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accesskey="o" class=""><span>ログイン</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="その他の操作" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人用ツール" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人用ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="利用者メニュー" > <div 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ログイン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ログアウトした編集者のページ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%B8%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D" aria-label="編集の詳細"><span>もっと詳しく</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E8%87%AA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E6%8A%95%E7%A8%BF%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集の一覧 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>投稿記録</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="このIPアドレスからなされた編集についての議論 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>トーク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="サイト"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科学、工学、医学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科学、工学、医学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>科学、工学、医学</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科学、工学、医学-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>科学、工学、医学サブセクションを切り替えます</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科学、工学、医学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-図書館情報学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#図書館情報学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>図書館情報学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-図書館情報学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-数学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>数学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人文科学と歴史学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人文科学と歴史学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>人文科学と歴史学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人文科学と歴史学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>法学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-家族史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家族史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>家族史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家族史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自伝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自伝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>自伝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自伝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>関連文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>関連項目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目次" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">目次の表示・非表示を切り替え</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">二次資料</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。利用可能な言語33件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33の言語版</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="アラビア語: مصدر ثانوي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصدر ثانوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_d%C9%99r%C9%99c%C9%99li_m%C9%99nb%C9%99" title="アゼルバイジャン語: İkinci dərəcəli mənbə" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci dərəcəli mənbə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="ベンガル語: মাধ্যমিক উৎস" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাধ্যমিক উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_secund%C3%A0ria" title="カタロニア語: Font secundària" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Font secundària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%C3%A4rliteratur" title="ドイツ語: Sekundärliteratur" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sekundärliteratur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source" title="英語: Secondary source" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Secondary source" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundara_literaturo" title="エスペラント語: Sekundara literaturo" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekundara literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_secundaria" title="スペイン語: Fuente secundaria" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuente secundaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_mailako_iturri" title="バスク語: Bigarren mailako iturri" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren mailako iturri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ペルシア語: منبع دست دوم" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منبع دست دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%C3%A4%C3%A4ril%C3%A4hde" title="フィンランド語: Sekundäärilähde" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sekundäärilähde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_secondaire" title="フランス語: Source secondaire" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Source secondaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_secundaria" title="ガリシア語: Fonte secundaria" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonte secundaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ヘブライ語: מקור משני" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקור משני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="クロアチア語: Sekundarna literatura" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodlagos_forr%C3%A1s" title="ハンガリー語: Másodlagos forrás" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Másodlagos forrás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sekunder" title="インドネシア語: Sumber sekunder" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumber sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_secondaria" title="イタリア語: Fonte secondaria" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonte secondaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C" title="韓国語: 2차 자료" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2차 자료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="マケドニア語: Вторичен извор" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вторичен извор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87_%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6" title="モンゴル語: Хоёрдогч эх сурвалж" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хоёрдогч эх сурвалж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sekunder" title="マレー語: Sumber sekunder" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumber sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundaire_bron" title="オランダ語: Secundaire bron" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secundaire bron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82o_wt%C3%B3rne" title="ポーランド語: Źródło wtórne" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Źródło wtórne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_secund%C3%A1ria" title="ポルトガル語: Fonte secundária" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonte secundária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Sekundarna literatura" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source" title="シンプル英語: Secondary source" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secondary source" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burime_dyt%C3%ABsore" title="アルバニア語: Burime dytësore" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burime dytësore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundarna_literatura" title="セルビア語: Sekundarna literatura" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sekundarna literatura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%C3%A4rk%C3%A4lla" title="スウェーデン語: Sekundärkälla" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sekundärkälla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="タミル語: இரண்டாம் நிலை மூலம்" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் நிலை மூலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="ウクライナ語: Вторинне джерело інформації" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вторинне джерело інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="中国語: 二次文献" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二次文献" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q905511#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="本文を閲覧 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ページ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" rel="discussion" title="本文ページについての議論 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ノート</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">日本語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="表示"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ツール</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span>閲覧</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e"><span>編集</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=history"><span>履歴を表示</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>リンク元</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k"><span>関連ページの更新状況</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ファイルのアップロード" title="ファイルをアップロードする [u]" accesskey="u"><span>ファイルをアップロード</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&oldid=92209319" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク"><span>この版への固定リンク</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報"><span>ページ情報</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&id=92209319&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="このページの引用方法"><span>このページを引用</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%2596%2599"><span>短縮URLを取得する</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E8%25B3%2587%25E6%2596%2599"><span>QRコードをダウンロード</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span>ブックの新規作成</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF 形式でダウンロード</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>印刷用バージョン</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q905511" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ウィキデータ項目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="表示"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">表示</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">非表示</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style><div class="hatnote dablink noprint selfreference"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:20px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Wikipedia%27s_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ウィキペディア"><img alt="ウィキペディア" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/20px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/30px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/40px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> <td>ウィキペディアにおける二次資料については、「<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AF%E8%BC%89%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84#一次資料と二次資料" title="Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない">Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない#一次資料と二次資料</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:HasekuraBookItalian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/250px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/375px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HasekuraBookItalian.jpg/500px-HasekuraBookItalian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>シピオーネ・アマーティの『日本奥州王国の歴史』（1615年）は二次資料の例である。</figcaption></figure> <p>学術分野における<b>二次資料</b>（にじしりょう、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英語">英</a>:secondary source）<sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCU_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCU_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>とは、元はどこか他の所で示された<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1" title="情報">情報</a>について述べた、あるいは議論した、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="文書">文書</a>もしくは<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%B2" title="記録">記録</a>。二次資料は<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="一次資料">一次資料</a>と対比され、一次資料は議論される情報の大元の情報源であり、それはある情報について直接的な知識を持っている人や、そうした人により書かれた文書であったりする。 </p><p>一方で二次資料は、一次資料に関する情報を提供する。そこにおいて、大元の情報は選択、修正され、しかるべき形式に整理される。二次資料には大元の情報の<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%8C%96" title="一般化">一般化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="分析">分析</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88" title="解釈">解釈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1" title="評価">評価</a>が含まれる。 </p><p>何であれ手元にある情報源を最も正確に分類する方法などというものは、常に明確に分かっているとは限らない。「一次資料」と「二次資料」は相対関係にある用語で、ある情報源はそれがどう使われるかに応じて一次資料にも二次資料にも分類され得る<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="百科事典">百科事典</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="辞書">辞書</a>といった<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="三次資料">三次資料</a>は、分析を含む点で二次資料に似ているが、項目に関して広範な入門的概要を示そうとしている点が異なる<sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 分類"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>情報というものは多様な種類の物体から得ることができるが、この分類システムは「記号的情報源」と呼ばれる種類の情報源でのみ有用である<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。記号的情報源とは、他者に情報を伝達する目的で作られたものを指す<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般的なものとして手紙や手記といった文書が挙げられるが、例えば陶器の破片や掃き溜めから発掘された残飯などは含まれない。従って昔のゴミの山からいかに多くの情報が得られたとしても、逆にある文書からいかに僅かしか情報が得られなかったとしても、情報量自体は問題ではない<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多くの情報源は、それが使われる文脈に応じて一次資料にも二次資料にもなり得る<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。さらに両者の区別は主観的かつ文脈依存であるゆえ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、厳密な定義を定めるのは難しい<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例えば、歴史学的な著述において過去の文献から新しい歴史学的結論を導くという場合、その結論の根拠となるのは一次資料であって、過去の文献の情報を扱った二次資料ではない<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。ある情報源が一次資料にも二次資料にもなり得る他の例として、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B" title="死亡記事">死亡記事</a>や<sup id="cite_ref-Duffin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、ある雑誌で特定の期間に特定の主題に関する記事が何回掲載されたかの調査といったものが挙げられる<sup id="cite_ref-Duffin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>ある資料が特定の文脈で一次資料・二次資料のどちらとみなされるかは、その分野における現時点での知見の多寡により変わり得る<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例えば、ある文献が過去の未発見の書簡の内容に触れているならば、それは大元の情報源に最も近しい既知の資料であるため一次資料とみなし得るだろうが、後にその書簡が発見されたならば二次資料とみなされるだろう<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>科学的・学問的コミュニケーションを構造化・モデル化しようとした場合、一次、二次、さらに高次の概念が必要になる。そうしたモデルの一つが、情報拡散における<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNISIST%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNISISTモデル (存在しないページ)">UNISISTモデル</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISIST_model" class="extiw" title="en:UNISIST model">英語版</a>）</span></span>である。そうしたモデルにおいてこれらの概念は相互の関係性として定義され、このような概念の定義の仕方を受け入れることは、このモデルを受け入れることにつながる。 </p><p>現代の諸言語によっては「情報源」を二種類以上の言葉で表現する。例えば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="ドイツ語">ドイツ語</a>は通常、歴史的事実に関する二次資料を Sekundärliteratur（二次的文献）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史">史学史</a>に関しては Sekundärquelle（二次的情報源）と表現する。後者は失われた Primärquelle（一次的情報源）について記した情報源であり、例えば既にもう現存せず歴史学者が検討しようもない覚書を引用した書簡といったものがある。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科学、工学、医学"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E3.80.81.E5.B7.A5.E5.AD.A6.E3.80.81.E5.8C.BB.E5.AD.A6"></span>科学、工学、医学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 科学、工学、医学"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般にこの分野での二次資料は、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E8%AA%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" title="総説論文">総説論文</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="メタアナリシス">メタアナリシス</a>として、自ら二次資料と名乗る形で書かれる。 </p><p>一次資料の典型的な定義は、「実際に研究を行った科学者が書いた原著論文」となる。一次資料の論文の例としては、研究を行った本人が、「目的」「方法」「結果」「考察」という節構成（<a href="/wiki/IMRAD" title="IMRAD">IMRAD</a> 形式）で書き、科学雑誌に掲載されたものが挙げられる<sup id="cite_ref-Garrand2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrand2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。分野によっては、科学論文の序論部分に記された（先行研究の）文献の要約が二次資料とみなされることがあり、それはある疾患や治療法について何が分かっているかに関してその本の特定の章で書かれていることを説明したり、先行研究を再検討した総説だったりする<sup id="cite_ref-Garrand2010_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrand2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。査読を受けた一次資料における、その分野の先行研究の概説は、（その部分に関しては）二次資料となる。これにより、全般的な総説記事がまだ出版されていないような分野でも、近年の知見に関する二次資料が存在することになる。 </p><p>ある本に関する評者の見解を含んだ<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A9%95" title="書評">書評</a>は、評者の意見に関する一次資料であり、本の内容に関する二次資料である<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaTech_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaTech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。書評に含まれる本の要約は二次資料である。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="図書館情報学"><span id=".E5.9B.B3.E6.9B.B8.E9.A4.A8.E6.83.85.E5.A0.B1.E5.AD.A6"></span>図書館情報学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: 図書館情報学"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="図書館情報学">図書館情報学</a>において二次資料とは一般に、研究における特定の情報や目的という文脈の中で一次資料を要約したり論評した情報源のことを指す<sup id="cite_ref-UMD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCU_2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCU_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="数学"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E5.AD.A6"></span>数学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: 数学"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>分野における二次資料の重要な利用法は、一次資料に記された難解な数学的概念や証明を、一般の人々にもより理解できるようにすることが挙げられる<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。その他の科学分野では、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="三次資料">三次資料</a>が入門的な役割を担うと考えられている。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人文科学と歴史学"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E6.96.87.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E3.81.A8.E6.AD.B4.E5.8F.B2.E5.AD.A6"></span>人文科学と歴史学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=5" title="節を編集: 人文科学と歴史学"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歴史学および人文科学の二次資料とは通常、近年の解説者、特に近年の学者の観点から書かれた著書や<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C" title="学術雑誌">学術雑誌</a>を指す。人文科学において、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%BB%E8%AA%AD" title="査読">査読</a>された論文は常に二次資料である。 </p><p>情報源を一次・二次と定義することは<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史">史学史</a>の分野でまず始まったことで、それは歴史家たちが歴史的著述の情報源を同定し分類しようとしたことによる。学術的な著述において、情報源を分類する重要な目的は、情報源の独立性と信頼性を見定めるところにある<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。オリジナルな学術的著述において、歴史学者は学術的解釈という文脈に則って読み込んだ一次資料に基づき執筆を行う<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>19世紀にドイツの学界で確立された<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1" title="レオポルト・フォン・ランケ">ランケ</a>の歴史学的手法以降、歴史学者は一次資料の記録文書を用いている<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大学の学部学生が行う研究は二次資料に基づいているが、一次資料を断片的に使う場合もある<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="法学"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.AD.A6"></span>法学</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=6" title="節を編集: 法学"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a>の分野において、情報源の信頼性は通常その来歴に依存するため、情報源の分類は重要である。一次的な情報源には、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B" title="判例">判例</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="憲法">憲法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="法令">法令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BB%A4" title="政令">政令</a>、その他の法的裏付けを伴なう情報源が含まれるだろう。一方で二次的な法的情報源には、書物、判例集の頭注、記事、百科事典が含まれるだろう<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。法学分野の著述家は通常、一次資料の引用を好むが、それは一次資料だけが権威を備え判例として有効だからであり、二次資料はせいぜい解説文書に過ぎないからである<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="家族史"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E6.97.8F.E5.8F.B2"></span>家族史</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=7" title="節を編集: 家族史"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「二次資料とは、出来事/状況に関する記録/言説を指し、それは出来事/状況に直接は関係しなかった、目撃者でない者/何らかの者によって、出来事の当時/その後のいずれかの時点において、筆記/口述されたものであるか、目撃者が出来事の後の、誤りがちな記憶に頼ったいずれかの時点で記録したものである<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。」従ってこの定義によれば、出来事から長い年月が経った「誤りがちな記憶に頼った」時点に書かれた直接の当事者による記述は、その出来事のことを記した最初の発表物であろうとも、二次資料である。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自伝"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E4.BC.9D"></span>自伝</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=8" title="節を編集: 自伝"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BC%9D" title="自伝">自伝</a>は、その本人以外の主題に関する情報を得るために使われた場合、歴史学や人文科学における二次資料になり得る。例えば、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>の戦後に書かれた、戦時の出来事に関する直の体験談は、現代のものとは著しく異なった、当時ひろく受け入れられていた戦争観に影響されている<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=9" title="節を編集: 脚注"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UMD-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.guides.umd.edu/c.php?g=327327&p=2195975">Primary, secondary and tertiary sources</a>”.  University Libraries, University of Maryland. <span title="">2020年8月23日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCU_2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCU_2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCU_2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/secondary">Secondary sources</a>”.  James Cook University. <span title="">2013年6月11日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary">Primary and secondary sources</a>”.  Ithaca College Library. <span title="">2020年8月23日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFKragh1989">Kragh, Helge (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2zy_QSq2b0C&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography"><i>An Introduction to the Historiography of Science</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 121, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-521-38921-6" title="特別:文献資料/0-521-38921-6">0-521-38921-6</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2zy_QSq2b0C&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography">https://books.google.com/books?id=d2zy_QSq2b0C&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography</a></span>, "[T]he distinction is not a sharp one. Since a source is only a source in a specific historical context, the same source object can be both a primary or secondary source according to what it is used for."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft.au=Kragh%2C%26%2332%3BHelge&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-38921-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2zy_QSq2b0C%26pg%3DPA121%26lpg%3DPA121%26dq%3D%2522secondary%2Bsource%2522%2Bhistoriography&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFDelgadilloLynch1999">Delgadillo, Roberto; Lynch, Beverly (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crl.acrl.org/content/60/3/245.full.pdf+html">“Future Historians: Their Quest for Information”</a>, <i>College & Research Libraries</i> <b>60</b> (3): 245–259, at 253, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fcrl.60.3.245">10.5860/crl.60.3.245</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://crl.acrl.org/content/60/3/245.full.pdf+html">http://crl.acrl.org/content/60/3/245.full.pdf+html</a></span>, "[T]he same document can be a primary or a secondary source depending on the particular analysis the historian is doing"</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Future+Historians%3A+Their+Quest+for+Information&rft.jtitle=College+%26+Research+Libraries&rft.aulast=Delgadillo&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Delgadillo%2C%26%2332%3BRoberto&rft.au=Lynch%2C%26%2332%3BBeverly&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245%E2%80%93259%2C+at+253&rft_id=info:doi/10.5860%2Fcrl.60.3.245&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrl.acrl.org%2Fcontent%2F60%2F3%2F245.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFMonagahnHartman2001">Monagahn, E.J.; Hartman, D.K. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=/articles/handbook/monaghan/index.html">“Historical research in literacy”</a>, <i>Reading Online</i> <b>4</b> (11)<span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=/articles/handbook/monaghan/index.html">http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=/articles/handbook/monaghan/index.html</a></span>, "[A] source may be primary or secondary, depending on what the researcher is looking for."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+research+in+literacy&rft.jtitle=Reading+Online&rft.aulast=Monagahn&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rft.au=Monagahn%2C%26%2332%3BE.J.&rft.au=Hartman%2C%26%2332%3BD.K.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingonline.org%2Farticles%2Fart_index.asp%3FHREF%3D%2Farticles%2Fhandbook%2Fmonaghan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Richard Veit and Christopher Gould, <i>Writing, Reading, and Research</i> (8th ed. 2009) p 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Kragh, Helge (1989-11-24) (英語). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA121"><i>An Introduction to the Historiography of Science</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9780521389211" title="特別:文献資料/9780521389211">9780521389211</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA121">https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA121</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft.au=Kragh%2C%26%2332%3BHelge&rft.date=1989-11-24&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780521389211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOX7d7u_2rF4C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKragh1989">Kragh 1989</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaltonCharnigo2004">Dalton & Charnigo 2004</a>, p. 419 n.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgadilloLynch1999">Delgadillo & Lynch 1999</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/important-sources-of-history-primary-and-secondary-sources/626">Important Sources of History (Primary and Secondary Sources)</a>” (英語). <i>History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History</i> (2013年9月23日). <span title="">2020年2月6日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffin-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffin_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffin_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFDuffin1999">Duffin, Jacalyn (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__oDQ6yDO7kC&pg=PA366&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography"><i>History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction</i></a>, University of Toronto Press, p. 366, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-8020-7912-1" title="特別:文献資料/0-8020-7912-1">0-8020-7912-1</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__oDQ6yDO7kC&pg=PA366&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography">https://books.google.com/books?id=__oDQ6yDO7kC&pg=PA366&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+A+Scandalously+Short+Introduction&rft.aulast=Duffin&rft.aufirst=Jacalyn&rft.au=Duffin%2C%26%2332%3BJacalyn&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B366&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.isbn=0-8020-7912-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__oDQ6yDO7kC%26pg%3DPA366%26dq%3D%2522secondary%2Bsource%2522%2Bhistoriography&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFHenige1986"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Henige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Henige (存在しないページ)">Henige, David</a> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/481816">“Primary Source by Primary Source? On the Role of Epidemics in New World Depopulation”</a>, <i>Ethnohistory</i> (Duke University Press) <b>33</b> (3): 292–312, at 292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481816">10.2307/481816</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481816">481816</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jstor.org/stable/481816">https://jstor.org/stable/481816</a></span>, "[T]he term 'primary' inevitably carries a relative meaning insofar as it defines those pieces of information that stand in closest relationship to an event or process <i>in the present state of our knowledge</i>. Indeed, in most instances the very nature of a primary source tells us that it is actually derivative.…[H]istorians have no choice but to regard certain of the available sources as 'primary' since they are as near to truly original sources as they can now secure."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Primary+Source+by+Primary+Source%3F+On+the+Role+of+Epidemics+in+New+World+Depopulation&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Henige%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=1986&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292%E2%80%93312%2C+at+292&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F481816&rft.jstor=481816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2F481816&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenige1986">Henige 1986</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrand2010-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrand2010_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrand2010_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Garrard, Judith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSbfIcjQUcsC&pg=PA30#v=onepage"><i>Health Sciences Literature Review Made Easy</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-4496-1868-1" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-4496-1868-1">978-1-4496-1868-1</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSbfIcjQUcsC&pg=PA30#v=onepage">https://books.google.com/books?id=CSbfIcjQUcsC&pg=PA30#v=onepage</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span title="">2012年9月16日</span>閲覧。</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Sciences+Literature+Review+Made+Easy&rft.aulast=Garrard%2C+Judith&rft.au=Garrard%2C+Judith&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-1868-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSbfIcjQUcsC%26pg%3DPA30%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">Princeton (2011年). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review">Book reviews</a>”. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>.  Princeton. <span title="">2011年9月22日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VirginiaTech-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VirginiaTech_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2011年). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">Book reviews</a>”. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>.  Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2011年9月10日時点の<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">オリジナル</a>よりアーカイブ。<span title="">2011年9月22日</span>閲覧。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFEdwards2001">Edwards, H.M. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uLAoued_dIC&pg=PR9&dq=%22primary+sources%22"><i>Riemann's Zeta Function</i></a>, Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications, p. xi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-486-41740-9" title="特別:文献資料/0-486-41740-9">0-486-41740-9</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uLAoued_dIC&pg=PR9&dq=%22primary+sources%22">https://books.google.com/books?id=5uLAoued_dIC&pg=PR9&dq=%22primary+sources%22</a></span>, "The purpose of a secondary source is to make the primary sources accessible to you. If you can read and understand the primary sources without reading this book, more power to you. If you read this book without reading the primary sources you are like a man who carries a sack lunch to a banquet"</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riemann%27s+Zeta+Function&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rft.au=Edwards%2C%26%2332%3BH.M.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bxi&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.isbn=0-486-41740-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uLAoued_dIC%26pg%3DPR9%26dq%3D%2522primary%2Bsources%2522&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Helge (1989), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFCipolla1992">Cipolla (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIqRTlepwmoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cipolla"><i>Between Two Cultures: An Introduction to Economic History</i></a>, W.W. Norton & Co., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-393-30816-7" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-393-30816-7">978-0-393-30816-7</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIqRTlepwmoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cipolla">https://books.google.com/books?id=GIqRTlepwmoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cipolla</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Cultures%3A+An+Introduction+to+Economic+History&rft.aulast=Cipolla&rft.au=Cipolla&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30816-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIqRTlepwmoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dcipolla&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Frederick C. Beiser (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ1k6w0dFIMC&pg=PA254"><i>The German Historicist Tradition</i></a>. Oxford U.P.. p. 254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9780199691555" title="特別:文献資料/9780199691555">9780199691555</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ1k6w0dFIMC&pg=PA254">https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ1k6w0dFIMC&pg=PA254</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Historicist+Tradition&rft.aulast=Frederick+C.+Beiser&rft.au=Frederick+C.+Beiser&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B254&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.isbn=9780199691555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQ1k6w0dFIMC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Charles Camic; Neil Gross; Michele Lamont (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0l7iDZY-MSoC&pg=PA107"><i>Social Knowledge in the Making</i></a>. U. of Chicago Press. p. 107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9780226092096" title="特別:文献資料/9780226092096">9780226092096</a><span style="display:none;">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0l7iDZY-MSoC&pg=PA107">https://books.google.com/books?id=0l7iDZY-MSoC&pg=PA107</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Knowledge+in+the+Making&rft.aulast=Charles+Camic&rft.au=Charles+Camic&rft.au=Neil+Gross&rft.au=Michele+Lamont&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B107&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=9780226092096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0l7iDZY-MSoC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREFBouchoux2000">Bouchoux, Deborah E. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ4vlBrWu0MC&pg=PA45&dq=%22primary+sources%22+%22science+citation%22"><i>Cite Checker: A Hands-On Guide to Learning Citation Form</i></a>, Thomson Delmar Learning, p. 45, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/0-7668-1893-4" title="特別:文献資料/0-7668-1893-4">0-7668-1893-4</a><span style="display:none;">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ4vlBrWu0MC&pg=PA45&dq=%22primary+sources%22+%22science+citation%22">https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ4vlBrWu0MC&pg=PA45&dq=%22primary+sources%22+%22science+citation%22</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cite+Checker%3A+A+Hands-On+Guide+to+Learning+Citation+Form&rft.aulast=Bouchoux&rft.aufirst=Deborah+E.&rft.au=Bouchoux%2C%26%2332%3BDeborah+E.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B45&rft.pub=Thomson+Delmar+Learning&rft.isbn=0-7668-1893-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJ4vlBrWu0MC%26pg%3DPA45%26dq%3D%2522primary%2Bsources%2522%2B%2522science%2Bcitation%2522&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouchoux2000">Bouchoux 2000</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Harland, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, particularly the introduction</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="関連文献"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>関連文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&action=edit&section=10" title="節を編集: 関連文献"><span>編集</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jules R. 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