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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="زمان آغاز واک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمان آغاز واک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lai_d%27%C3%A9tablissement_du_voisement" title="Délai d'établissement du voisement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Délai d'établissement du voisement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%84%EB%8F%99_%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%91_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="성대진동 시작 시간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성대진동 시작 시간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_di_attacco_della_sonorit%C3%A0" title="Tempo di attacco della sonorità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempo di attacco della sonorità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Время начала озвончения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Время начала озвончения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Feature of the production of stop consonants</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/220px-Vot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/330px-Vot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vot.svg/440px-Vot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A graphical representation of the VOT of voiced, tenuis, and aspirated stops</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <b>voice onset time</b> (<b>VOT</b>) is a feature of the production of <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a>. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voicing</a>, the vibration of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a>, or, according to other authors, periodicity. Some authors allow negative values to mark voicing that begins during the period of articulatory closure for the consonant and continues in the release, for those unaspirated voiced stops in which there is no voicing present at the instant of articulatory closure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of voice onset time can be traced back as far as the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Hrachia_Acharian" title="Hrachia Acharian">Adjarian</a> (1899: 119)<sup id="cite_ref-Adjarian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adjarian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studied the Armenian stops, and characterized them by "the relation that exists between two moments: the one when the consonant bursts when the air is released out of the mouth, or explosion, and the one when the larynx starts vibrating". However, the concept became widely known only in the 1960s, in a context described by Lin & Wang (2011: 514):<sup id="cite_ref-LinWang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinWang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "At that time, there was an ongoing debate about which phonetic attribute would allow voiced and voiceless stops to be effectively distinguished. For instance, voicing, aspiration, and articulatory force were some of the attributes being studied regularly. In English, "voicing" can successfully separate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> when stops are at word-medial positions, but this is not always true for word-initial stops. Strictly speaking, word-initial voiced stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span> are only partially voiced, and sometimes are even voiceless." The concept of VOT finally acquired its name in the famous study of <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Lisker" title="Leigh Lisker">Leigh Lisker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Abramson" title="Arthur S. Abramson">Arthur Abramson</a> (<i>Word</i>, 1964), done while working together at <a href="/wiki/Haskins_Laboratories" title="Haskins Laboratories">Haskins Laboratories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analytic_problems">Analytic problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analytic problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of problems arose in defining VOT in some languages, and there is a call for reconsidering whether this speech synthesis parameter should be used to replace articulatory or aerodynamic model parameters <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="the suggestion is made that the problematic parameter itself (i.e. VOT) should replace other parameters; what is the rationale of that? is this really what was meant by the writer? (July 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which do not have these problems, and which have a stronger explanatory significance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the discussion below, any explication of VOT variations will invariably lead back to such aerodynamic and articulatory concepts, and there is no reason presented why VOT adds to an analysis, other than that, as an acoustic parameter, it may sometimes be easier to measure than an aerodynamic parameter (pressure or airflow) or an articulatory parameter (closure interval or the duration, extent and timing of a vocal fold abductory gesture). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg/220px-Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg/330px-Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg/440px-Voice_Onset_Timing_differences_for_English_Tie_and_Die.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Voice Onset Timing <a href="/wiki/Spectrograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograms">spectrograms</a> for English "die" and "tie". The voiceless gap between release and voicing is highlighted in red. Here the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> has a VOT of 95 ms, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> has one of 25 ms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three major <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> types of stops can be analyzed in terms of their voice onset time. </p> <ul><li>Simple unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a>" stops, have a voice onset time at or near zero, meaning that the voicing of a following <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (such as a vowel) begins at or near to when the stop is released. (An offset of 15 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> or less on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and 30 ms or less on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> is inaudible, and counts as tenuis.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a> stops followed by a sonorant have a voice onset time greater than this amount, called a <b>positive VOT</b>. The length of the VOT in such cases is a practical measure of aspiration: The longer the VOT, the stronger the aspiration. In <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, for example, which is strongly aspirated, the aspiration (and therefore the VOT) lasts twice as long as it does in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: 160ms vs. 80ms for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>, and 45ms for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>. Some languages have weaker aspiration than English. For velar stops, tenuis <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> typically has a VOT of 20-30 ms, weakly aspirated [k] of some 50-60 ms, moderately aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> averages 80–90 ms, and anything much over 100 ms would be considered strong aspiration. (Another phonation, <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>, is commonly called <i>voiced aspiration</i>; in order for the VOT measure to apply to it, VOT needs to be understood as the onset of modal voicing. Of course, an aspirated consonant will not always be followed by a voiced sound, in which case VOT cannot be used to measure it.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> stops have a voice onset time noticeably less than zero, a "negative VOT", meaning the vocal cords start vibrating before the stop is released. With a "fully voiced stop", the VOT coincides with the onset of the stop; with a "partially voiced stop", such as English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> in initial position, voicing begins sometime during the closure (occlusion) of the consonant.</li></ul> <p>Because neither aspiration nor voicing is absolute, with intermediate degrees of both, the relative terms <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a> are often used to describe a binary opposition between a series of consonants with higher (more positive) VOT, defined as <i>fortis</i>, and a second series with lower (more negative) VOT, defined as <i>lenis</i>. Of course, being relative, what fortis and lenis mean in one language will not in general correspond to what they mean in another. </p><p>Voicing contrast applies to all types of consonants, but aspiration is generally only a feature of stops and affricates. </p><p>There are also mixed-voiced consonants which start off as voiced but is released as either tenuis, aspirated or as ejectives like in <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a> contrasts them with plain voiced and voicelesses like /p, b, b͡p/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspiration may be transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʰ</span>⟩, long (strong) aspiration ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʰʰ</span>⟩. Voicing is most commonly indicated by the choice of consonant letter. For one way of transcribing <a href="/wiki/Pre-voicing" title="Pre-voicing">pre-voicing</a> and other timing variants, see <a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_IPA#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensions to the IPA">extensions to the IPA#Diacritics</a>. Other systems include that of Laver (1994),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who distinguishes fully devoiced ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">b̥a</span>⟩ and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ab̥</span>⟩ from initial partial devoicing of the onset of a syllable by ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">˳ba</span>⟩ and from final partial devoicing of the coda of a syllable by ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ab˳</span>⟩. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_in_languages">Examples in languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples in languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Relative VOT distinctions in various languages<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th rowspan="2">Voice Onset Time</th> <th colspan="10">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Fortis_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis (phonetics)">fortis</a>)</td> <td><i>Strong <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a></i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">↑</td> <td><i>Moderate aspiration</i></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Mild aspiration</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></i></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">↓</td> <td><i>Partially voiced</i></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a>)</td> <td><i>Fully <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abramson, A., & Lisker, L. (1973). Voice timing perception in Spanish word-initial stops. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 1, 1-8.</li> <li>Abramson, A. S., & Whalen, D. H. (2017). Voice Onset Time (VOT) at 50: Theoretical and practical issues in measuring voicing distinctions. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 63, 75–86.</li> <li>Allen, J., Miller, J., & DeSteno, D. (2003). Individual talker differences in voice-onset-time. <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 113, 544–552.</li> <li>Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 27, 207–229. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1999.0094">https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1999.0094</a></li> <li>Cho, T., Whalen, D., & Docherty, G. (2019). Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 72, 52–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002</a></li> <li>Itoh, M., Sasanuma, S., Tatsumi, I. F., Murakami, S., Fukusako, Y., & Suzuki, T. (1982). Voice onset time characteristics in apraxia of speech. <i>Brain and Language</i>, 17, 193–210.</li> <li>Kessinger, R. H., & Blumstein, S. E. (1997). Effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time in Thai, French, and English. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>, 25, 143–168</li> <li>Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. <i>Word</i>, 20(3), 384–422. DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830.</li> <li>Rubin, P. (2022). Arthur Abramson. In <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, April 20, 2022. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.923">https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.923</a></li> <li>Scobbie, J. M. (2006). Flexibility in the face of incompatible English VOT systems. In L. Goldstein, D. H. Whalen, & C. T. Best (Eds.), <i>Laboratory phonology 8: Varieties of phonological competence</i> (pp. 367–392). Papers from 8th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, New Haven, CT. Phonology and Phonetics 4. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.</li> <li>Winn, M. B. (2020). Manipulation of voice onset time in speech stimuli: A tutorial and flexible Praat script. <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>, 147, 852-866.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adjarian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adjarian_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57626142/f121.image">ADJARIAN, H., Les explosives de l'ancien arménien étudiées dans les dialectes modernes, La Parole. Revue internationale de Rhinologie, Otologie, Laryngologie et Phonétique expérimentale, 119-127 (1899)</a> "<i>... la relation qui existe entre deux moments : celui où la consonne éclate par l'effet de l'expulsion de l'air hors de la bouche, ou explosion, et celui où le larynx entre en vibration.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinWang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinWang_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LIN, C. & WANG, H., Automatic estimation of voice onset time for word-initial stops by applying random forest to onset detection, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 514-525 (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisker_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haskinslabs.org/sites/default/files/files/Reprints/HL0053.pdf">"Lisker, L. and Abramson, A.S., A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: acoustical measurements, Word Vol. 20, 384-422 (1964)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisker%2C+L.+and+Abramson%2C+A.S.%2C+A+cross-language+study+of+voicing+in+initial+stops%3A+acoustical+measurements%2C+Word+Vol.+20%2C+384-422+%281964%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaskinslabs.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FReprints%2FHL0053.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+onset+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ROTHENBERG, M. "Voice Onset Time vs. Articulatory Modeling for Stop Consonants", The Jan Gauffin Memorial Symposium, October 16, 2008. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. <i>(To be published in the proceedings)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Principles of Phonetics</i>, p. 340</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Taehong Cho and Peter Ladefoged, "Variations and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages". <i>Journal of Phonetics</i> vol. 27. 207-229. 1999.</li> <li>Angelika Braun, "VOT im 19. Jahrhundert oder "Die Wiederkehr des Gleichen"". <i>Phonetica</i> vol. 40. 323-327. 1983.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_onset_time&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philiprubin.me/vot/">Abramson-Lisker VOT Stimuli</a>. An interactive demo of VOT stimuli created by Arthur Abramson and Leigh Lisker</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linglish.net/2009/01/03/buy-a-pie-for-the-spy/">Buy a pie for the spy</a> A description of the mechanism of voiced, tenuis (voiceless unaspirated), and (voiceless) aspirated stops in relation to voice onset time</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active_place" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" 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