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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="موسع قصبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسع قصبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncodilatador" title="Broncodilatador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Broncodilatador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilatans" title="Bronchodilatans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bronchodilatans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilatator" title="Bronchodilatator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronchodilatator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncodilatador" title="Broncodilatador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Broncodilatador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkozabaltzaile" title="Bronkozabaltzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bronkozabaltzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="برونکودیلاتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برونکودیلاتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilatateur" title="Bronchodilatateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bronchodilatateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncaileath%C3%B3ir" title="Broncaileathóir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Broncaileathóir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%80%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5%EC%A0%9C" title="기관지확장제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기관지확장제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բրոնխոլայնիչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնխոլայնիչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkodilator" title="Bronkodilator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bronkodilator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncodilatatore" title="Broncodilatatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Broncodilatatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бронходилататор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронходилататор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkodilator" title="Bronkodilator – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bronkodilator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilatatoren" title="Bronchodilatatoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronchodilatatoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E7%AE%A1%E6%94%AF%E6%8B%A1%E5%BC%B5%E8%96%AC" title="気管支拡張薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気管支拡張薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkodilatator" title="Bronkodilatator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronkodilatator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncodilatador" title="Broncodilatador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Broncodilatador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бронхолитики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронхолитики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronchodilator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronhodilatatorni_test" title="Bronhodilatatorni test – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bronhodilatatorni test" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="สารขยายหลอดลม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารขยายหลอดลม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkodilat%C3%B6r" title="Bronkodilatör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bronkodilatör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бронхолітики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронхолітики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0%E8%8D%AF" title="支气管扩张药 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="支气管扩张药" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drug which widens the lung airways</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Bronchodilator</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927234" class="extiw" title="d:Q927234">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bronchodilator</b> or <b>broncholytic</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the latter occasionally includes <a href="/wiki/Mucus#Mucus_hypersecretion" title="Mucus">secretory</a> inhibition as well) is a substance that dilates the <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchioles</a>, decreasing resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory airway</a> and increasing airflow to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. Bronchodilators may be <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">originating naturally within the body</a>, or they may be <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">inhalers</a>. They are most useful in <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive lung diseases</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> are the most common conditions. They may be useful in <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">bronchiolitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a>, although this remains somewhat controversial. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in <a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive lung diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SatheKrishnaswami2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatheKrishnaswami2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute <a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">bronchoconstriction</a>. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are <a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta2-adrenergic agonist">beta-2 adrenergic agonists</a> (short- and long-acting), <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinergics">anticholinergics</a> (short- and long-acting), and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> (long-acting). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Short-acting_β2-adrenergic_agonists"><span id="Short-acting_.CE.B22-adrenergic_agonists"></span>Short-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are quick-relief or "rescue" medications that provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes ahead of time, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Some short-acting β-agonists, such as <a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">salbutamol</a>, are specific to the lungs; they are called β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists and can relieve bronchospasms without unwanted <a href="/wiki/Cardiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac">cardiac</a> side effects of nonspecific β-agonists (for example, <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>). Patients who regularly or frequently need to take a short-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist should consult their doctor, as such usage indicates uncontrolled asthma, and their routine medications may need adjustment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-acting_β2-adrenergic_agonists"><span id="Long-acting_.CE.B22-adrenergic_agonists"></span>Long-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_beta-adrenoceptor_agonist" title="Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist">Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist</a></div> <p>These are long-term medications taken routinely in order to control and prevent bronchoconstriction. They are not intended for fast relief. These medications may take longer to begin working, but relieve airway constriction for up to 12 hours. Commonly taken twice a day with an anti-inflammatory medication, they maintain open airways and prevent asthma symptoms, particularly at night.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">formoterol</a> are examples of these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anticholinergics">Anticholinergics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anticholinergics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinergics">Anticholinergics</a></div> <p>Some examples of anticholinergics are <a href="/wiki/Tiotropium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiotropium">tiotropium</a> (Spiriva) and <a href="/wiki/Ipratropium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipratropium">ipratropium bromide</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tiotropium is a long-acting, 24-hour, anticholinergic bronchodilator used in the management of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD). </p><p>Only available as an inhalant, ipratropium bromide is used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. As a short-acting anticholinergic, it improves lung function and reduces the risk of exacerbation in people with symptomatic asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it will not stop an asthma attack already in progress. Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with a short-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonist. While it is considered a relief or rescue medication, it can take a full hour to begin working. For this reason, it plays a secondary role in acute asthma treatment. Dry throat is the most common side effect. If the medication gets in contact with the eyes, it may cause blurred vision for a brief time. </p><p>The use of anticholinergics in combination with short-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists has been shown to reduce hospital admissions in children and adults with acute asthma exacerbations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Available in oral and injectable form, <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class <a href="/wiki/Methylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylxanthine">methylxanthines</a> (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1–4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">acid reflux</a>, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline and change its effectiveness. A physician should monitor dosage levels to meet each patient's profile and needs. </p><p>Additionally, some <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">psychostimulant</a> drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have bronchodilating effects and were used often for <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> due to the lack of effective β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic agonists for use as bronchodilator, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilatory effects. </p><p>Gaseous <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> also relaxes airway musculature: <a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">hypocapnia</a> caused by deliberate <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">hyperventilation</a> increases respiratory resistance while <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a> induced by carbon dioxide inhalation reduces it;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this bronchodilating effect of carbon dioxide inhalation only lasts 4 to 5 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, this observation has inspired the development of <a href="/wiki/S-1226" title="S-1226">S-1226</a>, carbon dioxide-enriched air formulated with <a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">nebulized</a> <a href="/wiki/Perflubron" title="Perflubron">perflubron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_bronchodilators">Common bronchodilators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common bronchodilators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bronchodilators are divided into short- and long-acting groups. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for relief of bronchoconstriction, while long-acting bronchodilators are predominantly used for prevention. </p><p>Short-acting bronchodilators include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a>/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a>/levalbuterol (Xopenex)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a> (Maxair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a> (Primatene Mist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemic_epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemic epinephrine">Racemic Epinephrine</a> (Asthmanefrin, Primatene Mist Replacement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> (Bronkaid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li></ul> <p>Long-acting bronchodilators include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a> (Serevent or Seretide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a> (Spiropent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVenes2017" class="citation book cs1">Venes, Donald (2017-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OA37DQAAQBAJ&q=broncholytic+bronchodilator+dictionary&pg=PA320"><i>Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary</i></a>. F.A. Davis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803659407" title="Special:BookSources/9780803659407"><bdi>9780803659407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taber%27s+Cyclopedic+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.isbn=9780803659407&rft.aulast=Venes&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOA37DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbroncholytic%2Bbronchodilator%2Bdictionary%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SatheKrishnaswami2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SatheKrishnaswami2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatheKrishnaswamiAndrewsFiczere2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sathe NA, Krishnaswami S, Andrews J, Ficzere C, McPheeters ML (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/respcare/60/7/1061.full.pdf">"Pharmacologic Agents That Promote Airway Clearance in Hospitalized Subjects: A Systematic Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Respiratory Care</i>. <b>60</b> (7): 1061–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.04086">10.4187/respcare.04086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944943">25944943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7017557">7017557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Care&rft.atitle=Pharmacologic+Agents+That+Promote+Airway+Clearance+in+Hospitalized+Subjects%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1061-70&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7017557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25944943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4187%2Frespcare.04086&rft.aulast=Sathe&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.au=Krishnaswami%2C+S&rft.au=Andrews%2C+J&rft.au=Ficzere%2C+C&rft.au=McPheeters%2C+ML&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frc.rcjournal.com%2Fcontent%2Frespcare%2F60%2F7%2F1061.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceFromerKaplanvan_der_Molen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Price D, Fromer L, Kaplan A, van der Molen T, Román-Rodríguez M (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373380">"Is there a rationale and role for long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilators in asthma?"</a>. <i>npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 14023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjpcrm.2014.23">10.1038/npjpcrm.2014.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373380">4373380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25030457">25030457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Primary+Care+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+rationale+and+role+for+long-acting+anticholinergic+bronchodilators+in+asthma%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14023&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373380%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25030457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpjpcrm.2014.23&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Fromer%2C+L&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+A&rft.au=van+der+Molen%2C+T&rft.au=Rom%C3%A1n-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigoCastro-Rodriguez2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747524">"Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Thorax</i>. <b>60</b> (9): 740–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.2005.040444">10.1136/thx.2005.040444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747524">1747524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16055613">16055613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Anticholinergics+in+the+treatment+of+children+and+adults+with+acute+asthma%3A+a+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=740-6&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1747524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16055613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.2005.040444&rft.aulast=Rodrigo&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Castro-Rodriguez%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1747524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsDucharme2013" class="citation journal cs1">Griffiths B, Ducharme FM (December 2013). "Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children". <i>Paediatric Respiratory Reviews</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 234–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.prrv.2013.08.002">10.1016/j.prrv.2013.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24070913">24070913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paediatric+Respiratory+Reviews&rft.atitle=Combined+inhaled+anticholinergics+and+short-acting+beta2-agonists+for+initial+treatment+of+acute+asthma+in+children&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=234-5&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.prrv.2013.08.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24070913&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Ducharme%2C+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720082430/http://www.medic8.com/medicines/Amphetamine.html">Amphetamine</a> is listed as having medical uses as bronchodilator. Medic8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreatfeild2003" class="citation book cs1">Streatfeild D (17 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ceLzaeHsZAC&pg=PA110"><i>Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42226-4"><bdi>978-0-312-42226-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocaine%3A+An+Unauthorized+Biography&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003-06-17&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42226-4&rft.aulast=Streatfeild&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ceLzaeHsZAC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Elshoutvan_HerwaardenFolgering1991" class="citation journal cs1">van den Elshout, F. J.; van Herwaarden, C. L.; Folgering, H. T. (January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1020910">"Effects of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on respiratory resistance in normal and asthmatic subjects"</a>. <i>Thorax</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 28–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.46.1.28">10.1136/thx.46.1.28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-6376">0040-6376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1020910">1020910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1908137">1908137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Effects+of+hypercapnia+and+hypocapnia+on+respiratory+resistance+in+normal+and+asthmatic+subjects.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1020910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0040-6376&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1908137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.46.1.28&rft.aulast=van+den+Elshout&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=van+Herwaarden%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Folgering%2C+H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1020910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherHansen1976" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, H. K.; Hansen, T. A. (November 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/arrd.1976.114.5.86">"Site of action of inhaled 6 per cent carbon dioxide in the lungs of asthmatic subjects before and after exercise"</a>. <i>The American Review of Respiratory Disease</i>. <b>114</b> (5): 861–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Farrd.1976.114.5.861">10.1164/arrd.1976.114.5.861</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0805">0003-0805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/984580">984580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Review+of+Respiratory+Disease&rft.atitle=Site+of+action+of+inhaled+6+per+cent+carbon+dioxide+in+the+lungs+of+asthmatic+subjects+before+and+after+exercise&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=861-870&rft.date=1976-11&rft.issn=0003-0805&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F984580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Farrd.1976.114.5.861&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjournals.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1164%2Farrd.1976.114.5.86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenLeighFadayomiLalli2016" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Francis H. Y.; Leigh, Richard; Fadayomi, Morenike; Lalli, Gurkeet; Chiu, Andrea; Shrestha, Grishma; ElShahat, Sharif G.; Nelson, David Evan; El Mays, Tamer Y.; Pieron, Cora A.; Dennis, John H. (2016-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4964056">"A phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a novel biophysical bronchodilator (S-1226) administered by nebulization in healthy volunteers"</a>. <i>Trials</i>. <b>17</b>: 361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13063-016-1489-8">10.1186/s13063-016-1489-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6215">1745-6215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4964056">4964056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27464582">27464582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trials&rft.atitle=A+phase+I%2C+placebo-controlled%2C+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+single+ascending+dose-ranging+study+to+evaluate+the+safety+and+tolerability+of+a+novel+biophysical+bronchodilator+%28S-1226%29+administered+by+nebulization+in+healthy+volunteers&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=361&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4964056%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1745-6215&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27464582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13063-016-1489-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Francis+H.+Y.&rft.au=Leigh%2C+Richard&rft.au=Fadayomi%2C+Morenike&rft.au=Lalli%2C+Gurkeet&rft.au=Chiu%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Grishma&rft.au=ElShahat%2C+Sharif+G.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+David+Evan&rft.au=El+Mays%2C+Tamer+Y.&rft.au=Pieron%2C+Cora+A.&rft.au=Dennis%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4964056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronchodilator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronchodilator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html">Drug information</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_for_obstructive_airway_diseases:_asthma/COPD_(R03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugs_for_obstructive_airway_diseases" title="Template:Drugs for obstructive airway diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drugs_for_obstructive_airway_diseases" title="Template talk:Drugs for obstructive airway diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs_for_obstructive_airway_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs for obstructive airway diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_for_obstructive_airway_diseases:_asthma/COPD_(R03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs for <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_airway_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructive airway disease">obstructive airway diseases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R03" title="ATC code R03">R03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic drug">Adrenergics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist#Short-acting_.CE.B22_agonists" title="Beta2-adrenergic agonist">Short-acting β<sub>2</sub> agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol" title="Bitolterol">Bitolterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuterol" title="Carbuterol">Carbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">Fenoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaterol" title="Procaterol">Procaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproterol" title="Reproterol">Reproterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimiterol" title="Rimiterol">Rimiterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol (albuterol)</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulobuterol" title="Tulobuterol">Tulobuterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_beta-adrenoceptor_agonist" title="Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist">Long-acting β<sub>2</sub> agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arformoterol" title="Arformoterol">Arformoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_beta-adrenoceptor_agonist#Ultra-LABAs" title="Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist">Ultra-long-acting β<sub>2</sub> agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmoterol" title="Carmoterol">Carmoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodaterol" title="Olodaterol">Olodaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilanterol" title="Vilanterol">Vilanterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clorprenaline" title="Clorprenaline">Clorprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theophylline_ephedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophylline ephedrine">+theophylline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tedral" title="Tedral">+theophylline/phenobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marax" class="mw-redirect" title="Marax">theophylline/hydroxyzine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">Epinephrine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexoprenaline" title="Hexoprenaline">Hexoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylephedrine" title="Methylephedrine">Methylephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline (metaproterenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racephedrine" title="Racephedrine">Racephedrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone_dipropionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Beclometasone dipropionate">Beclometasone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergics</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">muscarinic antagonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide" title="Aclidinium bromide">Aclidinium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide" title="Ipratropium bromide">Ipratropium bromide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide" title="Oxitropium bromide">Oxitropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiotropium_bromide" title="Tiotropium bromide">Tiotropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide" title="Umeclidinium bromide">Umeclidinium bromide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizer" title="Mast cell stabilizer">Mast cell stabilizers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid" title="Cromoglicic acid">Cromoglicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedocromil" title="Nedocromil">Nedocromil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acefylline" title="Acefylline">Acefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambuphylline" title="Ambuphylline">Ambuphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamifylline" title="Bamifylline">Bamifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_theophyllinate" title="Choline theophyllinate">Choline theophyllinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxofylline" title="Doxofylline">Doxofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprofylline" title="Enprofylline">Enprofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamiphylline" title="Etamiphylline">Etamiphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxyphylline" title="Proxyphylline">Proxyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoid</a> inhibition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene antagonist">Leukotriene antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montelukast" title="Montelukast">Montelukast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranlukast" title="Pranlukast">Pranlukast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafirlukast" title="Zafirlukast">Zafirlukast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase_inhibitor" title="Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor">Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zileuton" title="Zileuton">Zileuton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane receptor antagonist">Thromboxane receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seratrodast" title="Seratrodast">Seratrodast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-xanthine <a href="/wiki/PDE4_inhibitor" title="PDE4 inhibitor">PDE4 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibudilast" title="Ibudilast">Ibudilast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roflumilast" title="Roflumilast">Roflumilast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others/unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amlexanox" title="Amlexanox">Amlexanox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensifentrine" title="Ensifentrine">Ensifentrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eprozinol" title="Eprozinol">Eprozinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenspiride" title="Fenspiride">Fenspiride</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combination products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide/formoterol" title="Aclidinium bromide/formoterol">Aclidinium bromide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol" title="Beclometasone/formoterol">Beclometasone/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide">Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide/formoterol" title="Budesonide/formoterol">Budesonide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide/glycopyrronium_bromide/formoterol" title="Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol">Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate/umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol" title="Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol">Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate/vilanterol" title="Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol">Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate/salmeterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol">Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide/formoterol" title="Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol">Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide">Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide/mometasone" title="Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone">Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/mometasone" title="Indacaterol/mometasone">Indacaterol/mometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide/salbutamol" title="Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol">Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone/formoterol" title="Mometasone/formoterol">Mometasone/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol/budesonide" title="Salbutamol/budesonide">Salbutamol (albuterol)/budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline/ephedrine" title="Theophylline/ephedrine">Theophylline/ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marax" class="mw-redirect" title="Marax">Theophylline/ephedrine/hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedral" title="Tedral">Theophylline/ephedrine/phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol" title="Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol">Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Respiratory_physiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template talk:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Respiratory_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory physiology">Respiratory physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Respiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligate_nasal_breathing" title="Obligate nasal breathing">obligate nasal breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirometer" title="Respirometer">respirometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteresivity" title="Hysteresivity">hysteresivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">airway resistance</a></li> <li>bronchial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_hyperresponsiveness" title="Bronchial hyperresponsiveness">hyperresponsiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">constriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilatation" title="Bronchodilatation">dilatation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" title="Control of ventilation">Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">pneumotaxic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">apneustic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">dorsal respiratory group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">ventral respiratory group</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_chemoreceptors" title="Central chemoreceptors">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">peripheral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stretch_receptors" title="Pulmonary stretch receptors">pulmonary stretch receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hering%E2%80%93Breuer_reflex" title="Hering–Breuer reflex">Hering–Breuer reflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">Lung volumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_capacity" title="Vital capacity">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_residual_capacity" title="Functional residual capacity">FRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">Vt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_capacity" title="Closing capacity">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_expiratory_flow" title="Peak expiratory flow">PEF</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>calculations</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory minute volume">respiratory minute volume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" title="FEV1/FVC ratio">FEV1/FVC ratio</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function tests</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">body plethysmography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peak_flow_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak flow meter">peak flow meter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_washout" title="Nitrogen washout">nitrogen washout</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" title="Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_shunt" title="Pulmonary shunt">pulmonary shunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a> (Q) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio">Ventilation/perfusion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">V/Q scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zones_of_the_lung" title="Zones of the lung">zones of the lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary gas pressures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gas_equation" title="Alveolar gas equation">alveolar gas equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" title="Alveolar–arterial gradient">alveolar–arterial gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93hemoglobin_dissociation_curve" title="Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric_acid" title="2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid">2,3-BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_effect" title="Haldane effect">Haldane effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloride_shift" title="Chloride shift">chloride shift</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_quotient" title="Respiratory quotient">respiratory quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial blood gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">diffusion capacity</a> (<a href="/wiki/DLCO" class="mw-redirect" title="DLCO">DLCO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insufficiency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">high altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">death zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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