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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-பிற" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> பிற </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திட்டம் பற்றி தெரிந்துக் கொள்ள, நீங்கள் என்ன செய்ய முடியும், தேவையானவற்றை எங்கு தேட என்பனவற்றை அறிய"><span>விக்கிப்பீடியர் வலைவாசல்</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நடப்பு நிகழ்வுகள் பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்களைக் காண"><span>நடப்பு நிகழ்வுகள்</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="விக்கிப்பீடியா" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ta.svg" style="width: 7.375em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ta.svg" width="111" height="9" style="width: 6.9375em; height: 0.5625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="இந்த விக்கியில் தேடவும். [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>தேடு</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="விக்கிப்பீடியா தளத்தில் தேடு" aria-label="விக்கிப்பீடியா தளத்தில் தேடு" autocapitalize="sentences" title="இந்த விக்கியில் தேடவும். [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="சிறப்பு:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">தேடு</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="சொந்தப் பயன்பாட்டுக் கருவிகள்"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ta.wikipedia.org&uselang=ta" class=""><span>நன்கொடைகள்</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நீங்கள் ஒரு பயனர் கணக்கைத் துவங்கி உள்புக வரவேற்கப்படுகிறீர்கள்; எனினும் இது கட்டாயம் அல்ல." class=""><span>கணக்கை ஆக்கு</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நீங்கள் புகுபதிகை செய்ய ஊக்குவிக்கப்படுகிறீர்கள், ஆனால் இது கட்டாயமன்று. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>புகுபதிகை</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="சொந்தப் பயன்பாட்டுக் கருவிகள்" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">சொந்தப் பயன்பாட்டுக் கருவிகள்</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ta.wikipedia.org&uselang=ta"><span>நன்கொடைகள்</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:CreateAccount&returnto=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நீங்கள் ஒரு பயனர் கணக்கைத் துவங்கி உள்புக வரவேற்கப்படுகிறீர்கள்; எனினும் இது கட்டாயம் அல்ல."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>கணக்கை ஆக்கு</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:UserLogin&returnto=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நீங்கள் புகுபதிகை செய்ய ஊக்குவிக்கப்படுகிறீர்கள், ஆனால் இது கட்டாயமன்று. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>புகுபதிகை</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:MyContributions" title="இந்த ஐபி முகவரியால் செய்யப்பட்ட தொகுப்புக்களின் பட்டியல் [y]" accesskey="y"><span>பங்களிப்புக்கள்</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81:MyTalk" title="இந்த ஐ.பி. முகவரியிலிருந்தான தொகுப்புக்களைப் பற்றிய உரையாடல் [n]" accesskey="n"><span>இந்த ஐபி க்கான பேச்சு</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eநீக்குக\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ta\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="உள்ளடக்கம்" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">உள்ளடக்கம்</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">மறை</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">தொடக்கம்</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-வரைபடங்கள்_மற்றும்_புவியியல்_தகவல்_அமைப்பு" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#வரைபடங்கள்_மற்றும்_புவியியல்_தகவல்_அமைப்பு"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>வரைபடங்கள் மற்றும் புவியியல் தகவல் அமைப்பு</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-வரைபடங்கள்_மற்றும்_புவியியல்_தகவல்_அமைப்பு-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-பிரதேசவியல்" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#பிரதேசவியல்"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>பிரதேசவியல்</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-பிரதேசவியல்-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-அகில_1_கிலோமீட்டர்_வரைபடம்" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#அகில_1_கிலோமீட்டர்_வரைபடம்"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>அகில 1 கிலோமீட்டர் வரைபடம்</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-அகில_1_கிலோமீட்டர்_வரைபடம்-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-நிலவியல்துறை" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#நிலவியல்துறை"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>நிலவியல்துறை</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-நிலவியல்துறை-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-வெப்பநிலை" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#வெப்பநிலை"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>வெப்பநிலை</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-வெப்பநிலை-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-மேற்கோள்கள்" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#மேற்கோள்கள்"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>மேற்கோள்கள்</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-மேற்கோள்கள்-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-வெளி_இணைப்புகள்" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#வெளி_இணைப்புகள்"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>வெளி இணைப்புகள்</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-வெளி_இணைப்புகள்-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="உள்ளடக்கம்" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="பொருளடக்கத்தை மாற்று" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">பொருளடக்கத்தை மாற்று</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">உயர அளவீடு</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 மொழிகள்</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ارتفاع (جغرافيا) - அரபிக்" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارتفاع (جغرافيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="அரபிக்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer_buca%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yer bucağı - அசர்பைஜானி" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer bucağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="அசர்பைஜானி" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кота - பல்கேரியன்" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="பல்கேரியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="উচ্চতা (ভৌগোলিক স্থান) - வங்காளம்" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চতা (ভৌগোলিক স্থান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="வங்காளம்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevacija" title="Elevacija - போஸ்னியன்" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elevacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="போஸ்னியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitugbawon" title="Gitugbawon - செபுவானோ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gitugbawon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="செபுவானோ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەرزی لە ئاستی دەریا - மத்திய குர்திஷ்" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرزی لە ئاستی دەریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="மத்திய குர்திஷ்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6he_(Geod%C3%A4sie)" title="Höhe (Geodäsie) - ஜெர்மன்" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhe (Geodäsie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ஜெர்மன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%88%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Υψόμετρο - கிரேக்கம்" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υψόμετρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="கிரேக்கம்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation - ஆங்கிலம்" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Elevation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ஆங்கிலம்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevaci%C3%B3n_(ubicaci%C3%B3n_geogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Elevación (ubicación geográfica) - ஸ்பானிஷ்" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elevación (ubicación geográfica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ஸ்பானிஷ்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارتفاع از سطح دریا - பெர்ஷியன்" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتفاع از سطح دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="பெர்ஷியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9vation_(g%C3%A9ographie)" title="Élévation (géographie) - பிரெஞ்சு" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élévation (géographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="பிரெஞ்சு" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airde_(geografa%C3%ADocht)" title="Airde (geografaíocht) - ஐரிஷ்" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airde (geografaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ஐரிஷ்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ऊँचाई - இந்தி" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊँचाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="இந்தி" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարաբերական բարձրություն - ஆர்மேனியன்" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարաբերական բարձրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ஆர்மேனியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevaciono" title="Elevaciono - இடோ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elevaciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="இடோ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%AB%98" title="標高 - ஜப்பானியம்" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標高" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ஜப்பானியம்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%A0_(%EB%86%92%EC%9D%B4)" title="표고 (높이) - கொரியன்" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표고 (높이)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="கொரியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogte_(geografie)" title="Hoogte (geografie) - டச்சு" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogte (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="டச்சு" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleva%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Elevação - போர்ச்சுகீஸ்" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elevação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="போர்ச்சுகீஸ்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleva%C8%9Bie" title="Elevație - ரோமேனியன்" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elevație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ரோமேனியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Высота (география) - ரஷியன்" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высота (география)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ரஷியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elevation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lart%C3%ABsia_(n%C3%AB_sip%C3%ABrfaqen_e_tok%C3%ABs)" title="Lartësia (në sipërfaqen e tokës) - அல்பேனியன்" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lartësia (në sipërfaqen e tokës)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="அல்பேனியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кота - செர்பியன்" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="செர்பியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B1m" title="Rakım - துருக்கிஷ்" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rakım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="துருக்கிஷ்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Висота (географія) - உக்ரைனியன்" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Висота (географія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="உக்ரைனியன்" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بلندی - உருது" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="உருது" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="相对高度 - 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/></a><figcaption>பூமியின் மேற்பரப்பு உயர அளவீட்டு வரைபடம் - பூமியின் மேற்பரப்பில் கிட்டத்தட்ட 71% நீரால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG/325px-SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG" decoding="async" width="325" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG/488px-SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG/650px-SanBernardinoMountains8000feetsign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>பெர்நார்டினோ மலைகள் 8000 அடியினை குறிக்கும் (2438 மீட்டர்) ஒரு அடையாளம்.</figcaption></figure> <p>ஒரு புவியியல் இடத்தின் <b>ஏற்றம்</b> அல்லது <b>உயர ஏற்றம்</b> (<i>elevation</i>) என்பது ஒரு நிலைத்த புள்ளியில் இருந்து மேல் நோக்கிய அல்லது கீழ் நோக்கிய உயரம் ஆகும், இது <a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புவியியல்">புவியியல்</a> தொடர்பான சொல் ஆகும். கடல் மட்டம் சார்பான அளவீடுகளுக்கான கணிதரீதியிலான கட்டமைப்பாகும். ஏற்றம் பிரதானமாக புவி மேற்பரப்பை நிலைத்த புள்ளியாக கருதும் அளவீடுகளுக்கு பயன்படுகிறது. புவி மேற்பரப்பில் மேலே அளவீடு செய்யப்படும் சந்தர்பங்கள் விமானப்பாதைக்கான உயரங்கள், விண்கலங்களின் சுற்றுபாதை உயரங்கள் என்பவற்றை குறிப்பிடலாம். அத்துடன் ஆழங்கள் அளக்க புவிபரப்பில் இருந்து கீழ் அளவுகள் எடுக்கப்படுகின்றன. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg/220px-Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg/330px-Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg/440px-Earth_surface_NGDC_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8548" data-file-height="6118" /></a><figcaption>இப் படம் ஒரு 2 நிமிட அட்சரேகை / கட்டம் நிலம் மற்றும் கடல்-தரை உயர அளவீட்டுக்கான இலத்திரனியல் தரவு தளங்கள் இருந்து NOAA மூலம் உருவாக்கப்படுள்ளது.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="வரைபடங்கள்_மற்றும்_புவியியல்_தகவல்_அமைப்பு"><span id=".E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.99.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AE.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.AF.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.AF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.A4.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.85.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81"></span>வரைபடங்கள் மற்றும் புவியியல் தகவல் அமைப்பு</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=1" title="வரைபடங்கள் மற்றும் புவியியல் தகவல் அமைப்பு பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/300px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/450px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg/600px-Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>நாசா எஸ்ஆர்டிஎம் உயர அளவீடு மீது லாண்ட்சாட் படம், முன்புறமாக கேப் தீபகற்பம் மற்றும் கேப் ஆஃப் குட் ஹோப், தென் ஆப்ரிக்கா காண்பிக்கப்படுகிறது.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg/300px-Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg/450px-Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg/600px-Srtm_ramp2.world.21600x10800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="21600" data-file-height="10800" /></a><figcaption> பூமியின் மேற்பரப்பில் equirectangular திட்ட (நீர் மற்றும் பனி உட்பட) உயர அளவீட்டு வரைபடம், மெல்லிய பெறுமானங்கள் கூடிய உயர அளவீட்டை குறிக்கிறது, 8-bit நிழல் படம்.</figcaption></figure> <p>உயர அளவீட்டினை சித்தரிக்கும் பிரதான வரைபடமாக மேற்பரப்பு வரைபடங்கள் அமைகின்றன, இவற்றிற்காக பொதுவாக சமநிலைக்கோடுகள் பயன்படுத்தபடுகிறது. புவியியல் தகவல் அமைப்பில் பொதுவாக இலத்திரனியல் உயர அளவீட்டு மாதிரிகள் ஒரு இடத்தின் மேற்பரப்பினை (இடவியல்பின்) குறிப்பதற்கு உதவுகின்றன,நிலப்பரப்பு பிரதிநிதித்துவதில் உயரத்திற்கான ஒரு ராஸ்டெர் (கட்டம்) தரவுத்தொகுப்பின் மூலமான இலத்திரனியல் நிலப்பரப்பு மாதிரிகள் புவியியல் தகவல் அமைப்பில் மற்றொரு முறையாகும். </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="பிரதேசவியல்"><span id=".E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B0.E0.AE.A4.E0.AF.87.E0.AE.9A.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.AF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.8D"></span>பிரதேசவியல்</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=2" title="பிரதேசவியல் பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ஒரு மலையின் ஏற்றமானது பொதுவாக அதன் உச்சி வரை குறிக்கிறது. ஒரு குன்றின் ஏற்றமும் அதன் உச்சி வரை குறிக்கிறது. பள்ளத்தாக்கின் ஏற்றமும் பொதுவாக அதி தாழ் புள்ளியில் இருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டு, அடிக்கடி பள்ளத்தாக்கு முழுவதும் அளவீடு எடுக்கப்படுகிறது. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="அகில_1_கிலோமீட்டர்_வரைபடம்"><span id=".E0.AE.85.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B2_1_.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.80.E0.AE.9F.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D"></span>அகில 1 கிலோமீட்டர் வரைபடம்</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=3" title="அகில 1 கிலோமீட்டர் வரைபடம் பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>இந்த வரைபடம் 30 arcseconds (சுமார் 1 கி.மீ.) இடைவெளியில் பூமியின் நிலப்பரப்பு உயரத்தினை விவரிக்கும் GTOPO30 யில் இருந்து தரவு பெறப்பட்டது. அது உயர அளவீட்டை குறிக்க சமநிலைக்கோடுகளுக்குப் பதிலாக நிறங்கள் பயன்படுத்தபட்டுள்ளது. </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" width="611" class=""> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Topographic30deg_N60W150.png" class="mw-file-description" title="N60-90, W150-180"><img alt="N60-90, W150-180" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Topographic30deg_N60W150.png/50px-Topographic30deg_N60W150.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Topographic30deg_N60W150.png/75px-Topographic30deg_N60W150.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Topographic30deg_N60W150.png/100px-Topographic30deg_N60W150.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Topographic30deg_N60W120.png" class="mw-file-description" title="N60-90, W120-150"><img alt="N60-90, W120-150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Topographic30deg_N60W120.png/50px-Topographic30deg_N60W120.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Topographic30deg_N60W120.png/75px-Topographic30deg_N60W120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Topographic30deg_N60W120.png/100px-Topographic30deg_N60W120.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Topographic30deg_N60W90.png" class="mw-file-description" title="N60-90, W90-120"><img alt="N60-90, W90-120" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Topographic30deg_N60W90.png/50px-Topographic30deg_N60W90.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Topographic30deg_S60E150.png/100px-Topographic30deg_S60E150.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12">Each tile is available at a resolution of 1800 × 1800 pixels (approximate file size 1 MB, 60 pixels = 1 degree, 1 pixel = 1 minute) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="நிலவியல்துறை"><span id=".E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.AF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.A4.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.88"></span>நிலவியல்துறை</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=4" title="நிலவியல்துறை பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>நிலவியல்துறை என்பது புவியின் உயர மட்டங்களின் பரம்பலினை பற்றிய கற்கையாகும்.சிலசந்தர்பங்களில் இப் பத பிரயோகமனது செவ்வாய் அல்லது சுக்கிரன் போன்ற மற்ற கிரகங்களிலும் பயன்படுத்தப்படுத்தபடுகிறது.இது "hypsos" என்ற கிரேக்க வார்த்தையில் இருந்து உருவானதாகும் இதற்கு உயரம் என பொருள் .பெரும்பாலும் இது நிலத்தில் இருந்தான உயர அளவீட்டினை குறிக்க மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது ஆனால் திடமான புரபர்ப்புகளிற்கு கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்தான அளவீடுகள் முழுமையான விளக்கத்தினை முன்வைக்க தேவையனவையாகும். </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:EarthHypso.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/EarthHypso.png/600px-EarthHypso.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/EarthHypso.png/900px-EarthHypso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/EarthHypso.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>பூமியின் Hypsography. பூமியின் உயரத்தில் இரண்டு சிகரங்கள் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளன,ஒன்று கண்டங்கள், கடல் மற்றது என்று கவனிக்க.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="வெப்பநிலை"><span id=".E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.86.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B2.E0.AF.88"></span>வெப்பநிலை</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=5" title="வெப்பநிலை பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Vertical_distances.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vertical_distances.svg/300px-Vertical_distances.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vertical_distances.svg/450px-Vertical_distances.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vertical_distances.svg/600px-Vertical_distances.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>செங்குத்து தூரம் ஒப்பீடு</figcaption></figure> <p>ட்ரோபோஸ்பியர், வெப்பநிலையானது உயரத்துடன் குறையும். இந்த இழப்பு விகிதம் அண்ணளவாக சுமார் 6.5 ° செல்சியஸ் / கிமீ ஆகும்.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="மேற்கோள்கள்"><span id=".E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.87.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D"></span>மேற்கோள்கள்</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=6" title="மேற்கோள்கள் பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4113013">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030231632/http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1706/es1706page04.cfm">"காப்பகப்படுத்தப்பட்ட நகல்"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1706/es1706page04.cfm">the original</a> on 2016-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. பார்க்கப்பட்ட நாள் <span class="nowrap">2016-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classzone.com%2Fbooks%2Fearth_science%2Fterc%2Fcontent%2Finvestigations%2Fes1706%2Fes1706page04.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fta.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="வெளி_இணைப்புகள்"><span id=".E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.86.E0.AE.B3.E0.AE.BF_.E0.AE.87.E0.AE.A3.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D"></span>வெளி இணைப்புகள்</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&action=edit&section=7" title="வெளி இணைப்புகள் பகுதியைத் தொகு"><span>தொகு</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/">U.S. National Geodetic Survey website</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS-Proxy/Glossary/xml/NGS_Glossary.xml">Geodetic Glossary @ NGS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/VERTCON/vert_con.prl">NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/">United States Geological Survey website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/">Geographical Survey Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/01mgg04.html">Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/93mgg01.html">Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elevationmap.net">Find the elevation of any place</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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