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traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viae_publicae,_consulares,_praetoriae_and_militares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viae_publicae,_consulares,_praetoriae_and_militares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Viae publicae, consulares, praetoriae</i> and <i>militares</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viae_publicae,_consulares,_praetoriae_and_militares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viae_privatae,_rusticae,_glareae_and_agrariae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viae_privatae,_rusticae,_glareae_and_agrariae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Viae privatae, rusticae, glareae</i> and <i>agrariae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viae_privatae,_rusticae,_glareae_and_agrariae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viae_vicinales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viae_vicinales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Viae vicinales</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viae_vicinales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Governance and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_civic_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_civic_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Costs and civic responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_civic_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Official bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_under_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_under_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Changes under Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_under_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_curatores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_curatores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Other <i>curatores</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_curatores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction and engineering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_engineering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and engineering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices_and_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices_and_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Practices and terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Materials and methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Via_terrena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_terrena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span><i>Via terrena</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_terrena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Via_glareata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_glareata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span><i>Via glareata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_glareata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Via_munita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_munita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span><i>Via munita</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_munita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Engineering works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_citizen_utilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_citizen_utilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military and citizen utilization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_and_citizen_utilization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military and citizen utilization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_and_citizen_utilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milestones_and_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones_and_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Milestones and markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milestones_and_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itinerary_maps_and_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itinerary_maps_and_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Itinerary maps and charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itinerary_maps_and_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicles_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vehicles and transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Way_stations_and_traveler_inns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Way_stations_and_traveler_inns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Way stations and traveler inns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Way_stations_and_traveler_inns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_offices_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_offices_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Post offices and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_offices_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman roads</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طرق رومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طرق رومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рымскія дарогі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымскія дарогі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рымскія дарогі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рымскія дарогі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Древноримски път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древноримски път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hent_roman" title="Hent roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hent roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_romana" title="Via romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Via romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A9_silnice" title="Římské silnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římské silnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffordd_Rufeinig" title="Ffordd Rufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffordd Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romervej" title="Romervej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romervej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merstra%C3%9Fe" title="Römerstraße – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römerstraße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_teed" title="Rooma teed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma teed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calzada_romana" title="Calzada romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calzada romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_vojo" title="Romia vojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia vojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%A7%C3%A1_romana" title="Carçá romana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carçá romana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_galtzada" title="Erromatar galtzada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar galtzada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="جاده‌های رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاده‌های رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_romaine" title="Voie romaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie romaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_romana" title="Vía romana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vía romana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C" title="로마의 도로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마의 도로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimske_ceste" title="Rimske ceste – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimske ceste" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Romawi" title="Jalan Romawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalan Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa 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– Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომაული გზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Romana" title="Via Romana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Via Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romie%C5%A1u_ce%C4%BC%C5%A1" title="Romiešu ceļš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romiešu ceļš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiem" title="Kiem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kiem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_%C3%BAt%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9s" title="Római útépítés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római útépítés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Римски патишта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски патишта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerweg_(Romeinse_Rijk)" title="Heerweg (Romeinse Rijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heerweg (Romeinse Rijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" title="ローマ街道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ街道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_vei" title="Romersk vei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romersk vei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romarveg" title="Romarveg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romarveg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogi_rzymskie" title="Drogi rzymskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drogi rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada_romana" title="Estrada romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrada romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_roman" title="Drum roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drum roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Римские дороги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римские дороги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rruget_romake" title="Rruget romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rruget romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman roads" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmske_cesty" title="Rímske cesty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rímske cesty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_cesta" title="Rimska cesta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimska cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Римски путеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римски путеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_putevi" title="Rimski putevi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimski putevi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomalainen_tie" title="Roomalainen tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roomalainen tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_v%C3%A4gar" title="Romerska vägar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska vägar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Roma_yollar%C4%B1" title="Antik Roma yolları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Roma yolları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Римські дороги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римські дороги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đường La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voye_rominne" title="Voye rominne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Voye rominne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roads built in service of the ancient Roman civilization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British television film, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Road_(TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Road (TV film)">Roman Road (TV film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appian_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/220px-Appian_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/330px-Appian_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/440px-Appian_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>, one of the oldest and most important Roman roads</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125_general_map_(Red_roads).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg/220px-Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg/330px-Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg/440px-Roman_Empire_125_general_map_%28Red_roads%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire in the time of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 117–138), showing the network of main Roman roads</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Roman roads</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">viae Romanae</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈwiae̯<span class="wrap"> </span>roːˈmaːnae̯]</a></span>; singular: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">via Romana</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈwia<span class="wrap"> </span>roːˈmaːna]</a></span>; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They provided efficient means for the overland movement of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">armies</a>, officials, civilians, inland carriage of official communications, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">trade goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> were of several kinds, ranging from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, <a href="/wiki/Bridle_path" title="Bridle path">bridleways</a> and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the empire's 113 <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> were interconnected by 372 great roads.<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>) of roads, of which over 80,500 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> alone, no less than 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roadways are said to have been improved, and in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> at least 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia; some are overlaid by modern roads. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_systems">Roman systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:260px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Ant. Rom. 3.67.5</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> mentions some of the most familiar roads near Rome, and the milestones on them, at times long before the first paved road—the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless these allusions are just simple anachronisms, the roads referred to were probably at the time little more than levelled earthen tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Gabiana</a> (during the time of <a href="/wiki/Porsena" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsena">Porsena</a>) is mentioned in about 500 BC; the <a href="/wiki/Via_Latina" title="Via Latina">Via Latina</a> (during the time of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Gaius Marcius Coriolanus</a>) in about 490 BC; the <a href="/wiki/Via_Nomentana" title="Via Nomentana">Via Nomentana</a> (also known as "Via Ficulensis"), in 449 BC; the <a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a> in 421 BC; and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">Via Salaria</a> in 361 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Itinerary_of_Antoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Itinerary of Antoninus">Itinerary of Antoninus</a>, the description of the road system is as follows: </p> <blockquote><p> With the exception of some outlying portions, such as Britain north of the Wall, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, and certain provinces east of the Euphrates, the whole Empire was penetrated by these <i>itinera</i> (plural of <i>iter</i>). There is hardly a district to which we might expect a Roman official to be sent, on service either civil or military, where we do not find roads. They reach the <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Wall in Britain</a>; run along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>; and cover, as with a network, the interior provinces of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A road map of the empire reveals that it was generally laced with a dense network of prepared <i>viae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond its borders there were no paved roads; however, it can be supposed that footpaths and dirt roads allowed some transport.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were, for instance, some pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Ancient_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient trackway">ancient trackways</a> in Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Ridgeway" title="The Ridgeway">the Ridgeway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way" title="Icknield Way">Icknield Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_traditions">Laws and traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Laws and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/220px--Viae_romanae.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="67" data-mwtitle="Viae_romanae.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Viae_romanae.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/Viae_romanae.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/Viae_romanae.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="718" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="718" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/Viae_romanae.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="238" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/Viae_romanae.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Viae_romanae.webm/Viae_romanae.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AViae_romanae.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AViae_romanae.webm&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Roman roads animation in Latin with English subtitles</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Laws of the Twelve Tables</a>, dated to about 450 BC, required that any public road (Latin <i>via</i>) be 8 Roman feet (perhaps about 2.37 m) wide where straight and twice that width where curved. These were probably the minimum widths for a <i>via</i>; in the later republic, widths of around 12 Roman feet were common for public roads in rural regions, permitting the passing of two carts of standard (4 foot) width without interference to pedestrian traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Practices_and_terminology">Actual practices</a> varied from this standard. The Tables command Romans to build public roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. Building roads that would not need frequent repair therefore became an ideological objective, as well as building them as straight as practicable to construct the shortest possible roads, and thus save on material. </p><p>Roman law defined the right to use a road as a <i>servitus</i>, or liability. The <i>ius eundi</i> ("right of going") established a claim to use an <i>iter</i>, or footpath, across private land; the <i>ius agendi</i> ("right of driving"), an <i>actus</i>, or carriage track. A <i>via</i> combined both types of <i>servitutes</i>, provided it was of the proper width, which was determined by an <i>arbiter</i>. The default width was the <i>latitudo legitima</i> of 8 feet. Roman law and tradition forbade the use of vehicles in urban areas, except in certain cases. Married women and government officials on business could ride. The <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Lex_Julia_municipalis_(45_BC)" title="Lex Julia">Lex Julia Municipalis</a></i> restricted commercial carts to night-time access in the city within the walls and within a mile outside the walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg/220px-Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg/330px-Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg/440px-Carved_steps_along_Ancient_Roman_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Judaea/Palaestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Judaea/Palaestina">Roman road</a>, leading from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Beit Gubrin</a>, adjacent to regional highway 375 in Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman roads varied from simple <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroy roads</a> to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a> as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble instead of becoming mud in clay soils. According to <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, there were three types of roads:<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Viae publicae, consulares, praetoriae</i> or <i>militares</i></li> <li><i>Viae privatae, rusticae, glareae</i> or <i>agrariae</i></li> <li><i>Viae vicinales</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viae_publicae,_consulares,_praetoriae_and_militares"><span id="Viae_publicae.2C_consulares.2C_praetoriae_and_militares"></span><i>Viae publicae, consulares, praetoriae</i> and <i>militares</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viae publicae, consulares, praetoriae and militares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first type of road included public high or main roads, constructed and maintained at the public expense, and with their soil vested in the state. Such roads led either to the sea, to a town, to a public river (one with a constant flow), or to another public road. <a href="/wiki/Siculus_Flaccus" title="Siculus Flaccus">Siculus Flaccus</a>, who lived under Trajan (98–117), calls them <i>viae publicae regalesque</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes their characteristics as follows: </p> <ol><li>They are placed under <i>curatores</i> (<a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">commissioners</a>), and repaired by <i>redemptores</i> (<a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a>) at the public expense; a fixed contribution, however, being levied from the neighboring landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>These roads bear the names of their constructors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Cassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Flaminia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Roman roads were named after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> who had ordered their construction or reconstruction. The same person often served afterwards as consul, but the road name is dated to his term as censor. If the road was older than the office of censor or was of unknown origin, it was named for its destination or the region through which it mainly passed. A road was renamed if the censor ordered major work on it, such as paving, repaving, or rerouting. With the term <i>viae regales</i> compare the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">roads of the Persian kings</a> (who probably organized the first system of public roads) and the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the term <i>viae militariae</i> compare the Icknield Way (<i>Icen-hilde-weg</i>, or "War-way of the Iceni").<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were many other people, besides special officials, who from time to time and for a variety of reasons sought to connect their names with a great public service like that of the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>, when Tribune of the People (123–122 BC), paved or gravelled many of the public roads and provided them with milestones and mounting-blocks for riders. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(praetor_49_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (praetor 49 BC)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a>, when Tribune (50 BC), sought popularity by introducing a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Viaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Viaria (page does not exist)">Lex Viaria</a>, under which he was to be chief inspector or commissioner for five years. <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> obliged the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senators</a> to repair the public roads at their own expense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viae_privatae,_rusticae,_glareae_and_agrariae"><span id="Viae_privatae.2C_rusticae.2C_glareae_and_agrariae"></span><i>Viae privatae, rusticae, glareae</i> and <i>agrariae</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viae privatae, rusticae, glareae and agrariae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second category included private or country roads, originally constructed by private individuals, in whom their soil was vested and who had the power to dedicate them to the public use.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such roads benefited from a <a href="/wiki/Right_of_way" title="Right of way">right of way</a> in favor either of the public or of the owner of a particular estate. Under the heading of <i>viae privatae</i> were also included roads leading from the public or high roads to particular estates or settlements; Ulpian considers these to be public roads.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features off the <i>via</i> were connected to the <i>via</i> by <i>viae rusticae</i>, or secondary roads.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both main or secondary roads might either be paved or left unpaved with a gravel surface, as they were in North Africa. These prepared but unpaved roads were <i>viae glareae</i> or <i>sternendae</i> ("to be strewn"). Beyond the secondary roads were the <i>viae terrenae</i>, "dirt roads". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viae_vicinales"><i>Viae vicinales</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viae vicinales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third category comprised roads at or in villages, <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crossroads" class="extiw" title="wikt:crossroads">crossroads</a>, leading through or towards a <i><a href="/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">vicus</a></i> or village.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such roads ran either into a high road or into other <i>viae vicinales</i>, without any direct communication with a high road. They were considered public or private, according to the fact of their original construction out of public or private funds or materials. Such a road, though privately constructed, became a public road when the memory of its private constructors had perished.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siculus Flaccus describes <i>viae vicinales</i> as roads "<i>de publicis quae divertunt in agros et saepe ad alteras publicas perveniunt</i>" (which turn off the public roads into fields, and often reach to other public roads). The repairing authorities, in this case, were the <i>magistri pagorum</i> or <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">cantons</a>. They could require the neighboring landowners either to furnish laborers for the general repair of the <i>viae vicinales</i>, or to keep in repair, at their own expense, a certain length of road passing through their respective properties.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance_and_financing">Governance and financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the conquest of Italy, prepared <i>viae</i> were extended from Rome and its vicinity to outlying municipalities, sometimes overlying earlier roads. Building <i>viae</i> was a military responsibility and thus came under the jurisdiction of a consul. The process had a military name, <i>viam munire</i>, as though the <i>via</i> were a fortification. Municipalities, however, were responsible for their own roads, which the Romans called <i>viae vicinales</i>. Roads were not free to use; tolls abounded, especially at bridges. Often they were collected at the city gate. Freight costs were made heavier still by import and export taxes. These were only the charges for using the roads. Costs of services on the journey went up from there. </p><p>Financing road building was a Roman government responsibility. Maintenance, however, was generally left to the province. The officials tasked with fund-raising were the <i>curatores viarum</i>. They had a number of methods available to them. Private citizens with an interest in the road could be asked to contribute to its repair. High officials might distribute <a href="/wiki/Evergetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergetism">largesse</a> to be used for roads. Censors, who were in charge of public morals and public works, were expected to fund repairs <i>suâ pecuniâ</i> (with their own money). Beyond those means, taxes were required. </p><p>A <i>via</i> connected two cities. <i>Viae</i> were generally centrally placed in the countryside. The construction and care of the public roads, whether in Rome, in Italy, or in the provinces, was, at all periods of Roman history, considered to be a function of the greatest weight and importance. This is clearly shown by the fact that the censors, in some respects the most venerable of Roman magistrates, had the earliest paramount authority to construct and repair all roads and streets. Indeed all the various functionaries, including emperors, who succeeded the censors in this portion of their duties, may be said to have exercised a devolved censorial jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs_and_civic_responsibilities">Costs and civic responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Costs and civic responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The devolution to the censorial jurisdictions became a practical necessity, resulting from the growth of the Roman dominions and the diverse labors which detained the censors in the capital city. Certain <i>ad hoc</i> official bodies successively acted as constructing and repairing authorities. In Italy, the censorial responsibility passed to the commanders of the Roman armies and later to special commissioners, and in some cases perhaps to the local magistrates. In the provinces, the consul or praetor and his legates received authority to deal directly with the contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The care of the streets and roads within the Roman territory was committed in the earliest times to the censors. They eventually made contracts for paving the street inside Rome, including the <a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a>, with lava, and for laying down the roads outside the city with gravel. <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalks</a> were also provided. The <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a>, probably by virtue of their responsibility for the freedom of traffic and policing the streets, co-operated with the censors and the bodies that succeeded them.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It would seem that in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> had become responsible for the paving of the streets of Rome or at least shared that responsibility with the <a href="/wiki/Quattuorvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Quattuorvir"><i>quattuorviri viarum</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the quaestors were obliged to buy their right to an official career by personal outlay on the streets. There was certainly no lack of precedents for this enforced liberality, and the change made by Claudius may have been a mere change in the nature of the expenditure imposed on the quaestors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_bodies">Official bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Official bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official bodies which first succeeded the censors in the care of the streets and roads were:<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Quattuorviri viis in urbe purgandis</i>, with jurisdiction inside the walls of Rome;</li> <li><i>Duoviri viis extra urbem purgandis</i>, with jurisdiction outside the walls.</li></ol> <p>Both these bodies were probably of ancient origin.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mention of either body occurs in the <i>Lex Julia Municipalis</i> in 45 BC. The quattuorviri were afterwards called <i>quattuorviri viarum curandarum</i>. The extent of jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Duumviri" title="Duumviri">duoviri</a> is derived from their full title as <i>duoviri viis extra propiusve urbem Romam passus mille purgandis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their authority extended over all roads between their respective gates of issue in the city wall and the first milestone beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In case of an emergency in the condition of a particular road, men of influence and liberality were appointed, or voluntarily acted, as <i>curatores</i> or temporary commissioners to superintend the work of repair.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dignity attached to such a curatorship is attested by a passage of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. Among those who performed this duty in connection with particular roads was <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who became <i>curator</i> (67 BC) of the Via Appia and spent his own money liberally upon it. Certain persons appear also to have acted alone and taken responsibility for certain roads. </p><p>In the country districts, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magistri_pagorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magistri pagorum (page does not exist)">magistri pagorum</a> had authority to maintain the <i>viae vicinales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome each householder was legally responsible for the repairs to that portion of the street which passed his own house;<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the duty of the aediles to enforce this responsibility. The portion of any street which passed a temple or public building was repaired by the aediles at the public expense. When a street passed between a public building or temple and a private house, the public treasury and the private owner shared the expense equally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_under_Augustus">Changes under Augustus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Changes under Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governing structure was changed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, who in the course of his reconstitution of the urban administration, both abolished and created new offices in connection with the maintenance of public works, streets, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a> in and around Rome. The task of maintaining the roads had previously been administered by two groups of minor magistrates, the <i>quattuorviri</i> (a board of four magistrates to oversee the roads inside the city) and the <i>duoviri</i> (a board of two to oversee the roads outside the city proper) who were both part of the <a href="/wiki/Collegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegia"><i>collegia</i></a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri"><i>vigintisexviri</i></a> (literally meaning "Twenty-Six Men").<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus, finding the <i>collegia</i> ineffective, especially the boards dealing with road maintenance, reduced the number of magistrates from 26 to 20. Augustus abolished the <i>duoviri</i> and later granted the position as superintendent (according to Dio Cassius) of the road system connecting Rome to the rest of Italy and provinces beyond. In this capacity he had effectively given himself and any following emperors a paramount authority which had originally belonged to the city censors. The <i>quattuorviri</i> board was kept as it was until at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117 to 138 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he appointed praetorians to the offices of "road-maker" and assigning each one with two <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a>, making the office of curator of each of the great public roads a perpetual magistracy rather than a temporary commission. </p><p>The persons appointed under the new system were of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senatorial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrian</a> rank, depending on the relative importance of the roads assigned to them. It was the duty of each curator to issue contracts for the maintenance of his road and to see that the contractor who undertook said work performed it faithfully, as to both quantity and quality. Augustus also authorized the construction of <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a> and removed obstructions to traffic, as the <i>aediles</i> did in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in the character of an imperial curator (though probably armed with extraordinary powers) that <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo" title="Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo">Corbulo</a> denounced the <i><a href="/wiki/Magistratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistratus">magistratus</a></i> and <i>mancipes</i> of the Italian roads to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pursued them and their families with fines and imprisonment and was later rewarded with a consulship by <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, who also shared the habit of condemning well-born citizens to work on the roads. Under the rule of Claudius, Corbulo was brought to justice and forced to repay the money which had been extorted from his victims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_curatores">Other <i>curatores</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other curatores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special <i>curatores</i> for a term seem to have been appointed on occasion, even after the institution of the permanent magistrates bearing that title.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperors who succeeded Augustus exercised a vigilant control over the condition of the public highways. Their names occur frequently in the inscriptions to restorers of roads and bridges. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> were commemorated in this capacity at Emérita.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Itinerary of Antoninus (which was probably a work of much earlier date and republished in an improved and enlarged form under one of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Antonine emperors</a>) remains as standing evidence of the minute care which was bestowed on the service of the public roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_engineering">Construction and engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_infrastructure" title="History of infrastructure">History of infrastructure</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> boasted impressive technological feats, using many advances that were lost during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Some of these accomplishments would not be rivaled in Europe until the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern Age</a>. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier designs. Some of the common, earlier designs incorporated <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices_and_terminology">Practices and terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practices and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">Roman engineering</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Roman military engineering</a></div> <p>Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see <a href="#Laws_and_traditions">Laws and traditions</a> above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 feet (1.1 metres) and more than 23 feet (7.0 metres). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was no doubt much closer to being flat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many roads were built to resist rain, freezing and flooding. They were constructed to need as little repair as possible. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg/290px-Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg/435px-Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg/580px-Tratto_via_consolare_delle_Gallie1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Section of the Via delle Gallie (<a href="/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle d'Aosta">Valle d'Aosta</a>) in Italy, built by excavating the steep rock slope at left</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman construction took a directional straightness. Many long sections are ruler-straight, but it should not be thought that all of them were. Some links in the network were as long as 55 miles (89 km). Gradients of 10%–12% are known in ordinary terrain, 15%–20% in mountainous country. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Roman emphasis on constructing straight roads often resulted in steep slopes relatively impractical for most commercial traffic; over the years the Romans realized this and built longer but more manageable alternatives to existing roads. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Roman roads generally went straight up and down hills, rather than in a serpentine pattern of switchbacks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As to the standard Imperial terminology that was used, the words were localized for different elements used in construction and varied from region to region. Also, in the course of time, the terms <i>via munita</i> and <i>vía publica</i> became identical.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_methods">Materials and methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Materials and methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Viae</i> were distinguished according to their public or private character, as well as according to the materials employed and the methods followed in their construction. Ulpian divided them up in the following fashion:<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Via terrena</i>: A plain road of leveled earth.</li> <li><i>Via glareata</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earthen road with a gravel surface.</li> <li><i>Via munita</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A built road, paved with rectangular blocks of local rock or with polygonal blocks of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a>.</li></ol> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore of Sevilla">Isidore of Sevilla</a>, the Romans borrowed the knowledge of construction of <i>viae munitae</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a>, though certainly inheriting some construction techniques from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Via_terrena"><i>Via terrena</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Via terrena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Viae terrenae</i> were plain roads of leveled earth. These were mere tracks worn down by the feet of humans and animals, and possibly by wheeled carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-GBnREI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBnREI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Via_glareata"><i>Via glareata</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Via glareata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Viae glareatae</i> were earthen roads with a gravel surface or a gravel subsurface and paving on top. Livy speaks of the censors of his time as being the first to contract for paving the streets of Rome with <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> stones, for laying gravel on the roads outside the city, and for forming raised footpaths at the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these roads, the surface was hardened with gravel, and although pavements were introduced shortly afterwards, the blocks were laid on a bed of small stones.<sup id="cite_ref-GBnREI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBnREI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thinkarchaeology42_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkarchaeology42-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Praenestina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Latina" title="Via Latina">Via Latina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thinkarchaeology42_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkarchaeology42-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Via_munita"><i>Via munita</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Via munita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best sources of information as regards the construction of a regulation <i>via munita</i> are:<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The many existing remains of <i>viae publicae</i>. These are often sufficiently well preserved to show that the rules of construction were, as far as local material allowed, minutely adhered to in practice.</li> <li>The directions for making pavements given by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>. The <i>pavement</i> and the <i>via munita</i> were identical in construction, except as regards the top layer, or surface. Pavement consisted of marble or mosaic, and <i>via munita</i> consisted of blocks of stone or volcanic rock.</li> <li>A passage in <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> describing the repairs of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Domiziana" title="Via Domiziana">Via Domitiana</a>, a branch road of the Via Appia leading to <a href="/wiki/Naples#Greek_birth_and_Roman_acquisition" title="Naples">Neapolis</a>.</li></ol> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the <a href="/wiki/Agrimensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrimensor">agrimensores</a> went to work surveying the road bed. They used two main devices, the rod and a device called a <i><a href="/wiki/Groma_(surveying)" title="Groma (surveying)">groma</a></i>, which helped them obtain right angles. The <i><a href="/wiki/Gromatici" title="Gromatici">gromatici</a></i>, the Roman equivalent of rod men, placed rods and put down a line called the <i>rigor</i>. As they did not possess anything like a <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">transit</a>, a surveyor tried to achieve straightness by looking along the rods and commanding the <i>gromatici</i> to move them as required. Using the <i>gromae</i> they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road. If the surveyor could not see his desired endpoint, a signal fire would often be lit at the endpoint in order to guide the surveyor. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libratore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libratore (page does not exist)">libratores</a></i> then began their work using <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughs</a> and, sometimes with the help of <a href="/wiki/Legionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionaries">legionaries</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Spade" title="Spade">spades</a> excavated the road bed down to bedrock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the <i>fossa</i>, the Latin word for ditch. The depth varied according to terrain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Munita_schema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Via_Munita_schema.svg/530px-Via_Munita_schema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Via_Munita_schema.svg/795px-Via_Munita_schema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Via_Munita_schema.svg/1060px-Via_Munita_schema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>The cross-section of a street in Pompeii.<b>1</b> Native earth; <b>2</b> <i>Statumen;</i> <b>3</b> <i>Audits;</i> <b>4</b> <i>Nucleus;</i> <b>5</b> <i>Dorsum</i> or <i>agger viae;</i> <b>6</b> <i>Crepido</i>, <i>margo</i> or <i>semita;</i> <b>7</b> <i>Umbones</i> or edge-stones</figcaption></figure> <p>The method varied according to geographic locality, materials available, and terrain, but the plan or ideal at which the engineer aimed was always the same. The road was constructed by filling the <i>fossa</i>. This was done by layering rock over other stones. Into the <i>fossa</i> was placed large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Rubble" title="Rubble">rubble</a>, gravel and stone, whatever <a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">fill</a> was available. Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it was locally avbailable. When the layers came to within 1 yd (1 m) or so of the surface, the subsurface was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called <i>pavire</i>, or <i>pavimentare</i>. </p><p>The flat surface was then the <i>pavimentum</i>. It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed. A <i>statumen</i> or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers. The final steps utilized <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">lime-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>, which the Romans had discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the ditch. First a small layer of coarse <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, the <i>rudus</i>, then a layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or <i>statumen</i>. Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, called the <i>summa crusta</i>. The <i>crusta</i> was crowned for drainage. </p><p>An example is found in an early basalt road by the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a>. It had <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> paving, polygonal <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> blocks, concrete bedding (substituted for the gravel), and a rain-water gutter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/220px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/330px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/440px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Emperor Trajan's route along the Danube in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Roman Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg/220px-Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg/330px-Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg/440px-Engineering_corps_traian_s_column_river_crossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2255" /></a><figcaption>Roman auxiliary infantry crossing a river, probably the Danube, on a pontoon bridge during the emperor Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–106)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_works">Engineering works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Engineering works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Romans preferred to engineer solutions to obstacles rather than circumvent them. <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrops</a> of stone, ravines, or hilly or mountainous terrain called for <a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">cuts</a> and tunnels. An example of this is found on the Roman road from <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83z%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="Căzănești">Căzănești</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a>. This road was half carved into the rock, about 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft to 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>in (1.5 to 1.75<span class="nowrap"> </span>m); the rest of the road, above the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, was made from wooden structure, projecting out of the cliff. The road functioned as a towpath, making the Danube navigable. <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabula Traiana">Tabula Traiana</a> memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> is all that remains of the now-submerged road.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges" title="List of Roman bridges">List of Roman bridges</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Roman bridges</a> were some of the first large and lasting bridges created.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River crossings were achieved by bridges, or <i>pontes</i>. Single slabs went over rills. A bridge could be of wood, stone, or both. Wooden bridges were constructed on <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">pilings</a> sunk into the river, or on stone piers. Stone <a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridges</a> were used on larger or more permanent crossings. Most bridges also used concrete, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. Roman bridges were so well constructed that many remain in use today. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeways</a> were built over marshy ground. The road was first marked out with pilings. Between them were sunk large quantities of stone so as to raise the causeway to more than 5 feet (1.5 metres) above the marsh. In the provinces, the Romans often did not bother with a stone causeway but used <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">log roads</a> (<i>pontes longi</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_citizen_utilization">Military and citizen utilization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military and citizen utilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The public road system of the Romans was thoroughly military in its aims and spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to unite and consolidate the conquests of the Roman people, whether within or without the limits of Italy proper. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> on the march brought its own baggage train (<i>impedimenta</i>) and constructed its own camp (<i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></i>) every evening at the side of the road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones_and_markers">Milestones and markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Milestones and markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">Milestones</a> divided the Via Appia even before 250 BC into numbered miles, and most <i>viae</i> after 124 BC. The modern word "mile" derives from the Latin <i>milia passuum</i>, "one thousand <a href="/wiki/Pace_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pace (length)">paces</a>", each of which was five Roman feet, or in total 1,476 m (4,843 ft). A milestone, or <i>miliarium</i>, was a circular column on a solid rectangular base, set more than 2 feet (0.61 metres) into the ground, standing 5 feet (1.5 metres) tall, 20 inches (51 centimetres) in diameter, and weighing more than 2 tons. At the base was inscribed the number of the mile relative to the road it was on. In a panel at eye height was the distance to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> and various other information about the officials who made or repaired the road and when. These <i>miliaria</i> are valuable historical documents today, and their inscriptions are collected in Volume XVII of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></i>. Milestones permitted distances and locations to be known and recorded exactly. It was not long before historians began to refer to the milestone at which an event occurred.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rome, Campidoglio: the Miliarium (milestone), point of departure of the consular roads by the Capitoline Wolf."><img alt="Rome, Campidoglio: the Miliarium (milestone), point of departure of the consular roads by the Capitoline Wolf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG/90px-Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG/135px-Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG/180px-Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rome, Campidoglio: the Miliarium (milestone), point of departure of the consular roads by the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milliarum_of_Aiton,_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda,_Romania_in_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turda, Romania: 1993 copy of the Milliarium of Aiton, dating from 108 and showing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca built by Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria in Roman Dacia, by demand of the Emperor Trajan"><img alt="Turda, Romania: 1993 copy of the Milliarium of Aiton, dating from 108 and showing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca built by Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria in Roman Dacia, by demand of the Emperor Trajan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg/70px-Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg/106px-Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg/141px-Milliarum_of_Aiton%2C_modern_copy_erected_in_Turda%2C_Romania_in_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turda" title="Turda">Turda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: 1993 copy of the <a href="/wiki/Milliarium_of_Aiton" title="Milliarium of Aiton">Milliarium of Aiton</a>, dating from 108 and showing the construction of the road from <a href="/wiki/Potaissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Potaissa">Potaissa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Napoca_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoca (ancient city)">Napoca</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Cohors_I_Hispanorum_miliaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria">Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a>, by demand of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the miliarium aureum in the Roman Forum"><img alt="Remains of the miliarium aureum in the Roman Forum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG/120px-RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG/180px-RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG/240px-RomaForoRomanoMiliariumAureum01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the <i>miliarium aureum</i> in the Roman Forum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A provincial Roman milestone, at Alto Rabagão, Portugal (road from Bracara Augusta to Asturias)"><img alt="A provincial Roman milestone, at Alto Rabagão, Portugal (road from Bracara Augusta to Asturias)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg/60px-Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg/90px-Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg/119px-Roman_milestone_rabagao_portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A provincial Roman milestone, at Alto Rabagão, Portugal (road from Bracara Augusta to Asturias)</div> </li> </ul><p>The Romans had a preference for standardization wherever possible, so Augustus, after becoming permanent commissioner of roads in 20 BC, set up the <i><a href="/wiki/Miliarium_aureum" class="mw-redirect" title="Miliarium aureum">miliarium aureum</a></i> ("golden milestone") near the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a>. All roads were considered to begin from this gilded bronze monument. On it were listed all the major cities in the empire and distances to them. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> called it the <i><a href="/wiki/Umbilicus_urbis_Romae" title="Umbilicus urbis Romae">umbilicus Romae</a></i> ("navel of Rome"), and built a similar—although more complex—monument in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milion" title="Milion">Milion</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary_maps_and_charts">Itinerary maps and charts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Itinerary maps and charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg/220px-Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg/330px-Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg/440px-Part_of_Tabula_Peutingeriana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i></span> (Southern Italy centered)</figcaption></figure> <p>Combined topographical and road-maps may have existed as specialty items in some Roman libraries, but they were expensive, hard to copy and not in general use. Travelers wishing to plan a journey could consult an <i><a href="/wiki/Itinerarium" title="Itinerarium">itinerarium</a></i>, which in its most basic form was a simple list of cities and towns along a given road and the distances between them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only a short step from lists to a master list, or a schematic route-planner in which roads and their branches were represented more or less in parallel, as in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i></span>. From this master list, parts could be copied and sold on the streets. </p><p>The most thorough used different symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. The Roman government from time to time would produce a master road itinerary. The first known were commissioned in 44 BC by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>. Three Greek geographers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenodoxus_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenodoxus (geographer) (page does not exist)">Zenodoxus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodotus_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodotus (geographer) (page does not exist)">Theodotus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyclitus_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyclitus (geographer) (page does not exist)">Polyclitus</a>, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary; the task required over 25 years, and the resulting stone-engraved master itinerary was set up near the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>. Travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicles_and_transportation">Vehicles and transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vehicles and transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG/220px-R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG/330px-R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG/440px-R%C3%B6mischer_Reisewagen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Roman carriage (reconstruction)</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the cities, Romans were avid riders and rode on or drove quite a number of vehicle types, some of which are mentioned here. <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Carts</a> driven by oxen were used. Horse-drawn carts could travel up to 40 to 50 kilometres (25 to 31 mi) per day,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while pedestrians traveled 20 to 25 kilometres (12 to 16 mi) per day. For purposes of description, Roman vehicles can be divided into the car, the coach, and the cart. Cars were used to transport one or two individuals, coaches were used to transport parties, and carts to transport cargo. </p><p>Of the cars, the most popular was the <i>carrus</i>, a standard <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> form descending to the Romans from a greater antiquity. The top was open, the front closed. One survives in the Vatican. It carried a driver and a passenger. A <i>carrus</i> with two horses was a <i><a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">biga</a></i>; three horses, a <i><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">triga</a></i>; and four horses a <i><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></i>. The tyres were of iron. When not in use, its wheels were removed for easier storage. A more luxurious version, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpentum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carpentum (page does not exist)">carpentum</a></i>, transported women and officials. It had an arched overhead covering of cloth and was drawn by mules. A lighter version, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisium (page does not exist)">cisium</a></i>, equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">gig</a>, was open above and in front and had a seat. Drawn by one or two mules or horses, it was used for cab work, the cab drivers being called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisiani (page does not exist)">cisiani</a></i>. The builder was a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisarius (page does not exist)">cisarius</a></i>. </p><p>Of the coaches, the mainstay was the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raeda (page does not exist)">raeda</a></i> or <i>reda</i>, which had four wheels. The high sides formed a sort of box in which seats were placed, with a notch on each side for entry. It carried several people with baggage up to the legal limit of 1,000 Roman <i>librae</i> (pounds), modern equivalent 328 kilograms (723 pounds). It was drawn by teams of oxen, horses or mules. A cloth top could be put on for weather, in which case it resembled a covered wagon. The <i>raeda</i> was probably the main vehicle for travel on the roads. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raedae_meritoriae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raedae meritoriae (page does not exist)">Raedae meritoriae</a></i> were hired coaches. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiscalis_raeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiscalis raeda (page does not exist)">fiscalis raeda</a></i> was a government coach. The driver and the builder were both referred to as a <i>raedarius</i>. </p><p>Of the carts, the main one was the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaustrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaustrum (page does not exist)">plaustrum</a></i> or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plostrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plostrum (page does not exist)">plostrum</a></i>. This was simply a platform of boards attached to wheels and a cross-tree. The wheels, or <i>tympana</i>, were solid and were several centimetres (inches) thick. The sides could be built up with boards or rails. A large wicker basket was sometimes placed on it. A two-wheel version existed along with the normal four-wheel type called the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaustrum_maius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaustrum maius (page does not exist)">plaustrum maius</a></i>. </p><p>The military used a standard wagon. Their transportation service was the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursus_clabularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursus clabularis (page does not exist)">cursus clabularis</a></i>, after the standard wagon, called a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrus_clabularius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrus clabularius (page does not exist)">carrus clabularius</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clabularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clabularis (page does not exist)">clabularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clavularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clavularis (page does not exist)">clavularis</a></i>, or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clabulare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clabulare (page does not exist)">clabulare</a></i>. It transported the <i>impedimenta</i> (baggage) of a military column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Way_stations_and_traveler_inns">Way stations and traveler inns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Way stations and traveler inns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">Mansio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg/220px-Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg/330px-Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg/440px-Letocetum_Mansio_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">mansio</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Letocetum" title="Letocetum">Letocetum</a>, Wall, Staffordshire, England</figcaption></figure> <p>For non-military officials and people on official business who had no legion at their service, the government maintained way stations, or <i><a href="/wiki/Mansio" title="Mansio">mansiones</a></i> ("staying places"), for their use. <a href="/wiki/Passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Passports">Passports</a> were required for identification. <i>Mansiones</i> were located about 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi) apart. There the official traveller found a complete <i><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a></i> dedicated to his use. Often a permanent military camp or a town grew up around the <i>mansio</i>. For non-official travelers in need of refreshment, a private system of "inns" or <i>cauponae</i> were placed near the <i>mansiones</i>. They performed the same functions but were somewhat disreputable, as they were frequented by thieves and prostitutes. Graffiti decorate the walls of the few whose ruins have been found. </p><p>Genteel travelers needed something better than <i>cauponae</i>. In the early days of the <i>viae</i>, when little unofficial provision existed, houses placed near the road were required by law to offer hospitality on demand. Frequented houses no doubt became the first <i>tabernae</i>, which were <a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">hostels</a>, rather than the "taverns" we know today. As Rome grew, so did its <i>tabernae</i>, becoming more luxurious and acquiring good or bad reputations as the case might be. An example is the <i>Tabernae Caediciae</i> at <a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a> on the Via Appia. It had a large storage room containing barrels of wine, cheese and ham. Many cities of today grew up around a <i>taberna</i> complex, such as <a href="/wiki/Rheinzabern" title="Rheinzabern">Rheinzabern</a> in the Rhineland, and <a href="/wiki/Saverne" title="Saverne">Saverne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. </p><p>A third system of way stations serviced vehicles and animals: the <i>mutationes</i> ("changing stations"). They were located every 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi). In these complexes, the driver could purchase the services of wheelwrights, cartwrights, and <i>equarii medici</i>, or veterinarians. Using these stations as chariot relays, Tiberius hastened 296 kilometres (184 mi) in 24 hours to join his brother, <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus Germanicus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was dying of gangrene as a result of a fall from a horse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_offices_and_services">Post offices and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post offices and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two postal services were available under the empire, one public and one private. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">cursus publicus</a></i>, founded by Augustus, carried the mail of officials by relay throughout the Roman road system. The vehicle for carrying mail was a <i>cisium</i> with a box, but for special delivery a horse and rider was faster. On average a relay of horses could carry a letter 80 kilometres (50 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a day. The postman wore a characteristic leather hat, the <i>petanus</i>. The postal service was a somewhat dangerous occupation, as postmen were a target for bandits and enemies of Rome. Private mail of the well-to-do was carried by <i>tabellarii</i>, an organization of slaves available for a price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many examples of roads that still follow the route of Roman roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg/220px-The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg/330px-The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg/440px-The_Ancient_Roads_of_Italy_and_Sicily_nopng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Italian and Sicilian roads in the time of ancient Rome</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Major roads</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia" title="Via Aemilia">Via Aemilia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini"> Rimini (Ariminum)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a>, the Appian way (312 BC), from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Aurelia" title="Via Aurelia">Via Aurelia</a> (241 BC), from Rome to France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a> (220 BC), from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini"> Rimini (Ariminum)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Raetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Raetia (page does not exist)">Via Raetia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> north across the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">Via Salaria</a>, from Rome to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">Marches</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Aemilia_in_Hirpinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Aemilia in Hirpinis (page does not exist)">Via Aemilia in Hirpinis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aemilia_in_Hirpinis" class="extiw" title="it:Via Aemilia in Hirpinis">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia_Scauri" title="Via Aemilia Scauri">Via Aemilia Scauri</a> (109 BC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Aquillia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Aquillia (page does not exist)">Via Aquillia</a>, branches off the Appia at <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> to the sea at Hipponium (<a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Brixiana" title="Via Brixiana">Via Brixiana</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Canalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Canalis (page does not exist)">Via Canalis</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemona" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemona">Gemona</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Canale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Canale (page does not exist)">Val Canale</a> to <a href="/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and then over Alps to <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Julia_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Claudia Julia Augusta">Via Claudia Julia Augusta</a> (13 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Nova" title="Via Claudia Nova">Via Claudia Nova</a> (47 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Clodia" title="Via Clodia">Via Clodia</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> forming a system with the Cassia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Domiziana" title="Via Domiziana">Via Domitiana</a>, coast road from Naples to Formia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Flacca" title="Via Flacca">Via Flacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Flavia" title="Via Flavia">Via Flavia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste (Tergeste)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Gemina" title="Via Gemina">Via Gemina</a>, from Aquileia and Trieste through the <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a> to <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">Materija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obrov,_Hrpelje-Kozina" title="Obrov, Hrpelje-Kozina">Obrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Beltinci" title="Lipa, Beltinci">Lipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klana" title="Klana">Klana</a>, from where, near <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, descending towards <a href="/wiki/Trsat" title="Trsat">Trsat (Tersatica)</a> to continue along the Dalmatian coast</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Herculia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Herculia (page does not exist)">Via Herculia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Herculia" class="extiw" title="it:Via Herculia">it</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a> (8 BC), exits <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a>, southeast from Rome, forming a system with the Praenestina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Latina" title="Via Latina">Via Latina</a>, southeast from Rome to Casilinum where it joined the Via Appia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Ostiense">Via Ostiensis</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Postumia" title="Via Postumia">Via Postumia</a> (148 BC), from <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Popilia" title="Via Popilia">Via Popilia</a> (132 BC), two distinct roads, one from <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rhegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegium">Rhegium</a> and the other from <a href="/wiki/Ariminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariminum">Ariminum</a> through the later <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Praenestina</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Severiana" title="Via Severiana">Via Severiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Tiberina" title="Via Tiberina">Via Tiberina</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Ocriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocriculum">Ocriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Tiburtina" title="Via Tiburtina">Via Tiburtina</a>, from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Tibur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibur">Tibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Traiana Nova (Italy)">Via Traiana Nova (Italy)</a>, from Lake <a href="/wiki/Bolsena" title="Bolsena">Bolsena</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a>. Known by archaeology only</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Valeria" title="Via Valeria">Via Valeria</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tibur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibur">Tibur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aternum" title="Aternum">Aternum</a></li> <li>Via Valeria (Sicily) from <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_areas">Other areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg/220px-2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg/330px-2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg/440px-2006_0814Histria_Road_Market20060416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A road in <a href="/wiki/Histria_(Sinoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Histria (Sinoe)">Histria (Sinoe)</a> presumed to be of Roman origin (The rectangular blocks are not true Roman construction.)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg/220px-BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg/330px-BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg/440px-BALKANS_ROMAN_ROADS_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Roman roads along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Africa</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Africa" title="Roman roads in Africa">Roman roads in Africa</a></div> <ul><li>Main road: from <a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala Colonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Via_Hadriana" title="Via Hadriana">Via Hadriana</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a> southward (see: <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Morocco" title="Roman roads in Morocco">Roman roads in Morocco</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Albania / North Macedonia / Greece / Turkey</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> (146 BC) connecting <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrhachium</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> via <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> <p><b>Austria / Serbia / Bulgaria / Turkey</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Militaris" title="Via Militaris">Via Militaris</a> (Via Diagonalis, Via Singidunum), connecting <a href="/wiki/Middle_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Europe">Middle Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li></ul> <p><b>Bulgaria / Romania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Pontica" title="Via Pontica">Via Pontica</a></li></ul> <p><b>Cyprus</b> </p> <ul><li>Via Kolossus. Connecting <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, the island Roman capital, with Salamis, the second bigger city and port.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="France"></span><b>France</b> </p><p>In France, a Roman road is called <i>voie romaine</i> in vernacular language. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Agrippa" title="Via Agrippa">Via Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Aquitania" title="Via Aquitania">Via Aquitania</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, where it connected to the Via Domitia, to the Atlantic Ocean across <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Domitia" title="Via Domitia">Via Domitia</a> (118 BC), from <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, where it joins to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_de_Panissars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Col de Panissars (page does not exist)">Col de Panissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_road_(Nord)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road (Nord)">Roman road (Nord)</a>, extending from Dunkirk to Cassel in Nord Département</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png/220px-Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png/330px-Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png/440px-Germania_inferior_roads_towns.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Major Roman roads in <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germania Inferior (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_road_from_Trier_to_Cologne" title="Roman road from Trier to Cologne">Roman road from Trier to Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Belgica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Belgica (page does not exist)">Via Belgica</a> (Boulogne-Cologne)</li> <li>Lower <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></li> <li>Interconnections between Lower <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Belgica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Belgica (page does not exist)">Via Belgica</a></li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_Roman_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Petra Roman Road">Petra Roman Road</a> 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Romania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan's bridge">Trajan's bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> road.</li> <li>Via Traiana: Porolissum Napoca Potaissa Apulum road.</li> <li>Via Pontica: <a href="/wiki/Troesmis" title="Troesmis">Troesmis</a> <a href="/wiki/Piroboridava" title="Piroboridava">Piroboridava</a> <a href="/wiki/Caput" title="Caput">Caput</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenarum (page does not exist)">Stenarum</a> <a href="/wiki/Apulum_(castra)" title="Apulum (castra)">Apulum</a> <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Partiscum</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lugio (page does not exist)">Lugio</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania_roads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispania_roads.svg/220px-Hispania_roads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispania_roads.svg/330px-Hispania_roads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hispania_roads.svg/440px-Hispania_roads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption> Roman roads in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, or Roman Iberia</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spain and Portugal</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iter_ab_Emerita_Asturicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iter ab Emerita Asturicam (page does not exist)">Iter ab Emerita Asturicam</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a>. Later known as <i><a href="/wiki/Via_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Via de la Plata">Vía de la Plata</a></i> (<i>plata</i> means "silver" in Spanish, but in this case it is a false cognate of an Arabic word <i>balata</i>), part of the fan of the <a href="/wiki/Way_of_Saint_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Saint James">Way of Saint James</a>. Now it is the A-66 <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrénées">Pyrénées</a>, where it joins to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Domitia" title="Via Domitia">Via Domitia</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll_de_Panissars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coll de Panissars (page does not exist)">Coll de Panissars</a>, near <a href="/wiki/La_Jonquera" title="La Jonquera">La Jonquera</a>. It passes through <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (city in Spain)">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> (anciently Tarraco), and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cami%C3%B1o_de_Oro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camiño de Oro (page does not exist)">Camiño de Oro</a>, ending in Ourense, capital of the Province of Ourense, passing near the village of Reboledo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_XVIII" title="Via XVIII">Via Nova</a> (or Via XVIII), from <a href="/wiki/Bracara_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracara Augusta">Bracara Augusta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asturica_Augusta" title="Asturica Augusta">Asturica Augusta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Syria</b> </p> <ul><li>Road connecting <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata_Diocletiana" title="Strata Diocletiana">Strata Diocletiana</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a>, going through <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and south to <a href="/wiki/Arabia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia (Roman province)">Arabia</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Trans-Alpine roads</b> </p><p>These roads connected modern Italy and Germany: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Augusta" title="Via Claudia Augusta">Via Claudia Augusta</a> (47) from <a href="/wiki/Altinum" title="Altinum">Altinum</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quarto_d%27Altino" title="Quarto d'Altino">Quarto d'Altino</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Reschen_Pass" title="Reschen Pass">Reschen Pass</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_road_in_Tarsus,_Mersin_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/220px-Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/330px-Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/440px-Roman_road_in_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>Roman road in the urban fabric of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trans-Pyrenean roads</b> </p><p>Connecting <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_Asturica_Burdigalam" title="Ab Asturica Burdigalam">Ab Asturica Burdigalam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Turkey</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_road_in_Cilicia" title="Roman road in Cilicia">Roman road in Cilicia</a> in south Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Road_of_Ankara" title="Roman Road of Ankara">Roman Road of Ankara</a></li></ul> <p><b>United Kingdom</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg/220px-High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg/330px-High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg/440px-High_Street_and_Small_Water_from_Harter_Fell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_Street_(Lake_District)" title="High Street (Lake District)">High Street</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fell</a> in the English <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, named after the apparent Roman road which runs over the summit, which is claimed to be the highest Roman road in Britain. Its status as a Roman road is problematic, as it appears to be a holloway or <a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">sunken lane</a>, whereas the Romans built their roads on an <a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">agger</a> or embankment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britannia" title="Roman roads in Britannia">Roman roads in Britannia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet_Way" title="Camlet Way">Camlet Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_Street" title="Ermine Street">Ermine Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_Causeway" title="Fen Causeway">Fen Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosse_Way" title="Fosse Way">Fosse Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Street_(Roman_road)" title="King Street (Roman road)">King Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London-West_of_England_Roman_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="London-West of England Roman Roads">London-West of England Roman Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddars_Way" title="Peddars Way">Peddars Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pye_Road" title="Pye Road">Pye Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_road_from_Silchester_to_Bath" title="Roman road from Silchester to Bath">Roman road from Silchester to Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stane_Street_(Chichester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stane Street (Chichester)">Stane Street (Chichester)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stane_Street_(Colchester)" title="Stane Street (Colchester)">Stane Street (Colchester)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanegate" title="Stanegate">Stanegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Devana" title="Via Devana">Via Devana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_roads_and_trails" title="Historic roads and trails">Historic roads and trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Roman military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Ancient Roman technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Road_from_Saintes_to_P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Roman Road from Saintes to Périgueux">Roman Road from Saintes to Périgueux</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForbes1993" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Oi70BovgoQC&q=%22Via+Gabina%22+road+built&pg=PA146"><i>Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2</i></a>. Brill. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00622-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00622-5"><bdi>978-90-04-00622-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+ancient+technology%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00622-5&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Oi70BovgoQC%26q%3D%2522Via%2BGabina%2522%2Broad%2Bbuilt%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaszynski, William. <i>The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzv2oZM5_38C&pg=PA9">Page 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWPageArticleRoadsCanals_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller. <i>Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches</i>. New York [etc.]: The Macmillan Co, 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA320">Page 320</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbishley,_Mike_page_50_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. Warwick Press, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuducu2015" class="citation book cs1">Duducu, Jem (2015). <i>The Romans in 100 Facts</i>. UK: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445649702" title="Special:BookSources/9781445649702"><bdi>9781445649702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans+in+100+Facts&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781445649702&rft.aulast=Duducu&rft.aufirst=Jem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel, Richard A. <i>The Great Armies of Antiquity</i>. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC&pg=PA9">Page 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Grant, <i>History of Rome</i> (New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quilici, Lorenzo (2008): "Land Transport, Part 1: Roads and Bridges", in: <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">Oleson, John Peter</a> (ed.): <i>The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World</i>, Oxford University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518731-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518731-1">978-0-19-518731-1</a>, pp. 551–579 (552)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithDictionaryAntiquities-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithDictionaryAntiquities_9-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1890).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Darvill, <i>Oxford Archaeological Guides: England</i> (2002) pp. 297–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence1999" class="citation book cs1">Laurence, Ray (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsromanitalym00laur"><i>The roads of Roman Italy: mobility and cultural change</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsromanitalym00laur/page/n72">58</a>–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16616-4"><bdi>978-0-415-16616-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+roads+of+Roman+Italy%3A+mobility+and+cultural+change&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16616-4&rft.aulast=Laurence&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadsromanitalym00laur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subordinate officers under the aediles, whose duty it was to look after those streets of Rome which were outside the city walls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also, <i>glarea strata</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also <i>lapide quadrato strata</i> or <i>sílice strata</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBnREI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBnREI_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBnREI_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Great Britain, and Royal Engineers' Institute (Great Britain). Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers: Royal Engineer Institute, Occasional Papers. Chatham: Royal Engineer Institute, 1877. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kup-AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57">Page 57–92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham, Alexander. Roman Africa; An Outline of the History of the Roman Occupation of North Africa, Based Chiefly Upon Inscriptions and Monumental Remains in That Country. London: Longmans, Green, and co, 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PT1CAAAAIAAJ/page/n106">Page 66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinkarchaeology42-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thinkarchaeology42_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thinkarchaeology42_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkarchaeology.net/42/ancient-roman-street-colleferro/archaeology-italy/#more-42">Ancient Roman Street re-emerges close to Colleferro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015181845/http://www.thinkarchaeology.net/42/ancient-roman-street-colleferro/archaeology-italy/#more-42">Archived</a> 2013-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. thinkarchaeology.net. October 10, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Camp1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">de Camp, L. Sprague</a> (1974) [First published 1960]. <i>The Ancient Engineers</i>. Toronto, Canada: Random House. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-32029-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-32029-2"><bdi>978-0-345-32029-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Engineers&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-345-32029-2&rft.aulast=de+Camp&rft.aufirst=L.+Sprague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, J. H. <i>The Remains of Ancient Rome</i>. London: A. and C. Black, 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k35LLSdsA78C&pg=RA1-PA251">Page 251</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deferranti.com/index.php/glossary/view/gl179162#:~:text=Roman%20bridges,%20built%20by%20ancient,arch%20as%20its%20basic%20structure.">"De Ferranti - Glossary - Roman bridge"</a>. <i>deferranti.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deferranti.com&rft.atitle=De+Ferranti+-+Glossary+-+Roman+bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeferranti.com%2Findex.php%2Fglossary%2Fview%2Fgl179162%23%3A~%3Atext%3DRoman%2520bridges%2C%2520built%2520by%2520ancient%2Carch%2520as%2520its%2520basic%2520structure.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ja%C5%9B_Elsner" title="Jaś Elsner">Jaś Elsner</a>, "The <i>Itinerarium Burdigalense</i>: politics and salvation in the geography of Constantine's Empire", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>, (2000), pp. 181–195, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Travel in the Ancient World</i>, Lionel Casson, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia/Liber_VII">Naturalis Historia</a> by Gaius Plinius Secundus, Liber VII, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pW9bAAAAQAAJ">The General History of the Highways</a> by Nicolas Bergier, page 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.W.J.Eliot, New Evidence for the Speed of the Roman Imperial Post. Phoenix 9, 2, 1955, 76ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archweb.cimec.ro/Arheologie/web-histria/4imagini/imagini_eng.htm">The Archaeological Site of Histria</a>, archweb.cimec.ro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanroads.org">"RRRA Home"</a>. Romanroads.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RRRA+Home&rft.pub=Romanroads.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanroads.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+roads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li>Laurence, Ray (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUhT_AcJyYEC">The roads of Roman Italy: mobility and cultural change</a></i>. Routledge.</li> <li>Von Hagen, Victor W. (1967). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsthatledtoro00vonh">The Roads That Led to Rome</a></i>. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York.</li> <li>Codrington, Thomas (1905). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanroadsinbri00commgoog">Roman Roads in Britain</a></i>. London [etc.]: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.</li> <li>Forbes, Urquhart A., and Arnold C. Burmester (1904). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVMDAAAAMAAJ">Our Roman Highways</a></i>. London: F.E. Robinson & co.</li> <li>Roby, Henry John (1902). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wsxAAAAIAAJ">Roman Private Law in the Times of Cicero and of the Antonines</a></i>. Cambridge: C.U.P.</li> <li>Smith, William, William Wayte, and G. E. Marindin (1890). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYtAAAAIAAJ">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>. London: J. Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NngPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA946">pp. 946–954</a>.</li> <li>Smith, William (1858). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aschooldictiona00smitgoog">A School Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>; Abridged from the Larger Dictionary by William Smith, with Corrections and Improvements by Charles Anthon. N.Y.: [s.n.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs5QKRNq5_0C&pg=PA354">pp. 354–355</a>.</li> <li>Cresy, Edward (1847). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUMOAAAAYAAJ">An Encyclopædia of Civil Engineering, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical</a></i>. London: Printed for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster-Row.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin col-begin-small" role="presentation" style="background: transparent;width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siculus_Flaccus" title="Siculus Flaccus">Siculus Flaccus</a>, De condicionibus agrorum cap. XIX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi</a> Etymologiarum sive Originum Liber XV, 15–16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a>: <ul><li>8.5 De cursu publico angariis et parangariis;</li> <li>15.3 De itinere muniendo</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Iuris_Civilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Iuris Civilis">Corpus Iuris Civilis</a> <ul><li>C.12.50 De cursu publico angariis et parangariis</li> <li>D.8.3.0 De servitutibus praediorum rusticorum.</li> <li>D.8.6.2</li> <li>D.43.7 De locis et itineribus publicis</li> <li>D.43.8 Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat.</li> <li>D.43.10 De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur.</li> <li>D.43.11 De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo.</li> <li>D.43.19 De itinere actuque privato.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Colin. 2007. <i>Land transport in Roman Egypt 30 BC–AD 300: A study in administration and economic history.</i> Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li>Chevallier, Raymond. 1972. <i>Les voies romaines.</i> Paris: Colin.</li> <li>Coarelli, Filippo. 2007. <i>Rome and environs: An archaeological guide.</i> Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.</li> <li>Davies, Hugh, E. H. 1998. "Designing Roman roads." <i>Britannia: Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies</i> 29: 1–16.</li> <li>Erdkamp, Peter. <i>Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 B.C.).</i> Amsterdam: Gieben, 1998.</li> <li>Isaac, Benjamin. 1988. "The meaning of 'Limes' and 'Limitanei' in ancient sources." <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 78: 125–47.</li> <li>Laurence, Ray. 1999. <i>The roads of Roman Italy. Mobility and cultural change.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li>Lewis, Michael J. T. 2001. <i>Surveying instruments of Greece and Rome.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li>MacDonald, William L. 1982–1986. <i>The architecture of the Roman Empire.</i> 2 vols. Yale Publications in the History of Art 17, 35. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.</li> <li>Meijer, Fik J., and O. Van Nijf. 1992. <i>Trade, transport and society in the ancient world: A sourcebook.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li>O’Connor, Colin. 1993. <i>Roman bridges.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li>Pekáry, Thomas. 1968. <i>Untersuchungen zu den römischen Reichsstraßen.</i> Bonn: Habelt.</li> <li>Quilici, Lorenzo. 2008. "Land transport, Part 1: Roads and bridges." In <i>The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world.</i> Edited by John P. Oleson, 551–79. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li>Rathmann, Michael. 2003. <i>Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstraßen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum.</i> Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.</li> <li>Talbert, Richard J. A., et al. 2000. <i>Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world.</i> Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.</li> <li>Wiseman, T. P. 1970. "Roman Republican road-building." <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i> 38: 122–52.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_roads&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Roman+roads&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Maps</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbis.stanford.edu/">Orbis/Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/alacarte/#">The Antiquity À-la-carte interactive digital atlas of the Ancient Mediterranean World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820020933/http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/alacarte/">Archived</a> 2016-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>General articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/culture/roman-roads.php">Roman Roads</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnesviae.org/">Omnes Viae: Roman route planner based on Tabula Peutingeriana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/viaeromanae.html">Viae Romanae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink102.com/Rome/roman-roads.htm">Road Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Viae.html">"Viae"—article by William Ramsay</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528061612/http://traianus.rediris.es/">Traianus: Technical investigation of Roman public works</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Road descriptions</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viasromanas.planetaclix.pt">Vias Romanas em Portugal (in Portuguese)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212004353/http://viasromanas.planetaclix.pt/">Archived</a> 2021-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/itineraires-romains-en-france/default.htm">Itineraires Romains en France (in French)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051208013907/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/augustine/routes.html">Augustine's Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaluwi.de/Roemerstrassen.html">Pictures of Roman roads in the province of Raetia (German captions)</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Roman law regarding public and private domain</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Servitutes.html">Servitutes</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Road construction</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006212211/http://www.brrp.bham.ac.uk/construction/construction.html">Roman Road Construction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleoffulford.org.uk/ev_roman_rd_constrct.htm">Construction of Roman Roads</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/123">Design and 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman roads</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia" title="Via Aemilia">Via Aemilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Aemilia_Scauri" title="Via Aemilia Scauri">Via Aemilia Scauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Agrippa" title="Via Agrippa">Via Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Amerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Amerina">Via Amerina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Anicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Anicia (page does not exist)">Via Anicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Annia" title="Via Annia">Via Annia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Via Appia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Aquillia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Aquillia (page does not exist)">Via Aquillia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Aquitania" title="Via Aquitania">Via Aquitania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Ardeatina" title="Via Ardeatina">Via Ardeatina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Argentaria" title="Via Argentaria">Via Argentaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Asinaria" title="Via Asinaria">Via Asinaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Asturica_Burdigalam" title="Ab Asturica Burdigalam">Via Asturica Burdigalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Augusta_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Augusta Pretoria (page does not exist)">Via Augusta Pretoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Aurelia" title="Via Aurelia">Via Aurelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Bracara_Asturicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Bracara Asturicam (page does not exist)">Via Bracara Asturicam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Brixiana" title="Via Brixiana">Via Brixiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Caecilia" title="Via Caecilia">Via Caecilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Campana" title="Via Campana">Via Campana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Augusta" title="Via Claudia Augusta">Via Claudia Augusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Claudia_Nova" title="Via Claudia Nova">Via Claudia Nova</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Clodia" title="Via Clodia">Via Clodia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Confluentana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Confluentana (page does not exist)">Via Confluentana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Cornelia" title="Via Cornelia">Via Cornelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Corsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Corsica (page does not exist)">Via Corsica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Decia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Decia (page does not exist)">Via Decia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Via de la Plata">Via Delapidata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Devana" title="Via Devana">Via Devana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strata_Diocletiana" title="Strata Diocletiana">Strata Diocletiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Domitia" title="Via Domitia">Via Domitia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Domiziana" title="Via Domiziana">Via Domiziana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Fenollentis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Fenollentis (page does not exist)">Via Fenollentis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Flacca" title="Via Flacca">Via Flacca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Flavia" title="Via Flavia">Via Flavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Gallica" title="Via Gallica">Via Gallica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Gemina" title="Via Gemina">Via Gemina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Hadriana" title="Via Hadriana">Via Hadriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Latina" title="Via Latina">Via Latina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Laurentina" title="Via Laurentina">Via Laurentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Lusitanorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Lusitanorum (page does not exist)">Via Lusitanorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Militaris" title="Via Militaris">Via Militaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Nomentana" title="Via Nomentana">Via Nomentana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Via Ostiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Pontica" title="Via Pontica">Via Pontica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Popilia" title="Via Popilia">Via Popilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Portuensis" title="Via Portuensis">Via Portuensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Praenestina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Postumia" title="Via Postumia">Via Postumia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Regina" title="Via Regina">Via Regina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">Via Salaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Severiana" title="Via Severiana">Via Severiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Sublacensis" title="Via Sublacensis">Via Sublacensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Trionfale" title="Via Trionfale">Via Trionfale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Valeria" title="Via Valeria">Via Valeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Vallespiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Vallespiri (page does not exist)">Via Vallespiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Vitellia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Vitellia (page does not exist)">Via Vitellia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_XVIII" title="Via XVIII">Via XVIII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britannia" title="Roman roads in Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Judaea" title="Roman roads in Judaea">Judaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman 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