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(PDF) THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="uJlt7PLaLqxPyTmVEYNYLzp9KT0KJwWgE6fdosxDicn45cu-QJVMMdOPmQXJcPwP29m4NCQDxA4VBgOLSShs0A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph Kurz" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/35983524/THE_BARCID_EMPIRE_AN_ECONOMIC_SOCIAL_AND_POLITICAL_STUDY_OF_IMPERIAL_INTERACTIONS_BETWEEN_CARTHAGINIANS_AND_LOCALS_IN_SOUTHERN_IBERIA" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/5597665/2445621/12677927/s200_joey.kurz.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/35983524/THE_BARCID_EMPIRE_AN_ECONOMIC_SOCIAL_AND_POLITICAL_STUDY_OF_IMPERIAL_INTERACTIONS_BETWEEN_CARTHAGINIANS_AND_LOCALS_IN_SOUTHERN_IBERIA" /> <meta property="og:title" content="THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://brown.academia.edu/JosephKurz" /> <meta name="description" content="This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and" /> <title>(PDF) THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/35983524/THE_BARCID_EMPIRE_AN_ECONOMIC_SOCIAL_AND_POLITICAL_STUDY_OF_IMPERIAL_INTERACTIONS_BETWEEN_CARTHAGINIANS_AND_LOCALS_IN_SOUTHERN_IBERIA" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739829965000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739829965000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and numismatic data, this work poses a series of historical questions aimed at exploring empire as interaction, emphasizing the relations between Carthaginians and the local people they sought to control in Iberia. The first chapter considers Polybius’ representation of Carthaginian relations with Iberians and deconstructs Polybius’ critique of Carthaginian abuses, which appear to be driven by Polybius’ own political and topical agendas. The second chapter considers the economic impact that the empire entailed for Carthaginians as well as for locals in Iberia. Many Carthaginians profited from new trade stimulated by soldiers and colonists abroad, which were funded by mining operations and extractions from locals. While many locals in Iberia suffered under Carthaginian exploitation, some allies appear to have taken advantage of new bodies of consumers to exchange their products to feed Carthaginian soldiers and laborers. The third chapter examines coinage to consider how Carthaginian minting authorities utilized imagery of Melqart-Herakles to legitimate conquest and stimulate interaction with local worshippers. It also examines local reactions to Carthage through civic minting, which reflects local strategies of shaping claims to civic autonomy and power. The final chapter considers the strategies and resources Carthaginians employed to coerce local inhabitants in relation with the potential for cooperation and negotiation with locals facilitated by shared cultural practices. This concluding chapter argues that previous interactions with Carthage and especially indigenous interactions with local communities with Punic cultural backgrounds fostered common ground among Carthaginians and locals, enabling negotiation and the legitimation of unequal power dynamics.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Joseph Kurz","url":"https://brown.academia.edu/JosephKurz"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-02-21","dateModified":"2018-02-21","headline":"THE BARCID EMPIRE? 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":35983524,"created_at":"2018-02-21T20:46:19.591-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-15T18:14:29.354-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and numismatic data, this work poses a series of historical questions aimed at exploring empire as interaction, emphasizing the relations between Carthaginians and the local people they sought to control in Iberia. The first chapter considers Polybius’ representation of Carthaginian relations with Iberians and deconstructs Polybius’ critique of Carthaginian abuses, which appear to be driven by Polybius’ own political and topical agendas. The second chapter considers the economic impact that the empire entailed for Carthaginians as well as for locals in Iberia. Many Carthaginians profited from new trade stimulated by soldiers and colonists abroad, which were funded by mining operations and extractions from locals. While many locals in Iberia suffered under Carthaginian exploitation, some allies appear to have taken advantage of new bodies of consumers to exchange their products to feed Carthaginian soldiers and laborers. The third chapter examines coinage to consider how Carthaginian minting authorities utilized imagery of Melqart-Herakles to legitimate conquest and stimulate interaction with local worshippers. It also examines local reactions to Carthage through civic minting, which reflects local strategies of shaping claims to civic autonomy and power. The final chapter considers the strategies and resources Carthaginians employed to coerce local inhabitants in relation with the potential for cooperation and negotiation with locals facilitated by shared cultural practices. This concluding chapter argues that previous interactions with Carthage and especially indigenous interactions with local communities with Punic cultural backgrounds fostered common ground among Carthaginians and locals, enabling negotiation and the legitimation of unequal power dynamics. "},"document_type":"thesis_chapter","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [5597665]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":55868135,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55868135/mini_magick20180818-27420-soz8z0.png?1534622713" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE BARCID EMPIRE? AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL STUDY OF IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARTHAGINIANS AND LOCALS IN SOUTHERN IBERIA</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5597665" href="https://brown.academia.edu/JosephKurz"><img alt="Profile image of Joseph Kurz" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5597665/2445621/12677927/s65_joey.kurz.jpg" />Joseph Kurz</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">334 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 35983524; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=35983524"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This is a study of the empire that the Carthaginians established in southern Iberia under the Barcid family from 237 to 206 BCE. Because literary sources are scarce, this empire has never received extended study. Using new archaeological and numismatic data, this work poses a series of historical questions aimed at exploring empire as interaction, emphasizing the relations between Carthaginians and the local people they sought to control in Iberia. The first chapter considers Polybius’ representation of Carthaginian relations with Iberians and deconstructs Polybius’ critique of Carthaginian abuses, which appear to be driven by Polybius’ own political and topical agendas. The second chapter considers the economic impact that the empire entailed for Carthaginians as well as for locals in Iberia. Many Carthaginians profited from new trade stimulated by soldiers and colonists abroad, which were funded by mining operations and extractions from locals. While many locals in Iberia suffered under Carthaginian exploitation, some allies appear to have taken advantage of new bodies of consumers to exchange their products to feed Carthaginian soldiers and laborers. The third chapter examines coinage to consider how Carthaginian minting authorities utilized imagery of Melqart-Herakles to legitimate conquest and stimulate interaction with local worshippers. It also examines local reactions to Carthage through civic minting, which reflects local strategies of shaping claims to civic autonomy and power. The final chapter considers the strategies and resources Carthaginians employed to coerce local inhabitants in relation with the potential for cooperation and negotiation with locals facilitated by shared cultural practices. This concluding chapter argues that previous interactions with Carthage and especially indigenous interactions with local communities with Punic cultural backgrounds fostered common ground among Carthaginians and locals, enabling negotiation and the legitimation of unequal power dynamics. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":55868135,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/35983524/THE_BARCID_EMPIRE_AN_ECONOMIC_SOCIAL_AND_POLITICAL_STUDY_OF_IMPERIAL_INTERACTIONS_BETWEEN_CARTHAGINIANS_AND_LOCALS_IN_SOUTHERN_IBERIA"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":55868135,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/35983524/THE_BARCID_EMPIRE_AN_ECONOMIC_SOCIAL_AND_POLITICAL_STUDY_OF_IMPERIAL_INTERACTIONS_BETWEEN_CARTHAGINIANS_AND_LOCALS_IN_SOUTHERN_IBERIA"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Through their generosity and provision I was able to undertake and accomplish a difficult task. In particular I would like to thank Dr. Victor Parker for his tireless support and knowledge in supervising this thesis. Without his encouragement and assistance, this project would not have been possible and I would like to express my total gratitude. I also wish to extend my thanks to the Ph.D. students in the Classics Department at the University of Canterbury for their reassurance and understanding. In addition to this I would like to acknowledge the University of Canterbury for providing an excellent academic environment, enabling me to undertake such research and providing me financial security through a Ph.D. scholarship. I wish to extend my warmest thanks to my family and friends for their unwavering support and love. Most of all I want to thank my wife Selma. Owing to her sacrifice and selt1ess attitude I was able to undertake this thesis. Without her gentle spirit guiding me I would not have been able to complete this long journey. I would also like to acknowledge the complete faith and love my parents have given me and the debt lowe them for these and much more. I would like to extend this to all my family (which has fortunately grown since I started) who always stood by me over the years. Thank you one and all for the support and care you have given me.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The nature of Carthaginian imperial activity: Trade, settlement, conquest, and rule","attachmentId":88055110,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82301851/The_nature_of_Carthaginian_imperial_activity_Trade_settlement_conquest_and_rule","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82301851/The_nature_of_Carthaginian_imperial_activity_Trade_settlement_conquest_and_rule"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="306673" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/306673/Carthaginian_Garrisons_in_Turdetania_The_Monetary_Evidence">Carthaginian Garrisons in Turdetania: The Monetary Evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="237158" href="https://us.academia.edu/RuthPliego">Ruth Pliego</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211975" href="https://us.academia.edu/EduardoFerrer">Eduardo Ferrer-Albelda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The relationship between Carthage and the Iberian Peninsula has traditionally been interpreted as the result of Carthaginian domination and from an invasionist perspective. Indeed, the historiographical tradition, up until the 1980s, understood the involvement of Carthage in Iberia as another episode of its imperialist policy, leading to the substitution of the Phoenician colonial domination by the Carthaginian occupation towards the end of the 6th century bc. An important manifestation of this is the repopulation of Phoenician territories and cities by Libyo-Phoenician populations, as was the case in Gadir, Seks, Malaka, Abdera and Baria. This interpretation was based mainly on literary sources, but was rooted in an uncritical and decontextualised analysis of a limited, dissimilar and polemical collection of Greek and Latin texts by Justin, Diodorus, Avienus, Pseudo Scymnus, Macrobius and Vitrubius.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carthaginian Garrisons in Turdetania: The Monetary Evidence","attachmentId":36574388,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/306673/Carthaginian_Garrisons_in_Turdetania_The_Monetary_Evidence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/306673/Carthaginian_Garrisons_in_Turdetania_The_Monetary_Evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="106464420" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106464420/ROSSELL%C3%93_CALAFELL_G_Etapas_pol%C3%ADticas_de_Cartago_hasta_la_unipolaridad_romana_Un_enfoque_diplom%C3%A1tico_siglos_VI_II_a_C_Latomus_83_98_126_2024">ROSSELLÓ CALAFELL, G., Etapas políticas de Cartago hasta la unipolaridad romana. Un enfoque diplomático (siglos VI-II a.C.), Latomus 83, 98-126, 2024.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2559967" href="https://uib-es.academia.edu/GabrielRosselloCalafell">Gabriel Rosselló Calafell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Latomus: revue d'études latines, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In recent years, a number of scientific contributions from the realist school have analysed ancient international relations with great impact, drawing on theoretical models from contemporary political science. Their postulates have contributed to shedding light on the evolution of Rome, mainly in its approach to the eastern Mediterranean. Shifting the focus to the West, this paper aims to examine in parallel the political development of Carthage through a series of defining stages in each historical context. To this end, we will critically examine both the information provided by literary testimony and certain hypotheses expressed by historiography. Throughout the study, Carthaginian diplomacy will become a structuring element and will contribute to determine whether or not the Punic metropolis can be considered an empire.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ROSSELLÓ CALAFELL, G., Etapas políticas de Cartago hasta la unipolaridad romana. Un enfoque diplomático (siglos VI-II a.C.), Latomus 83, 98-126, 2024.","attachmentId":117630787,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106464420/ROSSELL%C3%93_CALAFELL_G_Etapas_pol%C3%ADticas_de_Cartago_hasta_la_unipolaridad_romana_Un_enfoque_diplom%C3%A1tico_siglos_VI_II_a_C_Latomus_83_98_126_2024","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106464420/ROSSELL%C3%93_CALAFELL_G_Etapas_pol%C3%ADticas_de_Cartago_hasta_la_unipolaridad_romana_Un_enfoque_diplom%C3%A1tico_siglos_VI_II_a_C_Latomus_83_98_126_2024"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="38768623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38768623/CHANGING_TIDES_HOW_CARTHAGES_RELIGIOUS_CHANGES_ARE_REFLECTIVE_OF_THEIR_CULTURAL_EXCHANGES">CHANGING TIDES: HOW CARTHAGE'S RELIGIOUS CHANGES ARE REFLECTIVE OF THEIR CULTURAL EXCHANGES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99008465" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/KirstenParkin">Kirsten Parkin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Classicum, Vol. 44, No. 1, 33-41, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The nature of Carthaginian religion was multifaceted and deeply reflective of Carthage's cultural contacts both beyond and within the Punic world. From the Phoenician settlement of Carthage in the ninth century BCE to its collapse in 146 BCE, Carthaginian religion was constantly changing. These developments are best understood through an examination of the 'tophet', a sacred enclosure on the outskirts of the city where ritual sacrifice is thought to have taken place. Here, three distinct strata have been identified. The first stratum of the tophet, Tanit I (730 - 600BCE) shows strong 'Phoenicionising' elements in funerary practices and afterlife, which are indicative of Carthage's roots as a Phoenician settlement. By comparison, Tanit II (600 - 300BCE) shows evidence of Carthage's role as a trade power in the Mediterranean and contact with contrasting cultures on outposts such as Sicily. By Tanit III (300 -146BCE) the 'Tophet' is deeply Hellenised, and marks an exponential increase in child sacrifice. This paper will argue that these three stages in the development of the Tophetare evidence of the way in which religion reflects the evolution of Carthage from Phoenician settlement to multicultural Punic city-state.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CHANGING TIDES: HOW CARTHAGE'S RELIGIOUS CHANGES ARE REFLECTIVE OF THEIR CULTURAL EXCHANGES","attachmentId":58857429,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38768623/CHANGING_TIDES_HOW_CARTHAGES_RELIGIOUS_CHANGES_ARE_REFLECTIVE_OF_THEIR_CULTURAL_EXCHANGES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38768623/CHANGING_TIDES_HOW_CARTHAGES_RELIGIOUS_CHANGES_ARE_REFLECTIVE_OF_THEIR_CULTURAL_EXCHANGES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="122448792" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122448792/_with_J_Garc%C3%ADa_Cardiel_Do_ut_des_Liberating_Hostages_and_Offering_Gifts_on_the_Hispanian_Front_in_the_Second_Punic_War_in_S%C3%A1nchez_Moreno_E_and_Garc%C3%ADa_Riaza_E_eds_The_Materiality_of_Diplomacy_in_the_Hellenistic_Roman_Mediterranean_Gifts_Bribes_Offerings_Edinburgh_2024_pp_12_241">[with J. García Cardiel] “Do ut des. Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War”, in Sánchez Moreno, E. & García Riaza, E. (eds.): The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean: Gifts, Bribes, Offerings. Edinburgh, 2024, pp.12-241</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="352514" href="https://uam.academia.edu/EduardoS%C3%A1nchezMoreno">Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean: Gifts, Bribes, Offerings. (Edinburgh Studies in Hellenistic History and Culture. Edinburgh University Press), 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[with J. García Cardiel] “Do ut des. Liberating Hostages and Offering Gifts on the Hispanian Front in the Second Punic War”, in Sánchez Moreno, E. \u0026 García Riaza, E. (eds.): The Materiality of Diplomacy in the Hellenistic-Roman Mediterranean: Gifts, Bribes, Offerings. Edinburgh, 2024, pp.12-241","attachmentId":117109958,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122448792/_with_J_Garc%C3%ADa_Cardiel_Do_ut_des_Liberating_Hostages_and_Offering_Gifts_on_the_Hispanian_Front_in_the_Second_Punic_War_in_S%C3%A1nchez_Moreno_E_and_Garc%C3%ADa_Riaza_E_eds_The_Materiality_of_Diplomacy_in_the_Hellenistic_Roman_Mediterranean_Gifts_Bribes_Offerings_Edinburgh_2024_pp_12_241","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122448792/_with_J_Garc%C3%ADa_Cardiel_Do_ut_des_Liberating_Hostages_and_Offering_Gifts_on_the_Hispanian_Front_in_the_Second_Punic_War_in_S%C3%A1nchez_Moreno_E_and_Garc%C3%ADa_Riaza_E_eds_The_Materiality_of_Diplomacy_in_the_Hellenistic_Roman_Mediterranean_Gifts_Bribes_Offerings_Edinburgh_2024_pp_12_241"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44347465" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44347465/Different_Forms_of_Roman_Imperialism_Social_and_Territorial_Changes_in_Northwestern_Iberia_from_the_2nd_Century_BCE_to_the_2nd_Century_CE">Different Forms of Roman Imperialism. Social and Territorial Changes in Northwestern Iberia from the 2nd. Century BCE to the 2nd Century CE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="328686" href="https://csic.academia.edu/InesSastre">Ines Sastre</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="294651" href="https://f-bg.academia.edu/MarkoJankovic">Marko A. Janković</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pervading Empire Relationality and Diversity in the Roman Provinces, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Different Forms of Roman Imperialism. Social and Territorial Changes in Northwestern Iberia from the 2nd. Century BCE to the 2nd Century CE","attachmentId":64740300,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44347465/Different_Forms_of_Roman_Imperialism_Social_and_Territorial_Changes_in_Northwestern_Iberia_from_the_2nd_Century_BCE_to_the_2nd_Century_CE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44347465/Different_Forms_of_Roman_Imperialism_Social_and_Territorial_Changes_in_Northwestern_Iberia_from_the_2nd_Century_BCE_to_the_2nd_Century_CE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3455640" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3455640/The_Coinage_of_Carthage_An_Introduction">The Coinage of Carthage: An Introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="323217" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MikeMarkowitz">Mike Markowitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Most of what we know about Carthaginians was written by their enemies–first the Greeks, then the Romans. They are described as greedy, treacherous and brutal. Yet even Cicero, a Roman politician born 40 years after Carthage was wiped out, grudgingly admitted that “Carthage would never have held an empire for six hundred years had it not been governed with wisdom and statesmanship.” None of its literature, and very little of its art, architecture or material culture survives. But we have the coins. A presentation given to the Ancient Numismatic Society of Washington DC.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Coinage of Carthage: An Introduction","attachmentId":31214534,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3455640/The_Coinage_of_Carthage_An_Introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3455640/The_Coinage_of_Carthage_An_Introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="40852358" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40852358/Political_Economy_of_Carthage_The_Carthaginian_Constitution_as_Reconstructed_through_Archaeology_Historical_Texts_and_Epigraphy_2017">Political Economy of Carthage: The Carthaginian Constitution as Reconstructed through Archaeology, Historical Texts and Epigraphy, 2017</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2592059" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/BrettKaufman">Brett Kaufman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Carthage was founded around the end of the 9th century BC as one of a series of Tyrian colonies stretching across and beyond the Mediterranean. As the power and influence of Tyre was reduced due to shifting Levantine geopolitics in the early 6th century BC, Carthage became the premier arbiter of both commercial and military interests in the Phoenician-Punic world. A colonial ideology was formalized via a written constitution, preserved today only in secondary classical sources. Combining historical, epigraphic, and archaeological lines of data provides the opportunity to reconstruct the political economy of Carthage as the polity adapted to the rapidly changing regional balances of power in the mid- to late-first millennium BC.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Economy of Carthage: The Carthaginian Constitution as Reconstructed through Archaeology, Historical Texts and Epigraphy, 2017","attachmentId":61138080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40852358/Political_Economy_of_Carthage_The_Carthaginian_Constitution_as_Reconstructed_through_Archaeology_Historical_Texts_and_Epigraphy_2017","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40852358/Political_Economy_of_Carthage_The_Carthaginian_Constitution_as_Reconstructed_through_Archaeology_Historical_Texts_and_Epigraphy_2017"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="80576963" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80576963/Carthaginian_Casualties_The_Socioeconomic_Effects_of_the_Losses_Sustained_in_the_First_Punic_War">Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2799280" href="https://usg.academia.edu/LauraValiani">Laura Valiani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis seeks to investigate the shortand long-term socio-economic impact of the First Punic War on Carthage and its people. It will do so by exploring three parts of the Carthaginian political and socio-economic system during the fourth through the second centuries BCE. The first is its navy, and specifically the costs – in both material and man – of its use. This will be the subject of the first chapter. The second analyses the additional expenditures which the war extracted from Carthage, such as the outlays to recruit, maintain, and provide for the land army. The final chapter focuses on the long-term ramifications of the war, which will be explored by means of an in-depth analysis of the last few battles of the First Punic War from an economic angle. INDEX WORDS: War Elephants, Naval Warfare, Numismatics, Tribute, Treaties, Mercenaries CARTHAGINIAN CASUALTIES: THE SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE LOSSES SUSTAINED IN THE FIRST PUNIC WAR</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carthaginian Casualties: The Socioeconomic Effects of the Losses Sustained in the First Punic War","attachmentId":86913325,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80576963/Carthaginian_Casualties_The_Socioeconomic_Effects_of_the_Losses_Sustained_in_the_First_Punic_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80576963/Carthaginian_Casualties_The_Socioeconomic_Effects_of_the_Losses_Sustained_in_the_First_Punic_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55868135,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55868135,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_55868135" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="37586861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37586861/_Local_Political_Dissent_External_Powers_and_the_Hannibalic_War_in_Iberia_in_Diplomacy_and_Political_Communication_in_the_West_III_I_BC_VIII_Coloquio_Occidens_Merton_College_Oxford_1_2_November_2018_">«Local Political Dissent, External Powers and the Hannibalic War in Iberia» in Diplomacy and Political Communication in the West (III-I BC). 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(eds.): Warlords. War and Interstate relations in the Ancient Mediterranean 404 BC – AD 14. (Impact of Empire Series. Brill). Leiden-Boston, 2018, pp.326-350. [PREVIEW]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="352514" href="https://uam.academia.edu/EduardoS%C3%A1nchezMoreno">Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Warlords. War and Interstate relations in the Ancient Mediterranean 404 BC – AD 14 (Ñaco del Hoyo, T. & López Sánchez, F. eds.). Leiden & Boston: Brill , 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Imperialism and multipolarity in the Far West: beyond the Lusitanias (237-146 BC)”, en Ñaco del Hoyo, T. \u0026 López Sánchez, F. (eds.): Warlords. 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[PREVIEW]","attachmentId":55313081,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35450817/_Imperialism_and_multipolarity_in_the_Far_West_beyond_the_Lusitanias_237_146_BC_en_%C3%91aco_del_Hoyo_T_and_L%C3%B3pez_S%C3%A1nchez_F_eds_Warlords_War_and_Interstate_relations_in_the_Ancient_Mediterranean_404_BC_AD_14_Impact_of_Empire_Series_Brill_Leiden_Boston_2018_pp_326_350_PREVIEW_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35450817/_Imperialism_and_multipolarity_in_the_Far_West_beyond_the_Lusitanias_237_146_BC_en_%C3%91aco_del_Hoyo_T_and_L%C3%B3pez_S%C3%A1nchez_F_eds_Warlords_War_and_Interstate_relations_in_the_Ancient_Mediterranean_404_BC_AD_14_Impact_of_Empire_Series_Brill_Leiden_Boston_2018_pp_326_350_PREVIEW_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="33356722" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33356722/Carthage_A_Mediterranean_Superpower">Carthage A Mediterranean Superpower</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1181492" href="https://sydney.academia.edu/RichardMiles">Richard Miles</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carthage A Mediterranean Superpower","attachmentId":53414591,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33356722/Carthage_A_Mediterranean_Superpower","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33356722/Carthage_A_Mediterranean_Superpower"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="464072" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/464072/_Warfare_redistribution_and_society_in_Western_Iberia_In_Parker_Pearson_M_and_Thorpe_I_J_N_eds_Warfare_violence_and_slavery_in_Prehistory_Proceedings_of_a_Prehistoric_Society_Conference_at_Sheffield_University_British_Archaeological_Reports_B_A_R_International_Series_1374_Oxford_2005_pp_107_125">“Warfare, redistribution, and society in Western Iberia”. In Parker-Pearson, M. & Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.): Warfare, violence and slavery in Prehistory. Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society Conference at Sheffield University. (British Archaeological Reports, B.A.R. International Series 1374). Oxford, 2005, pp.107-125.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="352514" href="https://uam.academia.edu/EduardoS%C3%A1nchezMoreno">Eduardo Sánchez-Moreno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Warfare, violence and …, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Warfare, redistribution, and society in Western Iberia”. In Parker-Pearson, M. \u0026 Thorpe, I.J.N. (eds.): Warfare, violence and slavery in Prehistory. Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society Conference at Sheffield University. 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In Colonial Encounters In Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Indigenous Relations, edited by Michael Dietler & Carolina Lópex-Ruiz, pp. vii-xiii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (2009)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="221462" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/MichaelDietler">Michael Dietler</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1117524" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/CarolinaL%C3%B3pezRuiz">Carolina López-Ruiz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ex Occidente Lux: A Preface (with Carolina López-Ruiz). 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