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Cy Young Award
<html> <head> <title>Cy Young Award</title> <meta name="googlebot" content="noodp"> <meta name="robots" content="noodp"><style type="text/css"> <!-- .fotmbar { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: none} .fotmbar:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline} .newslink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .newslink:hover { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} .proflink:hover { color: blue; text-decoration: underline} .b1f, .b2f, .b3f, .b4f {font-size:1px; overflow:hidden; display:block;} .b1f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 5px;} .b2f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 3px;} .b3f {height:1px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 2px;} .b4f {height:2px; background:#e6e6e6; margin:0 1px;} .contentf {background: #e6e6e6; padding: 2px; } .contentf div {margin-left: 5px;} --> </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/sortable.js"></script> </head> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <center> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr><td valign=top><table width=550 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> <tr><td bgcolor=white><table width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" background="/nndb.gif"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><a href="http://www.nndb.com/"><img src="/title.gif" width="260" height="50" border=0 alt="NNDB"></a></td> <td><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr align="center"> <td width="25%" nowrap><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This is a beta version of NNDB</font></b></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"><b><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <form action="http://search.nndb.com/search/nndb.cgi" method="get"> <input type="hidden" name="nndb" value="1"></input> <nobr>Search: <select name="omenu"> <option value="unspecified" selected>All Names</option> <option value="living">Living people</option> <option value="dead">Dead people</option> <option value="bands">Band Names</option> <option value="books">Book Titles</option> <option value="movies">Movie Titles</option> <option value="fulltext">Full Text</option> </select> for <input name="query" value="" size=24 maxlength=96> <input type=submit value="Search"> </font></b></nobr></form></td> </tr> </table> <!-- COPYRIGHT (C) 2008 SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED --> <!-- NO PART OF THIS WEBSITE MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION --> <!-- OF SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS (ON THE WEB, IN PRINT, OR OTHERWISE) --> <!-- --> <!-- SOYLENT COMMUNICATIONS --> <!-- PO BOX 4436, MOUNTAIN VIEW CA 94040 USA --> </td></tr> <tr><td bgcolor=red height=2></td></tr> <tr bgcolor=F0F0F0><td bgcolor=F0F0F0 style="padding: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%><tr><td bgcolor=F0F0F0> <font size=+3 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Cy Young Award</b></font><p> <font size=+1 face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color=red><b>HONOR</b></font><p> <p>Awarded annually since 1956 by the <b>Baseball Writers Association of America</b> to the year's most outstanding pitcher. Until 1966, one pitcher was honored annually for all of major league baseball; since then, one pitcher is honored annually in each league. The award is named for dominating early-era major league pitcher <a href="/people/861/000085606/">Cy Young</a>.<p> <p> <table border=1><tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1956</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/330/000166829/">Don Newcombe</a></td> <td>Brooklyn Dodgers (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1957</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/134/000085876/">Warren Spahn</a></td> <td>Milwaukee Braves (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1958</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Bob Turley</td> <td>New York Yankees (AL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1959</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/361/000166860/">Early Wynn</a></td> <td>Chicago White Sox (AL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1960</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Vern Law</td> <td>Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1961</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/283/000023214/">Whitey Ford</a></td> <td>New York Yankees (AL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1962</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/984/000047843/">Don Drysdale</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1963</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/885/000023816/">Sandy Koufax</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1964</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Dean Chance</td> <td>Los Angeles Angels (AL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1965</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/885/000023816/">Sandy Koufax</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1966</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/885/000023816/">Sandy Koufax</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1967 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jim Lonborg</td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1967 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Mike McCormick</td> <td>San Francisco Giants </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1968 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/106/000085848/">Denny McLain</a></td> <td>Detroit Tigers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1968 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/088/000085830/">Bob Gibson</a></td> <td>St. Louis Cardinals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1969 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/255/000217601/">Mike Cuellar</a></td> <td>Baltimore Orioles (shared) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1969 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/106/000085848/">Denny McLain</a></td> <td>Detroit Tigers (shared) </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1969 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/126/000085868/">Tom Seaver</a></td> <td>New York Mets </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1970 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jim Perry</td> <td>Minnesota Twins </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1970 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/088/000085830/">Bob Gibson</a></td> <td>St. Louis Cardinals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1971 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/944/000047803/">Vida Blue</a></td> <td>Oakland Athletics </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1971 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/835/000206217/">Ferguson Jenkins</a></td> <td>Chicago Cubs </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1972 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/095/000085837/">Gaylord Perry</a></td> <td>Cleveland Indians </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1972 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000085682/">Steve Carlton</a></td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1973 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/242/000082993/">Jim Palmer</a></td> <td>Baltimore Orioles </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1973 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/126/000085868/">Tom Seaver</a></td> <td>New York Mets </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1974 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/942/000047801/">Catfish Hunter</a></td> <td>Oakland Athletics </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1974 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Mike Marshall</td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1975 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/242/000082993/">Jim Palmer</a></td> <td>Baltimore Orioles </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1975 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/126/000085868/">Tom Seaver</a></td> <td>New York Mets </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1976 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/242/000082993/">Jim Palmer</a></td> <td>Baltimore Orioles </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1976 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Randy Jones</td> <td>San Diego Padres </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1977 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Sparky Lyle</td> <td>New York Yankees </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1977 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000085682/">Steve Carlton</a></td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1978 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/933/000163444/">Ron Guidry</a></td> <td>New York Yankees </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1978 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/095/000085837/">Gaylord Perry</a></td> <td>San Diego Padres </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1979 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Mike Flanagan</td> <td>Baltimore Orioles </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1979 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Bruce Sutter</td> <td>Chicago Cubs </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1980 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Steve Stone</td> <td>Baltimore Orioles </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1980 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000085682/">Steve Carlton</a></td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1981 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/045/000085787/">Rollie Fingers</a></td> <td>Milwaukee Brewers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1981 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/072/000085814/">Fernando Valenzuela</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1982 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Pete Vuckovich</td> <td>Milwaukee Brewers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1982 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/937/000085682/">Steve Carlton</a></td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1983 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>LaMarr Hoyt</td> <td>Chicago White Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1983 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>John Denny</td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1984 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Willie Hernández</td> <td>Detroit Tigers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1984 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Rick Sutcliffe</td> <td>Chicago Cubs </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1985 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/555/000166057/">Bret Saberhagen</a></td> <td>Kansas City Royals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1985 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/724/000025649/">Dwight Gooden</a></td> <td>New York Mets </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1986 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1986 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Mike Scott</td> <td>Houston Astros </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1987 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1987 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Steve Bedrosian</td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1988 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Frank Viola</td> <td>Minnesota Twins </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1988 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/652/000024580/">Orel Hershiser</a></td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1989 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/555/000166057/">Bret Saberhagen</a></td> <td>Kansas City Royals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1989 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Mark Davis</td> <td>San Diego Padres </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1990 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Bob Welch</td> <td>Oakland Athletics </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1990 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Doug Drabek</td> <td>Pittsburgh Pirates </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1991 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1991 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/649/000162163/">Tom Glavine</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1992 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/302/000028218/">Dennis Eckersley</a></td> <td>Oakland Athletics </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1992 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/135/000085877/">Greg Maddux</a></td> <td>Chicago Cubs </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1993 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jack McDowell</td> <td>Chicago White Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1993 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/135/000085877/">Greg Maddux</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1994 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>David Cone</td> <td>Kansas City Royals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1994 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/135/000085877/">Greg Maddux</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1995 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/823/000047682/">Randy Johnson</a></td> <td>Seattle Mariners </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1995 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/135/000085877/">Greg Maddux</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1996 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Pat Hentgen</td> <td>Toronto Blue Jays </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1996 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/655/000162169/">John Smoltz</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1997 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Toronto Blue Jays </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1997 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/474/000023405/">Pedro Martinez</a></td> <td>Montreal Expos </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1998 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Toronto Blue Jays </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1998 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/649/000162163/">Tom Glavine</a></td> <td>Atlanta Braves </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1999 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/474/000023405/">Pedro Martinez</a></td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>1999 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/823/000047682/">Randy Johnson</a></td> <td>Arizona Diamondbacks </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2000 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/474/000023405/">Pedro Martinez</a></td> <td>Boston Red Sox </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2000 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/823/000047682/">Randy Johnson</a></td> <td>Arizona Diamondbacks </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2001 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>New York Yankees </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2001 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/823/000047682/">Randy Johnson</a></td> <td>Arizona Diamondbacks </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2002 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/610/000085355/">Barry Zito</a></td> <td>Oakland Athletics </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2002 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/823/000047682/">Randy Johnson</a></td> <td>Arizona Diamondbacks </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2003 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Roy Halladay</td> <td>Toronto Blue Jays </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2003 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Eric Gagné</td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2004 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Johan Santana</td> <td>Minnesota Twins </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2004 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/887/000025812/">Roger Clemens</a></td> <td>Houston Astros </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2005 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Bartolo Colón</td> <td>Los Angeles Angels </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2005 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Chris Carpenter</td> <td>St. Louis Cardinals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2006 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Johan Santana</td> <td>Minnesota Twins </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2006 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Brandon Webb</td> <td>Arizona Diamondbacks </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2007 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>C.C. Sabathia</td> <td>Cleveland Indians </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2007 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Jake Peavy</td> <td>San Diego Padres </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2008 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/565/000179028/">Cliff Lee</a></td> <td>Cleveland Indians </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2008 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/564/000179027/">Tim Lincecum</a></td> <td>San Francisco Giants </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2009 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Zack Greinke</td> <td>Kansas City Royals </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2009 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/564/000179027/">Tim Lincecum</a></td> <td>San Francisco Giants </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2010 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Félix Hernández</td> <td>Seattle Mariners </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2010 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Roy Halladay</td> <td>Philadelphia Phillies </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2011 (AL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td><a href="/people/397/000353335/">Justin Verlander</a></td> <td>Detroit Tigers </td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><tt><nobr>2011 (NL)</nobr></tt></center></td> <td>Clayton Kershaw</td> <td>Los Angeles Dodgers</td> </tr> </table> <p> <br><br><p> <font size=-1>Do you know something we don't?</font><br> <font size=-1><a href="http://commentary.nndb.com/submit/feedback/?id=48171" rel="nofollow">Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile</a></font><br> <p> <br><br><p><font size=-1>Copyright ©2012 Soylent Communications</font><p> </td></tr></table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 0px 8px 25px;"><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center><a href="http://mapper.nndb.com/" class="fotmlink" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: #dd0000;">NNDB MAPPER</a><br><br><a style="color: #0000ff" href="http://mapper.nndb.com/maps/187/000003178/"><img src="http://mapper.nndb.com/t/187/3178/s3178.jpg" width=128><br><font size="-1" face="trebuchet ms">Harley Davidson Connections slim</font></a><br><br><font face="Trebuchet MS, arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="-2">Requires Flash 7+ and Javascript.</font></center></div><b class="b4f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b1f"></b><br clear=left><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-7514286389735969"; /* 120x240, created 12/17/08 */ google_ad_slot = "9750487262"; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </center></div><b class="b4f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b1f"></b><br clear=left><b class="b1f"></b><b class="b2f"></b><b class="b3f"></b><b class="b4f"></b><div class="contentf"><center><b class="fotmlink" style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: #dd0000;">Bibliographies</b><p>NNDB has added thousands of bibliographies for people, organizations, schools, and general topics, listing more than 50,000 books and 120,000 other kinds of references. 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