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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dasar_biologi_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dasar_biologi_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dasar biologi modern</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dasar_biologi_modern-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dasar biologi modern</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dasar_biologi_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teori_sel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_sel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Teori sel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_sel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Energi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penelitian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penelitian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Struktural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisiologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisiologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fisiologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisiologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolusioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolusioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evolusioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolusioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistematika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistematika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sistematika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistematika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologi_dan_lingkungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologi_dan_lingkungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ekologi dan lingkungan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologi_dan_lingkungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabang-cabang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabang-cabang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cabang-cabang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabang-cabang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Galeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biologi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 245 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-245" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">245 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Абиологиа – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абиологиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%95%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ሥነ ሕይወት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ሕይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloch%C3%ADa" title="Biolochía – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="علم الأحياء – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لبيولوجيا – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيولوجيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliopa" title="Bliopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bliopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्‍त्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जीवशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="بیولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bioluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bioluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялогія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_hayat" title="Èlmu hayat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu hayat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवविज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जीवविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeoloji" title="Baeoloji – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Baeoloji" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_hayat" title="Kaji hayat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji hayat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীববিজ্ঞান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevoniezh" title="Bevoniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bevoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%97" title="ᨅᨗᨕᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨗᨕᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloyia" title="Bioloyia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bioloyia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژینناسی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugia" title="Biolugia – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Biolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatiyat" title="Ayatiyat – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ayatiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C3%B4" title="Biologijô – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Biologijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywydeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binni%C9%9Bma_vihigu" title="Binniɛma vihigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Binniɛma vihigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABp%C3%AFr" title="Piöcëpïr – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëpïr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolociye" title="Biyolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Biyolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%80%DE%AD_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιολογία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa" title="Biología – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیست‌شناسی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilanibula" title="Kilanibula – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kilanibula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Lívfrøði – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lívfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjie" title="Biologjie – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Bitheolaíocht – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bitheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byoloji" title="Byoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Byoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith-e%C3%B2las" title="Bith-eòlas – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bith-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیویشتشناسی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشتشناسی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekovekuaaty" title="Tekovekuaaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekovekuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea-oaylleeaght" title="Bea-oaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bea-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laimeaola" title="Kālaimeaola – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaimeaola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביולוגיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_vigyan" title="Jiu vigyan – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կենսաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohia" title="Biolohia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Líffræði – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AA%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%96%83%E1%95%90%E1%91%90%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailoji" title="Bailoji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bailoji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mivyske" title="mivyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mivyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudert" title="Tasnudert – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomna%C9%A3_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoroj%C4%A9" title="Bayorojĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bayorojĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumassusililerineq" title="Uumassusililerineq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumassusililerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ជីវវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជីវវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="생물학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="زیٛوٗدُت – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زیٛوٗدُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloj%C3%AE" title="Biyolojî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biyolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywonieth" title="Bywonieth – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bywonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojiya" title="Biolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Biolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabiramu" title="Essomabiramu – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabiramu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_bom%C9%94i" title="Mambí ma bomɔi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວະສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວະສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Bioloģija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Biôlôjia – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Биологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Биологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амин судлал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijolo%C4%A1ija" title="Bijoloġija – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bijoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C-%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolizmatiliztli" title="Yolizmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yolizmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologgia" title="Biologgia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Biologgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutaphedi" title="Thutaphedi – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutaphedi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolougii" title="Biolougii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Biolougii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinjiree" title="Xiinjiree – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinjiree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biiolojii" title="Biiolojii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Biiolojii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ACa" title="Biologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Biologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="جیون پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژونپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_yachay" title="Kawsay yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जीवशास्त्रम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugg%C3%ACa" title="Bioluggìa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bioluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حياتيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudrt" title="Tasnudrt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnudrt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජීව විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiolo" title="Paiolo – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Paiolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamhenyu" title="Ruambamhenyu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamhenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoloji" title="Bayoloji – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bayoloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjia" title="Biologjia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhayoloji" title="Ibhayoloji – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ibhayoloji" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeloji" title="Baeloji – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Baeloji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C5%8F" title="Biologijŏ – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Biologijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జీవ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Tetun" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ชีววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%82" title="ባዮሎጂ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ባዮሎጂ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi%C3%BDa" title="Biologiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C9%99" title="Biologijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Biologijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_laip" title="Save long laip – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long laip" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Vutomi" title="Ntivo-Vutomi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بىئولوگىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىئولوگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біологія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio%C5%82ozia" title="Biołozia – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Biołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog" title="Biolog – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Biolog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolodjeye" title="Biyolodjeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biyolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Биолог – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Биолог" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBayoloji" title="IBayoloji – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBayoloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuzyoz" title="Swnghvuzyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazampilo" title="Umchazampilo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazampilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Biologi" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biologi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biologi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Biologi" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Biologi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&oldid=26127113" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Biologi&id=26127113&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiologi"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiologi"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Biologi"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Biologi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biology" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output 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style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Biologi mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>. <ul><li>atas: <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">bakteri <i>E. coli</i></a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel">gazel</a></li> <li>bawah: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbang_goliath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbang goliath (halaman belum tersedia)">kumbang goliath</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">tumbuhan paku</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse" style="border:2px solid #90db90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari seri</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90db90;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/100px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/150px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/200px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">Ilmu</a> yang mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #e7f4e7;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_biologi" title="Garis besar biologi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosarium_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glosarium biologi">Glosarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_biologi_dan_kimia_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu biologi dan kimia organik (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Komponen kunci</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">Teori sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohon_filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon filogenetik">Filogeni</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Pengaturan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Pertumbuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(fisiologi)" title="Stimulus (fisiologi)">Respons terhadap lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">Susunan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)"> Domain</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">Arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bakteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Hewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Tumbuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">Protista</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Subdisiplin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18051832">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologi" title="Aerobiologi">Aerobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomi" title="Agronomi">Agronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostologi" title="Agrostologi">Agrostologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteriologi" title="Bakteriologi">Bakteriologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeologi" title="Biogeologi">Biogeologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biologis">Teknik biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosemiotika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosemiotika (halaman belum tersedia)">Biosemiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiologi sel (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologi" title="Kronobiologi">Kronobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_komputasi" title="Biologi komputasi">Biologi komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriobiologi" title="Kriobiologi">Kriobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitogenetika" title="Sitogenetika">Sitogenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi">Dendrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetika ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Genetika ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embriologi" title="Embriologi">Embriologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi evolusi">Biologi evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_air_tawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi air tawar (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi air tawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiologi" title="Geobiologi">Geobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontologi" title="Gerontologi">Gerontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">Herpetologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_manusia" title="Biologi manusia">Biologi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtiologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhtiologi">Ikhtiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidologi" title="Lipidologi">Lipidologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">Mamalogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_matematis_dan_teoritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi matematis dan teoritis (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neontologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neontologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Neontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosains" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosains">Neurosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_gizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu gizi">Gizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">Ornitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteologi" title="Osteologi">Osteologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotobiologi" title="Fotobiologi">Fotobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikologi" title="Fikologi">Fikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">Filogenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomologi" title="Pomologi">Pomologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">Primatologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomika" title="Proteomika">Proteomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistologi" title="Protistologi">Protistologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kuantum" title="Biologi kuantum">Biologi kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_reproduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi reproduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi reproduksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">Biologi struktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sistem" title="Biologi sistem">Biologi sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratologi" title="Teratologi">Teratologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virofisika" title="Virofisika">Virofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenobiologi">Xenobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Penerapan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_pertanian" title="Ilmu pertanian">Ilmu pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_kesehatan" title="Ilmu kesehatan">Ilmu kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknologi_kesehatan" title="Teknologi kesehatan">Teknologi kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming" title="Pharming">Pharming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Kategori</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi" title="Templat:Bilah sisi biologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Bilah sisi biologi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biologi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kata_serapan_dalam_bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia">serapan</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>: <span lang="nl"><i>biologie</i></span>) atau <b>ilmu hayat</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Kata_serapan_dalam_bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia">serapan</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>: <span lang="ar">علم الحياة</span>) adalah kajian tentang <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme hidup</a>, termasuk struktur, fungsi, pertumbuhan, <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>, persebaran, dan <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonominya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilmu biologi modern membahas pengetahuan yang sangat luas, <a href="/wiki/Eklektik" class="mw-redirect" title="Eklektik">eklektik</a>, serta terdiri dari berbagai macam cabang dan subdisiplin. Secara umum, seluruh cabang keilmuan biologi disatukan oleh konsep dasar yang mengatur semua penelitian biologi, yaitu konsep tentang <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a>. Sel diakui sebagai satuan dasar kehidupan, gen diakui sebagai satuan dasar <a href="/wiki/Pewarisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pewarisan">pewarisan</a>, dan evolusi diasumsikan sebagai mekanisme yang mendorong terciptanya <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> baru. Selain itu, kelangsungan hidup dari makhluk hidup diyakini terjadi karena adanya perilaku konsumsi, perubahan <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> serta dengan <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">regulasi</a> yang menjaga kestabiilan dan vitaltas keadaan dalam tubuh.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subdisiplin biologi didefinisikan berdasarkan skala organisme yang dipelajari, jenis organisme yang dipelajari, dan metode yang digunakan untuk mempelajarinya antara lain:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a> mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> kehidupan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a> terkait dengan interaksi antar <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> biologis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a> mempelajari biologi <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_seluler" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi seluler">Biologi seluler</a> meneliti satuan dasar semua kehidupan, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a> mempelajari fungsi fisik, kimia <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaringan (biologi)">jaringan</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">sistem organ</a> suatu <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a> meneliti <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">proses</a> yang menghasilkan keanekaragaman hayati.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a> mempelajari interaksi antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.</li></ul> <p>Seseorang yang ahli dalam bidang biologi disebut <b>ahli biologi</b>, <b>biologiwan</b>, atau <b>biolog.</b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah biologi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/220px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/330px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/440px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Pohon kehidupan <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (1879).</figcaption></figure> <p>Istilah <i>biologi</i> berasal dari kata dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βίος">βίος</a></span>, <i>bios</i>, yang berarti "<a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>", dan akhiran <span lang="grc"><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a></span>, <i>-logia</i>, yang artinya "ilmu."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk Latin dari kata tersebut (<i>biologi</i>) pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> (Carl von Linné) dalam karyanya yang berjudul <i>Bibliotheca botanica</i> pada tahun 1736. Kata tersebut dipakai lagi pada tahun 1766 oleh <a href="/wiki/Michael_Christoph_Hanow" title="Michael Christoph Hanow">Michael Christoph Hanov</a> dalam tulisannya yang berjudul <i>Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae: tomus III, continens geologian, biologian, phytologian generalis</i>. Terjemahan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jermannya</a>, yaitu <i>Biologie</i>, pertama kali muncul dalam terjemahan karya Linnaeus pada tahun 1771. Pada tahun 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose menggunakan istilah tersebut dalam pendahulu bukunya yang bertajuk <i>Grundzüge der Lehre van der Lebenskraft</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Friedrich_Burdach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Friedrich Burdach (halaman belum tersedia)">Karl Friedrich Burdach</a> pada tahun 1800 memakai istilah ini dalam arti yang lebih sempit, yaitu penelitian <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> dari sudut pandang morfologis, fisiologis, dan psikologis (<i>Propädeutik zum Studien der gesammten Heilkunst</i>). Istilah <i>biologi</i> dalam pengertian modern baru muncul dalam buku <i>Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur</i> (1802–22) yang ditulis oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Reinhold_Treviranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (halaman belum tersedia)">Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus</a>. Di dalam buku tersebut tertulis:<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Objek penelitian kami adalah berbagai macam bentuk dan perwujudan kehidupan, keadaan dan hukum yang mengatur fenomena tersebut, serta penyebabnya. Ilmu yang terkait dengan objek tersebut kami sebut biologi [Biologie] atau doktrin kehidupan [Lebenslehre].</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/200px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/300px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/400px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Aristoteles, salah satu tokoh yang paling berjasa dalam mengembangkan ilmu biologi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Walaupun biologi modern merupakan perkembangan yang relatif baru, ilmu yang terkait sudah dipelajari dari masa lampau. <a href="/wiki/Filsafat_alam" title="Filsafat alam">Filsafat alam</a> dapat ditemui di peradaban <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="India Kuno">India</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Tiongkok#Zaman_Kuno" title="Sejarah Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>. Namun, asal usul, dan pendekatan biologi modern berasal dari masa <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun penelitian <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">kedokteran</a> dapat ditilik ke masa <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (ca. 460 SM–ca. 370 SM), <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> (384 SM–322 SM) adalah tokoh yang paling berjasa dalam mengembangkan biologi. Salah satu karya terpentingnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Animalium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Animalium (halaman belum tersedia)">Historia Animalium</a>, dan beberapa karya lain yang menunjukkan cara pandang seorang peneliti alam, serta karya-karya empirisnya yang mencoba mempelajari sebab-akibat biologis, dan keanekaragaman hayati. Penerus Aristoteles di <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, menulis buku-buku tentang <a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">botani</a> yang berpengaruh hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a>. </p><p>Ilmuwan Islam abad pertengahan yang mempelajari biologi meliputi <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a> (781–869), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad-Dinawari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad-Dinawari (halaman belum tersedia)">Ad-Dinawari</a> (828–896), yang menulis tentang botani,<sup id="cite_ref-Fahd-815_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahd-815-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Zakariya_ar-Razi" title="Muhammad bin Zakariya ar-Razi">ar-Razi</a> (865–925), yang menulis tentang <a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">anatomi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">Kedokteran</a> dipelajari berdasarkan tradisi filsuf Yunani, sementara ilmu alam sangat dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran Aristoteles, terutama perihal hierarki kehidupan. </p><p>Biologi mulai berkembang pesat setelah <a href="/wiki/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antony van Leeuwenhoek">Antony van Leeuwenhoek</a> memperbaiki <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopnya</a>. Berkatnya, <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infusoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Infusoria">infusoria</a>, dan berbagai macam kehidupan mikroskopik lain berhasil ditemukan. Penyelidikan yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Swammerdam (halaman belum tersedia)">Jan Swammerdam</a> membangkitkan ketertarikan terhadap bidang <a href="/wiki/Entomologi" title="Entomologi">entomologi</a>, dan membantu mengembangkan teknik <a href="/wiki/Pembedahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembedahan">pembedahan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pewarnaan" title="Pewarnaan">pewarnaan</a> (<i>staining</i>) mikroskopik.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kemajuan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a> juga sangat memengaruhi pemikiran tentang biologi. Pada awal abad ke-19, sejumlah ahli biologi mulai menyadari pentingnya konsep <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>. Kemudian, pada tahun 1838, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Schleiden</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Schwann</a> mulai menganjurkan gagasan (yang kini diterima secara luas) bahwa (1) satuan dasar organisme adalah sel, dan (2) masing-masing sel memiliki karakteristik <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>, walaupun mereka menentang gagasan bahwa (3) semua sel berasal dari pembagian sel lain. Akan tetapi, berkat karya <a href="/wiki/Robert_Remak" title="Robert Remak">Robert Remak</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, pada tahun 1860-an sebagian besar ahli biologi menerima ketiga hal tersebut yang kini disebut <a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">teori sel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara itu, taksonomi, dan klasifikasi menjadi pusat perhatian sejarawan alam. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> menerbitkan <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">taksonomi</a> dasar pada tahun 1735 (berbagai macam variasi telah digunakan semenjak itu) dan pada tahun 1750-an memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Tata_nama_binomial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata nama binomial">nama ilmiah</a> untuk spesies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a>, menganggap spesies sebagai kategori buatan dan menyatakan bahwa kehidupan dapat berubah—bahkan mengusulkan kemungkinan adanya <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Nenek moyang bersama">nenek moyang bersama</a>. Walaupun menentang teori evolusi, Buffon merupakan tokoh penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_evolusi" title="Sejarah pemikiran evolusi">sejarah pemikiran evolusi</a>; karyanya memengaruhi teori evolusi <a href="/wiki/Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamarck">Lamarck</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DNA123.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/DNA123.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Struktur <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> DNA.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pemikiran evolusioner dapat ditilik kembali ke karya <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_2002_187_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould_2002_187-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menyatakan bahwa evolusi merupakan hasil dari tekanan lingkungan terhadap sifat suatu hewan, yang berarti semakin sering suatu organ digunakan, semakin kompleks, dan efisien organ itu, sehingga membuat hewan teradaptasi dengan lingkungan. Lamarck juga meyakini bahwa sifat yang didapat ini dapat diturunkan ke generasi berikutnya, yang akan terus mengembangkan, dan menyempurnakannya.<sup id="cite_ref-Lam1914_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lam1914-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, hipotesis ini kini ditolak, dan baru pada akhir abad ke-19 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> berhasil merumuskan teori <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a> dengan menggabungkan pendekatan biogeografis <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a>, geologi <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell</a>, tulisan <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Malthus</a> tentang pertumbuhan populasi, dan keahlian morfologis serta pengamatannya sendiri di alam; penalaran, dan bukti yang mirip juga membuat <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> mencapai kesimpulan yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun banyak ditentang oleh agamawan, teori Darwin diterima oleh komunitas ilmiah, dan segera menjadi <a href="/wiki/Aksioma" title="Aksioma">aksioma</a> dasar dalam ilmu biologi. </p><p>Pada tahun 1940-an, dan awal tahun 1950-an, penelitian berhasil membuktikan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat">asam deoksiribonukleat</a> (ADN) adalah komponen <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> yang mengandung satuan pewarisan yang kini disebut <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a>. Pemusatan perhatian pada model organisme baru seperti <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> serta penemuan struktur untai ganda ADN pada tahun 1953 menandai jalannya peralihan ke masa <a href="/wiki/Genetika_molekuler" title="Genetika molekuler">genetika molekuler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik">Kode genetik</a> berhasil dipecahkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a> setelah memahami bahwa ADN mengandung <a href="/wiki/Kodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodon">kodon</a>. Akhirnya, <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Genom_Manusia" title="Proyek Genom Manusia">Proyek Genom Manusia</a> diluncurkan pada tahun 1990 dengan tujuan untuk memetakan semua <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a> <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> DNA. Proyek ini selesai pada tahun 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan merupakan langkah pertama dalam menggabungkan pengetahuan biologi dengan definisi tubuh manusia, dan organisme lain secara fungsional, dan molekuler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dasar_biologi_modern">Dasar biologi modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Dasar biologi modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dasar biologi modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teori_sel">Teori sel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Teori sel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teori sel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel (biologi)</a></div> <p>Menurut teori sel, <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> merupakan satuan dasar <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>, dan semua kehidupan terdiri dari satu atau lebih atau produk sel yang <a href="/wiki/Sekresi" title="Sekresi">disekresikan</a> (seperti tempurung). Semua sel <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" title="Pembelahan sel">terbelah</a> dari sel lain. Pada akhirnya, setiap sel di tubuh <a href="/wiki/Organisme_multiseluler" title="Organisme multiseluler">organisme multiseluler</a> berasal dari satu sel di dalam <a href="/wiki/Sel_telur" title="Sel telur">sel telur</a> yang terfertilisasi. Sel juga dianggap sebagai satuan dasar dalam proses patologis,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan fenomena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer energi (halaman belum tersedia)">aliran energi</a> terjadi di sel sebagai bagian dari proses <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>. Selain itu, sel mengandung satuan pewarisan yang diwariskan dari satu sel ke sel lain selama proses pembelahan sel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolusi">Evolusi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg/300px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg/450px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg/600px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a> suatu populasi.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></div> <p>Salah satu konsep penting dalam biologi adalah konsep bahwa kehidupan berubah melalui mekanisme evolusi, dan bahwa semua organisme punya <a href="/wiki/Nenek_moyang_bersama" title="Nenek moyang bersama">nenek moyang bersama</a>. Berdasarkan teori evolusi, semua organisme di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>, baik yang masih hidup maupun yang sudah punah, berasal dari satu nenek moyang atau <a href="/wiki/Lungkang_gen" title="Lungkang gen">lungkang gen</a> bersama. Nenek moyang bersama terakhir diyakini muncul sekitar 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahli biologi biasanya memandang keseragaman <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik">kode genetik</a> sebagai bukti yang mendukung teori nenek moyang bersama semua <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Eukariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukariot">eukariot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun diperkenalkan dalam kamus ilmiah oleh <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> pada tahun 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-p15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evolusi baru dikukuhkan sebagai teori ilmiah lima puluh tahun kemudian oleh <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> dengan menjelaskan mekanisme pendorongnya: <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> juga diakui sebagai salah satu penemu evolusi karena ia membantu penelitian, dan percobaan yang terkait dengan konsep ini).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin menjelaskan bahwa spesies, dan ras berkembang melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_buatan" title="Seleksi buatan">seleksi buatan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Pengembangbiakan_selektif" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengembangbiakan selektif">pengembangbiakan selektif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanyutan_genetik" title="Hanyutan genetik">Hanyutan genetik</a> dianggap sebagai mekanisme tambahan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintesis modern">sintesis modern</a> teori evolusi.<sup id="cite_ref-GGS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolusi kini digunakan untuk menjelaskan keanekaragaman kehidupan di Bumi. </p><p>Sejarah evolusioner <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a>, dan hubungan genealogisnya dengan spesies lain disebut <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" title="Filogeni">filogeni</a>. Informasi tentang filogeni dihasilkan dari berbagai macam pendekatan, seperti perbandingan <a href="/wiki/Sekuens_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekuens DNA">rangkaian ADN</a> yang dilakukan dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">biologi molekuler</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">genomika</a>, dan perbandingan <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk memperkirakan jangka waktu terjadinya evolusi, ilmuwan juga menggunakan berbagai metode, seperti <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon">penanggalan radiokarbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahli biologi menganalisis hubungan evolusioner dengan metode <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenetika (halaman belum tersedia)">fenetika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetika">Genetika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Genetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Genetika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/330px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/440px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persegi_Punnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persegi Punnett (halaman belum tersedia)">Persegi Punnett</a> yang menggambarkan persilangan antara dua tanaman kacang yang <a href="/wiki/Heterozigot" title="Heterozigot">heterozigot</a> untuk warna ungu (B) dan putih (b).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> adalah satuan pewarisan utama semua organisme. Gen merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a> yang memengaruhi bentuk atau fungsi organisme. Semua organisme, dari bakteri hingga hewan, memiliki mekanisme yang men<a href="/wiki/Translasi_(genetik)" title="Translasi (genetik)">translasi</a> ADN menjadi <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Sel men<a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">transkripsi</a> ADN menjadi <a href="/wiki/Asam_ribonukleat" title="Asam ribonukleat">asam ribonukleat</a> (ARN), dan <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a> kemudian mentranslasi ARN menjadi protein, sebuah rangkaian <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kode_genetik" title="Kode genetik">Kode translasi</a> semua organisme pada dasarnya sama. Misalnya, rangkaian ADN yang menyandikan <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> dalam tubuh manusia juga menyandikan insulin ketika dimasukkan ke organisme lain seperti tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ADN biasanya berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> linear dalam <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>, dan kromosom lingkaran dalam <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">prokariota</a>. Kromosom adalah struktur yang terdiri dari ADN, dan <a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">histon</a>. Rangkaian kromosom dalam sel, dan satuan pewarisan lain yang dapat ditemui dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>, dan tempat lain secara kolektif disebut <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a>. Dalam eukariota, ADN genomik terletak di <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a>, bersama dengan sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>. Dalam prokariota, ADN ada di dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Nukleoid" title="Nukleoid">nukleoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informasi genetik dalam sebuah genom disimpan dalam gen, dan himpunan informasi tersebut dalam suatu organisme disebut <a href="/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe">genotip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Homeostasis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Homeostasis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg/250px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg/375px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg/500px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">Hipotalamus</a> mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Hormon_pelepas_kortikotropin" title="Hormon pelepas kortikotropin">CRH</a>, yang membuat <a href="/wiki/Hipofisis" title="Hipofisis">kelenjar pituitari</a> mengeluarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACTH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACTH (halaman belum tersedia)">ACTH</a>. Kemudian, ACTH membuat korteks adrenal mengeluarkan <a href="/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid">glukokortikoid</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol">kortisol</a>. Glukokortikoid kemudian mengurangi laju sekresi hipotalamus dan kelenjar pituitari bila jumlah glukokortikoid yang dikeluarkan sudah cukup.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Homeostasis adalah kemampuan suatu <a href="/wiki/Sistem_terbuka" title="Sistem terbuka">sistem terbuka</a> dalam meregulasi stabilitas lingkungan dengan melakukan penyesuaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_dinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keseimbangan dinamika (halaman belum tersedia)">keseimbangan dinamika</a> yang diatur oleh mekanisme regulasi yang terkait. Semua <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> hidup, baik <a href="/wiki/Uniseluler" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniseluler">uniseluler</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Multiseluler" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiseluler">multiseluler</a>, mengalami homeostasis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Untuk menjaga keseimbangan dinamika, dan melakukan fungsi tertentu secara efektif, suatu sistem harus melacak, dan menanggapi gangguan. Setelah melacak gangguan, sistem biologis biasanya menanggapi melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Umpan_balik_negatif" title="Umpan balik negatif">umpan balik negatif</a>. Artinya, sistem tersebut menstabilkan keadaan dengan mengurangi atau meningkatkan aktivitas suatu organ atau sistem. Contohnya adalah pelepasan <a href="/wiki/Glukagon" title="Glukagon">glukagon</a> ketika kadar gula dalam tubuh terlalu rendah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energi">Energi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Energi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Energi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Energy_and_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/langid-240px-Energy_and_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/langid-360px-Energy_and_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/langid-480px-Energy_and_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Skema yang menggambarkan pemrosesan energi dalam tubuh manusia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Keberlangsungan suatu organisme bergantung pada masukan <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> secara terus menerus. Reaksi kimia yang membentuk struktur, dan fungsi tertentu dapat mengambil energi dari suatu substansi yang menjadi makanannya untuk membantu membentuk, dan mempertahankan sel baru. Dalam proses ini, <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> bahan kimia yang menjadi makanan memainkan dua peran; pertama, makanan tersebut mengandung energi yang dapat diubah untuk mendukung reaksi kimia biologis; kedua, makanan tersebut mengembangkan struktur molekuler baru. </p><p>Organisme yang berperan dalam menghantarkan energi ke suatu ekosistem disebut <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrof</a>. Hampir semua organisme autotrof memperoleh energi dari matahari.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumbuhan, dan <a href="/wiki/Fototrof" title="Fototrof">fototrof</a> lainnya menggunakan energi matahari melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> yang mengubah bahan baku menjadi molekul organik, seperti <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">ATP</a>, yang dapat dipecahkan ikatannya untuk menghasilkan energi.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, beberapa <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a> hanya bergantung pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemotrof (halaman belum tersedia)">kemotrof</a> yang mendapatkan energi dari <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfida" title="Sulfida">sulfida</a>, atau sumber energi non-matahari lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa energi yang diperoleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Biomassa" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a> yang dapat mempertahankan <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>, dan mendukung pertumbuhan, dan perkembangan. Kebanyakan sisa energi hanya menjadi panas, dan molekul buangan. Proses penting yang mengubah energi yang terperangkap dalam substansi kimia menjadi energi yang berguna untuk kehidupan disebut <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Respirasi_sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Respirasi sel">respirasi sel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colvard,_2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvard,_2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penelitian">Penelitian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktural">Struktural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Struktural" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktural"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi molekular">Biologi molekular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Biological_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg/300px-Biological_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg/450px-Biological_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg/600px-Biological_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Skema <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> hewan yang menggambarkan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organel</a> dan struktur.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a> mempelajari biologi dalam tingkatan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bidang ini bersentuhan dengan bidang biologi lainnya, terutama <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>. Biologi molekuler mencoba memahami interaksi antara berbagai sistem sel, termasuk hubungan antar ADN, ARN, dan sintesis protein. Selain itu, bidang ini juga membelajari bagaimana interaksi tersebut diatur. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a> adalah ilmu yang terkait dengan properti struktural dan <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologis</a> sel, termasuk perilaku, interaksi, dan lingkungan. Hal ini dilakukan dalam tingkatan mikroskopik, dan molekuler untuk mempelajari organisme bersel satu seperti <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> serta sel dalam organisme multiseluler seperti <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>. Pemahaman akan fungsi dan struktur sel berperan penting dalam ilmu biologi. Kemiripan dan pebedaan antara berbagai jenis sel juga sangat terkait dengan bidang biologi molekuler. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a> mempelajari struktur makroskopik seperti organ dan sistem organ,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a> merupakan ilmu <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pewarisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pewarisan">pewarisan</a>, dan variasi dalam <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-griffiths2000sect60_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffiths2000sect60-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gen menyandikan informasi yang penting untuk mensintesiskan protein, yang kemudian membentuk <a href="/wiki/Fenotipe" title="Fenotipe">fenotip</a> organisme. Dalam penelitian modern, genetika juga menyelidiki fungsi gen tertentu, dan menganalisis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi genetik (halaman belum tersedia)">interaksi genetik</a>. Di dalam tubuh organisme, informasi genetik biasanya ada di dalam <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a>, di dalam struktur kimia molekul ADN tertentu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a> mempelajari proses pertumbuhan, dan perkembangan organisme. Bidang ini berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Embriologi" title="Embriologi">embriologi</a>, dan menyelidiki kuasa genetik atas <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_sel" title="Pertumbuhan sel">pertumbuhan sel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diferensiasi_sel" title="Diferensiasi sel">diferensiasi sel</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Morfogenesis" title="Morfogenesis">morfogenesis</a>, yang merupakan proses yang menghasilkan jaringan, organ, dan anatomi. Organisme yang biasanya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Organisme_model" title="Organisme model">model</a> dalam bidang ini meliputi cacing <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lalat buah <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_genetics_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_genetics-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ikan zebra <i><a href="/wiki/Danio_rerio" class="mw-redirect" title="Danio rerio">Danio rerio</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tikus <i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tumbuhan <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisme-organisme tersebut dipelajari untuk memahami fenomena biologi tertentu, dengan harapan penemuan pada organisme tersebut dapat menambah pengetahuan tentang cara kerja organisme lain.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisiologis">Fisiologis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Fisiologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fisiologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></div> <p>Fisiologi menyelidiki proses mekanik, fisik, dan biokimia organisme hidup dengan mencoba memahami bagaimana semua struktur bekerja secara keseluruhan. Gagasan “dari struktur ke fungsi” merupakan gagasan yang penting dalam bidang biologi. Penelitian fisiologis secara tradisional terbagi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi_tumbuhan" title="Fisiologi tumbuhan">fisiologi tumbuhan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi_hewan" title="Fisiologi hewan">hewan</a>, namun beberapa prinsip fisiologi berlaku untuk semua <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>. Misalnya, fisiologi sel <a href="/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi">ragi</a> mungkin juga berlaku untuk sel manusia. Bidang fisiologi hewan menggunakan alat dan metode dalam <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi_manusia" title="Fisiologi manusia">fisiologi manusia</a> untuk spesies non-manusia. Fisiologi tumbuhan meminjam teknik dari kedua bidang tersebut. </p><p>Fisiologi juga mempelajari bagaimana <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">sistem saraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kekebalan">kekebalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_endokrin" title="Sistem endokrin">endokrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pernapasan" title="Sistem pernapasan">pernapasan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_peredaran_darah" title="Sistem peredaran darah">peredaran darah</a> bekerja serta berinteraksi. Penelitian sistem tersebut juga dilakukan oleh bidang yang berorientasi pada <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">kedokteran</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Neurologi" title="Neurologi">neurologi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">imunologi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolusioner">Evolusioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Evolusioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Evolusioner"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penelitian evolusioner terkait dengan asal usul dan nenek moyang <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> dan juga perubahannya seiring berjalannya waktu. Bidang ini juga meliputi ilmuwan dari berbagai bidang yang terkait dengan taksonomi. Contohnya adalah ilmuwan yang berspesialisasi dalam organisme tertentu seperti <a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">mamalogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">ornitologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">botani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">herpetologi</a>. Organisme-organisme tersebut digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan evolusi yang umum. </p><p>Biologi evolusioner sebagian didasarkan dari <a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">paleontologi</a> (yang menggunakan catatan <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang cara dan tempo evolusi),<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan sebagian lagi dari <a href="/wiki/Genetika_populasi" title="Genetika populasi">genetika populasi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan teori evolusioner. Pada tahun 1980-an, <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">biologi perkembangan</a> memasuki kembali bidang biologi evolusioner setelah sebelumnya dikeluarkan dari <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintesis modern">sintesis modern</a> akibat penelitian <a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bidang lain yang terkait, dan sering dianggap sebagai bagian dari biologi evolusioner adalah <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">filogenetika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">sistematika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">taksonomi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistematika">Sistematika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Sistematika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistematika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/450px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/675px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/900px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" usemap="#ImageMap_9650a4be8f7cd958" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_9650a4be8f7cd958"><area href="/wiki/Bacteria" shape="rect" coords="62,61,123,72" alt="Bacteria" title="Bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Archaea" shape="rect" coords="200,60,261,72" alt="Archaea" title="Archaea" /><area href="/wiki/Eucaryota" shape="rect" coords="316,61,390,75" alt="Eucaryota" title="Eucaryota" /><area href="/wiki/Aquificae" shape="rect" coords="9,247,41,257" alt="Aquifex" title="Aquifex" /><area href="/wiki/Thermotogae" shape="rect" coords="8,229,57,237" alt="Thermotoga" title="Thermotoga" /><area href="/wiki/Cytophaga" shape="rect" coords="7,208,56,217" alt="Cytophaga" title="Cytophaga" /><area href="/wiki/Bacteroides" shape="rect" coords="7,199,56,208" alt="Bacteroides" title="Bacteroides" /><area href="/wiki/Bacteroides-Cytophaga" shape="rect" coords="57,199,97,213" alt="Bacteroides-Cytophaga" title="Bacteroides-Cytophaga" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetes" shape="rect" coords="7,175,65,185" alt="Planctomyces" title="Planctomyces" /><area href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="10,157,71,166" alt="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" shape="rect" coords="44,142,104,149" alt="Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochetes" shape="rect" coords="62,110,111,119" alt="Spirochetes" title="Spirochetes" /><area href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" shape="rect" coords="117,123,153,141" alt="Gram-positive bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Chloroflexi_(phylum)" shape="rect" coords="132,89,182,115" alt="Green filantous bacteria" title="Green filantous bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Pyrodictiaceae" shape="rect" coords="156,188,211,197" alt="Pyrodicticum" title="Pyrodicticum" /><area href="/wiki/Thermoproteus" shape="rect" coords="159,176,222,185" alt="Thermoproteus" title="Thermoproteus" /><area href="/wiki/Thermococci" shape="rect" coords="201,164,231,171" alt="Thermococcus celer" title="Thermococcus celer" /><area href="/wiki/Methanococcus" shape="rect" coords="175,149,240,156" alt="Methanococcus" title="Methanococcus" /><area href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="170,135,247,142" alt="Methanobacterium" title="Methanobacterium" /><area href="/wiki/Methanosarcina" shape="rect" coords="200,124,267,131" alt="Methanosarcina" title="Methanosarcina" /><area href="/wiki/Halobacteria" shape="rect" coords="268,135,310,145" alt="Halophiles" title="Halophiles" /><area href="/wiki/Entamoebae" shape="rect" coords="267,108,319,115" alt="Entamoebae" title="Entamoebae" /><area href="/wiki/Slime_mold" shape="rect" coords="326,103,351,120" alt="Slime mold" title="Slime mold" /><area href="/wiki/Animal" shape="rect" coords="360,108,392,115" alt="Animal" title="Animal" /><area href="/wiki/Fungus" shape="rect" coords="380,118,402,128" alt="Fungus" title="Fungus" /><area href="/wiki/Plant" shape="rect" coords="380,142,405,149" alt="Plant" title="Plant" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliate" shape="rect" coords="380,157,410,164" alt="Ciliate" title="Ciliate" /><area href="/wiki/Flagellate" shape="rect" coords="380,178,424,187" alt="Flagellate" title="Flagellate" /><area href="/wiki/Trichomonad" shape="rect" coords="380,199,439,207" alt="Trichomonad" title="Trichomonad" /><area href="/wiki/Microsporidia" shape="rect" coords="380,218,435,228" alt="Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia" /><area href="/wiki/Diplomonad" shape="rect" coords="380,239,433,248" alt="Diplomonad" title="Diplomonad" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pohon_filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon filogenetik">Pohon filogenetik</a> semua kehidupan berdasarkan data <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>, yang menunjukkan perpisahan antara tiga domain <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a> seperti yang dideskripsikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>. Pohon yang dibentuk berdasarkan gen lain juga sangat mirip, meskipun mungkin penempatan percabangan berbeda-beda akibat evolusi rRNA yang cepat. Hubungan pasti antara ketiga domain tersebut masih diperdebatkan.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg/220px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="564" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg/330px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg/440px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Hierarki delapan tingkatan taksonomi dalam <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasifikasi biologi">klasifikasi biologi</a>. Diagram ini menggunakan format 3 <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">domain</a> / 6 <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">kingdom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></div> <p>Peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi">spesiasi</a> menghasilkan hubungan antar spesies yang dapat distrukturisasi seperti pohon. <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a> mempelajari hubungan tersebut, perbedaan, kemiripan antara spesies, dan sekelompok spesies.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, sistematika sudah menjadi bidang penelitian yang aktif jauh sebelum pemikiran evolusi menyebar luas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara tradisional, kehidupan dibagi menjadi lima kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">Protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant">Plantae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, banyak ilmuwan yang menganggap sistem lima kingdom ini sudah ketinggalan zaman. Sistem klasifikasi modern biasanya dimulai dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tiga_domain" title="Sistem tiga domain">sistem tiga domain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (awalnya Archaebacteria); <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">Bacteria</a> (awalnya Eubacteria), dan <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-domain_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domain-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domain tersebut didasarkan pada keberadaan nuklei pada sel dan perbedaan komposisi kimia bagian luar sel.<sup id="cite_ref-domain_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domain-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain itu, setiap kingdom dibagi hingga pada tingkatan spesies. Urutannya adalah: <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">Domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">Filum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">Kelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" title="Ordo (biologi)">Ordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" title="Famili (biologi)">Famili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">Spesies</a>. </p><p>Di luar kategori ini terdapat sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasit</a> intraseluler yang ada “di tepi kehidupan",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang berarti banyak ilmuwan yang tidak mengklasifikasikan struktur tersebut sebagai kehidupan karena ketiadaan satu atau lebih fungsi atau ciri kehidupan (contohnya ketiadaan aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>). Struktur tersebut diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prion</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Satelit_(biologi)" title="Satelit (biologi)">satelit</a>. </p><p>Nama ilmiah organisme berasal dari genus dan spesiesnya. Misalnya, nama ilmiah spesies manusia adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>. <i>Homo</i> adalah genusnya dan <i>sapiens</i> adalah spesiesnya. Ketika menulis nama ilmiah suatu organisme, huruf pertama harus ditulis dengan menggunakan huruf besar, dan selebihnya dalam huruf kecil. Selain itu, nama ilmiah dapat dimiringkan atau digarisbawahi.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistem klasifikasi yang banyak digunakan saat ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_Linnaeus" title="Taksonomi Linnaeus">taksonomi Linnaeus</a>. Sistem ini meliputi tingkatan dan <a href="/wiki/Tatanama_binomial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatanama binomial">tatanama binomial</a>. Cara penamaan organisme diatur oleh persetujuan internasional seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (halaman belum tersedia)">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> (ICBN), <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria</a> (ICNB). Klasifikasi <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prion</a>, dan agen sub-viral ditentukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (halaman belum tersedia)">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV) dan sistemnya disebut International Code of Viral Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah usulan yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=BioCode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioCode (halaman belum tersedia)">BioCode</a> diterbitkan pada tahun 1997 dengan maksud untuk menstandardisasi tata nama di tiga bidang tersebut, namun usulan ini masih belum diterapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BioCode tidak banyak diperhatikan semenjak tahun 1997; rencana penerapannya pada tahun 1 Januari 2000 tidak banyak disadari. Revisi BioCode yang tidak mengganti kode yang ada dan hanya menyediakan konteks pemersatu diusulkan pada tahun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Botanical_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Botanical Congress (halaman belum tersedia)">International Botanical Congress</a> pada tahun 2011 menolak mempertimbangkan usulan BioCode. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (halaman belum tersedia)">ICVCN</a> berada di luar ranah BioCode karena BioCode tidak meliputi klasifikasi virus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekologi_dan_lingkungan">Ekologi dan lingkungan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Ekologi dan lingkungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekologi dan lingkungan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Common_clownfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_clownfish.jpg/250px-Common_clownfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_clownfish.jpg/375px-Common_clownfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_clownfish.jpg/500px-Common_clownfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">Simbiosis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualisme_(simbiosis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutualisme (simbiosis) (halaman belum tersedia)">mutualisme</a> antara <a href="/wiki/Ikan_badut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikan badut">ikan badut</a> dari genus <a href="/wiki/Amphiprion" title="Amphiprion">Amphiprion</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Anemon_laut" title="Anemon laut">anemon laut</a>. Ikan badut melindungi anemon dari ikan pemakan anemon, dan sebagai gantinya tentakel anemon melindungi ikan badut dari predatornya.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perilaku" title="Perilaku">Perilaku</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a> mempelajari persebaran, berlimpahnya kehidupan, dan interaksi antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> suatu organisme dapat dideskripsikan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_abiotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor abiotik (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor abiotik</a> lokal seperti <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a>, di samping keberadaan organisme dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_biotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor biotik (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor biotik</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-habitats_of_the_world_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habitats_of_the_world-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistem biologis cukup sulit dipelajari karena ada sangat banyak interaksi yang mungkin terjadi antara organisme dengan lingkungan, bahkan dalam skala kecil. <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bakteri</a> di dalam gradien gula memberikan tanggapan terhadap lingkungan sama seperti seekor singa yang sedang mencari makanan di <a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">Sabana</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Spesies apapun juga dapat menunjukkan berbagai macam <a href="/wiki/Perilaku" title="Perilaku">perilaku</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kerjasama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerjasama">kerjasama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agresi" title="Agresi">agresi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">parasitisme</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualisme</a>. Masalah menjadi semakin rumit ketika dua atau lebih spesies berinteraksi dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>. </p><p>Sistem ekologi dipelajari dalam beberapa tingkatan yang berbeda, dari individu hingga <a href="/wiki/Populasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Populasi">populasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">biosfer</a>. Istilah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_populasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi populasi (halaman belum tersedia)">biologi populasi</a> sering digunakan bergantian dengan <a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">ekologi populasi</a>, meskipun istilah <i>biologi populasi</i> lebih sering digunakan ketika mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Penyakit" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mikrob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrob">mikrob</a>, sementara ekologi populasi lebih sering dipakai ketika mempelajari tumbuhan dan hewan. Ekologi juga mengacu pada berbagai subdisiplin yang ada. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a> menyelidiki <a href="/wiki/Perilaku" title="Perilaku">perilaku</a> hewan (terutama hewan sosial seperti <a href="/wiki/Primata" title="Primata">primata</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canid</a>), dan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai cabang <a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">zoologi</a>. Etolog juga mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> perilaku dan mencoba memahami perilaku dalam konteks <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a>. Salah satu etolog modern pertama adalah <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, karena bukunya yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> memengaruhi etolog-etolog penerusnya.<sup id="cite_ref-black_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a> terkait dengan persebaran organisme di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan memusatkan perhatian pada topik seperti <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_lempeng" title="Tektonika lempeng">tektonika lempeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persebaran_biologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persebaran biologis (halaman belum tersedia)">persebaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migrasi_hewan" title="Migrasi hewan">migrasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">kladistika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabang-cabang">Cabang-cabang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Cabang-cabang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cabang-cabang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Daftar_ilmu-ilmu_hayati" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar ilmu-ilmu hayati">Daftar ilmu-ilmu hayati</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse" style="border:2px solid #DDDDFF"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ilmu" title="Kategori:Ilmu">seri</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#DDDDFF;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">Ilmu Pengetahuan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:PrirodneNauke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PrirodneNauke.png/100px-PrirodneNauke.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/PrirodneNauke.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_formal" title="Ilmu formal">Formal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">Matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logika_matematika" title="Logika matematika">Logika matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistika_matematika" title="Statistika matematika">Statistika matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_komputer_teoretis" title="Ilmu komputer teoretis">Ilmu komputer teoretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_permainan" title="Teori permainan">Teori permainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_keputusan" title="Teori keputusan">Teori keputusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_aktuaria" title="Ilmu aktuaria">Ilmu aktuaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_informasi" title="Teori informasi">Teori informasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sistem" title="Teori sistem">Teori sistem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_fisik" title="Ilmu fisik">Fisikal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_klasik" title="Fisika klasik">Fisika klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_modern" title="Fisika modern">Fisika modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_terapan" title="Fisika terapan">Fisika terapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_komputasi" title="Fisika komputasi">Fisika komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_atom" title="Fisika atom">Fisika atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" title="Fisika nuklir">Fisika nuklir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_partikel" title="Fisika partikel">Fisika partikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_eksperimental" title="Fisika eksperimental">Fisika eksperimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_teori" title="Fisika teori">Fisika teori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_benda_terkondensasi" title="Fisika benda terkondensasi">Fisika benda terkondensasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">Mekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasik" title="Mekanika klasik">Mekanika klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">Mekanika kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kontinuum" title="Mekanika kontinuum">Mekanika kontinuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheologi">Rheologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_benda_padat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekanika benda padat">Mekanika benda padat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_fluida" title="Mekanika fluida">Mekanika fluida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(wujud_zat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma (wujud zat)">Fisika plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativitas_umum" title="Relativitas umum">Relativitas umum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativitas_khusus" title="Relativitas khusus">Relativitas khusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_dawai" title="Teori dawai">Teori dawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_medan_kuantum" title="Teori medan kuantum">Teori medan kuantum</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">Kimia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_asam_basa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaksi asam basa">Reaksi asam basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_analitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia analitik">Kimia analitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrokimia" title="Astrokimia">Astrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">Kimia lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_pangan" title="Kimia pangan">Kimia pangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">Geokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau">Kimia hijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">Kimia anorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_material" title="Teknik material">Ilmu bahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_molekuler" title="Fisika molekuler">Fisika molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir">Kimia nuklir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia">Fotokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik">Kimia fisik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiokimia" title="Radiokimia">Radiokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_benda_padat" title="Kimia benda padat">Kimia benda padat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereokimia" title="Stereokimia">Stereokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_supramolekul" title="Kimia supramolekul">Kimia supramolekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_permukaan" title="Ilmu permukaan">Ilmu permukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_teori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia teori">Kimia teori</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">Kosmologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi_galaksi" title="Astronomi galaksi">Astronomi galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologi_planet" title="Geologi planet">Geologi planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_keplanetan" title="Ilmu keplanetan">Ilmu keplanetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi_bintang" title="Astronomi bintang">Astronomi bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi_radio" title="Astronomi radio">Astronomi radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumentasi_astronomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumentasi astronomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Instrumentasi astronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrogeologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrogeologi">Astrogeologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrometri" title="Astrometri">Astrometri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkeoastronomi" title="Arkeoastronomi">Arkeoastronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astroarkeologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astroarkeologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Astroarkeologi</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_bumi" class="mw-disambig" title="Ilmu bumi">Ilmu bumi</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologi" title="Meteorologi">Meteorologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi">Klimatologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_lingkungan" title="Ilmu lingkungan">Ilmu lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesi" title="Geodesi">Geodesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">Geologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorfologi" title="Geomorfologi">Geomorfologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geofisika" title="Geofisika">Geofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasiologi" title="Glasiologi">Glasiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi">Hidrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnologi" title="Limnologi">Limnologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oseanografi" title="Oseanografi">Oseanografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoklimatologi" title="Paleoklimatologi">Paleoklimatologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoekologi" title="Paleoekologi">Paleoekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinologi" title="Palinologi">Palinologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedologi" title="Pedologi">Pedologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edafologi" title="Edafologi">Edafologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografi_fisik" title="Geografi fisik">Geografi fisik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_luar_angkasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu luar angkasa (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu luar angkasa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_hayati" title="Ilmu hayati">Hayati</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologi</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_tanah" title="Biologi tanah">Biologi tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsikologi" title="Biopsikologi">Biopsikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnobiologi" title="Etnobiologi">Etnobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontologi" title="Gerontologi">Gerontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriobiologi" title="Kriobiologi">Kriobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnologi" title="Limnologi">Limnologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_syaraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu syaraf">Ilmu syaraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiobiologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiobiologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Radiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biologis">Teknik biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_sosial" title="Ilmu sosial">Sosial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">Antropologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">Arkeologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriminologi" title="Kriminologi">Kriminologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demografi" title="Demografi">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografi_manusia" title="Geografi manusia">Geografi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">Hubungan internasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">Linguistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_politik" title="Ilmu politik">Ilmu politik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">Sosiologi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_terapan" title="Ilmu terapan">Terapan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Teknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik">Teknik dan rekayasa</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biomedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biomedis">Biomedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_kedirgantaraan" title="Teknik kedirgantaraan">Dirgantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_genetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekayasa genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer">Ilmu komputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_industri" title="Teknik industri">Industri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia">Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_komputer" title="Teknik komputer">Komputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_listrik" title="Teknik listrik">Listrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_mesin" title="Teknik mesin">Mesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeni" title="Zeni">Militer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_nuklir" title="Teknik nuklir">Nuklir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_perangkat_lunak" title="Rekayasa perangkat lunak">Perangkat lunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_perlindungan_kebakaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik perlindungan kebakaran">Perlindungan kebakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_pertambangan" title="Teknik pertambangan">Pertambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_pertanian" title="Teknik pertanian">Pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riset_operasi" title="Riset operasi">Riset operasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotika" title="Robotika">Robotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_sipil" title="Teknik sipil">Sipil</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_kesehatan" title="Ilmu kesehatan">Ilmu kesehatan</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi">Farmasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">Kedokteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedokteran_gigi" title="Kedokteran gigi">Kedokteran gigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedokteran_hewan" title="Kedokteran hewan">Kedokteran hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keperawatan" title="Keperawatan">Keperawatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perawatan_kesehatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perawatan kesehatan">Perawatan kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biologis">Teknik biologis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Antardisiplin" title="Antardisiplin">Antardisiplin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_terapan" title="Fisika terapan">Fisika terapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecerdasan_buatan" title="Kecerdasan buatan">Kecerdasan buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioetika" title="Bioetika">Bioetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biomedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biomedis">Teknik biomedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_kognitif" title="Ilmu kognitif">Ilmu kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_kompleks" title="Sistem kompleks">Sistem kompleks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistik_komputasi" title="Linguistik komputasi">Linguistik komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studi_budaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studi budaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Studi budaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibernetika" title="Sibernetika">Sibernetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_lingkungan" title="Ilmu lingkungan">Ilmu lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_sosial_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu sosial lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu sosial lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studi_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studi lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Studi lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studi_etnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studi etnik (halaman belum tersedia)">Studi etnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologi_evolusioner" title="Psikologi evolusioner">Psikologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehutanan" title="Kehutanan">Kehutanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesehatan" title="Kesehatan">Kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_perpustakaan" title="Ilmu perpustakaan">Ilmu perpustakaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_matematika_dan_teori" title="Biologi matematika dan teori">Biologi matematika dan teori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_matematika" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisika matematika">Fisika matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_militer" title="Ilmu militer">Ilmu militer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_jaringan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu jaringan (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu jaringan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknik_syaraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknik syaraf (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknik syaraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_syaraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu syaraf">Ilmu syaraf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajian_ilmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajian ilmu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kajian ilmu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu,_teknologi,_dan_masyarakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu, teknologi, dan masyarakat (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu, teknologi, dan masyarakat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permodelan_ilmiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permodelan ilmiah (halaman belum tersedia)">Permodelan ilmiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotika" title="Semiotika">Semiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika">Statistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_sistem" title="Ilmu sistem">Ilmu sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdisiplineritas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transdisiplineritas (halaman belum tersedia)">Transdisiplineritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perencanaan_kota" class="mw-redirect" title="Perencanaan kota">Perencanaan kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_web" title="Ilmu web">Ilmu web</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#F8F9FA;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#DDDDFF;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofi">Filosofi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">Sejarah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelitian_murni" title="Penelitian murni">Penelitian murni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_masyarakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu masyarakat (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu masyarakat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fringe_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fringe science (halaman belum tersedia)">Fringe science</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_ilmu" title="Sejarah ilmu">Sejarah ilmu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_ilmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi ilmu (halaman belum tersedia)">Filosofi ilmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosains" title="Protosains">Protosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_semu" title="Ilmu semu">Pseudosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebebasan_akademik" title="Kebebasan akademik">Kebebasan akademik</a></li> <li><b>Sains</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_ilmiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebijakan ilmiah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebijakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendanaan_ilmiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendanaan ilmiah (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendanaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metode_ilmiah" title="Metode ilmiah">Metode</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosiologi_ilmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosiologi ilmu (halaman belum tersedia)">Sosiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknosains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknosains (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknosains</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_(selenide)_with_complete_passivation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png/16px-Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png/24px-Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png/32px-Colloidal_nanoparticle_of_lead_sulfide_%28selenide%29_with_complete_passivation.png 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1643" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ilmu" title="Portal:Ilmu">Portal Ilmu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ilmu" title="Kategori:Ilmu">Kategori</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ilmu" title="Templat:Ilmu"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Ilmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ilmu (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ilmu&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pada masa kini, biologi mencakup bidang akademik yang sangat luas, bersentuhan dengan bidang-bidang <a href="/wiki/Sains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sains">sains</a> yang lain dan sering kali dipandang sebagai ilmu yang mandiri. Berikut adalah cabang-cabang utama biologi:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologi" title="Aerobiologi">Aerobiologi</a>–mempelajari partikel organik di udara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrikultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrikultur">Agrikultur</a>–mempelajari proses produksi hasil panen dan lebih menekankan pada penerapannya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a>–mempelajari bentuk dan fungsi tumbuhan, hewan, serta organisme lain (terutama manusia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arachnologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arachnologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Arachnologi</a>–mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Arachnida" title="Arachnida">arachnida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a>–mempelajari evolusi, distribusi, dan masa depan kehidupan di alam semesta—juga disebut <a href="/wiki/Eksobiologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksobiologi">eksobiologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eksopaleontologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksopaleontologi">eksopaleontologi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bioastronomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioastronomi">bioastronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a>–mempelajari proses biologis dalam kerangka fisika, dengan menerapkan teori dan metode yang secara tradisional digunakan dalam ilmu fisika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a>–mempelajari persebaran spesies dalam konteks keruangan dan waktu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a>–penggunaan teknologi informasi untuk meneliti, mengumpulkan, dan menyimpan data genomik atau data biologis lainnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a>–mempelajari reaksi kimia yang diperlukan kehidupan agar tetap berfungsi, biasanya pada tingkatan seluler</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_bangunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi bangunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi bangunan</a>–meneliti lingkungan hidup di dalam ruangan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a>–mempelajari asal usul dan nenek moyang spesies</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_integratif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi integratif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi integratif</a>–mempelajari semua organisme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a> (atau oseanografi biologis)–mempelajari ekosistem, tumbuhan, hewan, dan kehidupan samudra lainnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a>–mempelajari pelestarian, perlindungan, dan pemulihan lingkungan alam, ekosistem alam, vegetasi, serta margasatwa</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi lingkungan</a>–mempelajari dunia alam secara keseluruhan atau dalam wilayah tertentu, terutama dampak manusia terhadapnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a>–mempelajari biologi dan fungsi biologi dalam tingkatan molekuler, bertumpang tindih dengan biokimia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_populasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi populasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi populasi</a>–mempelajari sekelompok organisme, termasuk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Ekologi populasi</a>–mempelajari dinamika dan kepunahan populasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika_populasi" title="Genetika populasi">Genetika populasi</a>–mempelajari perubahan frekuensi gen dalam populasi suatu organisme</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a>–mempelajari proses pembentukan organisme dari <a href="/wiki/Zigot" title="Zigot">zigot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a>–meneliti sel sebagai satuan yang utuh dan interaksi molekuler serta kimia yang terjadi di dalam sel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktural" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi struktural">Biologi struktural</a>–cabang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">biologi molekuler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">biofisika</a> yang terkait dengan struktur molekuler makromolekul biologis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a>–mengintegrasi biologi dengan teknik; membuat fungsi biologis yang tidak ada di alam</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomatematika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomatematika (halaman belum tersedia)">Biomatematika</a> (atau biologi matematis)–penelitian proses biologis secara kuantitatif atau matematis dan lebih menekankan pada permodelan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a>–penelitian mekanika kehidupan yang lebih menekankan pada penerapan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostetik (halaman belum tersedia)">prostetik</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortotik (halaman belum tersedia)">ortotik</a>. Bidang ini sering dianggap sebagai cabang kedokteran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusikologi" title="Biomusikologi">Biomusikologi</a>–mempelajari musik dari sudut pandang biologis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a>–cabang biologi yang baru dan kadang-kadang kontroversial yang mempelajari manipulasi materi hidup, termasuk modifikasi genetik, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi sintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">biologi sintetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a>–mempelajari tumbuhan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a>–mempelajari interaksi antara organisme dengan lingkungannya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embriologi" title="Embriologi">Embriologi</a>–mempelajari perkembangan embrio (dari pembuahan hingga kelahiran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomologi" title="Entomologi">Entomologi</a>–mempelajari serangga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a>–komponen penting dalam penelitian kesehatan, mempelajari faktor yang memengaruhi kesehatan suatu populasi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetik">Epigenetik</a>–mempelajari perubahan ekspresi gen atau fenotip seluler yang diakibatkan oleh mekanisme selain perubahan rangkaian ADN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">Etologi</a>–mempelajari perilaku hewan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a>–mempelajari persiapan, penggunaan, dan pengaruh obat-obatan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a>–mempelajari cara kerja organisme hidup serta organ-organnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitopatologi" title="Fitopatologi">Fitopatologi</a>–mempelajari penyakit pada tumbuhan (juga disebut patologi tumbuhan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a>–mempelajari gen dan pewarisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematologi" title="Hematologi">Hematologi</a>–mempelajari darah dan organ pembentuk darah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">Herpetologi</a>–mempelajari reptil dan amfibi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a>–mempelajari sel dan jaringan, cabang mikroskopik anatomi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iktiologi" title="Iktiologi">Iktiologi</a>–mempelajari ikan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriobiologi" title="Kriobiologi">Kriobiologi</a>–mempelajari pengaruh suhu yang rendah terhadap kehidupan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnologi" title="Limnologi">Limnologi</a>–mempelajari perairan di daratan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">Mamalogi</a>–mempelajari mamalia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrologi</a>–meneliti organisme mikroskopik (mikroorganisme), dan interaksinya dengan kehidupan lainnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a>–mempelajari fungi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosains" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosains">Neurobiologi</a>–mempelajari sistem saraf, termasuk anatomi, fisiologi, dan patologinya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi">Onkologi</a>–mempelajari proses <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">Ornitologi</a>–mempelajari burung</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a>–mempelajari fosil dan bukti geografis kehidupan prasejarah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patobiologi atau patologi</a>–meneliti penyakit, seperti penyebab, proses, ciri, dan perkembangannya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a>–mempelajari parasit dan parasitisme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelitian_biomedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelitian biomedis">Penelitian biomedis</a>–meneliti tubuh manusia yang sehat dan sakit</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikobiologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikobiologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Psikobiologi</a>–mempelajari dasar <a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">psikologi</a> secara biologis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a>–mempelajari dasar <a href="/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> secara biologis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biologis">Teknik biologis</a>–mempelajari biologi dari sudut pandang teknik dan lebih menekankan pada pengetahuan terapan. Bidang ini terkait dengan bioteknologi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a>–mempelajari virus dan agen yang seperti virus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a>–mempelajari hewan, termasuk klasifikasi, fisiologi, perkembangan, dan perilaku (cabang meliputi <a href="/wiki/Entomologi" title="Entomologi">entomologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">etologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">herpetologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iktiologi" title="Iktiologi">iktiologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">mamalogi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">ornitologi</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_ahli_biologi" title="Daftar ahli biologi">Daftar ahli biologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat">Asam deoksiribonukleat</a> (ADN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel">Sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">Fotosintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Tumbuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidup_dan_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidup dan kehidupan">Hidup dan kehidupan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri">Galeri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Galeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Galeri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus"><img alt="Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/120px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/180px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/240px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planta - Triticum"><img alt="Planta - Triticum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/80px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/120px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/160px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="4286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Planta - Triticum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fungi - Morchella esculenta"><img alt="Fungi - Morchella esculenta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/90px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/135px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/180px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fungi - Morchella esculenta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fucus_serratus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus"><img alt="Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/120px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/180px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/240px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Mikrometer)"><img alt="Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Mikrometer)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/120px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/180px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/240px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Mikrometer)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaea - Halobacteria"><img alt="Archaea - Halobacteria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/120px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/180px-Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/240px-Halobacteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archaea - Halobacteria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gamma_phage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Virus - Gamma phage"><img alt="Virus - Gamma phage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/88px-Gamma_phage.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/132px-Gamma_phage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/175px-Gamma_phage.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virus - Gamma phage</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/ilmu%20hayat">"Entri: ilnu hayat"</a>. <i>KBBI VI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBBI+VI&rft.atitle=Entri%3A+ilnu+hayat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Filmu%2520hayat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berdasarkan definisi dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html">Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040608113114/http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-06-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf"><i>Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Pekanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 1. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-6879-99-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-6879-99-8">978-602-6879-99-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415143329/http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologi+Dasar+Terintegrasi&rft.place=Pekanbaru&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Kreasi+Edukasi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-602-6879-99-8&rft.au=Susilawati+dan+Bachtiar%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uin-suska.ac.id%2F26091%2F1%2FBuku%2520Biologi%2520Dasar%2520Terintegrasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727182113/http://community.weber.edu/sciencemuseum/pages/life_main.asp">"Life Science, Weber State Museum of Natural Science"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.weber.edu/sciencemuseum/pages/life_main.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Science%2C+Weber+State+Museum+of+Natural+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.weber.edu%2Fsciencemuseum%2Fpages%2Flife_main.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211839/http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716">"Who coined the term biology?"</a>. <i>Info.com</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Info.com&rft.atitle=Who+coined+the+term+biology%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.info.com%2FWho-coined-the-term-biology_716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=biology&allowed_in_frame=0">"biology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307163258/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=biology&allowed_in_frame=0">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=biology&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbiology%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richards, Robert J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=X7N4_i7vrTUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-226-71210-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-226-71210-9">0-226-71210-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+Conception+of+Life%3A+Science+and+Philosophy+in+the+Age+of+Goethe&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-226-71210-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7N4_i7vrTUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magner, <i>A History of the Life Sciences</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahd-815-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fahd-815_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFahd" class="citation journal">Fahd, Toufic. : 815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=815&rft.aulast=Fahd&rft.aufirst=Toufic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Tidak memiliki atau tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|contribution=</code> akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>, in <cite id="CITEREFMorelonRashed1996" class="citation book">Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (halaman belum tersedia)">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-12410-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-12410-7">0-415-12410-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-12410-7&rft.aulast=Morelon&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magner, <i>A History of the Life Sciences</i>, pp 133–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapp, <i>Genesis</i>, chapter 7; Coleman, <i>Biology in the Nineteenth Century</i>, bab 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>, chapter 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>, bab 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould_2002_187-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_2002_187_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gould2002">Gould (2002)</a>, hal. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lam1914-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lam1914_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lamarck1914">Lamarck (1914)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>, chapter 10: "Darwin's evidence for evolution and common descent"; and chapter 11: "The causation of evolution: natural selection"; Larson, <i>Evolution</i>, chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Noble, Ivan (2003-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2940601.stm">"BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Human genome finally complete"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406035211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2940601.stm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%26%23124%3B+Science%2FNature+%26%23124%3B+Human+genome+finally+complete&rft.date=2003-04-14&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2940601.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarello,_P1999" class="citation journal">Mazzarello, P (1999). "A unifying concept: the history of cell theory". <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): E13–E15. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F8964">10.1038/8964</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-7392">1465-7392</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10559875">10559875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=A+unifying+concept%3A+the+history+of+cell+theory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E13-E15&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1465-7392&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10559875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F8964&rft.au=Mazzarello%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">De Duve, Christian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeevolvingmole00duve_331"><i>Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeevolvingmole00duve_331/page/n60">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-515605-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-515605-6">0-19-515605-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Evolving%3A+Molecules%2C+Mind%2C+and+Meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-515605-6&rft.au=De+Duve%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeevolvingmole00duve_331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Futuyma, DJ (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolution0000futu"><i>Evolution</i></a>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87893-187-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87893-187-3">978-0-87893-187-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57311264+57638368+62621622">57311264 57638368 62621622</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57311264+57638368+62621622&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-187-3&rft.au=Futuyma%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000futu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p15-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p15_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Packard, Alpheus Spring (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lamarckfoundere05packgoog"><i>Lamarck, the founder of Evolution: his life and work with translations of his writings on organic evolution</i></a>. New York: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-405-12562-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-405-12562-3">0-405-12562-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lamarck%2C+the+founder+of+Evolution%3A+his+life+and+work+with+translations+of+his+writings+on+organic+evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green.&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=0-405-12562-3&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Alpheus+Spring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flamarckfoundere05packgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">The Complete Works of Darwin Online–Biography.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107165048/http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-01-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>darwin-online.org.uk</i>. Retrieved on 2006-12-15<br /><a href="#CITEREFDobzhansky1973">Dobzhansky 1973</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "<i>The Origin of Species</i> has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world ... It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." <cite class="citation book">Carroll, Joseph, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4"><i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection</i></a>. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55111-337-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55111-337-6">1-55111-337-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+origin+of+species+by+means+of+natural+selection&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Broadview&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55111-337-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonoriginofspecie0000darw_t8q4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shermer hal. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species, 1st, John Murray</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GGS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GGS_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">Simpson, George Gaylord</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meaningofevoluti0000simp"><i>The Meaning of Evolution</i></a> (edisi ke-Second). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-300-00952-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-300-00952-6">0-300-00952-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Evolution&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-300-00952-6&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeaningofevoluti0000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224700/http://www.bio-medicine.org/q-more/biology-definition/phylogeny/">"q-more/biology-definition/phylogeny/"</a>. <i>www.bio-medicine.org</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-medicine.org/q-more/biology-definition/phylogeny/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bio-medicine.org&rft.atitle=q-more%2Fbiology-definition%2Fphylogeny%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-medicine.org%2Fq-more%2Fbiology-definition%2Fphylogeny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aitken, M. J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencebaseddati0000aitk"><i>Science-based Dating in Archaeology</i></a>. London: Longman. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencebaseddati0000aitk/page/56">56</a>-58. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-582-49309-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-582-49309-9">0-582-49309-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science-based+Dating+in+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-582-49309-9&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencebaseddati0000aitk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_33/b4046083.htm">From SemBiosys, A New Kind Of Insulin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117132739/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_33/b4046083.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-11-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. INSIDE WALL STREET By Gene G. Marcial(13 Agustus 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThanbichler_M,_Wang_S,_Shapiro_L2005" class="citation journal">Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L (2005). "The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure". <i>J Cell Biochem</i>. <b>96</b> (3): 506–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20519">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988757">15988757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+nucleoid%3A+a+highly+organized+and+dynamic+structure&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.20519&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988757&rft.au=Thanbichler+M%2C+Wang+S%2C+Shapiro+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8472">"Definition of Genotype"</a>. <i>MedicineNet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123014257/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8472">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Genotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D8472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raven, PH; Johnson, GB. <i>Biology</i>, Fifth Edition, Boston: Hill Companies, Inc. 1999. page 1058.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelvin Rodolfo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-homeostasis">Explanation of Homeostasis on scientificamerican.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020456/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-homeostasis">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-12-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Diakses 16 Oktober 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantfrigaard-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD.A._Bryant_&_N.-U._Frigaard2006" class="citation journal">D.A. Bryant & N.-U. Frigaard (2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated". <i>Trends Microbiol</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 488–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001">10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997562">16997562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+photosynthesis+and+phototrophy+illuminated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=488-96&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16997562&rft.au=D.A.+Bryant+%26+N.-U.+Frigaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith, A. L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4"><i>Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</i></a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4/page/508">508</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-854768-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-854768-4">0-19-854768-4</a>. <q>Photosynthesis–the synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, esp. carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than the oxidation of chemical compounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-854768-4&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katrina Edwards. <i>Microbiology of a Sediment Pond and the Underlying Young, Cold,</i> Hydrologically Active Ridge Flank<i>. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A. and Reece Jane B (2001). "6". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biology0000camp_g9l9"><i>Biology</i></a>. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8053-6624-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8053-6624-2">978-0-8053-6624-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47521441+48195194+53439122+55707478+64759228+79136407">47521441 48195194 53439122 55707478 64759228 79136407</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47521441+48195194+53439122+55707478+64759228+79136407&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-6624-2&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Neil+A.+and+Reece+Jane+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiology0000camp_g9l9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colvard,_2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colvard,_2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartsch/Colvard, <i>The Living Environment</i>. (2009) New York State Prentice Hall Regents Review. Diakses 16 Oktober 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/molecular-biology">"Molecular biology Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary"</a>. <i>Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online</i>. 7 Okt 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613105810/https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Molecular_biology">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+Articles%2C+Tutorials+%26+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Molecular+biology+Definition+and+Examples+-+Biology+Online+Dictionary&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmolecular-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html">"Anatomy of the Human Body".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316005206/http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-03-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Edisi ke-20. 1918. Henry Gray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffiths2000sect60-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-griffiths2000sect60_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Anthony J. F. Griffiths ... (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.60">"Genetics and the Organism: Introduction"</a>. Dalam Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart. <i>An Introduction to Genetic Analysis</i> (edisi ke-7th). New York: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-3520-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-3520-2">0-7167-3520-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Organism%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Genetic+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7167-3520-2&rft.au=Anthony+J.+F.+Griffiths+...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Diga.section.60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartl D, Jones E (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner,_S.1974" class="citation journal">Brenner, S. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705234120/http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf">"The Genetics of CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Genetics</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1213120">1213120</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4366476">4366476</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.wormbase.org/papers/31_Brenner74.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2007-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetics+of+CAENORHABDITIS+ELEGANS&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=1974&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1213120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4366476&rft.au=Brenner%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.wormbase.org%2Fpapers%2F31_Brenner74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_genetics-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_genetics_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">James H. Sang (2001-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=JjLWYKqehRsC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=drosophila+eggs+day+lifetime">"Drosophila melanogaster: The Fruit Fly"</a>. Dalam Eric C. R. Reeve. <i>Encyclopedia of genetics</i>. USA: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, I. hlm. 157. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-884964-34-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-884964-34-3">978-1-884964-34-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drosophila+melanogaster%3A+The+Fruit+Fly&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+genetics&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers%2C+I&rft.date=2001-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-34-3&rft.au=James+H.+Sang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJjLWYKqehRsC%26pg%3DPA157%26lpg%3DPA157%26dq%3Ddrosophila%2Beggs%2Bday%2Blifetime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaffter_PNüsslein-Volhard_C1996" class="citation journal">Haffter P; Nüsslein-Volhard C (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intjdevbiol.com/paper.php?doi=8735932">"Large scale genetics in a small vertebrate, the zebrafish"</a>. <i>Int. J. Dev. Biol</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 221–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8735932">8735932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312163430/http://www.intjdevbiol.com/paper.php?doi=8735932">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Dev.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Large+scale+genetics+in+a+small+vertebrate%2C+the+zebrafish&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=221-7&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8735932&rft.au=Haffter+P&rft.au=N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intjdevbiol.com%2Fpaper.php%3Fdoi%3D8735932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author-separator=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKeller_G2005" class="citation journal">Keller G (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1129.long">"Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine"</a>. <i>Genes Dev</i>. <b>19</b> (10): 1129–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.1303605">10.1101/gad.1303605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905405">15905405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412121748/http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1129.long">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev.&rft.atitle=Embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation%3A+emergence+of+a+new+era+in+biology+and+medicine&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1129-55&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.1303605&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15905405&rft.au=Keller+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenesdev.cshlp.org%2Fcontent%2F19%2F10%2F1129.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRensink_WA,_Buell_CR2004" class="citation journal">Rensink WA, Buell CR (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514098">"Arabidopsis to Rice. Applying Knowledge from a Weed to Enhance Our Understanding of a Crop Species"</a>. <i>Plant Physiol</i>. <b>135</b> (2): 622–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.104.040170">10.1104/pp.104.040170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514098">514098</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15208410">15208410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiol.&rft.atitle=Arabidopsis+to+Rice.+Applying+Knowledge+from+a+Weed+to+Enhance+Our+Understanding+of+a+Crop+Species&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=622-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514098&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15208410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.104.040170&rft.au=Rensink+WA%2C+Buell+CR&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoelho_SM,_Peters_AF,_Charrier_B2007" class="citation journal">Coelho SM, Peters AF, Charrier B; et al. (2007). "Complex life cycles of multicellular eukaryotes: new approaches based on the use of model organisms". <i>Gene</i>. <b>406</b> (1–2): 152–70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.07.025">10.1016/j.gene.2007.07.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17870254">17870254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Complex+life+cycles+of+multicellular+eukaryotes%3A+new+approaches+based+on+the+use+of+model+organisms&rft.volume=406&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=152-70&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2007.07.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17870254&rft.au=Coelho+SM%2C+Peters+AF%2C+Charrier+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFields_S,_Johnston_M2005" class="citation journal">Fields S, Johnston M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/307/5717/1885">"Cell biology. Whither model organism research?"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>307</b> (5717): 1885–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108872">10.1126/science.1108872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790833">15790833</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228211138/http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/307/5717/1885">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cell+biology.+Whither+model+organism+research%3F&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5717&rft.pages=1885-6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1108872&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15790833&rft.au=Fields+S%2C+Johnston+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fsummary%2F307%2F5717%2F1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski_D1999" class="citation journal">Jablonski D (1999). "The future of the fossil record". <i>Science</i>. <b>284</b> (5423): 2114–16. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5423.2114">10.1126/science.284.5423.2114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381868">10381868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+future+of+the+fossil+record&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5423&rft.pages=2114-16&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5423.2114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10381868&rft.au=Jablonski+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Gillespie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Gillespie (halaman belum tersedia)">John H. Gillespie</a> Population Genetics: A Concise Guide, Johns Hopkins Press, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0801857554" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-5755-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vassiliki Betta Smocovitis Unifiying Biology: the evolutionary synthesis and evolutionary biology <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0691033439" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-03343-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neill, Campbell (1996). <i>Biology; Fourth edition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Benjamin/Cummings_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company (halaman belum tersedia)">The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company</a>. hlm. G-21 (Glossary). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8053-1940-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8053-1940-9">0-8053-1940-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3B+Fourth+edition&rft.pages=G-21+%28Glossary%29&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8053-1940-9&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Douglas, Futuyma (1998). <i>Evolutionary Biology; Third edition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinauer_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinauer Associates (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinauer Associates</a>. hlm. 88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87893-189-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87893-189-9">0-87893-189-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Biology%3B+Third+edition&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87893-189-9&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Futuyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis, L</a> (1997). <i>Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth</i> (edisi ke-3rd). WH Freeman & Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7167-3183-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7167-3183-2">978-0-7167-3183-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/223623098+237138975">223623098 237138975</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Kingdoms%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+Phyla+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223623098+237138975&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-3183-2&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domain-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-domain_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-domain_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoese_C,_Kandler_O,_Wheelis_M1990" class="citation journal">Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627233102/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.au=Woese+C%2C+Kandler+O%2C+Wheelis+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F87%2F12%2F4576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics". <i>S Aft J Sci</i>. <b>86</b>: 182–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S+Aft+J+Sci&rft.atitle=The+classification+of+organisms+at+the+edge+of+life%2C+or+problems+with+virus+systematics&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=182-186&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Rybicki+EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heather Silyn-Roberts (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=hVUU7Gq8QskC&lpg=PA198&dq=species%20epithet%20capitalize&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q=species%20epithet%20capitalize"><i>Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation</i></a>. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. hlm. 198. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-4636-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-4636-5">0-7506-4636-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+for+Science+and+Engineering%3A+Papers%2C+Presentation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7506-4636-5&rft.au=Heather+Silyn-Roberts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhVUU7Gq8QskC%26lpg%3DPA198%26dq%3Dspecies%2520epithet%2520capitalize%26pg%3DPA198%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dspecies%2520epithet%2520capitalize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/frameset/0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#recF">"Recommendation 60F"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (halaman belum tersedia)">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a>, Vienna Code</i>. 2006. hlm. 60F.1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126040330/https://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/frameset/0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#recF">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature%2C+Vienna+Code&rft.atitle=Recommendation+60F&rft.pages=60F.1&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fframeset%2F0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm%23recF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225742/http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">"ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2009"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICTV+Virus+Taxonomy+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictvonline.org%2FvirusTaxonomy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_pospi.htm">"80.001 Popsiviroidae–ICTVdB Index of Viruses."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813214826/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_pospi.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-08-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Website.) U.S. National Institutes of Health website. Retrieved on 2009-10-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_prion.htm">"90. Prions–ICTVdB Index of Viruses."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827131816/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_prion.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-08-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Website.) U.S. National Institutes of Health website. Retrieved on 2009-10-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_satel.htm">"81. Satellites–ICTVdB Index of Viruses."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501015827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_satel.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-05-01 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Website.) U.S. National Institutes of Health website. Retrieved on 2009-10-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">John McNeill (1996-11-04). "The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century?". <i>Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+BioCode%3A+Integrated+biological+nomenclature+for+the+21st+century%3F&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+a+Mini-Symposium+on+Biological+Nomenclature+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=1996-11-04&rft.au=John+McNeill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bionomenclature.net/index.html">"The Draft BioCode (2011)"</a>. International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613061901/http://www.bionomenclature.net/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Draft+BioCode+%282011%29&rft.pub=International+Committee+on+Bionomenclature+%28ICB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bionomenclature.net%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00019">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010515/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00019">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Greuter, W.; Garrity, G.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Jahn, R.; Kirk, P.M.; Knapp, S.; McNeill, J.; Michel, E.; Patterson, D.J.; Pyle, R.; Tindall, B.J. (2011). Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms. <i>Taxon</i>. 60: 201-212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00018">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010529/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00018">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713124948/http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-07-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hawksworth, D.L. (2011). Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011). <i>Taxon</i>. 60(1): 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Begon, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologyfromindiv0000beg"><i>Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems. (4th ed.)</i></a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4051-1117-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4051-1117-8">1-4051-1117-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology%3A+From+individuals+to+ecosystems.+%284th+ed.%29&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-1117-8&rft.aulast=Begon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologyfromindiv0000beg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habitats_of_the_world-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habitats_of_the_world_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=U-_mlcy8rGgC&pg=PA238"><i>Habitats of the world</i></a>. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2004. hlm. 238. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7614-7523-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7614-7523-1">978-0-7614-7523-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habitats+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7523-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DU-_mlcy8rGgC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-black_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_J2002" class="citation journal">Black, J (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12042386">"Darwin in the world of emotions"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Free full text)</span>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>95</b> (6): 311–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjrsm.95.6.311">10.1258/jrsm.95.6.311</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768">0141-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279921">1279921</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042386">12042386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810043441/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12042386">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Darwin+in+the+world+of+emotions&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=311-3&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1279921&rft.issn=0141-0768&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12042386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Fjrsm.95.6.311&rft.au=Black%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrsm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12042386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiley, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/branches-of-biology">"Branches of biology Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary"</a>. <i>Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online</i>. 7 Okt 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215216/https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Branches_of_biology">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+Articles%2C+Tutorials+%26+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Branches+of+biology+Definition+and+Examples+-+Biology+Online+Dictionary&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbranches-of-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art28786.asp">"Branches of Biology - Biology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010344/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art28786.asp">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Branches+of+Biology+-+Biology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellaonline.com%2Farticles%2Fart28786.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lanjutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lanjutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce (2002). <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (edisi ke-4th). Garland. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8153-3218-3">978-0-8153-3218-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076+48122761+57023651+69932405">145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145080076+48122761+57023651+69932405&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Begon, Michael (2005). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology:_From_Individuals_to_Ecosystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems (halaman belum tersedia)">Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems</a></i> (edisi ke-4th). Blackwell Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4051-1117-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4051-1117-1">978-1-4051-1117-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57639896+57675855+62131207">57639896 57675855 62131207</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology%3A+From+Individuals+to+Ecosystems&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57639896+57675855+62131207&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1117-1&rft.aulast=Begon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Campbell_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Campbell (scientist) (halaman belum tersedia)">Campbell, Neil</a> (2004). <i>Biology</i> (edisi ke-7th). Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8053-7146-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8053-7146-X">0-8053-7146-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71890442">71890442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71890442&rft.isbn=0-8053-7146-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Colinvaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Colinvaux (halaman belum tersedia)">Colinvaux, Paul</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whybigfierceanim00paul"><i>Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare: An Ecologist's Perspective</i></a> (edisi ke-reissue). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-02364-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-02364-6">0-691-02364-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10081738+24132192">10081738 24132192</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Big+Fierce+Animals+are+Rare%3A+An+Ecologist%27s+Perspective&rft.edition=reissue&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10081738+24132192&rft.isbn=0-691-02364-6&rft.aulast=Colinvaux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhybigfierceanim00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hoagland, Mahlon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringwaylife0000hoag"><i>The Way Life Works</i></a> (edisi ke-reprint). Jones and Bartlett Publishers inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7637-1688-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7637-1688-X">0-7637-1688-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/223090105+45487537">223090105 45487537</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+Life+Works&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers+inc&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223090105+45487537&rft.isbn=0-7637-1688-X&rft.aulast=Hoagland&rft.aufirst=Mahlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringwaylife0000hoag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Janovy, John Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onbecomingbiolog0000jano"><i>On Becoming a Biologist</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd). Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8032-7620-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8032-7620-6">0-8032-7620-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55138571+56964280">55138571 56964280</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Becoming+a+Biologist&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55138571+56964280&rft.isbn=0-8032-7620-6&rft.aulast=Janovy&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonbecomingbiolog0000jano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_George_B.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson George B. (halaman belum tersedia)">Johnson, George B.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holtbiologyvisua00john"><i>Biology, Visualizing Life</i></a>. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-03-016723-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-03-016723-X">0-03-016723-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36306648">36306648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%2C+Visualizing+Life&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart%2C+and+Winston&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36306648&rft.isbn=0-03-016723-X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholtbiologyvisua00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tobin, Allan (2005). <i>Asking About Life</i> (edisi ke-3rd). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-534-40653-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-534-40653-X">0-534-40653-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asking+About+Life&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-534-40653-X&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiologi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> memiliki informasi lebih lanjut di: <div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/id:Special:Search/Biologi" class="extiw" title="b:id:Special:Search/Biologi">Biologi</a></i></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/biologi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/biologi">biologi</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/80px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity memiliki bahan belajar tentang <i><b><a href="https://id.wikiversity.org/wiki/Biology" class="extiw" title="v:Biology">Biology</a></b></i> at <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://id.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_School_of_Biology" class="extiw" title="v:The School of Biology">The School of Biology</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Science/Biology">Biologi</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html">Filokode OSU</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114093618/http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-11-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page">Biologi Daring–Wiki Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/">Video kuliah biologi dari MIT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032504/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-05-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/">Biologi dan Bioetika</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626143439/http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-06-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=2622&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=7&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true">Sistem Biologis</a>–Idaho National Laboratory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html"><i>The Tree of Life</i></a>: proyek yang memuat informasi tentang filogeni, dan biodiversitas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.illinois.edu/bix/biologicalliterature/">Using the Biological Literature Web Resources</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pranala jurnal</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885">PLos Biology</a> Jurnal terbuka yang diterbitkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/">Current Biology</a> Jurnal yang menerbitkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riset_asli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riset asli (halaman belum tersedia)">riset asli</a> dari berbagai bidang biologi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/">Biology Letters</a> Jurnal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> yang menerbitkan tulisan-tulisan tentang biologi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/collections/subject/">Science Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110150710/http://www.sciencemag.org/collections/subject/">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-11-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Publikasi Sains <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">AAAS</a> yang terkenal–Lihat Bagian Ilmu Kehidupan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolsci.org">International Journal of Biological Sciences</a> Jurnal biologi yang menerbitkan beberapa karya ilmiah</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html">Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031110160426/http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2003-11-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jurnal interdisipliner yang menerbitkan esai-esai</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifesciencelog.com/">Life Science Log</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Biologi_nav&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li>Pengantar (<a href="/wiki/Pengantar_genetika" title="Pengantar genetika">Genetika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengantar_evolusi" title="Pengantar evolusi">Evolusi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_biologi" title="Garis besar biologi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_biologi_dan_kimia_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu biologi dan kimia organik (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Subdisiplin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropologi_biologis" title="Antropologi biologis">Antropologi biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimiawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimiawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimiawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_komputasi" title="Biologi komputasi">Biologi komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kuantum" title="Biologi kuantum">Biologi kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_manusia" title="Biologi manusia">Biologi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_matematikal_dan_teoretikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi matematikal dan teoretikal (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi matematikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">Biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sistem" title="Biologi sistem">Biologi sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">Biologi struktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologi" title="Kronobiologi">Kronobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidologi" title="Lipidologi">Lipidologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi_seluler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiologi seluler (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiologi seluler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobioteknologi" title="Nanobioteknologi">Nanobioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_saraf" title="Ilmu saraf">Neurosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">Nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">Jaringan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a>) > <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Fondasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Taksonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">Teori sel</a></li> <li>Transformasi <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Prinsip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">Aliran gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentuk_kehidupan_paling_awal_yang_diketahui" title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui">Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungsi_(biologi)" title="Fungsi (biologi)">Fungsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyutan_genetik" title="Hanyutan genetik">Hanyutan genetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makroevolusi" title="Makroevolusi">Makroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikroevolusi" title="Mikroevolusi">Mikroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">Mutasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi">Spesiasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Dinamika populasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_hayati" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">Keanekaragaman hayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_(biologi)" title="Sumber daya (biologi)">Sumber daya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi<br />molekuler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modifikasi_pascatranskripsi" title="Modifikasi pascatranskripsi">Modifikasi pascatranskripsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persinyalan_sel" title="Persinyalan sel">Persinyalan sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulasi_gen" title="Regulasi gen">Regulasi gen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">Asam nukleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">Fotosintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">Karbohidrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">Lipid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Biologi" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Biologi">ProyekWiki</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabang_utama_dalam_ilmu_alam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Cabang_ilmu_alam" title="Templat:Cabang ilmu alam"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Cabang_ilmu_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Cabang ilmu alam (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cabang_ilmu_alam&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabang_utama_dalam_ilmu_alam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabang utama dalam <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_alam" title="Ilmu alam">ilmu alam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_bumi" class="mw-disambig" title="Ilmu bumi">Ilmu bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">Kimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006851-1">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524700">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119440835">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119440835">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=35319">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014203">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570263">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114166&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLK id KSH1998006221 is not valid.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008256">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/86803240">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639636">National Archives (US)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biologi&oldid=26127113">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biologi&oldid=26127113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a 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