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<li id="toc-The_name_12_cm_K.A." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_name_12_cm_K.A."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The name 12 cm K.A.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_name_12_cm_K.A.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Procurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development and production</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_for_the_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_for_the_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Production for the army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_for_the_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_for_the_navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_for_the_navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Production for the navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_for_the_navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ammunition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" 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class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> 12 cm K.A. </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg/300px-Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg/450px-Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg/600px-Two_12_cm_K.A._in_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two 12 cm K.A. in 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">Naval gun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Army 1873</li> <li>Navy 1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 1881</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Royal Netherlands Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Unit cost</th><td class="infobox-data">3,825 guilders<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel187427_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel187427-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1873</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">570+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">942 kg<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2.10 m<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12-centimetre (4.72 in)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Muzzle velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">293.4 m at 41 m<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187871_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187871-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>12 cm K.A.</b> was a Dutch fortress, siege and naval rifled bronze breechloading gun. In the Dutch army it was called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kanon Brons getrokken van 12 cm K.A.</i></span>. In the Dutch navy: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kanon van 12 cm A No. 2</i></span>. It was produced in substantial numbers in the Netherlands. There were also steel and steel bronze versions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_name_12_cm_K.A.">The name 12 cm K.A.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The name 12 cm K.A."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The army most often designated this gun as: 'Kanon van 12 cm K.A.'. It was a short bronze breechloading gun meant for indirect fire. K.A. stood for <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kort</i></span> (short) and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Achterlader</i></span> (breechloader). That the gun was made of bronze, was not mentioned, because all army short 12 cm breechloaders were made of bronze. The label 'short' stood for the relatively short barrel, but also that the gun was meant for indirect fire. In the army, there were also Long 12 cm guns, designated L. or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Lang</i></span>. These also carried a label 'bronze' or 'steel'. The navy also had a steel version of the 12 cm K.A., but kept them apart by using numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procurement">Procurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1870 the Dutch field artillery was very backward. In March 1871 the Minister for Defense therefore sent two artillery officers to Switzerland to study a new bronze breech loading field gun of 84 mm caliber. These officers bought a gun (the <a href="/wiki/8.4_cm_Feldgesch%C3%BCtz_Ord_1879" title="8.4 cm Feldgeschütz Ord 1879">8.4 cm Feldgeschütz Ord 1871</a>) and 500 shot in Winterthur.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1872 the gun arrived and was successfully tested against the Dutch 8 cm rifled muzzle loader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1872123_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1872123-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judging by its appearance the 12 cm A No. 2 gun seems to have been modeled on the 8.4 cm gun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_production">Development and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_12_cm_K.A.">Development of the 12 cm K.A.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of the 12 cm K.A."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12 cm gun appeared rather unexpectedly. In 1872 the Minister for War was busy modernizing the rifles. For artillery he had a 24 cm gun in production, and he planned to construct 25 15 cm guns in 1873. The only mention of a 12 cm gun, was that it would cost about 3,000 guilders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Stirum1872209_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Stirum1872209-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives then urged the minister to procure breechloader field guns. In July 1873 the minister of Defense then suddenly approved the 12 cm gun short.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_Bronze">Steel Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Steel Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the ministry was planning the bronze breechloaders, there were heavy doubts about the suitability of bronze for guns of medium caliber. In 1874 the Austrian army then held successful trials with a new gun presented by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Uchatius" title="Franz von Uchatius">Franz von Uchatius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uchatius copied<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Autofrettage" title="Autofrettage">autofrettage</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Avant_la_lettre" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant la lettre">avant la lettre</a></i>) process from a 1869 American patent without a license<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marketed it as steel bronze (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">staalhard brons</i></span>). It was an alloy of 92% copper and 8% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, which was made tougher by chilling and pressing it. Chilling was done by casting the bronze in an iron form which quickly chilled of the bronze. Later the gun was 'pressed' to eliminate the widening that would normally be created by firing the first shots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pesch1875214_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pesch1875214-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Dutch, concerns about cost and strategic vulnerability<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were reason enough to switch to producing steel bronze guns according to this procedure in about 1880, even despite that was obvious that steel bronze guns are inferior compared to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cast_steel" class="extiw" title="wikt:cast steel">cast steel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_for_the_army">Production for the army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production for the army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871 the gun foundry Maritz Company in The Hague came under control of the War Office. It would then become known as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Rijks Geschutgieterij</i></span> (national gun foundry). This state company would have to produce the bulk of the 12 cm K.A.'s In September 1873 there were plans to produce 20 12 cm K.A. for the army in 1874, while 400 were thought to be required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocx1873162_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocx1873162-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1873 it became known that this was due to a capacity problem at the Rijks Geschutgieterij.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874 the army requirements for the 12 cm K.A. were estimated at 465 guns, excluding those for the <a href="/wiki/Stelling_van_Amsterdam" title="Stelling van Amsterdam">Stelling van Amsterdam</a>. At the same time 210 <i>long</i> 12 cm guns were deemed to be required. It was planned to produce 150 12 cm K.A. in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for 1876 was to produce 100 12 cm K.A. at 3,825 guilders a piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnderlein1875185_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnderlein1875185-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1880 there were 379 army 12 cm K.A. available, while 526 were thought to be required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1880129_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1880129-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 1879 the Rijks Geschutgieterij had been equipped to produce steel bronze guns. By then, the bronze 12 cm K.A. was not a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1879225_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1879225-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead an attempt was made to produce a steel bronze 84 mm field gun, which was urgently required. When this failed these guns were bought from Krupp. The Rijks Geschutgieterij then spent the rest of 1880 casting 60 steel bronze 12 cm Long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1880114_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1880114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_for_the_navy">Production for the navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production for the navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Oosterhuis,_Afb_010003025150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg/220px-Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg/330px-Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg/440px-Pieter_Oosterhuis%2C_Afb_010003025150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>A 12 cm A No. 2 getting finished at Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere Werktuigen</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1876 there was a list of newly approved guns for the Dutch navy. It stated that there were / would be three kinds of 12 cm short guns in the navy:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>12 cm A No. 1 was the steel version made by Krupp. It was 2.1 m long overall and weighed 800 kg.</li> <li>12 cm A No. 2 was cast by the gun foundry at the Rijkswerf Amsterdam, and probably at the Rijks Geschutgieterij in The Hague before that. The guns were finished by the Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere werktuigen. It was made of bronze and generally resembled the army gun in dimensions and looks. The breech and inside of the gun resembled No. 1.</li> <li>12 cm A No. 3 was made by the Rijks Geschutgieterij in The Hague. It was exactly the same as the army 12 cm K.A. It resembled No. 1 in dimensions and grooves, was made of bronze and weighed 910 kg.</li></ul> <p>Until late 1875 the Rijks Geschutgieterij had cast bronze guns for the navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187885_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187885-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The navy then founded its own gun foundry at Rijkswerf Amsterdam, because the Minister for War did not want to produce guns for the navy due to capacity problems. In June 1877 the navy gun foundry started to operate. It cast guns designated as No. 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This casts some doubt about whether the Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere werktuigen really finished guns founded by Rijks Geschutgieterij, or whether this applied to guns cast in Amsterdam from the start. In total about 43 regular 12 cm K.A. No. 2 were cast by the Rijkswerf, and 58 steel hard 12 cm K.A. No. 2 were cast by the Rijkswerf. </p><p>The production history of the 12 cm K.A. No. 2 at the Rijkswerf is well known. By 31 December 1877 19 barrels for the 12 cm K.A. No. 2 had been produced.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878 24 guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879 no 12 cm guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1880188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1880188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880 17 guns were cast. This time the guns were made of steel bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1881134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1881134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1881 9 guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1882121_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1882121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882 13 guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883 4 guns were cast, but one of the guns from stock was rejected before getting finished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883b132_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883b132-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884 7 guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1885112_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1885112-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885 6 guns were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1886124_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1886124-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886 only one 12 cm gun was cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887182_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887182-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889 the two last 12 cm K.A. No. 2 were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1890150_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1890150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12 cm gun was made of bronze. It had a breech with a <a href="/wiki/Broadwell_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadwell Ring">Broadwell Ring</a>. The barrel had twelve grooves of 0.15 cm depth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gun was 2.10 m long, and weighed 910 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first carriage had been made from that of the 15 cm howitzer, and weighed 635 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ammunition">Ammunition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first ammunition consisted of ring shells (grenades) and canister shot. The grenade was covered with lead on the outside. It had three grooves wound with rope, to keep the barrel clean. The explosive charge was 0.59-0.60 kg. The weight of the filled grenade was 13.6 kg. It was ignited by a percussion fuze of Swiss model. The grenade was fired with a charge of 0.5 or 1.1 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canister shot had a sheet metal hull. It was 21.5 cm long and weighed 11.5 kg. On 11.4 cm from the bottom it had a lead ring to position it in the tube. It contained 41 zinc bullets of 12 cm (prob. meaning circumference), each weighing 0.180 kg, and 9 composite shrapnel bullets of 1/8 each weighing 0.048 kg. The canister shot with a charge of 1.1 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875 a shrapnel shot was designed. It had a side of 8 mm thickness, the bottom was 16 mm thick. It contained 144 lead bullets of 1/18 and 116 wooden bullets. The explosive charge was 90 grams. It weighed 13.6 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Alles_Wat1876775_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Alles_Wat1876775-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg/220px-12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg/330px-12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg/440px-12_cm_battery_during_Second_Aceh_Expedition_AKL082845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>12 cm K.A.'s and RML's in the Second Aceh Expedition</figcaption></figure> <p>Even while the first 12 cm K.A. were produced, it became clear that bronze was less suitable for guns that required a heavier powder charge. Therefore, the government wanted to order a coiled steel 15 cm gun and a coiled steel 12 cm <i>long</i> gun in 1875 for tests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_use">Army use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Army use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12 cm K.A. would be almost immediately put to use in the 1873 <a href="/wiki/Second_Aceh_Expedition" title="Second Aceh Expedition">Second Aceh Expedition</a>. In preparation 4 machine guns, 18 bronze RML's of 12 cm, and 8 12 cm K.A. were sent to the Dutch East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1874219_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1874219-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the expedition the 12 cm K.A. played a major role in the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, where it easily silenced the Aceh artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1874222_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1874222-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1879 the 12 cm K.A. was not so modern anymore. While it was still appreciated, the power of the 12 cm K.A. was classified as rather weak, and only suitably at short range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer187946_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer187946-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy_use">Navy use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Navy use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In total the navy had 189 12 cm K.A. of all numbers in stock on 1 July 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887150_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887150-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of some ships it is known that they had either the 12 cm A No. 2 or the steel 12 cm A No. 1. In general the 12 cm A No. 2 was used by ships in the Dutch East Indies that were meant for internal security. Ships that were meant to combat foreign enemies, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Atjeh-class_cruiser" title="Atjeh-class cruiser">Atjeh-class cruisers</a> generally mounted the steel version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_A1124_-_Batterij_van_bronzen_achterlaadvuurmonden_12_cm-kort_van_het_KNIL_in_het_bivak_in_de_kraton_te_Koetaradja_tijdens_de_tweede_Atjehexpeditie,_KITLV_75112.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Two 12 cm K.A. in Second Aceh Expedition"><img alt="Two 12 cm K.A. in Second Aceh Expedition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/KITLV_A1124_-_Batterij_van_bronzen_achterlaadvuurmonden_12_cm-kort_van_het_KNIL_in_het_bivak_in_de_kraton_te_Koetaradja_tijdens_de_tweede_Atjehexpeditie%2C_KITLV_75112.tif/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/KITLV_A1124_-_Batterij_van_bronzen_achterlaadvuurmonden_12_cm-kort_van_het_KNIL_in_het_bivak_in_de_kraton_te_Koetaradja_tijdens_de_tweede_Atjehexpeditie%2C_KITLV_75112.tif/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/KITLV_A1124_-_Batterij_van_bronzen_achterlaadvuurmonden_12_cm-kort_van_het_KNIL_in_het_bivak_in_de_kraton_te_Koetaradja_tijdens_de_tweede_Atjehexpeditie%2C_KITLV_75112.tif/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7356" data-file-height="5816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two 12 cm K.A. in Second Aceh Expedition</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of carriage for Dutch 12 cm rifled bronze breechloader on flat keel barge (uitlegger)."><img alt="Drawing of carriage for Dutch 12 cm rifled bronze breechloader on flat keel barge (uitlegger)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg/120px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg/180px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg/240px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._voor_uitlegger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of carriage for Dutch 12 cm rifled bronze breechloader on flat keel barge (uitlegger).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of Dutch breechloader 12 cm K.A. on siege carriage."><img alt="Drawing of Dutch breechloader 12 cm K.A. on siege carriage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg/120px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg/180px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg/240px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of Dutch breechloader 12 cm K.A. on siege carriage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of Dutch 12 cm K.A. gun on siege carriage IJ. 'IJ' is undoubtedly short for IJzer."><img alt="Drawing of Dutch 12 cm K.A. gun on siege carriage IJ. 'IJ' is undoubtedly short for IJzer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg/120px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg/180px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg/240px-Kanon_van_12_cm_K.A._on_siege_carriage_IJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of Dutch 12 cm K.A. gun on siege carriage IJ. 'IJ' is undoubtedly short for IJzer. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETideman18802e_afd_p._119_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTideman1880">Tideman 1880</a>, p. 2e afd p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel187427-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel187427_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitzel1874">Weitzel 1874</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187871-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187871_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1878">Departement van Marine 1878</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000881114:mpeg21:p00002">"Staatsbegrooting voor 1872"</a>. <i>Dagblad van Zuidholland</i>. 10 November 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagblad+van+Zuidholland&rft.atitle=Staatsbegrooting+voor+1872&rft.date=1871-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB19%3A000881114%3Ampeg21%3Ap00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1872123-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1872123_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuther1872">Reuther 1872</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Stirum1872209-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Stirum1872209_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Stirum1872">Van Stirum 1872</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873621_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_P.1873">Van P. 1873</a>, p. 621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB12:000018109:mpeg21:p00001">"Oostenrijk-Hongarije"</a>. <i>Opregte Haarlemsche Courant</i>. 4 November 1874.</cite><span 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D. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAw4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA591">"New England Manufacturers and Manufactories: Three Hundred and Fifty of the Leading Manufacturers of New England"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+England+Manufacturers+and+Manufactories%3A+Three+Hundred+and+Fifty+of+the+Leading+Manufacturers+of+New+England&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Van+Slyck&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAw4AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Pesch1875214-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Pesch1875214_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Pesch1875">Van Pesch 1875</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB08:000086644:mpeg21:p002">"Oostenrijk-Hongarije"</a>. <i>Brieven over militaire onderwerpen</i>. 11 November 1875.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brieven+over+militaire+onderwerpen&rft.atitle=Oostenrijk-Hongarije&rft.date=1875-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB08%3A000086644%3Ampeg21%3Ap002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrocx1873162-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrocx1873162_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrocx1873">Brocx 1873</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000877145:mpeg21:p00002">"Staten-Generaal"</a>. <i>Dagblad van Zuidholland</i>. 16 December 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagblad+van+Zuidholland&rft.atitle=Staten-Generaal&rft.date=1873-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB19%3A000877145%3Ampeg21%3Ap00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_17-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_17_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitzel1874">Weitzel 1874</a>, p. II 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnderlein1875185-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnderlein1875185_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnderlein1875">Enderlein 1875</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1880129-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1880129_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuther1880">Reuther 1880</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1879225-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1879225_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuther1879">Reuther 1879</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuther1880114-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuther1880114_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuther1880">Reuther 1880</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010486839:mpeg21:p004">"Nederland"</a>. <i>Java-bode</i>. 24 July 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Java-bode&rft.atitle=Nederland&rft.date=1876-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A010486839%3Ampeg21%3Ap004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187885-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine187885_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1878">Departement van Marine 1878</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1879226_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1879">Departement van Marine 1879</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011085173:mpeg21:p001">"Staten-Generaal"</a>. <i>Soerabaijasch handelsblad</i>. 18 February 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soerabaijasch+handelsblad&rft.atitle=Staten-Generaal&rft.date=1879-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A011085173%3Ampeg21%3Ap001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1880188-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1880188_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1880">Departement van Marine 1880</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1881134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1881134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1881">Departement van Marine 1881</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1882121-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1882121_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1882">Departement van Marine 1882</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883122_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1883">Departement van Marine 1883</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883b132-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1883b132_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1883b">Departement van Marine 1883b</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1885112-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1885112_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1885">Departement van Marine 1885</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1886124-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1886124_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1886">Departement van Marine 1886</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887182-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887182_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1887">Departement van Marine 1887</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1890150-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1890150_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1890">Departement van Marine 1890</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_P.1873623_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_P.1873">Van P. 1873</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Alles_Wat1876775-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Alles_Wat1876775_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Alles_Wat1876">Van Alles Wat 1876</a>, p. 775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_18-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitzel1874II_18_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitzel1874">Weitzel 1874</a>, p. II 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1874219-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1874219_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1874">Simon 1874</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1874222-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1874222_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1874">Simon 1874</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer187946-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer187946_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1879">Scherer 1879</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887150-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartement_van_Marine1887150_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1887">Departement van Marine 1887</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrocx1873" class="citation cs2">Brocx (1873), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000624003:00001">"Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1874 VIIIste hoofdstuk"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator, Bijblad</i>, Broese en Comp. Breda: 161–174</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator%2C+Bijblad&rft.atitle=Staatsbegrooting+voor+het+dienstjaar+1874+VIIIste+hoofdstuk&rft.pages=161-174&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Brocx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000624003%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1878" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003543001:00007"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1876-1877</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1876-1877&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003543001%3A00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1879" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003544001:000077"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1877-1878</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1877-1878&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003544001%3A000077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1880" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003545001:00009"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1878-1879</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1878-1879&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003545001%3A00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1881" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1881), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003546001:00009"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1879-1880</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1879-1880&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003546001%3A00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1882" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003547001:00009"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1880-1881</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1880-1881&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003547001%3A00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1883" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1883), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003548001:00009"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1881-1882</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1881-1882&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003548001%3A00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1883b" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1883b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003549001:00009"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1882-1883</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1882-1883&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003549001%3A00009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1885" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003550001:00007"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1883-1884</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1883-1884&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003550001%3A00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1886" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1886), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003551001:00007"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1884-1885</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1884-1885&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003551001%3A00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1887" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003552001:00007"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1885-1886</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1885-1886&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003552001%3A00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartement_van_Marine1890" class="citation cs2">Departement van Marine (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB16:003555001:00007"><i>Jaarboek van de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeemagt 1888-1889</i></a>, De Gebroeders van Cleef</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+van+de+Koninklijke+Nederlandsche+Zeemagt+1888-1889&rft.pub=De+Gebroeders+van+Cleef&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Departement+van+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB16%3A003555001%3A00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnderlein1875" class="citation cs2">Enderlein (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000627002:00001">"Begrooting van uitgaven voor de voltooiing van het vestingstelsel, dienst 1876"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator Bijblad, Jaargang 1875</i>: 177–187</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator+Bijblad%2C+Jaargang+1875&rft.atitle=Begrooting+van+uitgaven+voor+de+voltooiing+van+het+vestingstelsel%2C+dienst+1876&rft.pages=177-187&rft.date=1875&rft.au=Enderlein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000627002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Alles_Wat1876" class="citation cs2">Van Alles Wat (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000630002:00001">"Berichten aangaande de Nederlandsche Artillerie"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator</i>: 773–775</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator&rft.atitle=Berichten+aangaande+de+Nederlandsche+Artillerie&rft.pages=773-775&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Van+Alles+Wat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000630002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_P.1873" class="citation cs2">Van P. (1873), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000624002:00001">"Het Nederlandsch getrokken bronzen achterlaadkanon van 12cm kort"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator</i>: 621–627</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator&rft.atitle=Het+Nederlandsch+getrokken+bronzen+achterlaadkanon+van+12cm+kort&rft.pages=621-627&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Van+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000624002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Pesch1875" class="citation cs2">Van Pesch, C.L. (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000629002:00001">"Het staalharde brons"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator</i>: 212–226</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator&rft.atitle=Het+staalharde+brons&rft.pages=212-226&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Van+Pesch&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000629002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuther1872" class="citation cs2">Reuther (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMNMM02:000306001:00005">"Rapport ... vergelijkend onderzoek omtrent een Zwitsersch achterlaadkanon van 8 cm en een Nederlandsch kanon van 8 cm"</a>, <i>Verslagen, Rapporten en Memorien Omtrent Militaire Onderwerpen</i>, <b>V</b>, De gebroeders van Cleef, 's Gravenhage: 123–192</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen%2C+Rapporten+en+Memorien+Omtrent+Militaire+Onderwerpen&rft.atitle=Rapport+...+vergelijkend+onderzoek+omtrent+een+Zwitsersch+achterlaadkanon+van+8+cm+en+een+Nederlandsch+kanon+van+8+cm&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=123-192&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Reuther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMNMM02%3A000306001%3A00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuther1879" class="citation cs2">Reuther (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000640002:00001">"Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1880"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator, Bijblad</i>, Broese en Comp. Breda: 179–227</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator%2C+Bijblad&rft.atitle=Staatsbegrooting+voor+het+dienstjaar+1880&rft.pages=179-227&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Reuther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000640002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuther1880" class="citation cs2">Reuther (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000664003:00001">"Begrooting van uitgaven ten behoeven van c.a."</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator, Bijblad</i>, Broese en Comp. Breda: 1–179</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator%2C+Bijblad&rft.atitle=Begrooting+van+uitgaven+ten+behoeven+van+c.a.&rft.pages=1-179&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Reuther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000664003%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer1879" class="citation cs2">Scherer, F.G.A. (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000650002:00001">"Opmerkingen omtrent de uitrusting aan geschut der liniën en sterkten"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator</i>: 45–52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator&rft.atitle=Opmerkingen+omtrent+de+uitrusting+aan+geschut+der+lini%C3%ABn+en+sterkten&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=F.G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000650002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1874" class="citation cs2">Simon (1874), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000626002:00001">"Iets over de artillerie bij de tweede expeditie tegen Atjeh"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator</i>: 219–223</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator&rft.atitle=Iets+over+de+artillerie+bij+de+tweede+expeditie+tegen+Atjeh&rft.pages=219-223&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000626002%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Stirum1872" class="citation cs2">Van Stirum (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000625003:00001">"Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1873 VIIIste hoofdstuk MvT"</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator, Bijblad</i>, Broese en Comp. Breda: 208–218</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator%2C+Bijblad&rft.atitle=Staatsbegrooting+voor+het+dienstjaar+1873+VIIIste+hoofdstuk+MvT&rft.pages=208-218&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Van+Stirum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000625003%3A00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTideman1880" class="citation cs2">Tideman, B.J. (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proxy.archieven.nl/0/7F6BF76519C84FD7B51DF5FF91D869A9"><i>Memoriaal van de Marine</i></a>, Van Heteren Amsterdam</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoriaal+van+de+Marine&rft.pub=Van+Heteren+Amsterdam&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Tideman&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproxy.archieven.nl%2F0%2F7F6BF76519C84FD7B51DF5FF91D869A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzel1874" class="citation cs2">Weitzel (1874), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB10:000661001:00005">"Staatsbegrooting voor het dienstjaar 1875 VIIIste hoofdstuk Memorie van Toelichting c.a."</a>, <i>Militaire Spectator, Bijblad</i>, Broese en Comp. Breda: 17–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaire+Spectator%2C+Bijblad&rft.atitle=Staatsbegrooting+voor+het+dienstjaar+1875+VIIIste+hoofdstuk+Memorie+van+Toelichting+c.a.&rft.pages=17-37&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Weitzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB10%3A000661001%3A00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A12+cm+K.A." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&oldid=1172647993">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12_cm_K.A.&oldid=1172647993</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_guns_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Naval guns of the Netherlands">Naval guns of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artillery_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Artillery of the Netherlands">Artillery of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_introduced_in_the_1870s" title="Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1870s">Military equipment introduced in the 1870s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 August 2023, at 11:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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