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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guarded Domains of Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="ممالك إيران المحروسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممالك إيران المحروسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ممالک محروسه ایران – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ممالک محروسه ایران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans_bevogtede_dom%C3%A6ner" title="Irans bevogtede domæner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irans bevogtede domæner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Gesch%C3%BCtzten_Gebiete_Irans" title="Die Geschützten Gebiete Irans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Die Geschützten Gebiete Irans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominios_custodiados_de_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Dominios custodiados de Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominios custodiados de Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ممالک محروسه ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ممالک محروسه ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaines_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9s_de_l%27Iran" title="Domaines protégés de l'Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domaines protégés de l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautu_masu_tsaro_Iran" title="Masarautu masu tsaro Iran – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masarautu masu tsaro Iran" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans_bevoktede_domener" title="Irans bevoktede domener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irans bevoktede domener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans_bevakade_dom%C3%A4ner" title="Irans bevakade domäner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irans bevakade domäner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17993985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official name of Iran from 16th to 20th century</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg/330px-Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg/440px-Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_stamp-10_shahis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a>. The term "the Guarded Domains of Iran" is visible on the top of the stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Guarded Domains of Iran</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ممالک محروسهٔ ایران</span>, <i>Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân</i>), or simply the <b>Domains of Iran</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ممالک ایران</span></span>, <i>Mamâlek-e Irân</i>) and the <b>Guarded Domains</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ممالک محروسه</span></span>, <i>Mamâlek-e Mahruse</i>), was the common and official name of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> era until the early 20th century. </p><p>The idea of the "Guarded Domains" was formed by a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society with shared cultural elements such as the Persian language, monarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. The concept had previously been used in the form of Eranshahr, the official name of Iran under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651), which promoted the concept of Iran as a protected political unit ruled by the state and with a distinct geographical region. </p><p>Iran's loss of territory under the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a> in the 19th century led to a new understanding of the Guarded Domains and the extent of the Iranian lands. There were limitations on the authority that the Guarded Domains had over <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>; they lost territories such as the <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Caucasian provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Iran" has denoted both the homeland of the Iranian people and the kingdom of Iranian rulers. The Iranian people had a connection to the land that they tied to the concept of Iran's territory. In pre-modern times, the dynastic realm and the region were both referred to by the Persian term <i>keshvar</i> ("country"). The Arabic word <i>mamlakat</i>, which comes from the root <i>malaka</i> and means "to own or to rule," was the most widely used translation of <i>keshvar</i>. Persian historiography frequently used <i>mamlakat</i> to refer to clearly defined kingdoms or royal domains, as well as the provinces that made them up. This included the Guarded Domains of Iran (<i>Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> period (1501–1736), other variants were also in use, such as <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">mamalek-e mahruse-ye khosrovani</i></span> ("the Royal Guarded Domains") and <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">mamalek-e mahruse-ye homayun</i></span> ("the Imperial Guarded Domains").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its shortened variant was <i>mamalek-e Iran</i> ("Domains of Iran"), most commonly used in the writings from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> (1789–1925).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its location and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, as well as the popularity of <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> and the Persian language, Iran was able to maintain its cultural identity during the period between the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Islamic invasion</a> and the establishment of the Safavid state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20172_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20172-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of the "Guarded Domains" was formed by a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society with shared cultural elements such as the Persian language, monarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept presumably started to form under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in the late 13th-century, a period in which regional actions, trade, written culture, and partly Shia Islam, contributed to the establishment of the early modern <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Guarded Domains of Iran" alluded to the decentralized administration as well as cultural and ethnic diversity of the country. According to the <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Abbas Amanat</a>, "In this notion of Iran, one may argue, there was a realistic recognition not only of its complexity but also of the inherent necessity for the central state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept had previously been used in the form of Eranshahr, the official name of Iran under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651), which promoted the concept of Iran as a protected political unit ruled by the state and with a distinct geographical region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179–10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179–10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian term <i>shahr</i>, commonly used to describe a walled city, etymologically refers to a "territory governed by the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>". In essence, <i>shahr</i> embodied the centralized state as it developed within the urban environment, analogous to the Greek idea of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201710_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201710-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_era">Safavid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safavid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia,_Caspian_Sea,_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png/310px-Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png/465px-Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png/620px-Persia%2C_Caspian_Sea%2C_part_of_Independent_Tartary.png 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a> and its divisions, published in 1736</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite military and theological assaults, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavid order</a> survived as a beleaguered enclave in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> region and eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from the mid-14th century. After coming to power in Iran, the movement instilled a new Shia identity in its subjects and established an imperial state that would form part of the country's political sovereignty. Despite violence caused by Safavid shah <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1501–1524</span>) and his successors, the dynasty managed to unify the diverse local dynasties, ethnicities, and cultures that had divided Iran since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Turco%E2%80%93Mongol_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco–Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1370–1405</span>) a century earlier. The Safavids thus revitalized the Guarded Domains of Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201735_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201735-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which starting from them would serve as the common and official name of Iran until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safavid annals began to utilize references to the "Guarded Domains of Iran" more frequently toward the end of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a>'s rule as a substitute for the "Sublime Safavid State" (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Dowlat-e ‘Alliyeh-e Safavieh</i></span>). By this period, Safavid Iran had developed a sense of confidence and security as a result of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">driving out the Portuguese</a>, fending off the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%931612)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612)">reclaiming Safavid land from the Ottomans</a>. The majority of European reports of Iran in the 17th-century attest to a new era of prosperity made possible by an expanded domestic and international communication network, a rising urban population, a complex understanding of relaxation, and a developing Shia intellectual identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017103_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qajar_era">Qajar era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Qajar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MohammadKhanQajari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MohammadKhanQajari.jpg/220px-MohammadKhanQajari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MohammadKhanQajari.jpg/330px-MohammadKhanQajari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MohammadKhanQajari.jpg/440px-MohammadKhanQajari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a>, dated 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>Qajar assertions of having restored an imperial system of governance relied on controlling the Guarded Domains. Under the Qajars, there were no major changes to land practices, unlike in other historical contexts when governing the land may have led to changes in land tenure or administration or in attempts to alter the natural environment. Instead, they found a purpose in their political authority through their rule of the land. In order to maintain their status as the defenders and distributors of land rights, the Qajar shahs reused the customs and structures of past dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202480_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202480-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> dedicated the majority his political career to establish Qajar sovereignty over the lands that were once ruled by the Safavids. His time and effort were focused on this goal for about twenty years, from the time he managed to escape <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a> captivity in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in 1779 to the time he was crowned himself shah in 1796. After departing Shiraz, Agha Mohammad Khan spent years strengthening authority in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">northern Iran</a>. After completing this by 1785, he focused on seizing central and southern Iran. By 1794, he had conquered <a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> and killed his biggest rival, the Zand ruler <a href="/wiki/Lotf_Ali_Khan_Zand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotf Ali Khan Zand">Lotf Ali Khan Zand</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1789–1794</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan conquered the majority of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, thus gaining control over all the former Safavid lands. With his goal complete, Agha Mohammad Khan officially declared himself shah. According to the Iranian historian Assef Ashraf, "This protracted process of conquest raises various questions, including just how secure Agha Muhammad Khan's – and by extension Qajar – control over the vast regions of Iran was, as well as when, precisely, the Qajar period of rule 'began'." It is possible that he thought the conquering the former Safavid territory was essential to his legitimacy because he did not declare himself shah until after he had done so. In the contemporary history book <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rostam_al-Tavarikh" title="Rostam al-Tavarikh">Rostam al-Tavarikh</a></i></span>, each year of Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is summarized in a few words, which lists the regions and territories he conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Guarded Domains developed a new political meaning during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a> in the early 18th century, when it was adopted as a practical means of demanding the defense of Iranian territory against foreign invasion. In <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, a book compiled from a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, authored by two distinguished Shia jurists from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a>, includes an introduction where the Qajar minister and statesman <a href="/wiki/Abol-Qasem_Qa%27em-Maqam" title="Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam">Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam</a> emphasized the importance of jihad. He argued that it was a collective religious duty to counter the "disorder brought by the Russian nation within the Guarded Domain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to create prose that resembled a political slogan and acted as a encouragement to defend Iran, Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam experimented with words that rhymed with <i>mahrus</i>. The threat posed by Russia (<i>Rus</i>) to the Qajar domains was considered ominous (<i>manhus</i>). This threatened the territorial integrity of the Qajars and their honor (<i>namus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202484_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202484-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Caucasian provinces</a> during the two wars with Russia (<a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">1804–1813</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a>) damaged the Qajar's reputation as the guardian of the Guarded Domains of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017212_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017212-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1797–1834</span>) established a semi-autonomous system of princely governments under the authority of the central state. This feature, also used in the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuq</a> and Safavid periods, gave new meaning to the concept of the Guarded Domains. Senior princes primarily served as provincial governors at Tabriz, Shiraz, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, or as high-ranking officials in the growing Qajar court and army. Smaller administrations were assigned to younger princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017187_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">After being defeated by Britain</a>, Iran signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)" title="Treaty of Paris (1857)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1857, in which they agreed to relinquish all territorial claims to <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> or any other area within Afghanistan. Iran's loss of territory under the Qajars in the 19th century led to a new understanding of the Guarded Domains and the extent of the Iranian lands. There were limitations on the authority that the Guarded Domains had over Greater Iran, such as the Caucasian provinces and Herat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017263–264_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017263–264-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran's final borders was determined by its conflicts with Russia, Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recapture of Khuzestan from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Muhammara" title="Emirate of Muhammara">Emirate of Muhammara</a> in November 1924 by the Iranian general <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Khan</a> marked the end of the concept of the "Guarded Domains of Iran", being replaced by the more centralized concept of the "Sublime State of Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the weakened Qajar dynasty was abolished and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> of Reza Khan, who became known as Reza Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017446–447_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017446–447-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the modern era, Iran's borders had not been defined and changed throughout the course of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_(note_1)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_(note_1)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of the Guarded Domains' borders was almost identical to that of Eranshahr in the Sasanian-era text <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Tansar" title="Letter of Tansar">Letter of Tansar</a>, as well as the description by the 14th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Nuzhat_al-Qulub" title="Nuzhat al-Qulub">Nuzhat al-Qulub</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohammad Mofid Mostofi Bafghi wrote about the boundaries of the Guarded Domains of Iran in his 1670s geographical compilation, <i><a href="/wiki/Mokhtasar-e_Mofid" title="Mokhtasar-e Mofid">Mokhtasar-e Mofid</a></i>. He provided a comprehensive list of all the many areas that, in his opinion, comprised Iran's "Guarded Domains." Living in India at the time, one of the reasons he composed his work was to challenge to India's claim to be a great empire. The region he envisioned as Greater Iran encompassed all of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which had in reality been under Ottoman rule since 1638. He emphasized areas that were important amongst Shia Muslims, particularly Mesopotamia with its major Shia shrines. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> coast, which had been under Safavid rule since the reign of Shah Abbas I, was the last location on his list. Because of its affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and Arab areas, this region was the least successfully administered and the most isolated off from the Iranian heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009242_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fazlollah_Khavari_Shirazi" title="Mirza Fazlollah Khavari Shirazi">Mirza Fazlollah Khavari Shirazi</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vaqaye-negar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaqaye-negar">vaqaye-negar</a></i> (court chronicler) of Fath-Ali Shah,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202184_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described the borders of the Guarded Domains in his <i>Tarikh-e Zu'l-Qarneyn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202193_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202193-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Let it be known that the vast kingdom of Iran... stretches from the Caucasus mountains, which are at the furthest limit of Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Daghestan</a>, near Russian lands, to the ends of Kerman, where it meets the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. As the crow flies, the length of this area is three hundred and thirty <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">farsakh</i></span>, and the width of this realm, from the Oxus River to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a> is two hundred and thirteen <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">farsakh</i></span>.... It [i.e. Iran] has sixteen administrative provinces and regions: one is in the west, which is called Azerbaijan. There are four provinces in the north and along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, which are Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>. Two provinces are in the east, which have the Uzbek lands located to their north, and these are named Khorasan and Ghaznin [i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a>]. There is one province in the heart of Iranian territory, known as <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">Iraq-i Ajam</a>. Passing through it, there are eight other provinces, some of which border the land of Baghdad, while the others are along with the Basra and Oman seas and the Indian Ocean. These are <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_province" title="Kurdistan province">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorestan_province" title="Lorestan province">Lorestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a>, Fars, Kerman, <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sajastan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Momtahen al-Dowleh Mirza Mehdi Khan Shaqaqi, writing in the late 19th-century, stated that the Guarded Domains encompassed <a href="/wiki/Tehran_province" title="Tehran province">Ray</a>, Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Sistan, Fars, <a href="/wiki/Larestan_County" title="Larestan County">Larestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan</a>, Khuzestan, Kerman, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, Gilan, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazd_province" title="Yazd province">Yazd</a>, Lorestan, Kermanshahan, <a href="/wiki/Qazvin_province" title="Qazvin province">Qazvin</a>, Kurdistan, <a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golestan_province" title="Golestan province">Astarabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet201468–69_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet201468–69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustawfi describes the borders of Iran extending from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> in the west, corresponding to the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2017325_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2017325-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defines the provinces of Iran in 20 chapters; <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Iraq</a> ("Arab Iraq") or the "heart of Iranshahr", <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">Persian Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugan_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugan plain">Mughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, Byzantium, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Rabi%27a" title="Diyar Rabi'a">Rabi'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, Shabankara, <a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kirman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Mukran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimruz">Nimruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran">Mazandaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qumis_(region)" title="Qumis (region)">Qumis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshrafGnoli2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshrafGnoli2020">Ashraf & Gnoli 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202483_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20172-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20172_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2019">Amanat 2019</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179–10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat20179–10_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201710-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201710_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201735-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201735_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017103-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017103_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202480-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202480_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202481_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202484-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202484_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017212-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017212_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017187-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017187_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017263–264-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017263–264_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet20144_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKashani-Sabet2014">Kashani-Sabet 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017446–447-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017446–447_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 446–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_(note_1)-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_(note_1)_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 77 (note 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2017325-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2017325_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2017">Jackson 2017</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009242-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthee2009242_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthee2009">Matthee 2009</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202184-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202184_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2021">Ashraf 2021</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202193-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202193_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2021">Ashraf 2021</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202477_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet201468–69-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKashani-Sabet201468–69_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKashani-Sabet2014">Kashani-Sabet 2014</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmanat1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Amanat, Abbas</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFu7X2UtpAC"><i>Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845118280" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845118280"><bdi>978-1845118280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivot+of+the+Universe%3A+Nasir+Al-Din+Shah+Qajar+and+the+Iranian+Monarchy%2C+1831%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1845118280&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdFu7X2UtpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omo3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Iran: A Modern History</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300112542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300112542"><bdi>978-0300112542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300112542&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Domo3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2019" class="citation book cs1">Amanat, Abbas (2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.). <i>The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere</i>. Brill. pp. 15–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38728-7"><bdi>978-90-04-38728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Persianate&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World%3A+Rethinking+a+Shared+Sphere&rft.pages=15-62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38728-7&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshrafGnoli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ashraf, Ahmad; Gnoli, Gherardo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030">"Iranian Identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030">10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+Online&rft.atitle=Iranian+Identity&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft.au=Gnoli%2C+Gherardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2021" class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Assef (2021). "Safavid Nostalgia in Early Qajar Chronicles". In Melville, Charles Melville (ed.). <i>The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 81–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755645992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755645992"><bdi>978-0755645992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safavid+Nostalgia+in+Early+Qajar+Chronicles&rft.btitle=The+Contest+for+Rule+in+Eighteenth-Century+Iran%3A+Idea+of+Iran+Vol.+11&rft.pages=81-102&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0755645992&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Assef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2024" class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Assef (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrxEAAAQBAJ"><i>Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009361552" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009361552"><bdi>978-1009361552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Remaking+Empire+in+Early+Qajar+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1009361552&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Assef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBrxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Behrooz, Maziar</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnevEAAAQBAJ"><i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755637379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755637379"><bdi>978-0755637379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+Interactions+with+the+Modern+World+and+the+Struggle+with+Imperial+Russia&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0755637379&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnevEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2017" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2017). <i>The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300227284" title="Special:BookSources/9780300227284"><bdi>9780300227284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n2tvq0">j.ctt1n2tvq0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+Islamic+World%3A+From+Conquest+to+Conversion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1n2tvq0%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780300227284&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashani-Sabet2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firoozeh_Kashani-Sabet" title="Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet">Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxXoAwAAQBAJ"><i>Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850432708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850432708"><bdi>978-1850432708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Fictions%3A+Shaping+the+Iranian+Nation%2C+1804%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1850432708&rft.aulast=Kashani-Sabet&rft.aufirst=Firoozeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxXoAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Katouzian, Homa</a> (2007). <i>Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297547"><bdi>978-0415297547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+History+and+Politics%3A+The+Dialectic+of+State+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415297547&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Matthee" title="Rudi Matthee">Matthee, Rudi</a> (2009). "Was Safavid Iran an Empire?". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>53</b> (1–2). Brill: 233–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F002249910X12573963244449">10.1163/002249910X12573963244449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Was+Safavid+Iran+an+Empire%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=233-265&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F002249910X12573963244449&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC"><i>Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857731814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857731814"><bdi>978-0857731814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+in+Crisis%3A+Safavid+Decline+and+the+Fall+of+Isfahan&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857731814&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFaw4od7nfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2012" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Ali Mir (2012). <i>The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521687171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521687171"><bdi>978-0521687171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Nationalism+in+Modern+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521687171&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Ali+Mir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2013" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013). <i>Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415624336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415624336"><bdi>978-0415624336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian-Russian+Encounters%3A+Empires+and+Revolutions+since+1800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415624336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuarded+Domains+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&oldid=1252817531">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarded_Domains_of_Iran&oldid=1252817531</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Safavid_Iran" title="Category:Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qajar_Iran" title="Category:Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afsharid_Iran" title="Category:Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_login_required_references_or_sources" title="Category:Pages with login required references or sources">Pages with login required references or sources</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 02:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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