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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Wagner stage work. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Götterdämmerung (disambiguation)">Götterdämmerung (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Götterdämmerung</i></span></b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡœtɐˌdɛməʁʊŋ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/De-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.ogg\/De-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/De-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.ogg/De-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.ogg" title="File:De-Götterdämmerung.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <i><b>Twilight of the Gods</b></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">WWV</a> 86D, is the last of the four <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Music drama">music dramas</a> that constitute <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Literary_cycle" title="Literary cycle">cycle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> (English: <i>The Ring of the Nibelung</i>). It received its premiere at the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></span></span> on 17 August 1876, as part of the first complete performance of the whole work. </p><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Götterdämmerung</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Music_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Music drama">Music drama</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg/290px-Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg/435px-Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg/580px-Max_Br%C3%BCckner_-_Otto_Henning_-_Richard_Wagner_-_Final_scene_of_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2086"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Valhalla in flames, in an 1894 depiction by <a href="/wiki/Max_Br%C3%BCckner_(artist)" title="Max Brückner (artist)">Max Brückner</a>, one of the original set designers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Twilight of the Gods</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Wagner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">Nordic and German legends</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">17 August 1876<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1876-08-17</span>)</span><br><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></span></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The title is a translation into German of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> phrase <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></i></span></i>, which in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> refers to a prophesied war among various beings and gods that ultimately results in the burning, immersion in water, and renewal of the world. As with the rest of the <i>Ring</i>, however, Wagner's account diverges significantly from these Old Norse sources. </p><p>The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Composition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Roles"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Roles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Prologue"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prologue</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Scene_1"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 1</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Scene_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 2</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Act_1"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Act 1</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Scene_1_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 1</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Scene_2_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 2</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Scene_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 3</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Act_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Act 2</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Scene_1_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 1</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Scene_2_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 2</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Scene_3_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 3</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Scene_4"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 4</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Scene_5"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 5</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Act_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Act 3</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Scene_1_4"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 1</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Scene_2_4"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 2</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Scene_3_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Scene 3</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Recordings"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recordings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_text" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the text"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>: composition of the text</a> and <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_music" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the music"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>: composition of the music</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role<sup id="cite_ref-Schott_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schott_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Premiere cast, 17 August 1876<br><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schott_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Unger" title="Georg Unger">Georg Unger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brünnhilde</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_dramatic_soprano" class="mw-redirect" title="High dramatic soprano">high dramatic soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalie_Materna" title="Amalie Materna">Amalie Materna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gura" title="Eugen Gura">Eugen Gura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gutrune</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Weckerlin" title="Mathilde Weckerlin">Mathilde Weckerlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Siehr" title="Gustav Siehr">Gustav Siehr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a> </td> <td>baritone </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hill" title="Karl Hill">Karl Hill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waltraute </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luise_Jaide" title="Luise Jaide">Luise Jaide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Jachmann-Wagner" title="Johanna Jachmann-Wagner">Johanna Jachmann-Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Norn </td> <td>mezzo-soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Schefsky" title="Josephine Schefsky">Josephine Schefsky</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Norn </td> <td>soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Friederike Grün">Friederike Grün</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woglinde" class="mw-redirect" title="Woglinde">Woglinde</a> </td> <td>soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilli_Lehmann" title="Lilli Lehmann">Lilli Lehmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wellgunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellgunde">Wellgunde</a> </td> <td>soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Lehmann_(soprano)" title="Marie Lehmann (soprano)">Marie Lehmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flosshilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Flosshilde">Flosshilde</a> </td> <td>mezzo-soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minna_Lammert" title="Minna Lammert">Minna Lammert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassals</a>, women</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Nornen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Die_Nornen.jpg/220px-Die_Nornen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Die_Nornen.jpg/220px-Die_Nornen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Die_Nornen.jpg/330px-Die_Nornen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Die_Nornen.jpg/440px-Die_Nornen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Norns weave the Rope of Destiny, an illustration for Wagner's <i>Ring</i> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stassen" title="Franz Stassen">Franz Stassen</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prologue">Prologue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prologue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Prelude to the Prologue </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1"><i>Scene 1</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scene 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The three <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, daughters of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Erda</a>, the goddess of Nature, gather beside <a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brünnhilde</a>'s rock, weaving the <a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Rope of Destiny</a>. From it they read of the past, the present, and of the future when <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a> will be set on fire and the end of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">gods</a> will come (<i>"Welch' Licht leuchtet dort?"</i>). As their narration approaches the point when they want to sing about the fate of <a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich's</a> ring and its curse and as the themes of Siegfried and the Curse of the ring are heard, the rope breaks. Lamenting the loss of their wisdom, the Norns disappear, returning to their mother Erda beneath the earth (<i>"Zu End' ewiges Wissen!"</i>). </p><p>Orchestral Interlude - <i>Tagesgrauen</i> (<i>Dawn</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2"><i>Scene 2</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scene 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As day breaks, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a> and Brünnhilde emerge from their dwelling high on a mountaintop surrounded by magic fire (<i>"Zu neuen Thaten, theurer Helde"</i>). Brünnhilde sends Siegfried off to new heroic deeds, urging him to keep their love in mind. Siegfried proclaims himself to be simply an executor of her will, and as a pledge of his fidelity he gives her the <a href="/wiki/Andvaranaut" title="Andvaranaut">ring of power</a> that he took from <a href="/wiki/Fafnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Fafnir">Fafner</a>'s hoard. In a duet, both of them extoll their loving bond, which nothing can untie, even when distance keeps them apart (<i>"O! heilige Götter!"</i>). Bearing Brünnhilde's shield and mounting her steed <a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grane</a>, Siegfried then rides away. </p><p>Orchestral Interlude - <i>Siegfrieds Rheinfahrt</i> (<i>Siegfried's Rhine Journey</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg/250px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 279px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg/250px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="279" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg/330px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg/500px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_130.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Brünnhilde is visited by her Valkyrie sister Waltraute (Arthur Rackham, 1912)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_2"><i>Scene 1</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scene 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The act begins on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the Hall of the <a href="/wiki/Gibichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibichung">Gibichungs</a>, a people named after the deceased king <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%BAki" title="Gjúki">Gibich</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a>, his son and heir, sits enthroned. Gunther's half-brother and chief minister <a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen</a> advises him to find a wife for himself and a husband for <a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gutrune</a>, the sister of them both, to enlarge the glory and might of their dynasty and secure it for the future. He suggests Brünnhilde, the noblest of women, as appropriate for Gunther, and Siegfried, the dragon-slayer, the greatest of heroes, as the best husband for Gutrune. Neither Gunther nor Gutrune knows how to win themselves such partners, but Hagen reminds Gutrune that he has given her a potion she can use to make Siegfried forget any woman he has ever seen and fall in love with her; enamoured of Gutrune, Siegfried will then also be surely willing to bring Brünnhilde, who sleeps on a mountaintop encircled by fire only the fearless can pass, to Gunther in order to gain from him the permission for marriage with Gutrune. Gunther and Gutrune, not knowing that Siegfried and Brünnhilde are actually in love with each other, agree enthusiastically with this plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_2"><i>Scene 2</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scene 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Siegfried lands near the Gibichung Hall with his boat, seeking to meet Gunther, of whose fame he has heard during his journey (<i>"Heil, Siegfried, theurer Held!"</i>). Gunther extends hospitality to the hero, and Gutrune offers him the potion. Unaware of deception, Siegfried toasts Brünnhilde and their mutual love and drinks. In a while he loses his memory of her and is struck by desire for Gutrune. Drugged, Siegfried then offers to win a wife for Gunther, who tells him about Brünnhilde and the magic fire, which only a fearless person can cross. They swear <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood-brotherhood</a>, mixing their blood in a drinking horn (<i>"Blühenden Lebens labendes Blut"</i>). Hagen holds the horn but does not join in the oath, and the two new brothers then leave for Brünnhilde's rock. Hagen, left on guard duty, gloats that his so-called masters are unwittingly bringing the ring to him (<i>"Hier sitz ich zur Wacht"</i> - <i>Hagens Wacht</i> - <i>Hagen's Watch</i>). </p><p>Orchestral Interlude </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3"><i>Scene 3</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scene 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Meanwhile, Brünnhilde is visited on her rock by her <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a> sister Waltraute, who recounts that <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wotan</a> returned from his wanderings with <a href="/wiki/Gungnir" title="Gungnir">his spear</a> shattered. The spear was the symbol of the god's authority and the source and instrument of his power, carved with all the treaties through which he ruled. Unable to influence events any more, he has ordered branches of <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">the World tree</a> to be piled around Valhalla by its heroes and waits in resignation for <a href="/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">his ravens</a> to bring him news about the ring (<i>"Höre mit Sinn, was ich dir sage!"</i> - <i>Waltraute's Monologue</i>). Waltraute begs Brünnhilde to return the ring to the <a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a>, but Brünnhilde refuses to relinquish the pledge of Siegfried's love, and Waltraute rides away in despair. </p><p>Crossing the ring of fire, Siegfried arrives disguised as Gunther by using the <a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a> and claims Brünnhilde for his wife (<i>"Brünnhild', ein Freier kam"</i>). Though Brünnhilde, terrified by the appearance of an unknown man, tries to resist him, without the divine powers she has earlier renounced for love's sake she has now nothing with which to defend herself but the ring, which Siegfried manages to snatch cruelly from her hand during a fight, being immune to its coercive power thanks to his fearlessness. Putting the ring on his own hand instead, Siegfried then spends the night with Brünnhilde on her rock, placing the magic sword Nothung between them as a witness to his loyalty to Gunther and his keeping the promise to bring Brünnhilde untouched (<i>"Nun Nothung, zeuge du"</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Act 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg/220px-Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg/220px-Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg/330px-Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg/440px-Josef_Hoffmann_-_G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Act_II_final.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Stage design by Josef Hoffmann for original production in 1876 – Act II, Scene 2</figcaption></figure> <p>Prelude to Act 2 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_3"><i>Scene 1</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scene 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As Hagen sits sleeping on night watch, his father <a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a> appears and urges him to obtain the ring (<i>"Schläfst du, Hagen, mein Sohn?"</i>). Hagen, barely conscious, swears to do so and Alberich vanishes with pleas for Hagen to remain loyal to him. </p><p>Orchestral Interlude - <i>Morgenröthe</i> (<i>The Blush of Dawn</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_3"><i>Scene 2</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scene 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Siegfried arrives at dawn via Tarnhelm-magic back to the settlement of the Gibichungs, having resumed his natural form and left Brünnhilde on a boat on the Rhine with Gunther. He explains to Gutrune how he managed to change his form back from Gunther's just in time for Brünnhilde to not be able to recognize the deceit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3_2"><i>Scene 3</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scene 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Hagen summons the Gibichung vassals to welcome Gunther and his bride (<i>Hagens Ruf</i> - <i>Hagen's Call</i>). He does this by sounding the war-alarm. The vassals are surprised to learn that the occasion is not battle, but their master's wedding and party. Hagen announces that Gunther has won himself a wife and orders them to slay sacrificial animals so that gods may grant a happy marriage. The vassals are then told to defend their new queen's honour if someone were to wrong her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_4"><i>Scene 4</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scene 4" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Gunther lands on the Rhine's shore in front of Siegfried, Gutrune, Hagen, and the assembled Gibichung men and women and leads in a downcast Brünnhilde as his trophy. With false pomp he then triumphantly announces a double wedding: Brünnhilde to himself, and Gutrune to Siegfried (<i>"Brünnhild', die hehrste Frau"</i>). Brünnhilde almost faints in despair as she now sees her beloved, who doesn't even recognize her, with a different woman. However, she notices the ring on Siegfried's hand, and realizes she has been betrayed (<i>"Betrug! Betrug! Schändlichster Betrug!"</i>). Declaring publicly that the man who conquered her and took the ring was not Gunther but Siegfried in disguise she exposes Gunther as an impostor who tried to increase his own prestige through the deeds of someone else. Filled with unquenchable desperate rage she also denounces Siegfried and falsely accuses him of having intercourse with her while in Gunther's form, thus breaking his blood-brotherhood with Gunther. Siegfried denies Brünnhilde's charge, but the vassals urge him to prove his innocence by taking an oath. Hagen offers his spear as the weapon by which Siegfried can do so. Siegfried agrees and swears upon Hagen's spear-point that he may be killed with it if he has ever loved Brünnhilde (<i>"Helle Wehr, heilige Waffe!"</i>). She also seizes the spear and swears that Siegfried may be killed with it for swearing the false oath. Once again Hagen supervises silently as others take oaths to his advantage. The naively light-hearted Siegfried, wishing for his wedding day to be joyful, then leads Gutrune and the bystanders exuberantly off to the wedding feast, as if nothing too significant has happened. </p><p>Orchestral Interlude </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_5"><i>Scene 5</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scene 5" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Brünnhilde, Hagen, and Gunther do not join the celebration and stay alone by the shore. Deeply shamed by Brünnhilde's outburst in front of his subjects and thus threatened in his authority, Gunther agrees to Hagen's suggestion that Siegfried must be killed in order for Gunther to regain his standing. Indeed, to see Siegfried die is Gunther's duty, since the hero has apparently broken the sacred bond of blood-brotherhood during the night on the rock with Brünnhilde, which betrayal condemns him by law to the rightful punishment of death. Brünnhilde, seeking revenge for Siegfried's manifest treachery, joins the plot and tells Hagen that Siegfried would be vulnerable only to a stab in the back. Hagen and Gunther decide to lure Siegfried on a hunting-trip and murder him. They sing a trio in which Brünnhilde and Gunther vow in the name of Wotan, "guardian of oaths", to kill Siegfried, while Hagen repeats his pledge to Alberich: to acquire the ring and rule the world through its power (<i>Rache-Terzett</i> - <i>Vengeance Trio</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Act 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg/250px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="2858"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 319px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg/250px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="319" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg/330px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg/500px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_162.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>The Rhinemaidens warn Siegfried</i> (Arthur Rackham, 1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prelude to Act 3 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_1_4"><i>Scene 1</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scene 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the woods by the bank of the Rhine, the Rhinemaidens swim playfully and sing a song to the Sun, mourning their lost Rhine gold (<i>"Frau Sonne sendet lichte Strahlen"</i>). Siegfried happens by, separated from the hunting party while searching for prey. The Rhinemaidens urge him to return the ring to the Rhine and thus avoid its curse, but he laughs at them in heroic pride and says he prefers to die rather than bargain for his life. They swim away, predicting that Siegfried will die this very day and that his heir, a lady, will treat them more fairly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_2_4"><i>Scene 2</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scene 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Siegfried rejoins the hunters, who include Gunther and Hagen. While resting, he sings them in high spirits a hero's song about the adventures of his youth (<i>"Mime hieß ein mürrischer Zwerg"</i>), recounting his life with Mime, the forging of Nothung, slaying the dragon Fafner and understanding the language of birds. Hagen gives him another potion, which restores his memory, and Siegfried tells of discovering the sleeping Brünnhilde and awakening her with a kiss. Upon hearing this, now having the apparent evidence of Siegfried's betrayal of the blood-brotherhood in front of Gunther and his men, Hagen stabs Siegfried in the back with his spear, declares that he had avenged perjury and calmly walks away. In his final agony Siegfried recollects the awakening of Brünnhilde and his love for her and with the memory of blessed fear the feeling for Brünnhilde had taught him, seeing her giving him greetings in a vision, dies (<i>"Brünnhilde! Heilige Braut!"</i>). His body is carried away in a solemn funeral procession that forms the interlude as the scene is changed and recapitulates many of the themes associated with Siegfried and the Wälsungs. </p><p>Orchestral Interlude - <i>Siegfrieds Trauermusik</i> (<i>Siegfried's Funeral March</i>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="630" data-mwtitle="Siegfrieds_funeral_march_and_finale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Siegfrieds_funeral_march_and_finale.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Siegfrieds_funeral_march_and_finale.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Siegfrieds_funeral_march_and_finale.ogg/Siegfrieds_funeral_march_and_finale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></span><figcaption>Arrangement from Richard Wagner's 1876 <i>Götterdämmerung</i>: Siegfried's Funeral March and Finale</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scene_3_3"><i>Scene 3</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scene 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Back in the Gibichung Hall, Gutrune awaits Siegfried's return. Hagen arrives ahead of the funeral party. Gutrune is devastated when Siegfried's corpse is brought in. Confronted with his sister's pain, Gunther blames Siegfried's death on Hagen, who replies that Siegfried had incurred the penalty of his false oath. Moreover, he claims the ring on Siegfried's finger by right of conquest. When Gunther objects, Hagen appeals to the vassals to support his lawful claim. Gunther draws his sword but Hagen attacks and easily kills him. As he moves to take the ring, however, Siegfried's hand rises miraculously in a threatening gesture. Hagen as well as all present recoil in utmost fear. </p><p>Brünnhilde, with her features as if transfigured, suddenly makes her entrance (<i>"Schweigt eures Jammers jauchzenden Schwall!"</i>), having in the meantime met on the river's shores the daughters of the Rhine, who talked to her about the ring and its curse. She proclaims Siegfried innocent, as she now recognizes that he betrayed her only due to an intrigue, and declares that Siegfried's betrayal and death were necessary for her to become all-knowing and completely free. As the queen of the Gibichungs she then issues orders for a huge funeral pyre for the dead hero to be assembled by the river (<i>"Starke Scheite schichtet mir dort"</i>) and takes the ring from Siegfried's hand. With her eyes turned upwards to the sky, Brünnhilde in an apostrophe addresses Wotan, the ruler of oaths and laws, and proclaims that the death of the free hero Siegfried has atoned for the god's guilt; renouncing and overcoming through the might of grieving love the power of the ring, she bequeaths it to the Rhinemaidens, who are to claim it from her own ashes after fire has cleansed it of its curse, and declares that Wotan can finally truly rest in peace (<i>"Mein Erbe nun nehm' ich zu eigen"</i>). Brünnhilde then lights the funeral pyre with a firebrand and with "anxiously longed-for tidings" sends Wotan's ravens home to command Loge, the god of fire that still burns on her rock, to fly to Valhalla and set it on fire (<i>"Fliegt heim, ihr Raben!"</i>). After a final eulogy to the dead hero, Brünnhilde, willing to be reunited with her love, mounts her horse Grane and as a valkyrie rides into the flames, joining Siegfried in death. </p><p>A sequence of leitmotifs portray the fire flaring up, and the hall of the Gibichungs catching fire and collapsing. The Rhine overflows its banks, quenching the flames, and the Rhinemaidens swim in to claim the ring. Hagen in a frenzy tries at the last moment to stop them and seize the ring for himself, but they drag him into the depths and drown him (<i>"Zurück vom Ring!"</i>), the theme of the curse of the ring being then heard for the last time. As they celebrate the return of the Rhinegold to their river and the breaking of its curse, a red glow spreads through the sky. The surviving Gibichungs now see the interior of Valhalla with gods and heroes visible as described by Waltraute in Act I, Scene 3. A new fire flares up around the Hall of the Gods, hiding it from sight; the gods are consumed in flames and the curtain falls. At the very end of the work there emerges the sound of the <i>Liebeserlösung</i> motive - the redemption-through-love <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotif</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reactions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Robert A. Hall Jr. has analysed <i>Götterdämmerung</i> in terms of cultural symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Danuser" title="Hermann Danuser">Hermann Danuser</a> has discussed the dramaturgy of the ending of <i>Götterdämmerung</i> in the context of the entire <i>Ring</i> cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Kinderman" title="William Kinderman">William Kinderman</a> has evaluated a large-scale instance of musical recapitulation in Act III.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren J. Darcy has expostulated on the potential influence of Wagner's readings of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> on the music of the <i>Ring</i> cycle, particularly on the ending of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian John Roberts suggested that the killing of Siegfried by Hagen with a stab in the back gave inspiration for the myth that the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a> did not lose <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but was instead defeated by a treasonous "<a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab in the back</a>" from civilians, in particular Jews and Socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German bass <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Moll" title="Kurt Moll">Kurt Moll</a> pointed out that the part of the principal villain, Hagen, is unique in the bass repertoire: it requires a shouting, blaring vocal technique that risks damaging the singer's voice; only very large-voiced, powerful singers can sing it. Moll himself avoided the role.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s 1888–1889 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Götzendämmerung</a></i>—Twilight of the Idols—is a pun on the title of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>, with <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tze" class="extiw" title="wikt:Götze">Götze</a></i> being the German word for "idol" or "false god".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recordings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography"><i>Götterdämmerung</i> discography</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The work has sometimes been called in English "Dusk of the Gods" or "Doom of the Gods", but "Twilight of the Gods" correctly translates the German title. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dämmerung</i></span></i> can also mean "dawn" as the term is used for both the rising and setting of the sun. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Götterdämmerung</i></span></i> is itself a translation of <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ragnarökkr</i></span></i>, "Twilight of the Gods", as it is sometimes written in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>. In the older <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> only <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">ragnarök</a></i></span></i>, "Fate of the Gods", is mentioned. It has been proposed that <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ragnarökkr</i></span></i> was either a misconception on <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s part or, more likely, poetic license as a play between the words <i>rök</i>, "fate, doom", and <i>rökkr</i>, "darkness, twilight."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schott-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schott_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schott_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schott_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.schott-music.com/shop/goetterdaemmerung-no306550.html?SID=8424m83tg3oog77r1vtoo5s5h5">Götterdämmerung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012134455/https://en.schott-music.com/shop/goetterdaemmerung-no306550.html?SID=8424m83tg3oog77r1vtoo5s5h5">Archived</a> 2020-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/Wagner/creators.html">Role Creators in the Operas of Richard Wagner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://opera.stanford.edu">http://opera.stanford.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall1963" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Robert A. Jr. (May 1963). "The Psychological Motivation of Wagner's <i>Götterdämmerung</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Quarterly" title="The German Quarterly">The German Quarterly</a></i>. <b>36</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F402543">10.2307/402543</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/402543">402543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+German+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Psychological+Motivation+of+Wagner%27s+G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1963-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F402543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F402543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanuser1994" class="citation journal cs1">Danuser, Hermann (Summer 1994). "Musical Manifestations of the End in Wagner and in Post-Wagnerian <i>Weltanschauungsmusik</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746602">10.2307/746602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746602">746602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Musical+Manifestations+of+the+End+in+Wagner+and+in+Post-Wagnerian+Weltanschauungsmusik&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746602%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Danuser&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinderman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kinderman, William (Autumn 1980). "Dramatic Recapitulation in Wagner's <i>Götterdämmerung</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F746708">10.2307/746708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/746708">746708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Dramatic+Recapitulation+in+Wagner%27s+G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F746708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F746708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kinderman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy1994" class="citation journal cs1">Darcy, Warren J. (Spring 1994). "The Metaphysics of Annihilation: Wagner, Schopenhauer, and the Ending of the <i>Ring</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum" title="Music Theory Spectrum">Music Theory Spectrum</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F745828">10.2307/745828</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/745828">745828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Theory+Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Metaphysics+of+Annihilation%3A+Wagner%2C+Schopenhauer%2C+and+the+Ending+of+the+Ring&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F745828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F745828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Darcy&rft.aufirst=Warren+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J. M.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000robe_j2o2"><i>Twentieth Century: The History of the World, 1901 to the Present</i></a></span>. London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000robe_j2o2/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-713-99257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-713-99257-3"><bdi>0-713-99257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century%3A+The+History+of+the+World%2C+1901+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Allen+Lane%2FThe+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-713-99257-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury0000robe_j2o2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/moll.html">"Kurt Moll interview with Bruce Duffie"</a>. <i>www.bruceduffie.com</i>. 22 October 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bruceduffie.com&rft.atitle=Kurt+Moll+interview+with+Bruce+Duffie&rft.date=1984-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruceduffie.com%2Fmoll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann W., <i>The Portable Nietzsche,</i> New York: Viking, 1954, p. 463.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" 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Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richard-wagner-postkarten.de/postkarten/goe.php">Richard Wagner – <i>Götterdämmerung</i></a>, gallery of historic postcards with motifs from Richard Wagner's works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805050626/http://www.wagneroperas.com/indextwilight1.html"><i>Götterdämmerung</i></a>, WagnerOperas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhr1272/large/index.html">Vocal score of <i>Götterdämmerung</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Wagner,+Richard/Musikdramen/Der+Ring+des+Nibelungen/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung">Complete libretto in German</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123173559/http://www.rwagner.net/libretti/gotterd/e-t-gott.html">Libretto in German and English</a><sup><a 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Залезът на боговете – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Залезът на боговете" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok_(opera)" title="Ragnarok (opera) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ragnarok (opera)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Το Λυκόφως των Θεών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το Λυκόφως των Θεών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_ocaso_de_los_dioses" title="El ocaso de los dioses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El ocaso de los dioses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گوتردامرونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوتردامرونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cr%C3%A9puscule_des_dieux_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Le Crépuscule des dieux (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Crépuscule des dieux (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%A9%ED%98%BC" title="신들의 황혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신들의 황혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A8" title="Աստվածների մայրամուտը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածների մայրամուտը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_crepuscolo_degli_dei" title="Il crepuscolo degli dei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il crepuscolo degli dei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דמדומי האלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמדומי האלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_istenek_alkonya" title="Az istenek alkonya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az istenek alkonya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E3%80%85%E3%81%AE%E9%BB%84%E6%98%8F_(%E6%A5%BD%E5%8A%87)" title="神々の黄昏 (楽劇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神々の黄昏 (楽劇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmierzch_bog%C3%B3w_(opera)" title="Zmierzch bogów (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmierzch bogów (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurgul_zeilor" title="Amurgul zeilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amurgul zeilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Гибель богов (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гибель богов (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сумрак богова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумрак богова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalten_tuho" title="Jumalten tuho – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumalten tuho" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k_(opera)" title="Ragnarök (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ragnarök (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87" title="เกิทเทอร์เด็มเมอรุง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกิทเทอร์เด็มเมอรุง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Götterdämmerung" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Загибель богів (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загибель богів (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%83%E6%98%8F_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87)" title="諸神的黃昏 (歌劇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諸神的黃昏 (歌劇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" 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