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cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Произход_на_бактериите" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Произход_на_бактериите"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Произход на бактериите</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Произход_на_бактериите-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Морфология" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Морфология"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Морфология</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Морфология-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бактериалната_клетка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бактериалната_клетка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Бактериалната клетка</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Бактериалната_клетка-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Бактериалната клетка</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Бактериалната_клетка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Клетъчни_структури" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Клетъчни_структури"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Клетъчни структури</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Клетъчни_структури-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_на_бактериите_чрез_конюгация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_на_бактериите_чрез_конюгация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Обмяна на генетичния материал на бактериите чрез конюгация</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_на_бактериите_чрез_конюгация-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Обмяна на генетичния материал на бактериите чрез конюгация</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_на_бактериите_чрез_конюгация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Условия_за_протичане_на_конюгация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Условия_за_протичане_на_конюгация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Условия за протичане на конюгация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Условия_за_протичане_на_конюгация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Роля_на_плазмидите_при_конюгацията_на_бактериите" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Роля_на_плазмидите_при_конюгацията_на_бактериите"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Роля на плазмидите при конюгацията на бактериите</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Роля_на_плазмидите_при_конюгацията_на_бактериите-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Генетична_рекомбинация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Генетична_рекомбинация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Генетична рекомбинация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Генетична_рекомбинация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Образуване_на_рекомбинанти" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Образуване_на_рекомбинанти"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Образуване на рекомбинанти</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Образуване_на_рекомбинанти-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_при_бактериите_чрез_трансфекция" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_при_бактериите_чрез_трансфекция"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Обмяна на генетичния материал при бактериите чрез трансфекция</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_при_бактериите_чрез_трансфекция-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Класификация_на_бактериите" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Класификация_на_бактериите"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Класификация на бактериите</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Класификация_на_бактериите-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Бележки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Използвана_литература" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Използвана_литература"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Използвана литература</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Използвана_литература-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Бактерии</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 170 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – ачешки" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ачешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – арамейски" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u – аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – черокски" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – дивехи" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – горнолужишки" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="горнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – ингушетски" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушетски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – каракалпашки" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – кикую" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикую" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – мазандерански" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – неаполитански" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – папиаменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папиаменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – киняруанда" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="киняруанда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana – зулуски" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, 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<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="E. coli, 10 000×"><img alt="E. coli, 10 000×" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/240px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/360px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/480px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span><div><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>, 10 000×</div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#E0D3E0"><b>Класификация</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:right; padding-right:5px">надимперия:</td><td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Биота">Биота</a> <small>(Biota)</small></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right; padding-right:5px">империя:</td><td><b>Бактерии</b> <small>(<b>Bacteria</b>)</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#E0D3E0"><b>Научно наименование</b></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="text-align:center"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Уикивидове"><img alt="Уикивидове" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <i><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria?uselang=bg">Bacteria</a></span></b></i></div><div style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller">Woese et al., 2024</div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#E0D3E0"><b>Обхват на вкаменелости</b></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><div><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Палеоархай">палеоархай</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Настояще">настояще</a>, 3500 – 0 Ma</div><div style="margin:4px auto 0;clear:both;width:250px;height:18px;line-height:170%;font-size:80%;overflow:visible;border:1px #666;border-style:solid none;padding:0;position:relative;z-index:0"><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:-2.8421709430404e-14px;width:41.993729158319px;background-color:#FFF;background:-moz-linear-gradient(left,#FFF 0%,#96F5FF 100%);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(left,#FFF 0%,#96F5FF 100%);background:-o-linear-gradient(left,#FFF 0%,#96F5FF 100%)"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хадей">Хадей</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:41.993729158319px;width:10.947698465352px;background-color:#85DBFC"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Еоархай">Е</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:52.941427623671px;width:21.895396930703px;background-color:#96ABFF"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Палеоархай">Па</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:74.836824554374px;width:21.895396930703px;background-color:#C867FF"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мезоархай">Ма</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:96.732221485077px;width:16.421547698027px;background-color:#FA62FF"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Неоархай">На</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:113.1537691831px;width:49.264643094082px;background-color:#FF6333"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеопротерозой">Пп</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:162.41841227719px;width:32.843095396055px;background-color:#FF8773"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезопротерозой">Мп</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;left:195.26150767324px;width:54.738492326758px;background-color:#FFB86C"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Неопротерозой">Нп</a></div><div style="position:absolute;height:100%;background-color:#666;width:1px;left:250px"></div></div><div style="margin:0 auto;line-height:0;clear:both;width:250px;height:8px;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:relative;top:-4px;background-color:transparent;z-index:100"><div style="background-color:#360;position:absolute;height:8px;left:41.993729158319px;width:208.00627084168px;opacity:0.42"></div><div style="background-color:#6c3;position:absolute;height:6px;left:57.415276856346px;width:191.58472314365px;border:1px solid #360;top:1px"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#E0D3E0"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bacteria?uselang=bg">Бактерии</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right"><small><span class="plainlinks">[ <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=bg">редактиране</a> ]</span></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Бактериите</b> (ед. ч. <b>бактерия</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) са <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Едноклетъчен организъм">едноклетъчни организми</a>, с клетъчна стена, често обвита със слузеста обвивка, която предпазва клетката от неблагоприятни външни въздействия. Под клетъчната стена бактериите имат клетъчна мембрана, цитоплазма и наследствено вещество. Размерът им е микроскопичен. Имат по едно или повече <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Камшичета">камшичета</a>, с които се придвижват. Бактериите са стотици пъти по-малки дори от милиметър. Те притежават <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна стена">клетъчна стена</a> и ядрен материал, който не е ограничен с <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ядрена мембрана">ядрена мембрана</a>, наречен наследствено вещество. В зависимост от строежа на клетъчната стена, организацията на ядрения си материал и някои други характеристики бактериите са бактерии (Грам-отрицателни и Грам-положителни, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Микоплазма">микоплазми</a>, L – форми) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Архебактерии">архебактерии</a>. В последно време редица изследователи считат, че архебактериите трябва да се отделят в отделено <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Царство (биология)">царство</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Размножаване">Размножават</a> се чрез делене, рядко чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пъпкуване">пъпкуване</a>. Форма – кълбовидна (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Коки">коки</a>), пръчковидна (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Бацил">бацили</a>, клостридии, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Спирохети">спирохети</a>, псевдомонади), спираловидна (вибриони, спирили, спирохети) и нишковидна. Диаметър 0,1 – 10 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>, дължина 1 – 20 µm (нишковидните <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Многоклетъчно">многоклетъчни</a> – 50 – 100 µm). <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Хетеротроф">Хетеротрофи</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Автотроф">автотрофи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Аероб">аероби</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Анаероб">анаероби</a>. Космополити (по всички <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Континент">континенти</a>), срещат се в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва">почвата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Въздух">въздуха</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения">растенията</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Животни">животните</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек">човека</a>, в хранителните продукти и предметите. Участват в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кръговрат на веществата">кръговрата на веществата</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Природа">природата</a>, в образуването и разрушаването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Полезни изкопаеми">полезните изкопаеми</a>, във формирането на структурата и плодородието на почвата. Намират приложение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хранително-вкусова промишленост">хранителната</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микробиология">микробиологическата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Химическата промишленост">химическата</a> и други видове промишленост. Патогенните бактерии причиняват <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Болест">болести</a> по растенията (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Бактерийни болести">бактерийни болести</a>), животните и човека (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Антракс">антракс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Туберкулоза">туберкулоза</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бруцелоза">бруцелоза</a> и др.). Предполага се, че бактериите са първите организми на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земята</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Произход_на_бактериите"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Произход на бактериите</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Произход на бактериите" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Произход на бактериите"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Прародителят на съвременните бактерии е едноклетъчен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Микроорганизъм">микроорганизъм</a>, представляващ първата форма на живот на Земята, появил се преди около 4 милиарда години. За близо три милиарда години всички <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Организми">организми</a> са микроскопични, а бактериите и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Археа">археите</a> са доминантните форми на живот на планетата.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Въпреки че съществуват бактериални <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Фосил">фосили</a> като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Строматолит">строматолитите</a>, липсата на отличителна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Морфология (биология)">морфология</a> ги прави недостатъчни за изследване на ранната бактериална <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еволюция">еволюция</a> или определяне на появата на конкретен бактериален вид. Все пак генното секвениране може да се използва за реконструиране на бактериалната <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Филогенеза">филогенеза</a>, а тя показва, че бактериите първи са се отделили от архея/<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти">еукариотния</a> клон.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Последният общ предшественик на бактериите и археите вероятно е бил <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Термофил">термофил</a>, живял преди около 2,5 – 3,2 милиарда години.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Бактериите са главни играчи и при второто велико еволюционно разделяне, при което археите се отделят от еукариотите. Еукариотите се получават, когато древна бактерия влиза в ендосимбионтно отношение с предшественика на еукариотната <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка">клетка</a>, който сам по себе се е бил близко свързан с археа.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> При това поглъщане от прото еукариотната клетка на алфа-протобактериалния <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ендосимбионтна теория">ендосимбионт</a> се образуват или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Митохондрия">митохондриите</a> или <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хидрогенозом (страницата не съществува)">хидрогенозомите</a>, които и днес се откриват във всички известни ни еукариоти. По-късно еукариотите, съдържащи вече митохондрии, поглъщат и подобен на днешните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Цианобактерии">цианобактерии</a> организъм. Това води до формирането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хлоропласт">хлоропластите</a> при <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Алги">алги</a> и растения. Съществуват и алги, произхождащи от даже по-следващо ендосимбионтно събитие. Тук еукариотите поглъщат еукариотни алги, при което се създават <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Пластиди">пластиди</a> втора генерация.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Това еволюционно събитие е известно като вторична ендосимбиоза. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Морфология"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.84.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Морфология</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Морфология" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Морфология"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/360px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/540px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/720px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Различни морфологични форми, характерни за бактериите</figcaption></figure> <p>Бактериите проявяват голямо разнообразие по отношение на формата и големината си. Бактериалната клетка е с големина около една десета от тази на еукариотната и обикновено е в границите 0,5 – 5 μm. Все пак някои видове, като например <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiomargarita_namibiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiomargarita namibiensis (страницата не съществува)">Thiomargarita namibiensis</a></i> и <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epulopiscium_fishelsoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epulopiscium fishelsoni (страницата не съществува)">Epulopiscium fishelsoni</a></i>, достигат до големина от половин милиметър и са видими с невъоръжено око;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>E. fishelsoni</i> достига даже 0.7 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сред най-дребните представители на бактериите са членовете на рода <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i>, достигащи само 0,3 μm, колкото е големината на най-големите <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Вирус">вируси</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Някои бактерии са дори по-малки, но тези ултрамикро бактерии са слабо проучени.<sup id="cite_ref-Velimirov2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velimirov2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Повечето бактерии имат или сферична форма, наречени коки (от <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гръцки език">гръцки</a>: <i>κόκκος</i>, <i>кокос</i> – „<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зърнено-житни култури">зърно</a>“, „<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Семе">семе</a>“) или пръчковидни, наречени бацили (от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латински език">латински</a>: <i>baculus</i> – „пръчка“). Това удължаване е във връзка с умението за плуване.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Някои продълговати бактерии са леко извити или наподобяват запетая и се наричат вибриони. Други са спираловидно извити, известни като спирили, или са леко навити спирохети. Макар и рядко се срещат видове с тетраедрална или дори кубична форма.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Открити са дълбоко под <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Земната кора">земната кора</a> и бактерии със звездовидна форма. Предполага се, че тази форма, при която отношението площ-обем е голямо, дава предимство при обитаването на бедни на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хранителни вещества">хранителни вещества</a> среди.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Това многообразие от форми се определя от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна стена">клетъчната стена</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цитоскелет">цитоскелета</a> и е основополагащо за способността на бактериите да си набавят храна, да се залавят за различни повърхности, да плуват в течности и да избягват врагове.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Много от бактериите съществуват под формата на самостоятелни клетки, други обаче асоциират в характерни агрегати: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria (страницата не съществува)">Neisseria</a></i> образува дипококи (двойка коки), <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> вериги, а <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> се групират в образувания, наподобяващи грозд. Бактериите могат също така да са удължени и да формират филаменти, например <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a>. Филаментната клетка често е обградена от „кожух“ съставен от множество единични клетки. Определени видове като тези от род <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocardia (страницата не съществува)">Nocardia</a></i>, формират сложни разклонени нишки подобни на тези на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Актиномицети (страницата не съществува)">актиномицетите</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Relative_scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/220px-Relative_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/330px-Relative_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/440px-Relative_scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Съпоставка на бактериалната клетка с еукариотна и с вируси и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Биополимер">биомакромелекули</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Бактериите често се прикрепят към някаква повърхност и образуват плътна маса, наречена биофилм. Този филм може да е от няколко милиметра до половин метър в дълбочина, като може да съдържа различни видове бактерии, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Протисти">протисти</a> и археи. Бактериите живеещи в биофилм формират сложни подредби от клетки и извънклетъчни компоненти, образувайки вторични структури подобни на микроколонии, през които преминава система от канали, подобряваща <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифузия">дифузията</a> на хранителни вещества.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В естествена среда, като почва и растителната повърхност, болшинството от бактериите са свързани с повърхността под формата на биофилм.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Биофилмите имат голямо значение и от гледна точка на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медицина">медицината</a>. Често такива структури съществуват в местата на хронична бактериална инфекция, като бактериите във вътрешността на биофилма са предпазени и са много по-устойчиви и трудни за убиване от самостоятелните клетки.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Понякога се наблюдават даже по-сложни морфологични промени. Например при недостиг на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Аминокиселини">аминокиселини</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria (страницата не съществува)">Myxobacteria</a> откриват съседни около тях клетки и мигрират едни към други, образувайки агрегати с големина 500 μm и съдържащи около 100 000 клетки.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> В тези агрегати бактериите изпълняват различни задачи (наподобявайки проста форма на многоклетъчна организация). Така приблизително една на всеки десет клетки мигрира към върха на агрегата и се „диференцира“ латентна (неактивна) микроспора, която е по-устойчива на неблагоприятни външни условия от редовите клетки.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br style="clear:both" /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бактериалната_клетка"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Бактериалната клетка</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бактериалната клетка" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Бактериалната клетка"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Prokaryote_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/330px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/440px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Структура и компоненти на типична Грам позитивна бактерия</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Клетъчни_структури"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.8A.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B8"></span>Клетъчни структури</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Клетъчни структури" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Клетъчни структури"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бактериалната клетка е обградена от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Липид">липидна</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клетъчна мембрана">клетъчна мембрана</a>, която служи като бариера между <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Цитозол">цитозола</a> и външната среда. Като всички <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прокариоти">прокариоти</a> бактериите нямат ясно разграничими вътреклетъчни мембранни <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Органели">органели</a> и има ниско ниво на компартментизация. При тях липсва същинско <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Клетъчно ядро">клетъчно ядро</a>, няма и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Митохондрия">митохондрии</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пластид">пластиди</a>, както и другите органели представени при еукариотите като <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Апарат на Голджи">апарат на Голджи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ендоплазмена мрежа">ендоплазмена мрежа</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пероксизома">пероксизома</a> и т.н.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Бактериите се възприемаха по-рано като просто ограничение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Цитоплазма">цитоплазмата</a> от околната среда, но впоследствие се установяват елементи на прокариотен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Цитоскелет">цитоскелет</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> както и специфична локализация на определени <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Протеини">протеини</a> в цитоплазмата.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тези субклетъчни компартменти са известни като „бактериални хиперструктури“.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>За протичането на множество жизненоважни биохимични реакции (напр. биологично окисление) е необходимо наличието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Градиент">градиент</a>. При отсъствието на специфични вътреклетъчни мембрани, този градиент се генерира от двете страни на клетъчната мембрана.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> При много фотосинтезиращи бактерии плазмената мембрана е силно нагъната и подгъната навътре като изпълва голяма част от клетката.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тези нагънати комплекси могат да образуват дори липидно ограничени структури наречени хлорозоми, срещащи се при зелените серни бактерии.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Carboxysome_3_images.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/450px-Carboxysome_3_images.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/675px-Carboxysome_3_images.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/900px-Carboxysome_3_images.png 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Карбоксизома – ограничени от протеини бактериални „органели“. Горе вляво електронномикроскопска снимка на карбоксизоми при <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halothiobacillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halothiobacillus (страницата не съществува)">Halothiobacillus neapolitanus</a></i>, долу пречистени карбоксизоми. Вдясно модел на карбоксизома. Мащабна черта 100 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Повечето бактерии нямат мембранно ограничено ядро като еукариотите. При тях генетичният материал се състои главно от единична кръгова <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромозома">хромозома</a> в неправилно телце наречено нуклеоид.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Нуклеоидът съдържа хромозомата в комплекс с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="РНК">РНК</a> и белтъци. </p><p>Както всички живи организми бактериите съдържат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибозома">рибозоми</a>, чрез които синтезират белтъци. Структурата на бактериалните рибозоми се различава съществен от тези при еукариотите и археите.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Някои бактерии образуват вътреклетъчни гранули, в които съхраняват запасни вещества като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гликоген">гликоген</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полифосфат (страницата не съществува)">полифосфати</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сяра">сяра</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_на_бактериите_чрез_конюгация"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D0.BC.D1.8F.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.87.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B7_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8E.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Обмяна на генетичния материал на бактериите чрез конюгация</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Обмяна на генетичния материал на бактериите чрез конюгация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Обмяна на генетичния материал на бактериите чрез конюгация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Обмяната на генетичния материал при бактериите (само при Грам (-)) чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конюгация">конюгация</a> е биологичен процес, при който две бактериални клетки осъществяват пренасянето на генетичния материал от едната клетка в другата. Клетката, която отдава генетичен материал се нарича клетка – донор, а другата, която приема генетичен материал се нарича клетка – реципиент. Процесът конюгация се различава от процеса трансформация по два основни белега: </p> <ol><li>Двете бактериални клетки са от различен „пол“. „Мъжката“ отдава генетичен материал, а „женската“ го приема;</li> <li>Между двете клетки се осъществява пряк контакт.</li></ol> <p>Конюгацията е първият полов процес в природата (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Плазмид">плазмид</a> – кодиран процес). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Условия_за_протичане_на_конюгация"><span id=".D0.A3.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8E.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Условия за протичане на конюгация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Условия за протичане на конюгация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Условия за протичане на конюгация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Трябва да има клетка донор <i>F+ – „мъжка“ клетка</i>. Донорната клетка съдържа конюгативен плазмид (същия може да се е включил в бактериалната хромозома, тогава се говори за Hfr <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Щам">щамове</a>, намиращи широко приложение при генното картиране), в който са кодирани белтъците за осъществяване на свързването на двете бактериални клетки. Същият този плазмид обуславя израстването на секспили, чрез които се осъществява свързването на двете бактериални клетки. Свързването им се извършва по различен начин при G и G бактериални клетки. При <i>G бактериална клетка</i> свързването на клетката донор F+ и F- реципиент се осъществява с помощта на секспила. По повърхността на женската клетка F- се намират <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Рецептори">рецептори</a> – специфични <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Молекули">молекули</a>, които се разпознават от секспилата, и тя се свързва с „женската“ клетка. След свързването на двете клетки се получава така наречената конюгационна двойка. Клетката донор F+ с помощта на секспила се свързва с женската клетка реципиент. В клетката донор двете комплементарни вериги на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНК">ДНК</a> се разделят – една от комплементарните вериги навлиза в клетката реципиент (извършва се по σ тип на репликация), при което в нея започва да се синтезира комплементарна верига на ДНК. В зависимост от времето, през което двете клетки са заедно в клетката реципиент, постъпва различно количество от ДНК на донорната клетка. По дължината на ДНК са разположени линейно <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">гените</a>. От момента на навлизането на ДНК в клетката реципиент, може да се определи количеството на преминалата ДНК от клетката донор. Този начин на проследяване на навлязлата ДНК се нарича генетично картиране и се използват Hfr щамове или F' щамове. Новата клетка, която се образува, се нарича <i>мерозигота</i>. За да се предаде генетичният материал от клетката донор в клетката реципиент е необходимо F факторът да бъде свързан с хромозомалната ДНК на клетката донор. В това интегрирано състояние клетката донор може да предава генетичен материал и тази клетка се нарича Hfr (<i>high frequency recombination</i>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg/400px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg/600px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg/800px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Ако при кръстосване участват клетки Hfr, рекомбинантите възникват хиляди пъти по-често, отколкото при кръстосването с щамове F. Освен това както рекомбинантните, така и всички останали „женски“ клетки в популацията се запазват в състояние F. Това показва, че клетките Hfr за разлика от клетките F не пренасят в клетката реципиент свободния фактор F. От смес на клетки F и клетки Hfr през определени интервали от време след започване на конюгацията се вземат проби. Чрез силно разклащане на пробите партньорите се разделят. След това пробите се засяват в петри за откриване на рекомбинантите. Те се изследват за да се установи какви гени са пренесени от мъжките клетки в клетките реципиенти. Установено е, че всеки ген се пренася в женската клетка в точно определен момент след началото на конюгацията. Този процес се нарича прекъсната конюгация. Предаването на гените през определени интервали от време съответства на последователното им разположение в бактериалната хромозома, което е установено в резултат на генетичен анализ. Това означава, че всеки щам Hfr представлява хомогенна популация, всички клетки на която пренасят своята хромозома по един и същи начин – започвайки от определен участък и в едно и също направление. Колкото по-далеч се разполага даден ген от началото на хромозомата, толкова по-късно той се пренася и толкова по-рядко попада в клетката реципиент, даже и ако конюгацията не се прекъсва изкуствено. Пренасянето на цялата хромозома продължава около 90 минути. В много редки случаи, когато в клетката реципиент попадат и най-отдалечените от началото на хромозомата гени, се наследява обикновено и признакът Hfr. Следователно при клетките Hfr половият фактор представлява част от бактерийната хромозома и не може да се предава самостоятелно. </p><p>Щамовете Hfr, които са изолирани независимо един от друг от един изходен щам, се различават по два главни признака: </p> <ul><li>като начало при отделните щамове служат различни точки от хромозомата;</li> <li>всеки <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Щам">щам</a> се отличава със своя специфична последователност при пренасянето на гените.</li></ul> <p>При мутация на клета Hfr факторът F се включва на някое място в бактериалната хромозома. При конюгацията хромозомата се разкъсва в това място и основната част от фактора остава в нейния край. Цялата хромозома може да се пренесе в реципиентната клетка при интегриране на половия фактор в нея. Интеграцията се извършва в хомоложни участъци на ДНК с последователно разкъсване и възстановяване. По този начин от двете пръстеновидни молекули ДНК възниква една пръстеновидна хромозома. При клетките Hfr може да настъпи обратна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мутация">мутация</a>, при което те се връщат в състояние F (реверсия). Половият фактор се отделя отново в хромозомата. Реверсията преминава през същите етапи както интеграцията, но в обратна последователност. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Роля_на_плазмидите_при_конюгацията_на_бактериите"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8F_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8E.D0.B3.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Роля на плазмидите при конюгацията на бактериите</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Роля на плазмидите при конюгацията на бактериите" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Роля на плазмидите при конюгацията на бактериите"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Плазмидите като незадължителни елементи могат да присъстват в клетката, но могат и да отсъстват от нея. Те контролират генетичните свойства, които не са жизнено необходими, но могат да придават на бактериалната клетка нови <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Фенотип">фенотипни</a> свойства. Конюгацията протича в два стадия, в които участват плазмидни гени: </p> <ol><li>взаимодействие между повърхността на донорната и акцепторната бактерия с помощта на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Секс">секс</a> пилите;</li> <li>преминаването на молекула на плазмидна ДНК от донорната клетка в акцепторната.</li></ol> <p>Бактерията може да носи два плазмида, единият, който участва в конюгацията, а другият – не. Първият може да мобилизира и да осигури едновременен пренос на втория плазмид. Трансгенеза (пренос) може да стане и когато двата плазмида са постоянно или временно интегрирани в резултат на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Кросинговър">кросинговър</a>. Бактериалната хромозома също може да бъде пренесена в реципиентната благодарение на интеграцията с хромозомен плазмид. </p><p>Към извънхромозомните кинетични елементи се отнасят и инсерционните последователности. Това са обособени генетични елементи с постоянни размери и определена последователност и могат да се пренасят от един генетичен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Локус (генетика)">локус</a> в друг. Имат размери 800 до 1400 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид">нуклеотидни</a> двойки и се различават от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Фаг">фагите</a>. Транспозиция – когато един локус се интегрира в друг (чрез делеция от хромозомата). Транспозициите са сходни с инсерционните елементи и представляват фрагмент ДНК, който включва няколко гена, завършващи в двата си края с идентични инсерционни последователности, подредени в права или обратна ориентация. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Транспозон">Транспозоните</a> са способни да се вграждат в много участъци на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Геном">генома</a> на клетката. Те могат да преминават от плазмида на бактерийната хромозома, на други плазмиди или на умерен фаг. Тези ДНК последователности съдържат гени, които контролират устойчивостта към <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Антибиотици">антибиотици</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Генетична_рекомбинация"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Генетична рекомбинация</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Генетична рекомбинация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Генетична рекомбинация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Като генетични системи бактериите могат да пренасят генетичен материал чрез различен механизъм: </p> <ul><li>Трансформация;</li> <li>Конюгация;</li> <li>Транздукция и фагова инфекция;</li> <li>Трансфекция.</li></ul> <p>Благодарение на тези механизми различни по големина нуклеотидни последователности се предават от поколение на поколение с образуване на рекомбинантни потомства. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Образуване_на_рекомбинанти"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B8"></span>Образуване на рекомбинанти</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Образуване на рекомбинанти" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Образуване на рекомбинанти"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Образуването на рекомбинанти протича през няколко етапа: </p> <ol><li>Узнаване на хомоложни участъци между донорната ДНК и хромозомата на реципиента.</li> <li>Образуване на мерозигота.</li> <li>Протичане на рекомбинация или интеграция.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сегрегация">Сегрегация</a> или отделяне на различни рекомбинантни клонове в процеса на клетъчното делене.</li></ol> <p>Сега са известни три различни механизми на рекомбинация на попадналата чужда ДНК в бактериалната клетка с хромозомата на реципиента <i>in vivo</i>: обща хомоложна рекомбинация, местоспецифична, нехомоложна. Молекулните механизми на рекомбинациите показват, че това са сложни процеси с участие на редица <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ензими">ензими</a> и ензимни системи. Могат да участват и различни по големина фрагменти на ДНК. Най-малката единица за рекомбинация е мононуклеотидният чифт и се означава като рекон. Генетичните рекомбинации зависят от качествата на реципиентните клетки. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Обмяна_на_генетичния_материал_при_бактериите_чрез_трансфекция"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D0.BC.D1.8F.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B0.D0.BB_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5_.D1.87.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B7_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Обмяна на генетичния материал при бактериите чрез трансфекция</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Обмяна на генетичния материал при бактериите чрез трансфекция" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Обмяна на генетичния материал при бактериите чрез трансфекция"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Трансфекцията е биологично явление, при което се предава генетичен материал на клетката реципиент от фаг. Бактериалната клетка приема генетичния материал на фага (ДНК и по-рядко РНК). От ДНК на фага се отделя определен фрагмент. Този фрагмент се включва в ДНК на клетката реципиент. Новите свойства, които се предават от фага, се включват в генома на бактериалната клетка. За разлика от трансдукцията фагът не носи чужда ДНК, а отдава на клетката реципиент собствената си ДНК. Предадените свойства на клетката реципиент не произлизат от друга бактериална клетка, а от ДНК на фага. Той в случая е като донор на генетичен материал за бактериалната клетка – по този начин се предават различни свойства. В много случаи фагът може да предаде на бактериалната клетка свойството за патогенност. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Класификация_на_бактериите"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Класификация на бактериите</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Класификация на бактериите" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Класификация на бактериите"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Класификация на бактериите">Класификация на бактериите</a></i></div></dd></dl> <ul><li>Надцарство <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> (Прокариоти) <ul><li>Царство <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (Бактерии) <ul><li>Тип <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria"><i>Actinobacteria</i></a> (Актинобактерии)</li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquificae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquificae (страницата не съществува)"><i>Aquificae</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteroidetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacteroidetes (страницата не съществува)"><i>Bacteroidetes</i></a> /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobi (страницата не съществува)"><i>Chlorobi</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydiae (страницата не съществува)"><i>Chlamydiae</i></a> /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (страницата не съществува)"><i>Verrucomicrobia</i></a> (Хламидии)</li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi (страницата не съществува)"><i>Chloroflexi</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (страницата не съществува)"><i>Chrysiogenetes</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria"><i>Cyanobacteria</i></a> (Цианобактерии)</li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteraceae (страницата не съществува)"><i>Deferribacteraceae</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (страницата не съществува)"><i>Deinococcus-Thermus</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (страницата не съществува)"><i>Dictyoglomi</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (страницата не съществува)">Fibrobacteres</a> /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (страницата не съществува)">Acidobacteria</a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmicutes (страницата не съществува)"><i>Firmicutes</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (страницата не съществува)"><i>Fusobacteria</i></a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фузобактерии (страницата не съществува)">Фузобактерии</a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (страницата не съществува)"><i>Gemmatimonadetes</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (страницата не съществува)"><i>Nitrospirae</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (страницата не съществува)"><i>Planctomycetes</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria"><i>Proteobacteria</i></a> (Протеобактерии)</li> <li>Тип <a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes"><i>Spirochaetes</i></a> (Спирохети)</li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (страницата не съществува)"><i>Thermodesulfobacteria</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermomicrobia (страницата не съществува)"><i>Thermomicrobia</i></a></li> <li>Тип <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae (страницата не съществува)"><i>Thermotogae</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Бележки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Станков, 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ИБЕ към БАН, Хейзъл, София, 2002, с. 169, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9548283611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 954-8283-61-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Schopf J. Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic //  <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> 91 (15).  1994. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735">10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735</a>. с. 6735 – 42.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">DeLong E, Pace N. Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea //  <i>Syst Biol</i> 50 (4).  2001. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106351501750435040">10.1080/106351501750435040</a>. с. 470 – 8.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Brown JR, Doolittle WF. Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition //  <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i> 61 (4).  1997. с. 456 – 502.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Di Giulio M. The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles //  <i>J Mol Evol</i> 57 (6).  2003. 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Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells //  <i>J Bacteriol.</i> 124 (2).  1975. с. 1007 – 18.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velimirov2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Velimirov2001_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Velimirov, B. Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium //  <i>Microbes and Environments</i> 16 (2).  2001. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.2001.67">10.1264/jsme2.2001.67</a>. с. 67 – 77.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, David B. (2009). <i>Living at Micro Scale</i>, pp.20 – 25. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780674031166" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fritz I, Strömpl C, Abraham W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516145459/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/3/651">Phylogenetic relationships of the genera Stella, Labrys and Angulomicrobium within the 'Alphaproteobacteria' and description of Angulomicrobium amanitiforme sp. nov</a> //  <i>Int J Syst Evol Microbiol</i> 54 (Pt 3).  2004. 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DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x">10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x</a>. с. 325 – 30.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cabeen M, Jacobs-Wagner C. Bacterial cell shape //  <i>Nat Rev Microbiol</i> 3 (8).  2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1205">10.1038/nrmicro1205</a>. с. 601 – 10.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Young K. The selective value of bacterial shape //  <i>Microbiol Mol Biol Rev</i> 70 (3).  2006. 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Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces //  <i>Emerg Infect Dis</i> 8 (9).  2002. с. 881 – 90.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Branda S, Vik S, Friedman L, Kolter R. Biofilms: the matrix revisited //  <i>Trends Microbiol</i> 13 (1).  2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006">10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006</a>. с. 20 – 6.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Davey_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Davey M, O'toole G. Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics //  <i>Microbiol Mol Biol Rev</i> 64 (4).  2000. 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WH Freeman, 2002. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0716749556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-4955-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_28-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_28-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gitai Z. The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture //  <i>Cell</i> 120 (5).  2005. 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DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1151458">10.1126/science.1151458</a>. с. 1083 – 6.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L. The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure //  <i>J Cell Biochem</i> 96 (3).  2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.20519">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>. с. 506 – 21.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Poehlsgaard J, Douthwaite S. The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics //  <i>Nat Rev Microbiol</i> 3 (11).  2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1265">10.1038/nrmicro1265</a>. с. 870 – 81.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Yeo M, Chater K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092242/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231">The interplay of glycogen metabolism and differentiation provides an insight into the developmental biology of Streptomyces coelicolor</a> //  <i>Microbiology</i> 151 (Pt 3).  2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27428-0">10.1099/mic.0.27428-0</a>. с. 855 – 61.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231">оригинала</a> на 2007-09-29.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Shiba T, Tsutsumi K, Ishige K, Noguchi T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v65/full/65030375.html">Inorganic polyphosphate and polyphosphate kinase: their novel biological functions and applications</a> //  <i>Biochemistry (Mosc)</i> 65 (3).  2000. с. 315 – 23.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF1995" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Brune DC. Isolation and characterization of sulfur globule proteins from Chromatium vinosum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina //  <i>Archives of Microbiology</i> 163 (6).  1995. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272127">10.1007/BF00272127</a>. с. 391 – 9.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Използвана_литература"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Използвана литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Използвана литература" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Използвана литература"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Лекции по Микробиология на проф. Чомаков</li> <li>Обща микробиология – Стоян Влахов и Александър Иванов, 1996 г.</li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist hlist-big plainlinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Нормативен контрол<span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876#identifiers" title="Редактиране в Уикиданни"><img alt="Редактиране в Уикиданни" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300265675">AAT</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525557">BNE</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004296-0">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284499305171">NLI J9U</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010813">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570000">NDL</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114113">NKC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14778">BioLib</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyntaxa.se/taxon/info/5000052">Dyntaxa</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/288">EoL</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BACTK">EPPO</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3">GBIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/67333">iNaturalist</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=50">ITIS</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/domain/bacteria">LPSN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/562108">MycoBank</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2">NCBI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/50966b34-a83a-4324-9136-d64696ca3d52">NZOR</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/bacteria/">PPE</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Bacteria">Tree of Life</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=6">WoRMS</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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