423C14.976,4.29,15.531,3.714,15.969,3.058z"/></svg> </span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-copyright right-align"> <div class="container"> <a href="/accessibility/">Accessibility</a>     ·     <a href="/preservation/">Preservation</a>     ·     <a href="/privacy/">Privacy</a>     ·     <a href="/terms/">Terms of Service</a>      ·      © 2024 Regents of the University of Michigan </div> </div> </footer> <script> var signed_in = false; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; if (c.trim() === "fulcrum_signed_in_static=true") { signed_in = true ; } } if (signed_in) { $('#sign-in').prop("href", "/logout") $('#sign-in').text("Log Out"); } else { $('#sign-in').prop("href", "/default_login") $('#sign-in').text("Log In"); } </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

fulcrum