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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of a volcano where a set of linear cracks form</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg/260px-East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg/390px-East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg/520px-East_rift_zone_kilauea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>East Rift Zone on <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>, Hawaiʻi</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rift zone</b> is a feature of some <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>, in which a set of linear cracks (or <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifts</a>) develops in a volcanic edifice, typically forming into two or three well-defined regions along the flanks of the vent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believed to be primarily caused by internal and gravitational stresses generated by <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> emplacement within and across various regions of the volcano, rift zones allow the intrusion of magmatic <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> into the slopes of the volcano itself. The addition of these magmatic materials usually contributes to the further rifting of the slope, in addition to generating <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissure eruptions</a> from those dykes that reach the surface. It is the grouping of these fissures, and the dykes that feed them, that serves to delineate where and whether a rift zone is to be defined.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accumulated lava of repeated eruptions from rift zones along with the endogenous growth created by magma intrusions causes these volcanoes to have an elongated shape.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the best example of this is <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, which in Hawaiian means "long mountain",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which features two very well defined rift zones extending tens of kilometers outward from the central vent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rift zones are characterized by the close grouping of intrusive dykes and extrusive fissures extending outward along a relatively narrow band from the area of a central vent. The internal extensional forces and <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic loading</a> generated by intruding magma volumes (either associated with the magma chamber or subsequent dyke and <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sill</a> formation extending outward from that chamber), in conjunction with accumulation of erupted materials, contribute to the mass and slope of the forming edifice. It is the weight of the edifice exceeding its material strength, with the additional stresses of the magma inflating the internal regions of the edifice, that can generate the initial cracking around a developing volcanic summit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, tectonic activity such as normal faulting is also commonly associated with formation of rifts along volcanic flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the path of least resistance, subsequent magmatic dykes form along and within these initial cracks, causing additional stresses to be imparted to the local materials of the edifice, which in turn generate new rifts for the magma to flow towards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, established rift zones can potentially be self-sustaining geologic features along the flanks of the given volcanic vent. The orientation of this rifting is largely dependent on the gravitational and tectonic stresses at play.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basaltic shield volcanoes typically feature two main rift zones, situated with angles of 120° between in ideal situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On shield volcanoes forming from level seafloor without neighboring vents, flank rifting occurs more evenly distributed around the vent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, where the flanks of a volcano may be supported on one side by the presence of a pre-existing feature, or burdened with various planes of weakness, rift zone formation promulgates according to down-slope pull of gravity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infill of magmas in the form of dykes helps to define the shape of a volcano. A higher frequency of intrusive events along rift zones leads to elongated topographies of the affected edifices.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematical models show how the presence of rift zones contributes to a central horizontal bulge or ridge parallel to the orientation of the rifts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same modelling shows how this central bulge is dependent on the ratio between rift zone length and depth of the magma sources, with longer fissures over shallower sources being more positively associated with very elongated topographies of the associated flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, fissure eruptions associated with rift zones can actually evolve into new vents along the volcanic edifice, generating lava flows lasting for months or longer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lava flows add surface materials to the slopes of the volcano, extending the slopes outward in a general flattening of the morphology of the flank.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensional character of these events can contribute to flank instability and <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass wasting</a> events where whole sections of the volcanic edifice can collapse along rift zone boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mass wasting events can affect the dyke formations and orientations as the mass of the edifice shifts, which can have profound impacts on the structural development of the edifice,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also potentially creating many <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">volcanic hazards</a>, such as tsunamis and dramatic shifts in directions of lava flows, to unsuspecting communities. </p><p>Volcanologist <a href="/wiki/George_P.L._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="George P.L. Walker">George P.L. Walker</a> stated that rift zones were common in most volcanoes around the world, regardless of their type and formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker put forward the idea that, absent any obvious signs of rifting on the surface, the presence of other volcanic features that are also associated with dyke intrusions (such as elongated cinder cones and linearly-aligned fissure vents) should also be taken to represent the presence of a rift zone-like processes in the given region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, rift zones of various lengths and widths can be tentatively identified on many <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic lava fields</a> in addition to classic Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>: Most Hawaiian volcanoes have two or sometimes three rift zones. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81hukona" title="Māhukona">Māhukona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualalai">Hualalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Palma#Volcano" title="La Palma">La Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Volcano" title="Newberry Volcano">Newberry Volcano</a>, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve">Craters of the Moon</a>, Idaho</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracture (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_eruption" title="Lateral eruption">Lateral eruption</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rift_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFW.2010" class="citation book cs1">W., Hazlett, Richard (2010-05-17). <i>Volcanoes : global perspectives</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405162500" title="Special:BookSources/9781405162500"><bdi>9781405162500</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892899076">892899076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+%3A+global+perspectives&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892899076&rft.isbn=9781405162500&rft.aulast=W.&rft.aufirst=Hazlett%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift+zone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, George P. 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"Volcanic rift zones and their intrusion swarms". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>94</b> (1–4): 21–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JVGR...94...21W">1999JVGR...94...21W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900096-7">10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00096-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Volcanic+rift+zones+and+their+intrusion+swarms&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=21-34&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900096-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JVGR...94...21W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=George+P.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnenLénatProvost2001" class="citation journal cs1">Annen, C.; Lénat, J. -F.; Provost, A. (2001-03-01). "The long-term growth of volcanic edifices: numerical modelling of the role of dyke intrusion and lava-flow emplacement". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>105</b> (4): 263–289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JVGR..105..263A">2001JVGR..105..263A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2800%2900257-2">10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00257-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=The+long-term+growth+of+volcanic+edifices%3A+numerical+modelling+of+the+role+of+dyke+intrusion+and+lava-flow+emplacement&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=263-289&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2800%2900257-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JVGR..105..263A&rft.aulast=Annen&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=L%C3%A9nat%2C+J.+-F.&rft.au=Provost%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mauna Loa: Earth's Largest Volcano". 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R.; Cailleau, B.; Belousov, A.; Schmincke, H.-U.; Amelung, F.; Bogaard, P. v d (2005-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repo.kscnet.ru/1327/1/rift.pdf">"Rift zone reorganization through flank instability in ocean island volcanoes: an example from Tenerife, Canary Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of Volcanology</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 281–291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BVol...67..281W">2005BVol...67..281W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-004-0352-z">10.1007/s00445-004-0352-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-8900">0258-8900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130290027">130290027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=Rift+zone+reorganization+through+flank+instability+in+ocean+island+volcanoes%3A+an+example+from+Tenerife%2C+Canary+Islands&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-291&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-004-0352-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130290027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0258-8900&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005BVol...67..281W&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft.au=Troll%2C+V.+R.&rft.au=Cailleau%2C+B.&rft.au=Belousov%2C+A.&rft.au=Schmincke%2C+H.-U.&rft.au=Amelung%2C+F.&rft.au=Bogaard%2C+P.+v+d&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepo.kscnet.ru%2F1327%2F1%2Frift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARift+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichonCayolLetourneurPeltier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Michon, Laurent; Cayol, Valérie; Letourneur, Ludovic; Peltier, Aline; Villeneuve, Nicolas; Staudacher, Thomas (2009-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00449403/file/Michon2009.pdf">"Edifice growth, deformation and rift zone development in basaltic setting: Insights from Piton de la Fournaise shield volcano (Réunion Island)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. 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