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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Inca_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Inca era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Inca_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Liberal Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_claimed_territories_since_1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_claimed_territories_since_1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Loss of claimed territories since 1830 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_claimed_territories_since_1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Struggle for independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_possession_of_the_Amazon_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_possession_of_the_Amazon_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_possession_of_the_Amazon_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_governments_(1972–79)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_governments_(1972–79)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Military governments (1972–79) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_governments_(1972–79)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_democracy_(1979–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_democracy_(1979–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Return to democracy (1979–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_democracy_(1979–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Executive branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Legislative branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Judicial branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Electoral branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_and_social_control_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_and_social_control_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Transparency and social control branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_and_social_control_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Foreign affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_and_planning_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_planning_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Regions and planning areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_planning_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sciences_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sciences and research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Immigration and emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ecuador</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 250 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-250" aria-hidden="true" > 250 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88kuador" title="Èkuador – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Èkuador" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экуадор – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Экуадор" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%B3%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%AD" title="ኤኳዶር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤኳዶር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडोर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इक्वेडोर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="الإكوادور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإكوادور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88quator_(payis)" title="Èquator (payis) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èquator (payis)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="ईक्वाडोर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईक्वाडोर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuat%C3%B3ry" title="Ekuatóry – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ekuatóry" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwadur" title="Ikwadur – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ikwadur" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اکوادور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکوادور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kuador" title="Ékuador – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ékuador" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0" title="ইকুয়েডর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইকুয়েডর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इक्वेडोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwado" title="Ekwado – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ekwado" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ཁོའོ་ཌོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ཁོའོ་ཌོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equador" title="Equador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igwador" title="Igwador – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Igwador" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekv%C3%A1dor" title="Ekvádor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekvádor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecwador" title="Ecwador – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ecwador" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لإكواطور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإكواطور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%AF%DE%83%DE%AA" title="އިކުއެޑޯރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިކުއެޑޯރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इक्वेडर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1)" title="Ισημερινός (χώρα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισημερινός (χώρα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvadoro" title="Ekvadoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekvadoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equadol" title="Equadol – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Equadol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اکوادور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکوادور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(pays)" title="Équateur (pays) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équateur (pays)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwadoor" title="Ekwadoor – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ekwadoor" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eacuad%C3%B3r" title="Eacuadór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eacuadór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eacuador" title="Eacuador – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eacuador" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0" title="ઈક્વેડોર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈક્વેડોર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82" title="𐌴𐌺𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌴𐌺𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्वादोर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="एक्वादोर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%BD%B0%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4" title="에콰도르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에콰도르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Ekuakola" title="‘Ekuakola – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="‘Ekuakola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Էկվադոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկվադոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="ईक्वाडोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईक्वाडोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equador" title="Equador – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Equador" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0" title="ইকুয়াডর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইকুয়াডর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אקוודור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקוודור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kuador" title="Ékuador – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékuador" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuwat%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Ekuwatɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ekuwatɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಕ್ವಡಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಕ್ವಡಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ეკვადორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკვადორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_an_Ekwador" title="Pow an Ekwador – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow an Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwadoro" title="Ekwadoro – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ekwadoro" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuadora" title="Ekuadora – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ekuadora" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwat%C3%A8_(peyi)" title="Ekwatè (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekwatè (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9kwat%C3%B2" title="Lékwatò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lékwatò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8D" title="ປະເທດເອກວາດໍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເອກວາດໍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvadors" title="Ekvadors – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ekvadors" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequatoria" title="Aequatoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aequatoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvadora" title="Ekvadora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekvadora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvadoras" title="Ekvadoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekvadoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuad%C3%B2r" title="Ecuadòr – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ecuadòr" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republ%C3%ADki_ya_Ekwat%C3%A9li" title="Republíki ya Ekwatéli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Republíki ya Ekwatéli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ekuador" title="ekuador – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ekuador" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoad%C3%B4ra" title="Ekoadôra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ekoadôra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="ഇക്വഡോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇക്വഡോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuatoa" title="Ekuatoa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ekuatoa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इक्वेडोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ეკვადორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკვადორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اكوادور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكوادور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اکوادر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اکوادر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94" title="ꯏꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯗꯣꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯗꯣꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiquador" title="Eiquador – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiquador" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီကွေဒေါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီကွေဒေါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इक्वेडर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="इक्वेडोर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इक्वेडोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB" title="エクアドル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エクアドル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwadoor" title="Ekwadoor – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ekwadoor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equador" title="Equador – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Equador" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eq%C3%BCator_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Eqüator (país) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eqüator (país)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0" title="ଇକ୍ୱାଡୋର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇକ୍ୱାଡୋର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqqu%27aador" title="Iqqu'aador – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iqqu'aador" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਏਕੁਆਦੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਕੁਆਦੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्वाडोर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एक्वाडोर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equador" title="Equador – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Equador" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایکواڈور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکواڈور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီကွေဒေါခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီကွေဒေါခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اېکوادور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېکوادور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuaduor" title="Ekuaduor – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ekuaduor" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8C%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="អេក្វាឌ័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេក្វាឌ័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(po%C3%A9yis)" title="Équateur (poéyis) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Équateur (poéyis)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuwado" title="Ekuwado – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ekuwado" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equador" title="Equador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ekuador" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwathur" title="Ikwathur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ikwathur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экуадор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экуадор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuatoa" title="Ekuatoa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ekuatoa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्वाडोर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एक्वाडोर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱠᱩᱣᱟᱰᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuad%C3%B2r" title="Ecuadòr – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ecuadòr" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuadori" title="Ekuadori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekuadori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉක්වදෝරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉක්වදෝරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ايڪواڊور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڪواڊور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekv%C3%A1dor" title="Ekvádor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekvádor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwad%C5%AFr" title="Ekwadůr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ekwadůr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwadoor" title="Ikwadoor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ikwadoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1" title="ئێکوادۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێکوادۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kuador" title="Ékuador – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékuador" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எக்குவடோர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எக்குவடோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwadur" title="Ikwadur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ikwadur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢေႇၵႂႃႇတေႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢေႇၵႂႃႇတေႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఈక్వడార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈక్వడార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuad%C3%B3r" title="Ekuadór – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ekuadór" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศเอกวาดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเอกวาดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%B3%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%AD" title="ኤኳዶር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኤኳዶር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEkuetoa" title="ʻEkuetoa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻEkuetoa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎡᏆᏙᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏆᏙᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwador" title="Ekwador – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ekwador" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эквадор" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еквадор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еквадор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایکواڈور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایکواڈور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%83%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئېكۋادور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېكۋادور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwzgvahdohwj" title="Ngwzgvahdohwj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngwzgvahdohwj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88cuador" title="Ècuador – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ècuador" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ekvador" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekvador%C3%A4n" title="Lekvadorän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lekvadorän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecwateur_(payis)" title="Ecwateur (payis) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ecwateur (payis)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuwatoor%C3%BC" title="Ekuwatoorü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ekuwatoorü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A" title="厄瓜多 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="厄瓜多" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ecuador" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwadoor" title="Ekwadoor – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ekwadoor" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="厄瓜多尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄瓜多尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8" title="עקוואדאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקוואדאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ecuador&params=2_00_S_77_30_W_">2°00′S 77°30′W / 2.000°S 77.500°W / -2.000; -77.500</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in South America. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ecuador_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ecuador (disambiguation)">Ecuador (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Ecuador</div><div class="ib-country-names">República del Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ecuador"><img alt="Flag of Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ecuador" title="Flag of Ecuador">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ecuador"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador" title="Coat of arms of Ecuador">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Dios, patria y libertad (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</li><li>Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</li><li>"God, homeland and freedom"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Salve,_Oh_Patria" title="Salve, Oh Patria">Salve, Oh Patria</a> (Spanish) (English: "Hail, Oh Fatherland")<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="199" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_Ecuador.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Anthem_of_Ecuador.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Anthem_of_Ecuador.ogg/Anthem_of_Ecuador.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_Ecuador.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_Ecuador.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_Ecuador.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_Ecuador.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:ECU_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ecuador (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Ecuador (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ECU_orthographic.svg/250px-ECU_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ECU_orthographic.svg/375px-ECU_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ECU_orthographic.svg/500px-ECU_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Ecuador (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ecuador&params=00_13_12_S_78_30_43_W_type:city">00°13′12″S 78°30′43″W / 0.22000°S 78.51194°W / -0.22000; -78.51194</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> (Quechua), <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a> and others "are in official use for indigenous peoples"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>77.5% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/White_Ecuadorians" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ecuadorians">White</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous</a>)</li><li>7.7% <a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">Montubio</a> (coastal <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a>)</li><li>7.7% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Ecuador">Indigenous</a></li><li>4.8% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Black</a></li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/White_Ecuadorians" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ecuadorians">White</a></li><li>0.1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>86.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>69.0% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ecuador" title="Catholic Church in Ecuador">Catholicism</a></li> <li>16.6% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>1.1% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">12.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.4% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">Ecuadorian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ecuador" title="Vice President of Ecuador">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_Abad_Rojas" title="Verónica Abad Rojas">Verónica Abad Rojas</a> (suspended) <a href="/wiki/Sariha_Moya" title="Sariha Moya">Sariha Moya</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1809</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized by Spain </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1840<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 2008</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">283,561 km2 (109,484 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Excluding the Galapagos Islands</div></th><td class="infobox-data">256,370 km2 (98,990 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador" title="Demographics of Ecuador">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,483,326<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,938,986<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">69/km2 (178.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">148th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $268.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-Banco_Mundial-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14,485<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EC-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $122.762 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EC-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">63rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,630<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EC-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 45.5<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.765<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-15">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>a (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5 / −6 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Ecuador" title="Time in Ecuador">ECT</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos Time">GALT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ecuador" title="Telephone numbers in Ecuador">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ecuador" title="Telephone numbers in Ecuador">+593</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EC" title="ISO 3166-2:EC">EC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ec" title=".ec">.ec</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_sucre" title="Ecuadorian sucre">Sucre</a> until 2000, replaced by the US dollar and <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_centavo_coins" title="Ecuadorian centavo coins">Ecuadorian centavo coins</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ecuador,<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Ecuador,<a href="#cite_note-21">[b]</a> is a country in northwestern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> on the east and south, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> on the west. It also includes the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) west of the mainland. The country's <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> is <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">indigenous peoples</a> that were gradually incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> during the 15th century. The territory was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonized by Spanish Empire</a> during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, from which it emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 17.8 million people being <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a>, followed by large minorities of <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> descendants. Spanish is the official language spoken by a majority of the population, although 13 native languages are also recognized, including <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a>. Ecuador is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> republic and a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> whose economy is highly dependent on exports of commodities, primarily petroleum and agricultural products. The country is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Development_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for the Progress and Development of South America">PROSUR</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>, between 2006 and 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5% and annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5 percent (as compared to 0.6 percent over the prior two decades). At the same time, the country's <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini index</a> of economic inequality improved from 0.55 to 0.47.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> One of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Conservation_International_Site-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Ecuador hosts many <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> plants and animals, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">rights of nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The country's name means "<a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>" in Spanish, truncated from the Spanish official name, República del Ecuador (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "Republic of the Equator"), derived from the former <a href="/wiki/Ecuador_Department" title="Ecuador Department">Ecuador Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> established in 1824 as a division of the former territory of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Quito">Royal Audience of Quito</a>. Quito, which remained the capital of the department and republic, is located only about 40 kilometers (25 mi), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4 of a <a href="/wiki/Latitude#Subdivisions" title="Latitude">degree</a>, south of the equator. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History of Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples in Ecuador</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Inca_era">Pre-Inca era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Inca era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valdivia_(ecuador),_figuretta_di_donna_incinta,_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg/110px-Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg/165px-Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg/220px-Valdivia_%28ecuador%29%2C_figuretta_di_donna_incinta%2C_2300-2000_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="2155" /></a><figcaption>A Venus (2,300-2,000 BCE) of the <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia culture</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_Province" title="Santa Elena Province">Santa Elena Province</a>) displayed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Florence" title="National Archaeological Museum, Florence">National Archaeological Museum of Florence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg/140px-Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg/210px-Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg/280px-Jama-Coaque_-_Figure_Seated_on_a_Bench_with_Hands_Held_to_Mouth_-_Walters_482862_-_Right_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Figure of the Jama Coaque culture (300 BCE-800 CE) (from <a href="/wiki/Manab%C3%AD_Province" title="Manabí Province">Manabí Province</a>). <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg/220px-Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg/330px-Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg/440px-Ecuador_ingapirca_inca_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ingapirca" title="Ingapirca">Ingapirca</a>, was an outpost and supplier for the Incan troops, and also was a <a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">coricancha</a>, a place of worship to the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>), the main god</figcaption></figure> Various peoples had settled in the area of future Ecuador before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a>. The archeological evidence suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, around 16,500–13,000 years ago. The first people who reached Ecuador may have journeyed by land from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> or by boat down the Pacific Ocean coastline. Even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. The people of the coast combined agriculture with fishing, hunting, and gathering; the people of the highland Andes developed a sedentary agricultural way of life; and peoples of the Amazon basin relied on hunting and gathering; in some cases, this is combined with agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">arboriculture</a>. Many civilizations<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> arose in Ecuador, such as the <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivia Culture">Valdivia Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machalilla_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Machalilla Culture">Machalilla Culture</a> on the coast,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quitu_culture" title="Quitu culture">Quitus</a> (near present-day Quito),<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In the highland Andes mountains, where life was more sedentary, groups of tribes cooperated and formed villages; thus the first nations based on agricultural resources and the domestication of animals formed. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a>, groups of nations formed confederations. When the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> arrived, they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers—<a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a>—to absorb them into the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. People belonging to the confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, and north Argentina. Similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> in 1463 sharing the same language.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior and resorted to <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> tactics. As a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon Basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived in force. The Amazonian people and the <a href="/wiki/Chachi_people" title="Chachi people">Cayapas</a> of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist both Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their languages and cultures well into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Inca Empire was involved in a <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">civil war</a>. The untimely death of both the heir <a href="/wiki/Ninan_Cuyochi" title="Ninan Cuyochi">Ninan Cuyochi</a> and the Emperor Huayna Capac, from a European disease that spread into Ecuador, created a power vacuum between two factions and led to a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The army stationed north<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> headed by Atahualpa marched south to Cuzco and massacred the royal family associated with his brother. In 1532, a small band of Spaniards headed by Francisco Pizarro reached <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> and lured Atahualpa into a trap (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">battle of Cajamarca</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pizarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizarro">Pizarro</a> promised to release Atahualpa if he made good his promise of filling a room full of gold. But, after a mock trial, the Spaniards executed Atahualpa by strangulation.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonization">Spanish colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish colonization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_deck_(Palacio_de_Pizarro),_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_(Quito),_pic.aa4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg/220px-Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg/330px-Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg/440px-Roof_deck_%28Palacio_de_Pizarro%29%2C_Plaza_de_la_Independencia_%28Quito%29%2C_pic.aa4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The colonial <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a>, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</figcaption></figure> New infectious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, endemic to the Europeans, caused high fatalities among the Amerindian population during the first decades of Spanish rule, as they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>. At the same time, the natives were forced into the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> labor system for the Spanish. In 1563, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Quito">real audiencia</a> (administrative district) of Spain and part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1797_Riobamba_earthquake" title="1797 Riobamba earthquake">1797 Riobamba earthquake</a>, which caused up to 40,000 casualties, was studied by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, when he visited the area in 1801–1802.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> After nearly 300 years of Spanish rule, Quito still remained small with a population of 10,000 people. On 10 August 1809, the city's <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> called for independence from Spain (first among the peoples of Latin America). They were led by Juan Pío Montúfar, Quiroga, Salinas, and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quito's nickname, "<a href="/wiki/Luz_de_Am%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Luz de América">Luz de América</a>" ("Light of America"), is based on its leading role in trying to secure an independent, local government. Although the new government lasted no more than two months, it had important repercussions and was an inspiration for the independence movement of the rest of Spanish America. Today, 10 August is celebrated as Independence Day, a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ecuador" title="Public holidays in Ecuador">national holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuadorian War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG/170px-Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG/255px-Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG/340px-Jose_Antonio_de_Sucre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Venezuelan independence hero <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg/170px-Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg/255px-Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg/340px-Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil Conference</a> between the two Hispanic South American heroes of independence, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></figcaption></figure> On 9 October 1820, the Department of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> became the first territory in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain, and it spawned most of the Ecuadorian coastal provinces, establishing itself as an independent state. Its inhabitants celebrated what is now Ecuador's official Independence Day on 24 May 1822. The rest of Ecuador gained its independence after <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Battle of Pichincha</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>. Following the battle, Ecuador joined <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Gran_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Gran Colombia">Republic of Gran Colombia</a>, also including modern-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. In 1830, Ecuador separated from Gran Colombia and became an independent republic. Two years later, it annexed the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The 19th century was marked by instability for Ecuador with a rapid succession of rulers. The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan-born <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a>, who was ultimately deposed. Leaders who followed him included <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Rocafuerte" title="Vicente Rocafuerte">Vicente Rocafuerte</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Olmedo" title="José Joaquín de Olmedo">José Joaquín de Olmedo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Urbina" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Urbina">José María Urbina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diego_Noboa" title="Diego Noboa">Diego Noboa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Arteta" title="Pedro José de Arteta">Pedro José de Arteta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Asc%C3%A1subi" title="Manuel de Ascásubi">Manuel de Ascásubi</a>; and Flores's own son, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Flores_Jij%C3%B3n" title="Antonio Flores Jijón">Antonio Flores Jijón</a>, among others. The conservative <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Gabriel García Moreno</a> unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church. In the late 19th century, world demand for <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast. Ecuador <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery timeline">abolished</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">slavery</a> in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The descendants of enslaved Ecuadorians are among today's <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Ecuadorian">Afro-Ecuadorian</a> population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Revolution">Liberal Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberal Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution of 1895</a></div> The Liberal Revolution of 1895 under <a href="/wiki/Eloy_Alfaro" title="Eloy Alfaro">Eloy Alfaro</a> reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners. This liberal wing retained power until the military "Julian Revolution" of 1925. The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians, such as five-time President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Velasco_Ibarra" title="José María Velasco Ibarra">José María Velasco Ibarra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_claimed_territories_since_1830">Loss of claimed territories since 1830</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loss of claimed territories since 1830">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_territorial_dispute" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute">Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_territorial_dispute" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute">Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia-Peru_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Colombia-Peru War">Gran Colombian-Peruvian War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War_(1857%E2%80%931860)" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)">First Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angoteros_(1903)" title="Battle of Angoteros (1903)">Angoteros incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torres_Causana_(1904)" title="Battle of Torres Causana (1904)">Torres Causana incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian-Peruvian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian-Peruvian War">Second Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_incident_of_1978" title="Border incident of 1978">Border incident of 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paquisha_War" title="Paquisha War">Paquisha incident (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Third Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1995)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Brasilia_Presidential_Act" title="Brasilia Presidential Act">Brasilia Presidential Act</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> After Ecuador's separation from Colombia on 13 May 1830, its first President, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a>, laid claim to the territory that had belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a>, also referred to as the Presidencia of Quito. He supported his claims with Spanish Royal decrees, or real cedulas, that delineated the borders of Spain's former overseas colonies. In the case of Ecuador, Flores based Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> claims on the Real Cedulas of 1563, 1739, and 1740; with modifications in the Amazon Basin and Andes Mountains that were introduced through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guayaquil" title="Treaty of Guayaquil">Treaty of Guayaquil</a> (1829) which Peru reluctantly signed, after the overwhelmingly outnumbered Gran Colombian force led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> defeated President and General La Mar's Peruvian invasion force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarqui" title="Battle of Tarqui">Battle of Tarqui</a>. In addition, Ecuador's eastern border with the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Amazon Basin was modified before the Wars of Independence by the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="First Treaty of San Ildefonso">First Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> (1777) between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. Moreover, to add legitimacy to his claims, on 16 February 1840, Flores signed a treaty with Spain, whereby Flores convinced Spain to officially recognize Ecuadorian independence and its sole rights to colonial titles over Spain's former colonial territory known anciently to Spain as the Kingdom and Presidency of Quito. Ecuador during its long and turbulent history has lost most of its contested territories to each of its more powerful neighbors, such as Colombia in 1832 and 1916, Brazil in 1904 through a series of peaceful treaties, and Peru after a short war in which the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro was signed in 1942. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_independence">Struggle for independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Struggle for independence">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">struggle for independence</a>, before Peru or Ecuador became independent, areas of the former Vice Royalty of New Granada declared themselves independent from Spain. A few months later, a part of the Peruvian liberation army of San Martín decided to occupy the independent cities of Tumbez and Jaén, with the intention of using them as springboards to occupy the independent city of Guayaquil and then liberate the rest of the Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador). It was common knowledge among officers of the liberation army from the south that their leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a> wished to liberate present-day Ecuador and add it to the future republic of Peru, since it had been part of the Inca Empire before the Spaniards conquered it. However, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a>'s intention was to form a new republic known as the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, out of the liberated Spanish territory of New Granada which consisted of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. San Martín's plans were thwarted when Bolívar, descended from the Andes mountains and occupied Guayaquil; they also annexed the newly liberated Audiencia de Quito to the Republic of Gran Colombia. In the south, Ecuador had claims to a small piece of land beside the Pacific Ocean known as <a href="/wiki/Tumbes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbes Region">Tumbes</a>. In Ecuador's southern Andes Mountain region where the Marañon cuts across, Ecuador had claims to an area it called <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Peru" title="Jaén, Peru">Jaén de Bracamoros</a>. These areas were included as part of the territory of Gran Colombia by Bolivar on 17 December 1819, during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">Congress of Angostura</a> when the Republic of Gran Colombia was created. Tumbes declared itself independent from Spain on 17 January 1821, and Jaén de Bracamoros on 17 June 1821, without any outside help from revolutionary armies. However, that same year, Peruvian forces participating in the Trujillo revolution occupied both Jaén and Tumbes. Peruvian generals, without any legal titles backing them up and with Ecuador still federated with the Gran Colombia, had the desire to annex Ecuador to the Republic of Peru at the expense of the Gran Colombia, feeling that Ecuador was once part of the Inca Empire. On 28 July 1821, Peruvian independence was proclaimed in Lima by San Martín, and Tumbes and Jaén, which were included as part of the revolution of Trujillo by the Peruvian occupying force, had the whole region swear allegiance to the new Peruvian flag and incorporated itself into Peru. Gran Colombia had always protested Peru for the return of Jaén and Tumbes for almost a decade, then finally Bolivar after long and futile discussion over the return of Jaén, Tumbes, and part of Mainas, declared war. President and General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_La_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="José de La Mar">José de La Mar</a>, who was born in Ecuador, believing his opportunity had come to annex the District of Ecuador to Peru, personally, with a Peruvian force, invaded and occupied Guayaquil and a few cities in the Loja region of southern Ecuador on 28 November 1828. The war ended when an outnumbered southern Gran Colombian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarqui" title="Battle of Tarqui">Battle of Tarqui</a> on 27 February 1829, led by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, defeated the Peruvian invasion force led by President La Mar. This defeat led to the signing of the Treaty of Guayaquil in September 1829, whereby Peru and its Congress recognized Gran Colombian rights over Tumbes, Jaén, and Maynas. Through meetings between Peru and Gran Colombia, the border was set as Tumbes river in the west, and in the east, the Maranon and Amazon rivers were to be followed toward Brazil as the most natural borders between them. According to the peace negotiations Peru agreed to return Guayaquil, Tumbez, and Jaén; despite this, Peru returned Guayaquil, but failed to return Tumbes and Jaén, alleging that it was not obligated to follow the agreements, since the Gran Colombia ceased to exist when it divided itself into three different nations – Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGHRC_(1890)_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia,_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/220px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/330px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg/440px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_XI_-_Divisi%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia%2C_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4293" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption>Map of the former <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> in 1824 (named in its time as Colombia), the Gran Colombia covered all the colored region.</figcaption></figure> The Central District of the Gran Colombia, known as Cundinamarca or New Granada (modern Colombia) with its capital in Bogota, did not recognize the separation of the Southern District of the Gran Colombia, with its capital in Quito, from the Gran Colombian federation on 13 May 1830. After Ecuador's separation, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Cauca">Department of Cauca</a> voluntarily decided to unite itself with Ecuador due to instability in the central government of Bogota. The Venezuelan born President of Ecuador, the general <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a>, with the approval of the Ecuadorian congress annexed the Department of Cauca on 20 December 1830, since the government of Cauca had called for union with the District of the South as far back as April 1830. Moreover, the Cauca region, throughout its long history, had very strong economic and cultural ties with the people of Ecuador. Also, the Cauca region, which included such cities as <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Valle_del_Cauca" title="Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca">Buenaventura</a>, had always been dependent on the Presidencia or Audiencia of Quito. Fruitless negotiations continued between the governments of Bogotá and Quito, where the government of Bogotá did not recognize the separation of Ecuador or that of Cauca from the Gran Colombia until war broke out in May 1832. In five months, New Granada defeated Ecuador due to the fact that the majority of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces were composed of rebellious angry unpaid veterans from Venezuela and Colombia that did not want to fight against their fellow countrymen. Seeing that his officers were rebelling, mutinying, and changing sides, President Flores had no option but to reluctantly make peace with New Granada. The Treaty of Pasto of 1832 was signed by which the Department of Cauca was turned over to New Granada (modern Colombia), the government of Bogotá recognized Ecuador as an independent country and the border was to follow the Ley de División Territorial de la República de Colombia (Law of the Division of Territory of the Gran Colombia) passed on 25 June 1824. This law set the border at the river Carchi and the eastern border that stretched to Brazil at the Caquetá river. Later, Ecuador contended that the Republic of Colombia, while reorganizing its government, unlawfully made its eastern border provisional and that Colombia extended its claims south to the Napo River because it said that the Government of Popayán extended its control all the way to the Napo River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Struggle_for_possession_of_the_Amazon_Basin">Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_1879.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/220px-South_America_1879.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/330px-South_America_1879.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/440px-South_America_1879.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>South America (1879): All land claims by Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia in 1879</figcaption></figure> When Ecuador seceded from the Gran Colombia, Peru contested Ecuador's claims with the newly discovered Real Cedula of 1802, by which Peru claims the King of Spain had transferred these lands from the Viceroyalty of New Granada to the Viceroyalty of Peru. During colonial times this was to halt the ever-expanding Portuguese settlements into Spanish domains, which were left vacant and in disorder after the expulsion of Jesuit missionaries from their bases along the Amazon Basin. Ecuador countered by labeling the Cedula of 1802 an ecclesiastical instrument, which had nothing to do with political borders. Peru began its de facto occupation of disputed Amazonian territories, after it signed a secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil. This treaty disregarded Spanish rights that were confirmed during colonial times by a Spanish-Portuguese treaty over the Amazon regarding territories held by illegal Portuguese settlers. Peru began occupying the missionary villages in the Mainas or Maynas region, which it began calling Loreto, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>. During its negotiations with Brazil, Peru claimed Amazonian Basin territories up to Caqueta River in the north and toward the Andes Mountain range. Colombia protested stating that its claims extended south toward the Napo and Amazon Rivers. Ecuador protested that it claimed the Amazon Basin between the Caqueta river and the Marañon-Amazon river. Peru ignored these protests and created the Department of Loreto in 1853 with its capital in Iquitos. Peru briefly occupied Guayaquil again in 1860, since Peru thought that Ecuador was selling some of the disputed land for development to British bond holders, but returned Guayaquil after a few months. The border dispute was then submitted to Spain for arbitration from 1880 to 1910, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In the early part of the 20th century, Ecuador made an effort to peacefully define its eastern Amazonian borders with its neighbours through negotiation. On 6 May 1904, Ecuador signed the Tobar-Rio Branco Treaty recognizing Brazil's claims to the Amazon in recognition of Ecuador's claim to be an Amazonian country to counter Peru's earlier Treaty with Brazil back on 23 October 1851. Then after a few meetings with the Colombian government's representatives an agreement was reached and the Muñoz Vernaza-Suarez Treaty was signed 15 July 1916, in which Colombian rights to the Putumayo river were recognized as well as Ecuador's rights to the Napo river and the new border was a line that ran midpoint between those two rivers. In this way, Ecuador gave up the claims it had to the Amazonian territories between the Caquetá River and Napo River to Colombia, thus cutting itself off from Brazil. Later, a brief war erupted between Colombia and Peru, over Peru's claims to the Caquetá region, which ended with Peru reluctantly signing the Salomon-Lozano Treaty on 24 March 1922. Ecuador protested this secret treaty, since Colombia gave away Ecuadorian claimed land to Peru that Ecuador had given to Colombia in 1916. On 21 July 1924, the Ponce-Castro Oyanguren Protocol was signed between Ecuador and Peru where both agreed to hold direct negotiations and to resolve the dispute in an equitable manner and to submit the differing points of the dispute to the United States for arbitration. Negotiations between the Ecuadorian and Peruvian representatives began in Washington on 30 September 1935. The negotiations turned into arguments during the next 7 months and finally on 29 September 1937, the Peruvian representatives decided to break off the negotiations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1941, amid fast-growing tensions within disputed territories around the Zarumilla River, war broke out with Peru. Peru claimed that Ecuador's military presence in Peruvian-claimed territory was an invasion; Ecuador, for its part, claimed that Peru had recently invaded Ecuador around the Zarumilla River and that Peru since Ecuador's independence from Spain has systematically occupied Tumbez, Jaén, and most of the disputed territories in the Amazonian Basin between the Putomayo and Marañon Rivers. In July 1941, troops were mobilized in both countries. Peru had an army of 11,681 troops who faced a poorly supplied and inadequately armed Ecuadorian force of 2,300, of which only 1,300 were deployed in the southern provinces. Hostilities erupted on 5 July 1941, when Peruvian forces crossed the Zarumilla river at several locations, testing the strength and resolve of the Ecuadorian border troops. Finally, on 23 July 1941, the Peruvians launched a major invasion, crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of <a href="/wiki/El_Oro_Province" title="El Oro Province">El Oro</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png/220px-Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png/330px-Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png/440px-Ecuador-peru-land-claims-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ecuadorian land claims after 1916</figcaption></figure> During the course of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a>, Peru gained control over part of the disputed territory and some parts of the province of El Oro, and some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Loja_Province" title="Loja Province">province of Loja</a>, demanding that the Ecuadorian government give up its territorial claims. The Peruvian Navy blocked the port of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, almost cutting all supplies to the Ecuadorian troops. After a few weeks of war and under pressure by the United States and several Latin American nations, all fighting came to a stop. Ecuador and Peru came to an accord formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Protocol" title="Rio Protocol">Rio Protocol</a>, signed on 29 January 1942, in favor of hemispheric unity against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> favoring Peru with the territory they occupied at the time the war came to an end. The 1944 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_May_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glorious May Revolution (page does not exist)">Glorious May Revolution</a> followed a military-civilian rebellion and a subsequent civic strike which successfully removed Carlos Arroyo del Río as a dictator from Ecuador's government. However, a post-Second World War recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s, while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In 1972, construction of the Andean pipeline was completed. The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast, making Ecuador South America's second largest oil exporter. In 1978, the city of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> were inscribed as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, making the first two properties in the world to become listed sites. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relevo-ecu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relevo-ecu.JPG/220px-Relevo-ecu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relevo-ecu.JPG/330px-Relevo-ecu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Relevo-ecu.JPG/440px-Relevo-ecu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Ecuadorian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirage_F.1JA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mirage_F.1JA.JPG/220px-Mirage_F.1JA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mirage_F.1JA.JPG/330px-Mirage_F.1JA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mirage_F.1JA.JPG/440px-Mirage_F.1JA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F.1JA</a> (FAE-806) was one aircraft involved in the claimed shooting down of two Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi Su-22">Sukhoi Su-22</a> on 10 February 1995.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Protocol" title="Rio Protocol">Rio Protocol</a> failed to precisely resolve the border along a little river in the remote Cordillera del Cóndor region in southern Ecuador. This caused a long-simmering dispute between Ecuador and Peru, which ultimately led to fighting between the two countries; first a border skirmish in January–February 1981 known as the <a href="/wiki/Paquisha_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Paquisha Incident">Paquisha Incident</a>, and ultimately full-scale warfare in January 1995 where the Ecuadorian military shot down Peruvian aircraft and helicopters and Peruvian infantry marched into southern Ecuador. Each country blamed the other for the onset of hostilities, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sixto_Dur%C3%A1n_Ball%C3%A9n" title="Sixto Durán Ballén">Sixto Durán Ballén</a>, the Ecuadorian president, famously declared that he would not give up a single centimeter of Ecuador. Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> against Peru: graffiti could be seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the "Cain de Latinoamérica", a reference to the murder of <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> by his brother <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Ecuador and Peru signed the <a href="/wiki/Brasilia_Presidential_Act" title="Brasilia Presidential Act">Brasilia Presidential Act</a> peace agreement on 26 October 1998, which ended hostilities, and effectively put an end to the Western Hemisphere's longest running territorial dispute.<a href="#cite_note-ucdp.uu.se-46">[44]</a> The Guarantors of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Protocol" title="Rio Protocol">Rio Protocol</a> (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and the United States of America) ruled that the border of the undelineated zone was to be set at the line of the Cordillera del Cóndor. While Ecuador had to give up its decades-old territorial claims to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera, as well as to the entire western area of Cenepa headwaters, Peru was compelled to give to Ecuador, in perpetual lease but without sovereignty, 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) of its territory, in the area where the Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza – focal point of the war – had been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held during the conflict. The final border demarcation came into effect on 13 May 1999, and the multi-national MOMEP (Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru) troop deployment withdrew on 17 June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-ucdp.uu.se-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_governments_(1972–79)">Military governments (1972–79)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military governments (1972–79)">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, a "revolutionary and nationalist" military <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">junta</a> overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra. The <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was led by General <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Guillermo Rodríguez (politician)">Guillermo Rodríguez</a> and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G. The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina. He remained in power until 1976, when he was removed by another military government. That military junta was led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Poveda" title="Alfredo Poveda">Alfredo Poveda</a>, who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council included two other members: General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Luis Pintado. The civil society more and more insistently called for democratic elections. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_Levoyer" title="Richelieu Levoyer">Richelieu Levoyer</a>, Government Minister, proposed and implemented a Plan to return to the constitutional system through universal elections. This plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_democracy_(1979–present)">Return to democracy (1979–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Return to democracy (1979–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Ecuador (1990–present)">History of Ecuador (1990–present)</a></div> Elections were held on 29 April 1979, under a new constitution. <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Rold%C3%B3s_Aguilera" title="Jaime Roldós Aguilera">Jaime Roldós Aguilera</a> was elected president, garnering over one million votes, the most in Ecuadorian history. He took office on 10 August as the first constitutionally elected president, after nearly a decade of civilian and military dictatorships. In 1980, he founded the Partido Pueblo, Cambio y Democracia (People, Change, and Democracy Party) after withdrawing from the Concentración de Fuerzas Populares (Popular Forces Concentration). He governed until 24 May 1981, when he died, along with his wife and the minister of defense <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Subia_Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Subia Martinez (page does not exist)">Marco Subia Martinez</a>, when his Air Force plane crashed in heavy rain near the Peruvian border. Many people believe that he was assassinated by the CIA,<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> given the multiple death threats against him because of his reformist agenda, the deaths in automobile crashes of two key witnesses before they could testify during the investigation, and the sometimes contradictory accounts of the incident. Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Febres_Cordero" title="León Febres Cordero">León Febres Cordero</a> from the Social Christian Party was elected president. <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Borja_Cevallos" title="Rodrigo Borja Cevallos">Rodrigo Borja Cevallos</a> of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática, or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, winning the runoff election against <a href="/wiki/Abdal%C3%A1_Bucaram" title="Abdalá Bucaram">Abdalá Bucaram</a> (brother in law of <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Roldos" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Roldos">Jaime Roldos</a> and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party). His government was committed to improving human rights protection and carried out some reforms, notably an opening of Ecuador to foreign trade. The Borja government negotiated the disbanding of the small terrorist group, "<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Alfaro_Vive,_Carajo!" title="¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!">¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!</a>" ("Alfaro Lives, Dammit!"), named after <a href="/wiki/Eloy_Alfaro" title="Eloy Alfaro">Eloy Alfaro</a>. However, continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID party, and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1999.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg/250px-CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg/375px-CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg/500px-CAMBIO_DE_GUARDIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Len%C3%ADn_Moreno" title="Lenín Moreno">Lenín Moreno</a>, first lady <a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Navas" title="Rocío González Navas">Rocío González Navas</a> and his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>, 3 April 2017</figcaption></figure> A notable event was the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a> fought between Ecuador and Peru in 1995. Ecuador won its first Olympic medal in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> when <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_P%C3%A9rez" title="Jefferson Pérez">Jefferson Pérez</a> won gold in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_20_kilometres_walk" title="Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk">20 km walk</a>. Ecuador adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> on 13 April 2000 as its national currency and on 11 September, the country eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_sucre" title="Ecuadorian sucre">Ecuadorian sucre</a>, in order to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">country's economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The US Dollar has been the only official currency of Ecuador since then.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The emergence of the Amerindian population as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years. The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment and provision of social services, and the historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. Their movement, along with the continuing destabilizing efforts by both the elite and leftist movements, has led to a deterioration of the executive office. The populace and the other branches of government give the president very little political capital, as illustrated by the most recent removal of President <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Lucio Gutiérrez">Lucio Gutiérrez</a> from office by Congress in April 2005.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Palacio" title="Alfredo Palacio">Alfredo Palacio</a> took his place<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian general election, 2006">election of 2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> gained the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In January 2007, several left-wing political leaders of Latin America, his future allies, attended his swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Endorsed in a <a href="/wiki/2008_Ecuadorian_constitutional_referendum" title="2008 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum">2008 referendum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">new constitution</a> implemented leftist reforms.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In December 2008, Correa declared Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a> illegitimate, based on the argument that it was <a href="/wiki/Odious_debt" title="Odious debt">odious debt</a> contracted by prior corrupt and despotic regimes. He announced that the country would default on over $3 billion worth of bonds, and he succeeded in reducing the price of outstanding bonds by more than 60% by fighting creditors in <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TRN2009Win-55">[53]</a> He brought Ecuador into the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a> in June 2009. Correa's administration reduced the high levels of poverty and unemployment in Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-Romero-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Most_Popular_E-mail_Newsletter-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Correa's three consecutive terms (from 2007 to 2017) were followed by his former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Len%C3%ADn_Moreno" title="Lenín Moreno">Lenín Moreno</a>'s four years as president (2017–21). After being elected in 2017, President Moreno's government adopted <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economically liberal</a> policies, such as reduction of <a href="/wiki/Public_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Public spending">public spending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalization">trade liberalization</a>, and flexibility of the labour code. Ecuador also left the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a> (Alba) in August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The Productive Development Act introduced an austerity policy, and reduced the previous development and redistribution policies. Regarding taxes, the authorities aimed to "encourage the return of investors" by granting amnesty to fraudsters and proposing measures to reduce <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">tax rates for large companies</a>. In addition, the government waived the right to tax increases in raw material prices and foreign exchange repatriations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In October 2018, Moreno cut diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a> administration of Venezuela, a close ally of Correa.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The relations with the United States improved significantly under Moreno. In June 2019, Ecuador agreed to allow US military planes to operate from an airport on the Galapagos Islands.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In February 2020, his visit to Washington was the first meeting between an Ecuadorian and U.S. president in 17 years.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2019_Ecuadorian_protests" title="2019 Ecuadorian protests">series of protests</a> began on 3 October 2019 against the end of fuel <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity measures</a> adopted by Moreno. On 10 October, protesters overran Quito, the capital, causing the Government of Ecuador to relocate temporarily to <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The government eventually returned to Quito in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> On 14 October 2019, the government restored fuel subsidies and withdrew an austerity package, which ended nearly two weeks of protests.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_(23-11-2023)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg/250px-TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg/375px-TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg/500px-TRANSMISI%C3%93N_DE_MANDO_PRESIDENCIAL_%2823-11-2023%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Lasso" title="Guillermo Lasso">Guillermo Lasso</a> (center) with President-elect <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a> (right) at the latter's inauguration in November 2023.</figcaption></figure> In the 11 April 2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Ecuadorian_general_election" title="2021 Ecuadorian general election">election</a>, conservative former banker <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Lasso" title="Guillermo Lasso">Guillermo Lasso</a> took 52.4% of the vote, compared to 47.6% for left-wing economist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Ar%C3%A1uz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Aráuz (page does not exist)">Andrés Aráuz</a>, who was supported by exiled former president Correa. Lasso had finished second in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> On 24 May 2021, Lasso was sworn in, becoming the country's first right-wing leader in 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Lasso's party <a href="/wiki/CREO_(Ecuadorian_Movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="CREO (Ecuadorian Movement)">CREO</a> Movement, and its ally the Social Christian Party (PSC) won only 31 parliamentary seats out of 137, while Aráuz's Union for Hope (UNES) won 49 seats, which meant Lasso needed support from the Izquierda Democrática and the indigenist <a href="/wiki/Pachakutik_Plurinational_Unity_Movement_%E2%80%93_New_Country" title="Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country">Pachakutik</a> parties to push through his legislative agenda.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In October 2021, Lasso declared a 60-day state of emergency to combat crime and drug-related violence,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> including the numerous bloody clashes between rival groups in the state prisons.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Lasso proposed a series of constitutional changes to enhance his government's ability to respond to crime. In a <a href="/wiki/2023_Ecuadorian_constitutional_referendum" title="2023 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> in February 2023, voters overwhelmingly rejected his proposed changes, which weakened Lasso's political standing.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> On 15 October 2023, centrist candidate <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a> won the premature <a href="/wiki/2023_Ecuadorian_general_election" title="2023 Ecuadorian general election">presidential election</a> with 52.3% of the vote against leftist candidate <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Luisa González">Luisa González</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> On 23 November 2023, Noboa was sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In January 2024, Noboa declared an "<a href="/wiki/2024_Ecuadorian_conflict" title="2024 Ecuadorian conflict">internal armed conflict</a>" against organised crime, in response to the escape of imprisoned leader of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Choneros" title="Los Choneros">Los Choneros</a> cartel, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Adolfo_Mac%C3%ADas_Villamar" title="José Adolfo Macías Villamar">José Adolfo Macías Villamar</a> (also known as "Fito"), and an armed attack at a public television channel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Politics of Ecuador</a></div> The Ecuadorian State consists of five branches of government: the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, the Electoral Branch, and Transparency and Social Control. Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected president for a four-year term. The president of Ecuador exercises his power from the presidential <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Carondelet" title="Palacio de Carondelet">Palacio de Carondelet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">current constitution</a> was written by the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly">Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly</a> elected in 2007, and was approved by referendum in 2008. Since 1936, voting is compulsory for all literate persons aged 18–65, optional for all other citizens over the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The executive branch includes 23 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors (mayors, aldermen, and parish boards) are directly elected. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Ecuador">National Assembly of Ecuador</a> meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December. There are thirteen permanent committees. Members of the National Court of Justice are appointed by the National Judicial Council for nine-year terms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Executive branch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Ecuador">List of heads of state of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/220px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/330px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/440px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Carondelet" title="Palacio de Carondelet">Palacio de Carondelet</a>, seat of the President of Ecuador</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> is led by the president. The president is accompanied by the vice-president, elected for four years (with the ability to be re-elected only once). As head of state and chief government official, he is responsible for public administration including the appointing of national coordinators, ministers, ministers of State and public servants. The executive branch defines foreign policy, appoints the Chancellor of the Republic, as well as ambassadors and consuls, being the ultimate authority over the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ecuador">Armed Forces of Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ecuador" title="National Police of Ecuador">National Police of Ecuador</a>, and appointing authorities. The acting president's wife receives the title of <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of Ecuador">First Lady of Ecuador</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislative branch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly (Ecuador)</a></div> The legislative branch is embodied by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Ecuador">National Assembly</a>, which is headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> in the Legislative Palace, and consists of 137 assemblymen, divided into ten committees and elected for a four-year term. Fifteen national constituency elected assembly, two Assembly members elected from each province and one for every 100,000 inhabitants or fraction exceeding 150,000, according to the latest national population census. In addition, statute determines the election of assembly of regions and metropolitan districts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judicial branch">edit</a>]</div> Ecuador's judiciary has as its main body the Judicial Council, and also includes the National Court of Justice, provincial courts, and lower courts. Legal representation is made by the Judicial Council. The National Court of Justice is composed of 21 judges elected for a term of nine years. Judges are renewed by thirds every three years pursuant to the Judicial Code. These are elected by the Judicial Council on the basis of opposition proceedings and merits. The justice system is buttressed by the independent offices of public prosecutor and the public defender. Auxiliary organs are as follows: <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">notaries</a>, court auctioneers, and court receivers. Also there is a special legal regime for Amerindians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_branch">Electoral branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electoral branch">edit</a>]</div> The electoral system functions by authorities which enter only every four years or when <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">elections or referendums</a> occur. Its main functions are to organize, control elections, and punish the infringement of electoral rules. Its main body is the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Ecuador)" title="National Electoral Council (Ecuador)">National Electoral Council</a>, which is based in the city of Quito, and consists of seven members of the <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Ecuador">political parties</a> most voted, enjoying complete financial and administrative autonomy. This body, along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Tribunal (page does not exist)">electoral court</a>, forms the Electoral Branch which is one of Ecuador's five <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">branches of government</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency_and_social_control_branch">Transparency and social control branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transparency and social control branch">edit</a>]</div> The Transparency and Social Control consists of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Citizen_Participation_and_Social_Control" title="Council for Citizen Participation and Social Control">Council for Citizen Participation and Social Control</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>, the Comptroller General of the State, and the superintendents. Branch members hold office for five years. This branch is responsible for promoting transparency and control plans publicly, as well as plans to design mechanisms to combat corruption, as also designate certain authorities, and be the regulatory mechanism of accountability in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ecuador" title="Foreign relations of Ecuador">Foreign relations of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_(48336351591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_Holds_Joint_Press_Conference_with_President_Moreno_%2848336351591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5075" data-file-height="3383" /></a><figcaption>Ecuadorian President <a href="/wiki/Len%C3%ADn_Moreno" title="Lenín Moreno">Lenín Moreno</a> with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, 20 July 2019</figcaption></figure> Ecuador joined the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) in 1973 and suspended its membership in 1992. Under President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>, the country returned to OPEC before leaving again in 2020 under the instruction of President Moreno, citing its desire to increase crude oil exportation to gain more revenue.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Ecuador has maintained a research station in Antarctica for peaceful scientific study as a member nation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctica Treaty">Antarctica Treaty</a>. Ecuador has often placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international issues. Ecuador is a member of the United Nations (and most of its specialized agencies) and a member of many regional groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_Energy_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin American Energy Organization (page does not exist)">Latin American Energy Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a>, and the Bank of the South (Spanish: Banco del Sur or BancoSur). In 2017, the Ecuadorian parliament adopted a law on human mobility.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> lauded Ecuador as the first state to have established the promotion of the concept of universal citizenship in its <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">constitution</a>, aiming to promote the universal recognition and protection of the human rights of migrants.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In March 2019, Ecuador withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ecuador">LGBT rights in Ecuador</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg/230px-Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg/345px-Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg/460px-Slums_of_Ecuador_Guayaquil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Poor class neighborhoods in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a></figcaption></figure> A 2003 <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report was critical that there were scarce few prosecutions for human rights violations committed by security forces, and those only in police courts, which are not considered impartial or independent. There are allegations that the security forces routinely torture prisoners. There are reports of prisoners having died while in police custody. Sometimes the legal process can be delayed until the suspect can be released after the time limit for detention without trial is exceeded. Prisons are overcrowded and conditions in detention centers are "abominable".<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN's Human Rights Council</a>'s (HRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR) has treated the restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and efforts to control <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> and recommended that Ecuador should stop the criminal sanctions for the expression of opinions, and delay in implementing judicial reforms. Ecuador rejected the recommendation on decriminalization of libel.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-87">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (HRW) former president Correa intimidated journalists and subjected them to "public denunciation and retaliatory litigation". The sentences to journalists were years of imprisonment and millions of dollars of compensation, even though defendants had been pardoned.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-87">[85]</a> Correa stated he was only seeking a retraction for slanderous statements.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> According to HRW, Correa's government weakened the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of press">freedom of press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independence of the judicial system</a>. In Ecuador's current judicial system, judges are selected in a contest of merits, rather than government appointments. However, the process of selection has been criticized as biased and subjective. In particular, the final interview is said to be given "excessive weighing". Judges and prosecutors that made decisions in favor of Correa in his lawsuits had received permanent posts, while others with better assessment grades had been rejected.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reformahasta2015-89">[87]</a> The laws also forbid articles and media messages that could favor or disfavor some political message or candidate. In the first half of 2012, twenty private TV or radio stations were closed down.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-87">[85]</a> People engaging in public protests against environmental and other issues are prosecuted for "terrorism and sabotage", which may lead to an eight-year prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-87">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, restrictions on the media and civil society have decreased since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In October 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> expressed concerns about the dire situation in various detention centers and prisons, and the human rights of those deprived of liberty in Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Provinces of Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Ecuador" title="Cantons of Ecuador">Cantons of Ecuador</a></div> Ecuador is divided into 24 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">provinces</a> (Spanish: provincias), each with its own administrative capital: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador,_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg/330px-Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg/495px-Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg/660px-Ecuador%2C_administrative_divisions_-_es_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_planning_areas">Regions and planning areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regions and planning areas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen,_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/170px-Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/255px-Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg/340px-Cascada_Cabellera_de_la_Virgen%2C_Ba%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cabellera de la Virgen waterfall in <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Agua_Santa" title="Baños de Agua Santa">Baños de Agua Santa</a>, Tungurahua Province</figcaption></figure> Regionalization, or zoning, is the union of two or more adjoining provinces in order to decentralize the administrative functions of the capital, Quito. In Ecuador, there are seven regions, or zones, each shaped by the following provinces: <ul><li>Region 1 (42,126 km2, or 16,265 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeraldas (province)">Esmeraldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carchi">Carchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sucumbios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucumbios">Sucumbios</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Ibarra,_Ecuador" title="Ibarra, Ecuador">Ibarra</a></li> <li>Region 2 (43,498 km2, or 16,795 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Pichincha_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pichincha (province)">Pichincha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napo (province)">Napo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orellana_Province" title="Orellana Province">Orellana</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Tena,_Ecuador" title="Tena, Ecuador">Tena</a></li> <li>Region 3 (44,710 km2, or 17,263 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimborazo (province)">Chimborazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungurahua_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungurahua (province)">Tungurahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastaza_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastaza (province)">Pastaza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotopaxi (province)">Cotopaxi</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Riobamba,_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Riobamba, Ecuador">Riobamba</a></li> <li>Region 4 (22,257 km2, or 8,594 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Manab%C3%AD_Province" title="Manabí Province">Manabí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_de_los_Tsachilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas">Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciudad_Alfaro,_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciudad Alfaro, Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ciudad Alfaro</a></li> <li>Region 5 (38,420 km2, or 14,834 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_Province" title="Santa Elena Province">Santa Elena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guayas_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayas (province)">Guayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Los Ríos Province">Los Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Province_(Ecuador)" title="Bolívar Province (Ecuador)">Bolívar</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Milagro,_Ecuador" title="Milagro, Ecuador">Milagro</a></li> <li>Region 6 (38,237 km2, or 14,763 mi2): <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ar_Province,_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Cañar Province, Ecuador">Cañar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azuay" class="mw-redirect" title="Azuay">Azuay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morona_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Morona Santiago">Morona Santiago</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Cuenca_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuenca (Ecuador)">Cuenca</a></li> <li>Region 7 (27,571 km2, or 10,645 mi2): <a href="/wiki/El_Oro_Province" title="El Oro Province">El Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loja_Province" title="Loja Province">Loja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamora_Chinchipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamora Chinchipe">Zamora Chinchipe</a>. Administrative city: <a href="/wiki/Loja,_Ecuador" title="Loja, Ecuador">Loja</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> are Metropolitan Districts. <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos">Galápagos</a>, despite being included within Region 5,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> is also under a special unit.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ecuador">Military of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kfir_CE_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kfir_CE_front.JPG/220px-Kfir_CE_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kfir_CE_front.JPG/330px-Kfir_CE_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kfir_CE_front.JPG/440px-Kfir_CE_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Air_Force" title="Ecuadorian Air Force">Ecuadorian Air Force</a> (FAE)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ecuador">Ecuadorian Armed Forces</a> (Fuerzas Armadas de la Republica de Ecuador), consists of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Army" title="Ecuadorian Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Air_Force" title="Ecuadorian Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Navy" title="Ecuadorian Navy">Navy</a> and have the stated responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory. Due to the continuous border disputes with Peru, finally settled in the early 2000s, and due to the ongoing problem with the Colombian guerrilla insurgency infiltrating Amazonian provinces, the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has gone through a series of changes. In 2009, the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces, increasing spending budget to $1,691,776,803, an increase of 25%.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The Military Academy General Eloy Alfaro (c. 1838) located in Quito is in charge of graduating army officers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> The Ecuadorian Navy Academy (c. 1837), located in Salinas graduates navy officers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The Air Academy "Cosme Rennella (c. 1920), also located in Salinas, graduates air force officers.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Geography of Ecuador</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Ecuador">Rivers of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ecuador_Topography.png/220px-Ecuador_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ecuador_Topography.png/330px-Ecuador_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ecuador_Topography.png/440px-Ecuador_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Ecuadorian topography</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg/220px-V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg/330px-V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg/440px-V%C3%B3lcan_Cotopaxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Historically famous <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> Volcano</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG/220px-Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG/330px-Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG/440px-Napo_Wildlife_Center_Ecolodge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Napo Wildlife Center in the <a href="/wiki/Yasun%C3%AD_National_Park" title="Yasuní National Park">Yasuní National Park</a></figcaption></figure> According to the CIA, Ecuador has a total area of 283,571 km2 (109,487 sq mi), including the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>. Of this, 276,841 km2 (106,889 sq mi) is land and 6,720 km2 (2,595 sq mi) water.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> The total area, according to the Ecuadorian government's foreign ministry, is 256,370 km2 (98,985 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The Galápagos Islands are sometimes considered part of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-realm-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-harv-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> which would thus make Ecuador a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental</a> country under certain definitions. Ecuador is bigger than Uruguay, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana in South America. Ecuador lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/2nd_parallel_north" title="2nd parallel north">2°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°S</a>, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2,337 km (1,452 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>. It has 2,010 km (1,250 mi) of land boundaries, with <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> in the north (with a 590 km (367 mi) border) and Peru in the east and south (with a 1,420 km (882 mi) border). It is the westernmost country that lies on the equator.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The country has four main geographic regions: <ul><li>La Costa, or "the coast": The coastal region consists of the provinces to the west of the Andean range – <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Los Ríos Province">Los Ríos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manab%C3%AD_Province" title="Manabí Province">Manabí</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Oro_Province" title="El Oro Province">El Oro</a>, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_Province" title="Santa Elena Province">Santa Elena</a>. It is the country's most fertile and productive land, and is the seat of the large <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> exportation plantations of the companies <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiquita" title="Chiquita">Chiquita</a>. This region is also where most of Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> crop is grown. The truly coastal provinces have active fisheries. The largest coastal city is <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>.</li> <li>La Sierra, or "the highlands": The sierra consists of the Andean and Interandean highland provinces – <a href="/wiki/Azuay_Province" title="Azuay Province">Azuay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ar_Province" title="Cañar Province">Cañar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchi_Province" title="Carchi Province">Carchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_Province" title="Chimborazo Province">Chimborazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loja_Province" title="Loja Province">Loja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichincha_Province" title="Pichincha Province">Pichincha</a>, Bolívar, Cotopaxi and <a href="/wiki/Tungurahua_Province" title="Tungurahua Province">Tungurahua</a>. This land contains most of Ecuador's volcanoes and all of its snow-capped peaks. Agriculture is focused on the traditional crops of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinua</a> and the population is predominantly Amerindian <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Kichua</a>. The largest Sierran city is <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>.</li> <li>La Amazonía, also known as El Oriente, or "the east": The oriente consists of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon jungle</a> provinces – <a href="/wiki/Morona_Santiago_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Morona Santiago Province">Morona Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napo_Province" title="Napo Province">Napo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orellana_Province" title="Orellana Province">Orellana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastaza_Province" title="Pastaza Province">Pastaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucumb%C3%ADos_Province" title="Sucumbíos Province">Sucumbíos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamora-Chinchipe_Province" title="Zamora-Chinchipe Province">Zamora-Chinchipe</a>. This region is primarily made up of the huge Amazon national parks and Amerindian untouchable zones, which are vast stretches of land set aside for the Amazon Amerindian tribes to continue living traditionally. It is also the area with the largest reserves of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> in Ecuador, and parts of the upper Amazon here have been extensively exploited by petroleum companies. The population is primarily mixed Amerindian <a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaorani" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani">Waorani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Kichua</a>, although there are numerous tribes in the deep jungle which are little-contacted. The largest city in the Oriente <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Loja" title="Nueva Loja">Lago Agrio</a> in Sucumbíos.</li> <li>La Región Insular is the region comprising the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, some 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) west of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.</li></ul> Ecuador's capital and second largest city[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] is Quito,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> which is in the province of <a href="/wiki/Pichincha_Province,_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pichincha Province, Ecuador">Pichincha</a> in the Sierra region. It is the second-highest capital city with an elevation of 2,850 meters. Ecuador's largest city[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] is Guayaquil,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas Province</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a>, just south of Quito, is one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The top of <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimborazo (volcano)">Mount Chimborazo</a> (6,268 m, or 20,560 ft, above sea level), Ecuador's tallest mountain, is the most distant point from the center of the Earth on the Earth's surface because of the <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> shape of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> The Andes is the watershed divisor between the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon</a> watershed, which runs to the east, and the Pacific, including the north–south rivers Mataje, Santiago, <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_River" title="Esmeraldas River">Esmeraldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chone_River" title="Chone River">Chone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guayas_River" title="Guayas River">Guayas</a>, Jubones, and Puyango-Tumbes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ecuador" title="Climate of Ecuador">Climate of Ecuador</a></div> There is great variety in the climate, largely determined by altitude. It is mild year-round in the mountain valleys, with a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> in coastal areas and <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in lowlands. The Pacific coastal area has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> with a severe rainy season. The climate in the Andean highlands is <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> and relatively dry, and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rainforest zones. Because of its location at the equator, Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year. Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the two six o'clock hours.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> The country has seen its seven glaciers lose 54.4% of their surface in forty years. Research predicts their disappearance by 2100. The cause is climate change, which threatens both the fauna and flora and the population.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg/200px-20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg/300px-20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg/400px-20180818-Pale-mandibled_aracari_at_Bosque_Protector_Mindo_%E2%80%93_Nambillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5947" data-file-height="3965" /></a><figcaption>Ecuador is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> in the world, it also has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation, and is one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a> worldwide. In the image, a <a href="/wiki/Pale-mandibled_aracari" title="Pale-mandibled aracari">pale-mandibled aracari</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mindo,_Ecuador" title="Mindo, Ecuador">Mindo</a>-Nambillo Ecological Reserve.</figcaption></figure> Ecuador is one of seventeen <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a> in the world according to Conservation International,<a href="#cite_note-Conservation_International_Site-25">[23]</a> and it has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation.<a href="#cite_note-Plan_Nacional_del_Buen_Vivir-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Ecuador has 1,600 bird species (15% of the world's known bird species) in the continental area and 38 more <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> in the Galápagos. In addition to more than 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna, as the famous place of birth to Darwin's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Evolution">Theory of Evolution</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Site.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Ecuador has the first constitution to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of Nature">rights of nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The protection of the nation's biodiversity is an explicit national priority as stated in the National Plan of "Buen Vivir", or good living, Objective 4, "Guarantee the rights of nature", Policy 1: "Sustainably conserve and manage the natural heritage, including its land and marine biodiversity, which is considered a strategic sector".<a href="#cite_note-Plan_Nacional_del_Buen_Vivir-110">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg/220px-Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg/330px-Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg/440px-Giant_tortoise_of_the_galapagos_islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Santa_Cruz_tortoise" title="Western Santa Cruz tortoise">Western Santa Cruz tortoise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></figcaption></figure> As of the writing of the plan in 2008, 19% of Ecuador's land area was in a protected area; however, the plan also states that 32% of the land must be protected in order to truly preserve the nation's biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Plan_Nacional_del_Buen_Vivir-110">[108]</a> Current <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Ecuador" title="List of national parks in Ecuador">protected areas</a> include 11 national parks, 10 wildlife refuges, 9 ecological reserves, and other areas.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> A program begun in 2008, Sociobosque, is preserving another 2.3% of total land area (6,295 km2, or 629,500 ha) by paying private landowners or community landowners (such as Amerindian tribes) incentives to maintain their land as native ecosystems such as native forests or grasslands. Eligibility and subsidy rates for this program are determined based on the poverty in the region, the number of hectares that will be protected, and the type of ecosystem of the land to be protected, among other factors.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Ecuador had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.66/10, ranking it 35th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-116">[114]</a> Despite being on the UNESCO list, the Galápagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects, threatening the existence of this exotic <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Petroecuador" title="Petroecuador">oil exploitation of the Amazon rainforest</a> has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes, gas, and crude oil into the environment,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to Amerindian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> One of the best known examples is the <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Texaco-Chevron</a> case.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> This American <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">oil company</a> operated in the Ecuadorian Amazon region between 1964 and 1992. During this period, Texaco drilled 339 wells in 15 petroleum fields and abandoned 627 toxic wastewater pits. It is now known that these highly polluting and now obsolete technologies were used as a way to reduce expenses.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In 2022, the supreme court of Ecuador decided that "under no circumstances can a project be carried out that generates excessive sacrifices to the collective rights of communities and nature." It also required the government to respect the opinion of Indigenous peoples about different industrial projects on their land.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Economy of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development of Ecuador</figcaption></figure> Ecuador has a <a href="/wiki/Developing_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing economy">developing economy</a> that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum and agricultural products. The country is classified as an upper-middle-income country. Ecuador's economy is the eighth largest in Latin America and experienced an average growth of 4.6% between 2000 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] From 2007 to 2012, Ecuador's GDP grew at an annual average of 4.3 percent, above the average for Latin America and the Caribbean, which was 3.5%, according to the United Nations' Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC).<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Ecuador was able to maintain relatively superior growth during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">crisis</a>. In January 2009, the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) put the 2010 growth forecast at 6.88%.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In 2011, its GDP grew at 8% and ranked third highest in Latin America, behind Argentina (2nd) and Panama (1st).<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Between 1999 and 2007, GDP doubled, reaching $65,490 million according to BCE.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The inflation rate until January 2008, was about 1.14%, the highest in the past year, according to the government.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The monthly unemployment rate remained at about 6 and 8 percent from December 2007 until September 2008; however, it went up to about 9 percent in October and dropped again in November 2008 to 8 percent.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Unemployment mean annual rate for 2009 in Ecuador was 8.5% because the global economic crisis continued to affect the Latin American economies. From this point, unemployment rates started a downward trend: 7.6% in 2010, 6.0% in 2011, and 4.8% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The extreme poverty rate declined significantly between 1999 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> In 2001, it was estimated at 40% of the population, while by 2011 the figure dropped to 17.4% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-economy-134">[132]</a> This is explained to an extent by emigration and the economic stability achieved after adopting the U.S. dollar as official means of transaction (before 2000, the Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_sucre" title="Ecuadorian sucre">sucre</a> was prone to rampant inflation). However, starting in 2008, with the bad economic performance of the nations where most Ecuadorian emigrants work, the reduction of poverty has been realized through social spending, mainly in education and health.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse_of_the_series_2009_$100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg/250px-Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg/375px-Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg/500px-Obverse_of_the_series_2009_%24100_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> is the common <a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Ecuador" title="Currency of Ecuador">currency circulating in Ecuador</a>.</figcaption></figure> Oil accounts for 40% of exports and contributes to maintaining a positive trade balance.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Since the late 1960s, the exploitation of oil increased production, and proven reserves are estimated at 6.51 billion barrels as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In late 2021, Ecuador had to declare a <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> for oil exports due to erosion near key pipelines (privately owned OCP pipeline and state-owned SOTE pipeline) in the Amazon.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> It lasted about three weeks, totalling just over $500 million economic losses, before their production returned to its normal level of 435,000 barrels per day (69,200 m3/d) in early 2022.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The overall trade balance for August 2012 was a surplus of almost $390 million for the first six months of 2012, a huge figure compared with that of 2007, which reached only $5.7 million; the surplus had risen by about $425 million compared to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-economy-134">[132]</a> The oil trade balance positive had revenues of $3.295 million in 2008, while non-oil was negative, amounting to $2.842 million. The trade balance with the United States, Chile, the European Union, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, and Mexico is positive. The trade balance with Argentina, Colombia, and Asia is negative.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg/220px-MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg/330px-MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg/440px-MAXXIMUS_GUAYAQUIL-1024x1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Puerto de Santa Ana in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, real estate center for the upper class</figcaption></figure> In the agricultural sector, Ecuador is a major exporter of bananas (first place worldwide in export<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a>), flowers, and the seventh largest producer of cocoa.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Ecuador also produces coffee, rice, potatoes, cassava (manioc, tapioca), plantains and sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork and dairy products; fish, and shrimp; and balsa wood.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The country's vast resources include large amounts of timber across the country, like eucalyptus and mangroves.<a href="#cite_note-Resources_Maps_World_Banks-144">[142]</a> Pines and cedars are planted in the region of La Sierra and walnuts, rosemary, and balsa wood in the Guayas River Basin.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil, the largest industrial center, and in Quito, where in recent years the industry has grown considerably. This city is also the largest business center of the country.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Industrial production is directed primarily to the domestic market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite this, there is limited export of products produced or processed industrially.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These include canned foods, liquor, jewelry, furniture, and more.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca.<a href="#cite_note-Industrias_en_Cuenca-147">[145]</a> Incomes from tourism has been increasing during the last few years due to promotion programs from Government, highlighting the variety of climates and the biodiversity of Ecuador. Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and an associate member of <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> It also serves on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> (IDB), <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), <a href="/wiki/CAF_%E2%80%93_Development_Bank_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean">CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean</a> and other multilateral agencies.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In April 2007, Ecuador paid off its debt to the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE), the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciences_and_research">Sciences and research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sciences and research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg/220px-NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg/330px-NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg/440px-NEE-01-PEGASO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Civilian_Space_Agency" title="Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency">EXA</a>'s first satellite, <a href="/wiki/NEE-01_Pegasus" class="mw-redirect" title="NEE-01 Pegasus">NEE-01 Pegasus</a></figcaption></figure> Ecuador was placed in 96th position of innovation in technology in a 2013 <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> study.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Ecuador was ranked 105th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Vicente_Maldonado" title="Pedro Vicente Maldonado">Pedro Vicente Maldonado</a>, born in Riobamba in 1707, and the printer, independence precursor, and medical pioneer <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Espejo" title="Eugenio Espejo">Eugenio Espejo</a>, born in 1747 in Quito. Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Labandera,<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> a pioneer who built the first <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> in Latin America in 1837; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinaldo_Espinosa_Aguilar" class="extiw" title="es:Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar">Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar</a>, a botanist and biologist of Andean flora; and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Aurelio_Due%C3%B1as" class="extiw" title="es:José Aurelio Dueñas">José Aurelio Dueñas</a>, a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy. The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields, tropical and infectious diseases treatments, agricultural engineering, pharmaceutical research, and bioengineering. Being a small country and a consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. The antivirus program Checkprogram, banking protection system MdLock, and Core Banking Software Cobis are products of Ecuadorian development.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ecuador" title="Tourism in Ecuador">Tourism in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUENCA_(32126182143).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg/220px-CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg/330px-CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg/440px-CUENCA_%2832126182143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa,_Ba%C3%B1os,_Ecuador_(9469036870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg/220px-Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg/330px-Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg/440px-Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Rosario_de_Agua_Santa%2C_Ba%C3%B1os%2C_Ecuador_%289469036870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Santuario Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Agua Santa in <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Agua_Santa" title="Baños de Agua Santa">Baños</a></figcaption></figure> Ecuador is a country with vast natural wealth. The diversity of its four regions has given rise to thousands of species of flora and fauna. It has approximately 1640 kinds of birds. The species of butterflies border 4,500, the reptiles 345, the amphibians 358, and the mammals 258, among others. Ecuador is considered one of the 17 countries where the planet's highest biodiversity is concentrated, being also the largest country with diversity per km2 in the world. Most of its fauna and flora live in 26 protected areas by the state. The country has two cities with UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Quito and Cuenca, as well as two natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Galapagos Islands and Sangay National Park, in addition to one <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Biosphere Reserve</a>, such as the Cajas Massif. Culturally, the Toquilla straw hat and the culture of the Zapara indigenous people are recognized. The most popular sites for national and foreign tourists have different nuances due to the various tourist activities offered by the country. Among the main tourist destinations are: <ul><li>Nature attractions: <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasuni_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuni National Park">Yasuni National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Cajas_National_Park" title="El Cajas National Park">El Cajas National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangay_National_Park" title="Sangay National Park">Sangay National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_National_Park" title="Podocarpus National Park">Podocarpus National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Ecuador" title="Vilcabamba, Ecuador">Vilcabamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Agua_Santa" title="Baños de Agua Santa">Baños de Agua Santa</a>.</li> <li>Cultural attractions: <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Historic center of Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Mitad_del_Mundo" title="Ciudad Mitad del Mundo">Ciudad Mitad del Mundo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingapirca" title="Ingapirca">Ingapirca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Historic center of Cuenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latacunga" title="Latacunga">Latacunga</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Mama_Negra" title="Mama Negra">Mama Negra</a> festival.</li> <li>Snowy mountains: <a href="/wiki/Antisana" title="Antisana">Antisana</a> volcano, <a href="/wiki/Cayambe_(volcano)" title="Cayambe (volcano)">Cayambe</a> volcano, <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a> volcano, <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> volcano, <a href="/wiki/Illiniza" title="Illiniza">Illinizas</a> volcanoes.</li> <li>Beaches: <a href="/wiki/Atacames" title="Atacames">Atacames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Car%C3%A1quez" title="Bahía de Caráquez">Bahía de Caráquez</a>, Crucita, <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador" title="Manta, Ecuador">Manta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monta%C3%B1ita" title="Montañita">Montañita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playas,_Ecuador" title="Playas, Ecuador">Playas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_Ecuador" title="Salinas, Ecuador">Salinas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg/220px-Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg/330px-Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg/440px-Quito_Trole_06_2011_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Quito" title="Trolleybuses in Quito">Trolebús</a> bus rapid transit system that runs through <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>. It is the principal BRT in Ecuador.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railways_in_Ecuador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Railways_in_Ecuador.svg/220px-Railways_in_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Railways_in_Ecuador.svg/330px-Railways_in_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Railways_in_Ecuador.svg/440px-Railways_in_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Railways in Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ecuador" title="Transport in Ecuador">Transport in Ecuador</a></div> The rehabilitation and reopening of the Ecuadorian railroad and use of it as a tourist attraction is one of the recent developments in transportation matters.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The roads of Ecuador in recent years have undergone important improvement. The major routes are Pan American (under enhancement from four to six lanes from Rumichaca to Ambato, the conclusion of four lanes on the entire stretch of Ambato and Riobamba and running via Riobamba to Loja). In the absence of the section between Loja and the border with Peru, there are the Route Espondilus or Ruta del Sol (oriented to travel along the Ecuadorian coastline) and the Amazon backbone (which crosses from north to south along the Ecuadorian Amazon, linking most and more major cities of it). Another major project is developing the road Manta – Tena, the highway Guayaquil – Salinas Highway Aloag Santo Domingo, Riobamba – Macas (which crosses Sangay National Park). Other new developments include the National Unity bridge complex in Guayaquil, the bridge over the Napo river in Francisco de Orellana, the Esmeraldas River Bridge in the city of the same name, and, perhaps the most remarkable of all, the Bahia – San Vincente Bridge, being the largest on the Latin American Pacific coast. <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a>'s tramway is the largest public transport system in the city and the first modern tramway in Ecuador. It was inaugurated on 8 March 2019. It has 20.4 kilometers (12.7 mi) and 27 stations. It will transport 120,000 passagers daily. Its route starts in the south of Cuenca and ends in the north at the Parque Industrial neighbourhood. The <a href="/wiki/Mariscal_Sucre_International_Airport" title="Mariscal Sucre International Airport">Mariscal Sucre International Airport</a> in Quito and the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Olmedo_International_Airport" title="José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport">José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> have experienced a high increase in demand and have required modernization. In the case of Guayaquil it involved a new air terminal, once considered the best in South America and the best in Latin America<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> and in Quito where an entire new airport has been built in Tababela and was inaugurated in February 2013, with Canadian assistance. However, the main road leading from Quito city center to the new airport will only be finished in late 2014, making current travelling from the airport to downtown Quito as long as two hours during rush hour.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Quito's old city-center airport is being turned into parkland, with some light industrial use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador" title="Demographics of Ecuador">Demographics of Ecuador</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian people">Ecuadorian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/220px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/440px-Ecuador_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> Ecuador's population is ethnically diverse and the 2021 estimates put Ecuador's population at 17,797,737.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-162">[160]</a> The largest ethnic group (as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit">[update]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, who are mixed race people of Amerindian and European descent, typically from Spanish colonists, in some cases this term can also include Amerindians that are culturally more Spanish influenced, and constitute about 71% of the population (although including the <a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">Montubio</a>, a term used for coastal Mestizo population, brings this up to about 79%). The White Ecuadorians are a minority accounting for 6.1% of the population of Ecuador and can be found throughout all of Ecuador, primarily around the urban areas. Even though Ecuador's white population during its colonial era were mainly descendants from Spain, today Ecuador's white population is a result of a mixture of European immigrants, predominantly from Spain with people from Italy, Germany, France, and Switzerland who have settled in the early 20th century. In addition, there is a small European Jewish (<a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian Jews">Ecuadorian Jews</a>) population, which is based mainly in Quito and to a lesser extent in Guayaquil.<a href="#cite_note-ethn-163">[161]</a> 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> live in Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Ecuador also has a small population of Asian origins, mainly those from West Asia, like the economically well off descendants of Lebanese and Palestinian immigrants, who are either Christian or Muslim (see <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Islam in Ecuador</a>), and an East Asian community mainly consisting of those of Japanese and Chinese descent, whose ancestors arrived as miners, farmhands and fishermen in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a> account for 7% of the current population. The mostly rural Montubio population of the coastal provinces of Ecuador, who might be classified as <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a> account for 7.4% of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Ecuadorian people">Afro-Ecuadorians</a> are a minority population (7%) in Ecuador, that includes the <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulattos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">zambos</a>, and are largely based in the Esmeraldas province and to a lesser degree in the predominantly Mestizo provinces of Coastal Ecuador – Guayas and Manabi. In the Highland Andes where a predominantly Mestizo, white and Amerindian population exist, the African presence is almost non-existent except for a small community in the province of Imbabura called Chota Valley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Languages of Ecuador</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Languages in Ecuador<a href="#cite_note-CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA-165">[163]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width: 93%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;"> 93%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Kichwa</a> </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:4.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Foreign </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width: 2.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;"> 2.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Indigenous </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Spanish is the official language in Ecuador. It is spoken as a first (93%) or second language (6%) by the vast majority of its population. In 1991 Northern <a href="/wiki/Kichwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kichwa">Kichwa</a> (Quechua) and other pre-colonial American languages were spoken by 2,500,000. Ethnologues estimate that the country has about 24 living indigenous languages. Among the 24 are <a href="/wiki/Awa_Pit_language" title="Awa Pit language">Awapit</a> (spoken by the Awá), <a href="/wiki/A%27ingae" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ingae">A'ingae</a> (spoken by the Cofan), <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar Chicham</a> (spoken by the Shuar), <a href="/wiki/Achuar-Shiwiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Achuar-Shiwiar">Achuar-Shiwiar</a> (spoken by the Achuar and the Shiwiar), <a href="/wiki/Cha%27palaachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha'palaachi">Cha'palaachi</a> (spoken by the Chachi), <a href="/wiki/Tsafiki_language" title="Tsafiki language">Tsa'fiki</a> (spoken by the Tsáchila), <a href="/wiki/Pai_Coca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pai Coca language">Paicoca</a> (spoken by the Siona and Secoya), and <a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Wao Tededeo</a> (spoken by the Waorani). Use of these Amerindian languages is gradually diminishing and being replaced by Spanish. Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish as their first language, with its ubiquity permeating and dominating most of the country. Despite its small size, the country has a marked diversity in Spanish accents that vary widely among regions. <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian Spanish</a> idiosyncrasies reflect the ethnic and racial populations that originated and settled the distinct areas of the country. The three main regional variants are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Pacific_Spanish_or_Equatorial_Coastal_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial Pacific Spanish or Equatorial Coastal Spanish">Equatorial Pacific Spanish or Equatorial Coastal Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic Spanish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Religion in Ecuador</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Ecuador (2014)<a href="#cite_note-PewResearch-166">[164]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:79%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">79%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:13%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census, 91.95% of the country's population have a religion, 7.94% are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and 0.11% are <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>. Among the people who have a religion, 80.44% are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ecuador" title="Catholic Church in Ecuador">Catholic</a>, 11.30% are <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, 1.29% are <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and 6.97% other (mainly Jewish, Buddhists and Latter-day Saints).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In the rural parts of Ecuador, Amerindian beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> into a local form of <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">folk Catholicism</a>. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Quito_-_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg/170px-La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg/255px-La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg/340px-La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito_-_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Quito" title="Church of La Compañía, Quito">Colonial Jesuit Convent of Quito</a></figcaption></figure> There is a small number of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>, Amerindian religions, Muslims (see <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ecuador" title="Islam in Ecuador">Islam in Ecuador</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>. According to their estimates, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> accounts for about 1.4% of the population, or 211,165 members at the end of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to their sources there were 92,752 <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> in the country in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">History of the Jews in Ecuador</a> goes back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Until the 20th century, the majority were <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> with many <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a>) among them. Ashkenazi Jews arrived mostly as refugees after the ascendance of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> in Germany in 1933, with 3,000 Jews in Ecuador in 1940. At its peak, in 1950, the Jewish population of Ecuador was estimated at 4,000, but then diminished to some 290 around 2020,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> forming one of the smallest Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Nevertheless, this number is declining because young people leave the country for the United States or Israel. Today, the Jewish Community of Ecuador (Comunidad Judía del Ecuador) has its seat in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>. There are very small communities in <a href="/wiki/Cuenca_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuenca (Ecuador)">Cuenca</a>. The "Comunidad de Culto Israelita" reunites the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. This community works independently from the "Jewish Community of Ecuador" and is composed of only 30 people.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ecuador" title="Health in Ecuador">Health in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_(32808969935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg/220px-HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg/330px-HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg/440px-HOSPITAL_DE_CALDER%C3%93N_4_MAV_%2832808969935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Hospital Docente de Calderón, in Quito</figcaption></figure> The current structure of the Ecuadorian public health care system dates back to 1967.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The Ministry of the Public Health (Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador) is the responsible entity of the regulation and creation of the public health policies and health care plans. The Minister of Public Health is appointed directly by the President of the Republic. The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population,<a href="#cite_note-health-177">[175]</a> and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine.<a href="#cite_note-health-177">[175]</a> Many American medical groups often conduct <a href="/wiki/Medical_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical mission">medical missions</a> away from the big cities to provide medical health to poor communities. The public healthcare system allows patients to be treated without an appointment in public general hospitals by general practitioners and specialists in the outpatient clinic (Consulta Externa) at no cost. This is done in the four basic specialties of pediatric, gynecology, clinic medicine, and surgery.<a href="#cite_note-healths-178">[176]</a> There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases, target a particular group of the population, or provide better treatment in some medical specialties. Although well-equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of provinces, there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and <a href="/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton (country subdivision)">canton</a> cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics, gynecology, clinical medicine, and surgery.<a href="#cite_note-healths-178">[176]</a> Community health care centers (Centros de Salud) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas. These are day hospitals that provide treatment to patients whose hospitalization is under 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-healths-178">[176]</a> The doctors assigned to rural communities, where the Amerindian population can be substantial, have small clinics under their responsibility for the treatment of patients in the same fashion as the day hospitals in the major cities. The treatment in this case respects the culture of the community.<a href="#cite_note-healths-178">[176]</a> The public healthcare system should not be confused with the Ecuadorian Social Security healthcare service, which is dedicated to individuals with formal employment and who are affiliated obligatorily through their employers. Citizens with no formal employment may still contribute to the social security system voluntarily and have access to the medical services rendered by the social security system. The Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS) has several major hospitals and medical sub-centers under its administration across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Ecuador currently ranks 20, in most <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization ranking of health systems">efficient health care countries</a>, compared to 111 back in the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 77.1 years.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1,000 live births,<a href="#cite_note-free-182">[180]</a> a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-cs-183">[181]</a> Almost a quarter, or 23%, of children under five are chronically malnourished.<a href="#cite_note-free-182">[180]</a> Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water, and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers. There are 686 malaria cases per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-fightingdiseases.org-184">[182]</a> Basic health care, including doctor's visits, basic surgeries, and basic medications, has been provided free since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-free-182">[180]</a> However, some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients. Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population. Between 2008 and 2016, new public hospitals have been built. In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage. In 2015, corruption remains a problem. Overbilling is recorded in 20% of public establishments and in 80% of private establishments.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Education in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg/220px-2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg/330px-2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg/440px-2022-05-20_Universidad_de_las_Artes_Guayaquil_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>University of the Arts in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a></figcaption></figure> The Ecuadorian Constitution requires that all children attend school until they achieve a "basic level of education", which is estimated at nine school years.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-186">[184]</a> In 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 96.9%, and 71.8% of children stayed in school until the fifth grade/age 10.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-186">[184]</a> The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government, but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-186">[184]</a> Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed, and class sizes are often very large, and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In rural areas, only 10% of the children go on to high school.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In a 2015 report, The Ministry of Education states that in 2014 the mean number of school years completed in rural areas is 7.39 as compared to 10.86 in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">List of cities in Ecuador</a></div> The five largest cities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> (2.78 million inhabitants), <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> (2.72 million inhabitants), <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a> (636,996 inhabitants), <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo (Ecuador)">Santo Domingo</a> (458,580 inhabitants), and <a href="/wiki/Ambato,_Ecuador" title="Ambato, Ecuador">Ambato</a> (387,309 inhabitants). The most populated metropolitan areas of the country are those of Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, Manabí Centro (<a href="/wiki/Portoviejo" title="Portoviejo">Portoviejo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador" title="Manta, Ecuador">Manta</a>) and Ambato.<a href="#cite_note-Proyecciones_Poblacionales-190">[188]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Ecuador <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2020 population projections<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:QUITO_4_(32410475340).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quito"><img alt="Quito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg/120px-QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg/180px-QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg/240px-QUITO_4_%2832410475340%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guayaquil"><img alt="Guayaquil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg/120px-Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg/180px-Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg/240px-Guayaquila%C3%A9reo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="637" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pichincha_Province" title="Pichincha Province">Pichincha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,781,641</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riobamba" title="Riobamba">Riobamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chimborazo_Province" title="Chimborazo Province">Chimborazo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,048 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuenca_(Ecuador)_from_Turi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cuenca"><img alt="Cuenca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg/120px-Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg/180px-Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg/240px-Cuenca_%28Ecuador%29_from_Turi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo,_Ecuador.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santo Domingo"><img alt="Santo Domingo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg/120px-Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg/180px-Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg/240px-Santo_Domingo%2C_Ecuador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1791" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo,_Ecuador" title="Santo Domingo, Ecuador">Santo Domingo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,723,665</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibarra,_Ecuador" title="Ibarra, Ecuador">Ibarra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,149 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Azuay_Province" title="Azuay Province">Azuay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">636,996</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">218,727 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo,_Ecuador" title="Santo Domingo, Ecuador">Santo Domingo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_de_los_Ts%C3%A1chilas_Province" title="Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province">Santo Domingo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">458,580</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quevedo,_Ecuador" title="Quevedo, Ecuador">Quevedo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Los Ríos Province">Los Ríos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">213,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ambato,_Ecuador" title="Ambato, Ecuador">Ambato</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tungurahua_Province" title="Tungurahua Province">Tungurahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">387,309</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Latacunga" title="Latacunga">Latacunga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi_Province" title="Cotopaxi Province">Cotopaxi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,624 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portoviejo" title="Portoviejo">Portoviejo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manab%C3%AD_Province" title="Manabí Province">Manabí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">321,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Milagro,_Ecuador" title="Milagro, Ecuador">Milagro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">199,835 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dur%C3%A1n,_Ecuador" title="Durán, Ecuador">Durán</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">315,724</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena,_Ecuador" title="Santa Elena, Ecuador">Santa Elena</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_Province" title="Santa Elena Province">Santa Elena</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,821 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Machala" title="Machala">Machala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Oro_Province" title="El Oro Province">El Oro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,141</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Babahoyo" title="Babahoyo">Babahoyo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Los Ríos Province">Los Ríos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">175,281 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Loja,_Ecuador" title="Loja, Ecuador">Loja</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Loja_Province" title="Loja Province">Loja</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,112</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daule,_Guayas" title="Daule, Guayas">Daule</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">173,684 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manta,_Ecuador" title="Manta, Ecuador">Manta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manab%C3%AD_Province" title="Manabí Province">Manabí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,281</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quinind%C3%A9" title="Quinindé">Quinindé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,879 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_emigration">Immigration and emigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Immigration and emigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Ecuador" title="Emigration from Ecuador">Emigration from Ecuador</a></div> Ecuador houses a small East Asian community mainly consisting of those of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> descent, whose ancestors arrived as miners, farmhands and fishermen in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> In the early years of World War II, Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants, and in 1939, when several South American countries refused to accept 165 <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> refugees from Germany aboard the ship Koenigstein, Ecuador granted them entry permits.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Migration from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> to Ecuador started as early as 1875.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Early impoverished migrants tended to work as independent sidewalk vendors, rather than as wage workers in agriculture or others' businesses.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Though they emigrated to escape Ottoman Turkish religious oppression, they were called "Turks" by Ecuadorians because they carried Ottoman passports.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> There were further waves of immigration in the first half of the 20th century; by 1930, there were 577 Lebanese immigrants and 489 of their descendants residing in the country. A 1986 estimate from Lebanon's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated 100,000 Lebanese descendants.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> They reside mostly in Quito and Guayaquil. They are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>. In the early 1900s, there was immigration from <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons">Britons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Anc%C3%B3n,_Ecuador" title="Ancón, Ecuador">Ancón</a> experienced of wave of immigration from the UK starting in 1911, when the Government of Ecuador conceded 98 mines, occupying an area of 38,842 hectares, to the British oil company Anglo Ecuadorian Oilfields. Today, the Anglo American Oilfields or <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a> is the world's largest producer of platinum, with around 40% of world output, as well as being a major producer of diamonds, copper, nickel, iron ore and steelmaking coal. <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Spencer" title="Alberto Spencer">Alberto Spencer</a> is one famed Briton that hailed from Ancon. The town has now become an attraction due to the austere British homes in "El Barrio Ingles" situated in a contrasting tropical setting.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> were the third largest national group in terms of numbers of immigrants. It can be noted that, after World War I, people from <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, still constituted the majority of the flow, even though they then represented only one third of the total number of immigrants in Ecuador. This situation came from the improvement of the economic situation in Liguria. The classic paradigm of the Italian immigrant today was not that of the small trader from Liguria as it had been before; those who emigrated to Ecuador were professionals and technicians, employees and religious people from South-Central Italy. It must be remembered that many immigrants, a remarkable number of Italians among them, moved to the Ecuadorian port from Peru to escape from the Peruvian war with Chile. The Italian government came to be more interested in the emigration phenomenon in Ecuador because of the necessity of finding an outlet for the large number of immigrants who traditionally went to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> but who could no longer enter this country because of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921 that restricted immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans as well as other "undesirables". Most of these communities and their descendants are located in the <a href="/wiki/Guayas_Province" title="Guayas Province">Guayas</a> region of the country.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Throughout the 20th century, immigration also came from other <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> countries due to civil wars, economic crises, and dictatorships.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The most notable are those coming from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. Starting from 2002, there has been an exponential and significant growth in <a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan">Venezuelan</a> refugees. Colombians have historically found refuge in its neighboring country during times of civil unrest. Recently, Venezuelans have become a notable presence in Ecuadorian cities as many flee the economic and political <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan crisis">Venezuelan crisis</a>. Authorities argue that an estimated 350,000 to 400,000 Colombians live in Ecuador, porous borders and lack of formal registration disallow concrete numbers.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> From 2007, the Ecuador government created multiple initiatives to attract Ecuadorians abroad mostly from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to return after many left during the 90s economic crisis or <a href="/wiki/La_Decada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Decada Perdida">La Decada Perdida</a>. These policies resulted in the rapid and significant rise in the flow of returning nationals, most notably during the 2008 economic crisis that affected Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In recent years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Ecuador has grown in popularity among North American expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture of Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg/170px-Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg/255px-Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg/340px-Ca%C3%B1ari_people_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a> children with the typical Andean indigenous clothes</figcaption></figure> Ecuador's dominant culture is defined by its <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> majority and, like its ancestry, is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by Spanish elements non-Europeans and Africans. The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonist, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, Croatians and some cases from Asia during and after the Second World War. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicia_Cahuiya,_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg/170px-Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg/255px-Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg/340px-Alicia_Cahuiya%2C_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huaorani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani people">Waorani</a> man with the typical Amazonian indigenous clothes</figcaption></figure> Ecuador's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> but some may also practice their own native cultures, particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98%. Part of Ecuador's population can speak <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> languages; in some cases, they are used as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ecuador" title="Television in Ecuador">Television in Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ecuador" title="List of newspapers in Ecuador">List of newspapers in Ecuador</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Music of Ecuador</a></div> The music of Ecuador has a long history. <a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">Pasillo</a> is a genre of indigenous Latin music. In Ecuador it is the "national genre of music". Through the years, many cultures have brought their influences together to create new types of music. There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">Bomba</a> (highly established in Afro-Ecuadorian societies), and so on. <a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a> and Rockola are clear examples of the influence of foreign cultures. One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is <a href="/wiki/Sanjuanito" title="Sanjuanito">Sanjuanito</a>. It is originally from northern Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Otavalo_(city)" title="Otavalo (city)">Otavalo</a>-Imbabura). Sanjuanito is a type of dance music played during festivities by the mestizo and Amerindian communities. According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista's birthday. This important date was established by the Spaniards on 24 June, coincidentally the same date when Amerindian people celebrated their rituals of <a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorian_dishes_and_foods" title="List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods">List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_(gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/150px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/225px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg/300px-Ceviche_de_camar%C3%B3n_%28gastronom%C3%ADa_Ecuatoriana%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="581" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg/154px-Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg/231px-Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg/308px-Cuy_Guinea_Pig_Dish_SG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="455" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ceviche ecuatoriano (Ecuadorian-style <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a>) and Cuy asado (grilled <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>) are some of the typical dishes.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian cuisine</a> is diverse, varying with the altitude, associated agricultural conditions, and ethnic/racial communities. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three-course meal of soup, a course that includes rice and a protein, and then dessert and coffee to finish. In the coastal region, seafood is very popular, with fish, shrimp, and <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a> being an integral part of the diet. Beef is also notably consumed in the coastal region, traditional dishes are <a href="/wiki/Churrasco" title="Churrasco">churrasco</a> and arroz con menestra y carne asada (rice with beans and grilled beef) served with <a href="/wiki/Tostones" title="Tostones">fried plantain</a>. The latter is an emblematic dish of the city of <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. Meat based dishes have their origins in the cattle ranching culture of the <a href="/wiki/Montubio" title="Montubio">Montubio</a> people. <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a> is an indispensable coastal dish with pre-incan origins. It is often served with fried plantain (<a href="/wiki/Chifle" title="Chifle">chifles</a> or patacones), popcorn, or <a href="/wiki/Tostada_(tortilla)" title="Tostada (tortilla)">tostado</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">Plantain</a>- and peanut-based dishes are quite frequent in the coastal region reflecting the West African roots of many of its citizens. Encocados (dishes that contain a coconut sauce) are also very popular in the northern coast centering around the city of <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas</a>. The coast is also a leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a> (to make chocolate), shrimp, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passiflora_edulis" title="Passiflora edulis">passion fruit</a>, among other products.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Pan_de_yuca" title="Pan de yuca">Pan de yuca</a>, analogous with the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo" title="Pão de queijo">pão de queijo</a>, is served with "yogur persa" and is often eaten as a snack in many coastal cities. Its origin comes from the Persian and Middle Eastern populations that settled the coast.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In the highland region, various dishes of pork, chicken, and cuy (guinea pig)<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and <a href="/wiki/Mote_(food)" title="Mote (food)">mote</a>) or potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The consumption of "Cuy" or <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea Pig">Guinea Pig</a>, de rigueur in mostly indigenous communities, reflects the predominantly native character of the highlands. Considered a delicacy it is often characterized as having a mild pork flavor. In the Amazon region, a dietary staple is the yuca, elsewhere called <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>. Many fruits are available in this region, including <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyphostemma_juttae" title="Cyphostemma juttae">tree grapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes" title="Bactris gasipaes">peach palms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jmontalvo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg/170px-Jmontalvo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg/255px-Jmontalvo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jmontalvo.jpg/340px-Jmontalvo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Montalvo" title="Juan Montalvo">Juan Montalvo</a></figcaption></figure> Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>. One of the earliest examples is <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Collahuazo" title="Jacinto Collahuazo">Jacinto Collahuazo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boceto-209">[207]</a> an Amerindian chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra, born in the late 1600s. Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>, but his work was written in <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a> was banned by the Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> and in order to preserve their work, many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language. The history behind the Inca drama "Ollantay", the oldest literary piece in existence for any Amerindian language in America,<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo. Collahuazo was imprisoned and all of his work burned. The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later, when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript. The salvaged fragment is a Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa",<a href="#cite_note-Boceto-209">[207]</a> a poem written by Collahuazo, which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa. Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aguirre" title="Juan Bautista Aguirre">Juan Bautista Aguirre</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Daule_Canton" title="Daule Canton">Daule</a> in 1725, and Father <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Velasco" title="Juan de Velasco">Juan de Velasco</a>, born in Riobamba in 1727. Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Espejo" title="Eugenio Espejo">Eugenio Espejo</a>, a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; <a href="/wiki/Jose_Joaquin_de_Olmedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Joaquin de Olmedo">Jose Joaquin de Olmedo</a> (born in Guayaquil), famous for his ode to <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> titled Victoria de Junin; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Montalvo" title="Juan Montalvo">Juan Montalvo</a>, a prominent essayist and novelist; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Leon_Mera" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Leon Mera">Juan Leon Mera</a>, famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa; Dolores Veintimilla;<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> and others. Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Adoum" title="Jorge Enrique Adoum">Jorge Enrique Adoum</a>; the poet <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Carrera_Andrade" title="Jorge Carrera Andrade">Jorge Carrera Andrade</a>; the essayist <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Carri%C3%B3n" title="Benjamín Carrión">Benjamín Carrión</a>; the poets Medardo Angel Silva, Jorge Carrera Andrade, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Xavier" title="Emanuel Xavier">Emanuel Xavier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Costales" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Costales">Luis Alberto Costales</a>; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Icaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Icaza">Jorge Icaza</a> (author of the novel Huasipungo, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg/220px-Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg/330px-Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg/440px-Yapanga_de_Quito_con_traje_que_usa_esta_clase_de_mujeres_que_tratan_de_agradar_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3542" data-file-height="2722" /></a><figcaption>Ecuador has a wide repertoire of colonial art in the country and other museums, like this <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criolla</a> Yapanga from colonial Quito, in 1783, by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Vicente Albán">Vicente Albán</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Museo de América">Museo de América, Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> The best known art styles from Ecuador belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Quite%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Quiteña">Escuela Quiteña</a> (Quito School), which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito. <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian painters">Ecuadorian painters</a> include <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Kingman" title="Eduardo Kingman">Eduardo Kingman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Oswaldo Guayasamín</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Egas" title="Camilo Egas">Camilo Egas</a> from the Indiginist Movement; <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rend%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Rendón">Manuel Rendón</a>, Jaime Zapata, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_T%C3%A1bara" title="Enrique Tábara">Enrique Tábara</a>, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Villac%C3%ADs" title="Aníbal Villacís">Aníbal Villacís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Constant%C3%A9" title="Theo Constanté">Theo Constanté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Molinari" title="Luis Molinari">Luis Molinari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araceli_Gilbert" title="Araceli Gilbert">Araceli Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Judith Gutiérrez">Judith Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ar%C3%A1uz" title="Félix Aráuz">Félix Aráuz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estuardo_Maldonado" title="Estuardo Maldonado">Estuardo Maldonado</a> from the Informalist Movement; <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Cobe%C3%B1a" title="Teddy Cobeña">Teddy Cobeña</a> from expressionism and figurative style<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, futuristic style. The Amerindian people of Tigua, Ecuador, are also world-renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador#Indigenous_art_of_Tigua" title="Culture of Ecuador">traditional paintings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Sport in Ecuador</a></div> The most popular <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">sport in Ecuador</a>, as in most South American countries, is football. Its best known professional teams include; <a href="/wiki/Club_Sport_Emelec" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Sport Emelec">Emelec</a> from Guayaquil, <a href="/wiki/LDU_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="LDU Quito">Liga De Quito</a> from Quito; <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_S.C." title="Barcelona S.C.">Barcelona S.C.</a> from Guayaquil, the most popular team in Ecuador, also the team with most local championships; <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Deportivo_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociedad Deportivo Quito">Deportivo Quito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Club_Deportivo_El_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Deportivo El Nacional">El Nacional</a> from Quito; <a href="/wiki/Centro_Deportivo_Olmedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Deportivo Olmedo">Olmedo</a> from Riobamba; and <a href="/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Cuenca" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Deportivo Cuenca">Deportivo Cuenca</a> from Cuenca. Currently the most successful football team in Ecuador is LDU Quito, and it is the only Ecuadorian team that has won the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Libertadores" title="Copa Libertadores">Copa Libertadores</a>; they were also runners-up in the <a href="/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup" title="2008 FIFA Club World Cup">2008 FIFA Club World Cup</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Isidro_Romero_Carbo" title="Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo">Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo</a> is the tenth largest football stadium in South America. The <a href="/wiki/Ecuador_national_football_team" title="Ecuador national football team">Ecuador national football team</a> has appeared at four <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/220px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/330px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG/440px-Estadio_Monumental_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Isidro_Romero_Carbo" title="Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo">Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo</a> of Guayaquil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Ecuador portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">Index of Ecuador-related articles</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ecuador" title="Outline of Ecuador">Outline of Ecuador</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛkwədɔːr/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/En-us-Ecuador.ogg\/En-us-Ecuador.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Ecuador.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/En-us-Ecuador.ogg/En-us-Ecuador.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Ecuador.ogg" title="File:En-us-Ecuador.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EK-wə-dor</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ekwaˈðoɾ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/ES-pe_-_Ecuador.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Ecuador.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Ecuador.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/ES-pe_-_Ecuador.ogg/ES-pe_-_Ecuador.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Ecuador.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Ecuador.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Ikwayur; <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a>: Ecuador or Ekuatur<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Ikwayur Ripuwlika; <a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a>: Ekuatur Nunka<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Los Angeles Times. 27 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815075038/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-27-fg-ecuador27-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Leftist+rolling+to+victory+in+Ecuador%27s+presidential+race&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-nov-27-fg-ecuador27-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/1/16/ecuadors-new-president-sworn-in">"Ecuador's new president sworn in"</a>. 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The Guardian. 29 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815065412/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2008/sep/29/ecuador">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ecuador+referendum+endorses+new+constitution&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal%2F2008%2Fsep%2F29%2Fecuador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRN2009Win-55"><a href="#cite_ref-TRN2009Win_55-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010140108/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=3622">"Avenger against oligarchy" wins in Ecuador</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Real_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real News">The Real News</a>, 27 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Romero-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Romero_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2009" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (April 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/world/americas/27ecuador.html">"Ecuador Re-elects President, Preliminary Results Show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627001457/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/world/americas/27ecuador.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2017. 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New Economic Perspectives. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=9717">Correa wins re-election and says banks and mass media don't rule anymore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318001316/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=9717">Archived</a> 18 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Real_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real News">The Real News</a>. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014. <ul><li>"Unemployment hit a record low of 4.1 percent at the end of last year. Poverty's down about 27 percent since he took office". – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Weisbrot" title="Mark Weisbrot">Mark Weisbrot</a>, co-director of <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> In August 2018, Ecuador withdrew from Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alba), a regional bloc of leftwing governments led by Venezuela. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46999">"Équateur : Lenín Moreno et le néolibéralisme par surprise – Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières"</a>. www.europe-solidaire.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006044917/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46999">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019. 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ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010133827/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ecuadors-leader-moves-government-seat-clashes-escalate-66134866">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019. 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Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ecuador+president+declares+state+of+emergency+over+drug+violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F19%2Fecuador-president-declares-state-of-emergency-over-drug-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/drug-capo-among-16-dead-in-bloody-ecuador-prison-riot/2022/10/04/fc28fee6-443a-11ed-be17-89cbe6b8c0a5_story.html">"Drug capo among 16 dead in bloody Ecuador prison riot"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22El+partido+del+presidente+Lasso+ha+tenido+un+desempe%C3%B1o+muy+deficiente%22%2C+dice+analista&rft.pub=CNN+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2023-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnespanol.cnn.com%2Fvideo%2Freferendo-ecuador-elecciones-guillermo-lasso-correismo-sot-cafe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnAlvarado2023" class="citation news cs1">John, Tara; Alvarado, Abel (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/15/americas/ecuador-election-gonzalez-noboa-intl-latam/index.html">"Noboa, 35, to become Ecuador's next president following election dominated by spiraling crime"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Noboa%2C+35%2C+to+become+Ecuador%27s+next+president+following+election+dominated+by+spiraling+crime&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Alvarado%2C+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F10%2F15%2Famericas%2Fecuador-election-gonzalez-noboa-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/23/millionaire-daniel-noboa-sworn-in-as-ecuador-president">"Business heir Daniel Noboa sworn in as Ecuador president"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Business+heir+Daniel+Noboa+sworn+in+as+Ecuador+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F23%2Fmillionaire-daniel-noboa-sworn-in-as-ecuador-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67930452">"Ecuador declares war on armed gangs after TV station attacked on air"</a>. 9 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109235540/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67930452">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecuador+declares+war+on+armed+gangs+after+TV+station+attacked+on+air&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-67930452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2024" class="citation web cs1">John, Tara (9 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/09/americas/armed-men-interrupt-live-tv-ecuador-intl/index.html">"Ecuador declares 'internal armed conflict' as gunmen take over live TV broadcast"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecuador+declares+%27internal+armed+conflict%27+as+gunmen+take+over+live+TV+broadcast&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F01%2F09%2Famericas%2Farmed-men-interrupt-live-tv-ecuador-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612191446/http://www.idea.int/vt/compulsory_voting.cfm">"Compulsory Voting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/vt/compulsory_voting.cfm">the original</a> on 12 June 2009. 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Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Ecuador%3A+UN+torture+prevention+body+remains+seriously+concerned+by+prison+crisis+after+second+visit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2022%2F10%2Fecuador-un-torture-prevention-body-remains-seriously-concerned-prison-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073955/http://www.planificacion.gob.ec/3-niveles-administrativos-de-planificacion/">"Niveles administrativos de planificación"</a>. Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planificacion.gob.ec/3-niveles-administrativos-de-planificacion">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niveles+administrativos+de+planificaci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Secretar%C3%ADa+Nacional+de+Planificaci%C3%B3n+y+Desarrollo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planificacion.gob.ec%2F3-niveles-administrativos-de-planificacion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127225748/http://www.mcpec.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1047&Itemid=108">"Región 4 – Santo Domingo, Manabí y Galápagos"</a>. Ministry of Production, Employment and Competitiveness Coordination. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcpec.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1047&Itemid=108">the original</a> on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regi%C3%B3n+4+%E2%80%93+Santo+Domingo%2C+Manab%C3%AD+y+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Production%2C+Employment+and+Competitiveness+Coordination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcpec.gob.ec%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1047%26Itemid%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506111602/http://www.ccmr.org/public/library_file_proxy.cfm/lid/5603">"Ecuador: A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America / 2008 Edition"</a>. ccmr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccmr.org/public/library_file_proxy.cfm/lid/5603">the original</a> on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecuador%3A+A+Comparative+Atlas+of+Defence+in+Latin+America+%2F+2008+Edition&rft.pub=ccmr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccmr.org%2Fpublic%2Flibrary_file_proxy.cfm%2Flid%2F5603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esmil.mil.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=81">History of the "Escuela Superior Militar Eloy Alfaro"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719133956/http://www.esmil.mil.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=81">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010140108/http://www.armada.mil.ec/?option=com_content&task=view&id=47">"Armada del Ecuador"</a>. Armada del Ecuador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armada.mil.ec/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47">the original</a> on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armada+del+Ecuador&rft.atitle=Armada+del+Ecuador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armada.mil.ec%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220150024/http://www.esmafae.mil.ec/nuestra-historia/historia-de-la-esma.html">"History of the 'Escuela Superior Militar de Aviacion Cosme Rennella'"</a>. Esmafae.mil.ec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esmafae.mil.ec/nuestra-historia/historia-de-la-esma.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+%27Escuela+Superior+Militar+de+Aviacion+Cosme+Rennella%27&rft.pub=Esmafae.mil.ec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esmafae.mil.ec%2Fnuestra-historia%2Fhistoria-de-la-esma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126122240/https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/bienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador/">"Bienvenidos al Ecuador – Geografía – Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana"</a> (in Spanish). 26 January 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/bienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador/">the original</a> on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bienvenidos+al+Ecuador+%E2%80%93+Geograf%C3%ADa+%E2%80%93+Ministerio+de+Relaciones+Exteriores+y+Movilidad+Humana&rft.date=2020-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancilleria.gob.ec%2Fbienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-realm-99"><a href="#cite_ref-realm_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112846/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <q>[we] can further define the word culture to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non – Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania</a> (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120062626/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Protected+Areas+System+in+Oceania&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F30152%2FRevOceania.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull1937" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Frank M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania</a> (PDF). Department of Biology, University of Missouri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126074835/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Check+List+of+the+Syrphidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Department+of+Biology%2C+University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop13-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckertAlvaradoBalazsByles1998" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Scott A.; Alvarado, Javier; Balazs, George H.; Byles, Richard; C. Craig, Peter; Dutton, Peter Howard; L. Eckert, Karen; Engbring, John; Maragos, James E.; Pultz, Susan; Richardson, James Ingram (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=si33pkypsggC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22indonesia%22&pg=PA7">Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys Imbricata)</a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004050651/https://books.google.com/books?id=si33pkypsggC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22indonesia%22&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Foraging hawksbills have been reported from virtually all of the island groups of Oceania, from the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific to the Republic of Palau in the western Pacific.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery+Plan+for+U.S.+Pacific+Populations+of+the+Hawksbill+Turtle+%28Eretmochelys+Imbricata%29&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Marine+Fisheries+Service&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Alvarado%2C+Javier&rft.au=Balazs%2C+George+H.&rft.au=Byles%2C+Richard&rft.au=C.+Craig%2C+Peter&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Peter+Howard&rft.au=L.+Eckert%2C+Karen&rft.au=Engbring%2C+John&rft.au=Maragos%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Pultz%2C+Susan&rft.au=Richardson%2C+James+Ingram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsi33pkypsggC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522indonesia%2522%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harv-103"><a href="#cite_ref-harv_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBequaert1941" class="citation book cs1">Bequaert, Joseph C. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op16-11.pdf">The Hippoboscidae of Oceania</a> (PDF). Harvard Medical School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124010141/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op16-11.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. <q>In the present taxonomic study of the Hippoboscidae, Oceania covers, rather arbitrarily, the many archipelagos and isolated islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean, from the Marianas and Caroline Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia to the Hawaiian islands and the Galapagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hippoboscidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Harvard+Medical+School&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bequaert&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop16-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1976" class="citation book cs1">King, Frank P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22one+might+add+Chile+and+Ecuador%22">Oceania and Beyond: Essays on the Pacific Since 1945</a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837189048" title="Special:BookSources/9780837189048"><bdi>9780837189048</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051214/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22one+might+add+Chile+and+Ecuador%22">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2022. <q>It is clear that since World War II, Britain, in contrast to France and the United States (and one might say Chile and Ecuador, which hold, respectively, Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands), conceived of Oceania as a region of sovereign nations living in a spirit of commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceania+and+Beyond%3A+Essays+on+the+Pacific+Since+1945&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780837189048&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzMhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522one%2Bmight%2Badd%2BChile%2Band%2BEcuador%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1993" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22south+pacific%22&pg=PA347">France and the South Pacific Since 1940</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824815585" title="Special:BookSources/9780824815585"><bdi>9780824815585</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22south+pacific%22&pg=PA347">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2022. <q>Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+South+Pacific+Since+1940&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780824815585&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLTDYaHhrZgC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522south%2Bpacific%2522%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowl2010" class="citation book cs1">Dowl, Aimee (2010). Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecuador+and+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dowl&rft.aufirst=Aimee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Carvajal, Ana María (10 de enero de 2019). «Quito se convirtió en la ciudad más poblada del Ecuador con más de 3 millones de habitantes en el 2018». El Comercio. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> «Quito es ahora la ciudad más poblada de Ecuador». El Telégrafo. 12 de enero de 2019. Archivado desde el original el 27 de marzo de 2019. 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Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pais&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1s+del+70%25+de+los+ecuatorianos+que+viven+en+Espa%C3%B1a+quieren+volver+a+su+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.aulast=Guede&rft.aufirst=Araceli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2012%2F10%2F24%2Factualidad%2F1351079750_081442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/hoy/ct-hoy-8112614-entre-lagrimas-14-ecuatorianos-dejan-espana-por-la-crisis-y-vuelven-a-su-pais-story.html">"Entre lágrimas, 14 ecuatorianos dejan España por la crisis y vuelven a su país"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Entre+l%C3%A1grimas%2C+14+ecuatorianos+dejan+Espa%C3%B1a+por+la+crisis+y+vuelven+a+su+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fhoy%2Fct-hoy-8112614-entre-lagrimas-14-ecuatorianos-dejan-espana-por-la-crisis-y-vuelven-a-su-pais-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vivatropical.com/ecuador/cuenca">"Cuenca Ecuador – How The American Dream Moved South"</a>. vivatropical.com. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210110956/http://vivatropical.com/ecuador/cuenca/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2015. 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Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yogurt+Persa%3A+De+Ecuador+a+Argentina+y+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femprendimientoshoy.com%2Fcomida-y-bebida%2Fyogurt-persa-de-ecuador-a-argentina-y-latinoamerica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> (Perez, M. 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Ecuador.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422235059/https://www.ecuador.com/blog/ecuadors-exports-fruit-galore/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecuador.com&rft.atitle=Ecuador%27s+Exports+%E2%80%93+Fruit+Galore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecuador.com%2Fblog%2Fecuadors-exports-fruit-galore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boceto-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boceto_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boceto_209-1">b</a> Borja, Piedad (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI7272110053A.PDF">"Boceto de Poesía Ecuatoriana"</a>. Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184150/http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/02104547/articulos/ALHI7272110053A.PDF">Archived</a> 3 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Robertson, W.S., History of the Latin-American Nations, 1952 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Karnis, Surviving Pre-Columbian Drama, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Dolores Veintimilla <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc">Brief biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092612/http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc">Archived</a> 25 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicente_Albán1783" class="citation web cs1">Vicente Albán (1783). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/museodeamerica/coleccion/america-virreinal/colonial/vicente-alb-n.html">"Yapanga de Quito"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Museo de América">Museo de América</a> website. Spain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019170730/https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/museodeamerica/coleccion/america-virreinal/colonial/vicente-alb-n.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+de+Am%C3%A9rica+website&rft.atitle=Yapanga+de+Quito&rft.date=1783&rft.au=Vicente+Alb%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturaydeporte.gob.es%2Fmuseodeamerica%2Fcoleccion%2Famerica-virreinal%2Fcolonial%2Fvicente-alb-n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html">"Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público"</a>. Europa Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083751/http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Press&rft.atitle=Las+esculturas+de+Teddy+Cobe%C3%B1a+las+favoritas+del+p%C3%BAblico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europapress.es%2Fcomunicados%2Fempresas-00908%2Fnoticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/ecuador/diario-expreso/20150505/282346858369317">"Teddy Cobeña expondrá en Europa y Asia"</a>. Diario Expreso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040506/http://www.pressreader.com/ecuador/diario-expreso/20150505/282346858369317">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+Expreso&rft.atitle=Teddy+Cobe%C3%B1a+expondr%C3%A1+en+Europa+y+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fecuador%2Fdiario-expreso%2F20150505%2F282346858369317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/382480-madrid-guarda-arte-manabita/">"Madrid guarda arte manabita"</a>. El Diario de Ecuador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034803/http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/382480-madrid-guarda-arte-manabita/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Diario+de+Ecuador&rft.atitle=Madrid+guarda+arte+manabita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.ec%2Fnoticias-manabi-ecuador%2F382480-madrid-guarda-arte-manabita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColloredo-Mansfeld2011" class="citation journal cs1">Colloredo-Mansfeld, Rudi (21 March 2011). "Space, line and story in the invention of an Andean aesthetic". Journal of Material Culture. 16 (1): 3–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359183510394945">10.1177/1359183510394945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143580656">143580656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Material+Culture&rft.atitle=Space%2C+line+and+story+in+the+invention+of+an+Andean+aesthetic&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-23&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1359183510394945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143580656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Colloredo-Mansfeld&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuador" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ades, H. and Graham, M. (2010) The Rough Guide to Ecuador, Rough Guides</li> <li>Becker, M. (2008) Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador's Modern Indigenous Movements, Duke University Press Books</li> <li>Becker, M. and Clark, A. K. (2007) Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador, University of Pittsburgh Press</li> <li>Blakenship, J. (2005) Cañar: A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador, University of Texas Press</li> <li>Brown, J. and Smith, J. (2009) Moon Guidebook: Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands, Avalon Travel Publishing</li> <li>Crowder, N. (2009) Culture Shock! Ecuador: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, Marshall Cavendish Corporation</li> <li>Gerlach, A. (2003) Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador, SR Books</li> <li>Handelsman, M. H. (2008) Culture and Customs of Ecuador, Greenwood</li> <li>Hurtado, O. (2010) Portrait of a Nation: Culture and Progress in Ecuador, Madison Books</li> <li>O'Connor, E. (2007) Gender, Indian, Nation: The Contradictions of Making Ecuador, 1830–1925, University of Arizona Press</li> <li>Pineo, R. (2007) Ecuador and the United States: Useful Strangers, University of Georgia Press</li> <li>Roos, W. and Van Renterghem, O. (2000) Ecuador in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture, Latin America Bureau</li> <li>Sawyer, S. (2004) Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador, Duke University Press Books</li> <li>Striffler, S. (2001) In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador – 1900–1995, Duke University Press Books</li> <li>Torre, C. de la and Striffler, S. (2008) The Ecuador Reader: History, Culture, Politics, Duke University Press Books</li> <li>Various (2010) Insight Guidebook: Ecuador & Galápagos, Insight Guides</li> <li>Various (2009) Lonely Planet Guide: Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands, Lonely Planet</li> <li>Whitten, N. E. (2011) Histories of the Present: People and Power in Ecuador, University of Illinois Press</li> <li>Whitten, N. E. (2003) Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics, University Of Iowa Press</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ecuador at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ecuador">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="c:Ecuador">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ecuador" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ecuador">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="q:Ecuador">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ecuador">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ecuador">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ecuador">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ecuador" class="extiw" title="voy:Ecuador">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816030007/http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/">President of Ecuador</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/ecuador.html">CIA Library Site: Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/">Ecuador</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084748/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ecuador.htm">Ecuador</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1212882.stm">Ecuador profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Ecuador">Wikimedia Atlas of Ecuador</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/108089">Ecuador</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecuador_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecuador_topics" title="Template talk:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecuador_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_territorial_dispute" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute">Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1830%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Ecuador (1830–1860)">1830–1860</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_Revolution_(Ecuador)" title="March Revolution (Ecuador)">March Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War_(1857%E2%80%931860)" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1860%E2%80%931895)" title="History of Ecuador (1860–1895)">1860–1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1895%E2%80%931925)" title="History of Ecuador (1895–1925)">1895–1925</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concha_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Concha Revolution">Concha Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Guayaquil_general_strike" title="1922 Guayaquil general strike">1922 general strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1925%E2%80%931944)" title="History of Ecuador (1925–1944)">1925–1944</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1944%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Ecuador (1944–1960)">1944–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1960%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ecuador (1960–1990)">1960–1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Military_Junta_of_1963" title="Ecuadorian Military Junta of 1963">Military Junta of 1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carnavalazo" title="El Carnavalazo">El Carnavalazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Government" title="Supreme Council of Government">Supreme Council of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paquisha_War" title="Paquisha War">Paquisha War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Ecuador (1990–present)">1990–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs_in_Ecuador" title="War on drugs in Ecuador">War on drugs in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">2000 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Ecuador_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Ecuador crisis">2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ecuadorian_conflict" title="2024 Ecuadorian conflict">2024 Ecuadorian conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador" title="Coat of arms of Ecuador"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Ecuador" title="List of birds of Ecuador">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ecuador" title="Climate of Ecuador">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ecuador" title="List of earthquakes in Ecuador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ecuador" title="Environment of Ecuador">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Ecuador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Ecuador" title="List of mammals of Ecuador">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ecuador" title="List of mountains in Ecuador">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Ecuador" title="List of national parks in Ecuador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ecuador" title="List of rivers of Ecuador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ecuador" title="List of volcanoes in Ecuador">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ecuador" title="Foreign relations of Ecuador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ecuador" title="Armed Forces of Ecuador">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Ecuador)" title="National Congress (Ecuador)">National Congress (former)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ecuador" title="List of political parties in Ecuador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ecuador" title="List of presidents of Ecuador">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ecuador" title="Vice President of Ecuador">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ecuador" title="Banking in Ecuador">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ecuador" title="Central Bank of Ecuador">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ecuador" title="Coffee production in Ecuador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Ecuador" title="Currency of Ecuador">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ecuador" title="Mining in Ecuador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ecuador" title="Tourism in Ecuador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ecuador" title="Trade unions in Ecuador">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ecuador" title="Transport in Ecuador">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ecuador" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ecuador" title="Category:Society of Ecuador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ecuador" title="Crime in Ecuador">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador" title="Demographics of Ecuador">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ecuador" title="Health in Ecuador">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Ecuador">Social class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ecuador" title="Flag of Ecuador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ecuador" title="List of newspapers in Ecuador">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorians" title="List of Ecuadorians">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ecuador" title="Public holidays in Ecuador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ecuador" title="Television in Ecuador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ecuador" title="Outline of Ecuador">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecuador" title="Category:Ecuador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template talk:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_Mercosur" title="President pro tempore of Mercosur">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OPEC" title="Template:OPEC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OPEC" title="Template talk:OPEC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_general_of_OPEC" title="List of secretaries general of OPEC">List of secretaries general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_South_American_Defense" title="Council of South American Defense">Council of South American Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122909811">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150084159">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205578/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMwWbcyYrgrXmg3f7fv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129321-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068415">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931363f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931363f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561918">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V152578">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134148&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450947">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003586189&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000036236">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt798q8f27vk3cx">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/8146">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564240705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/967abc0e-f680-3cde-95d0-0b79b977d410">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08344739?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/25236fa2-dceb-4dc3-a7c0-6d9aefc4c7eb">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ieaRwED4">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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